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Chen X, He W, Liang Y, Yuan C, Zhang S, Liu F, Xiao Y. Enhanced degradation of few-layer black phosphorus by fulvic acid: Processes and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120014. [PMID: 37146392 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of the emerging nanomaterial black phosphorus (BP) affected by pH and oxygen has been carefully documented. However, in natural waters, there is a large amount of chemically reactive organic matters like fulvic acid (FA), whose impacts on degradation and stability of few-layer BP or BP nanosheets (BPNS) are scarcely disclosed. Hence, we investigated the kinetics of BPNS degradation products (H2PO2-, HPO32-, and PO43-) in the presence of FA. The results showed that the apparent reaction rate constants of BPNS were 0.026, 0.050, and 0.060 d-1 under oxygen-and-light condition and 0.005, 0.016, and 0.023 d-1 under hypoxia-and-darkness condition at FA gradients of 0, 2.5, and 5 mgC/L, respectively. Microscopic observations, simple molecular simulation experiment, and density functional theory computation explained that FA significantly enhanced the degradation of P atoms on the BPNS surface through the indirect pathway of reducing the energy barrier of O2 dissociative adsorption and the direct pathway of chemical adsorption, which caused the P-P bond on the BPNS surface to break down and formed P-O bonds or C-P bonds. This study revealed for the first time the degradation mechanism of BPNS in the presence of FA, which is a chemical mechanism of the BPNS transformation behavior. It helps to make a more scientific risk assessment of BP in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujing Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenyi Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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Direct Synthesis of Dialkylphosphites from White Phosphorus. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang Y, Cai Z, Chi Y, Zeng X, Chen S, Liu Y, Tang G, Zhao Y. Diphenyl Diselenide-Catalyzed Synthesis of Triaryl Phosphites and Triaryl Phosphates from White Phosphorus. Org Lett 2021; 23:5158-5163. [PMID: 34152156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Industrially important triaryl phosphites, traditionally prepared from PCl3, have been synthesized by a diphenyl diselenide-catalyzed one-step procedure involving white phosphorus and phenols, which provides a halogen- and transition metal-free way to these compounds. Subsequent oxidation of triaryl phosphites produces triaryl phosphates and triaryl thiophosphates. Phosphorotrithioates are also prepared efficiently from aromatic thiols and aliphatic thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ziman Cai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yangyang Chi
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiangzhe Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shuanghui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Guo Tang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.,Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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4
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Synthesis of monophosphines directly from white phosphorus. Nat Chem 2021; 13:458-464. [PMID: 33820964 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monophosphorus compounds are of enormous industrial importance due to the crucial roles they play in applications such as pharmaceuticals, photoinitiators and ligands for catalysis, among many others. White phosphorus (P4) is the key starting material for the preparation of all such chemicals. However, current production depends on indirect and inefficient, multi-step procedures. Here, we report a simple, effective 'one-pot' synthesis of a wide range of organic and inorganic monophosphorus species directly from P4. Reduction of P4 using tri-n-butyltin hydride and subsequent treatment with various electrophiles affords compounds that are of key importance for the chemical industry, and it requires only mild conditions and inexpensive, easily handled reagents. Crucially, we also demonstrate facile and efficient recycling and ultimately catalytic use of the tributyltin reagent, thereby avoiding the formation of substantial Sn-containing waste. Accessible, industrially relevant products include the fumigant PH3, the reducing agent hypophosphorous acid and the flame-retardant precursor tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride.
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Plutnar J, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Products of Degradation of Black Phosphorus in Protic Solvents. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8390-8396. [PMID: 30106272 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration of the surface of black phosphorus (BP) caused by ambient atmosphere is an undesired process, limiting broader use of BP in many areas. The mechanism of BP degradation was explained theoretically, and the oxidized materials were thoroughly characterized experimentally. However, the surface analysis techniques introduce only a limited insight into the real state of the material. Here, we report a thorough analysis of the composition of mixtures obtained after a prolonged exposure of suspensions of BP to atmospheric oxygen with the aim to further disclosure the processes involved in the decomposition process. The results are compared with the predicted structures of the oxidized material and confirm the results of the theoretical calculations. The comparison of reactivity of BP with reactivity of white phosphorus under similar conditions concludes a similar distribution of the products in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plutnar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 1668 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 1668 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 1668 28 Prague , Czech Republic
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Yakhvarov DG, Gorbachuk EV, Sinyashin OG. Electrode Reactions of Elemental (White) Phosphorus and Phosphane PH3. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Scheer M, Balázs G, Seitz A. P4 activation by main group elements and compounds. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4236-56. [PMID: 20438122 DOI: 10.1021/cr100010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93043 Regensburg, Germany.
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