1
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Krisbiantoro P, Sato M, Lin TM, Chang YC, Peng TY, Wu YC, Liao W, Kamiya Y, Otomo R, Wu KCW. Low-Temperature Methanolysis of Polycarbonate over Solid Base Sodium Aluminate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5338-5347. [PMID: 38407060 PMCID: PMC10938891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a low-cost and readily available sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) was used as a solid base catalyst for the depolymerization of polycarbonate (PC) via methanolysis in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent. NaAlO2 was highly active for the reaction, and the performance was comparable to that of soluble strong base SrO and much higher than those of MgO and CaO. By the reaction over the catalyst, a highly pure and crystalline bisphenol A (BPA) was obtained. Among tested organic solvents, THF was the best in aiding PC methanolysis over NaAlO2 due to the polarity similar to PC according to Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs). At 60 °C, 98.1% PC conversion and 96.8% BPA yield were achieved within just 2 h. NaAlO2 was reusable without any severe catalyst deactivation in at least four runs. The mechanistic study revealed that the reaction proceeded via the methoxide pathway, with THF aiding the dissolution of PC. The reaction over NaAlO2 possessed a low apparent activation energy (Ea) of 75.1 kJ mol-1, which is the lowest ever reported so far for the reaction over solid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
Anggo Krisbiantoro
- Molecular
Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- International
Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Miyu Sato
- Graduate
School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido
University, Nishi 5, Kita 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tzu-Ming Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Peng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chih Wu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Weisheng Liao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuichi Kamiya
- Faculty
of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido
University, Nishi 5,
Kita 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Otomo
- Faculty
of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido
University, Nishi 5,
Kita 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kevin C.-W. Wu
- Molecular
Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- International
Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center of
Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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2
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Christoff-Tempesta T, Epps TH. Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Deconstruction of Polymers for Advanced Recycling and Upcycling. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1058-1070. [PMID: 37516988 PMCID: PMC10433533 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a promising medium to assist in the advanced (chemical and biological) recycling of polymers, owing to their tunable catalytic activity, tailorable chemical functionality, low vapor pressures, and thermal stability. These unique physicochemical properties, combined with ILs' capacity to solubilize plastics waste and biopolymers, offer routes to deconstruct polymers at reduced temperatures (and lower energy inputs) versus conventional bulk and solvent-based methods, while also minimizing unwanted side reactions. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the use of ILs as catalysts and mediators in advanced recycling, with an emphasis on chemical recycling, by examining the interplay between IL chemistry and deconstruction thermodynamics, deconstruction kinetics, IL recovery, and product recovery. We also consider several potential environmental benefits and concerns associated with employing ILs for advanced recycling over bulk- or solvent-mediated deconstruction techniques, such as reduced chemical escape by volatilization, decreased energy demands, toxicity, and environmental persistence. By analyzing IL-mediated polymer deconstruction across a breadth of macromolecular systems, we identify recent innovations, current challenges, and future opportunities in IL application toward circular polymer economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Christoff-Tempesta
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Wang X, Huo Z, Xie X, Shanaiah N, Tong R. Recent Advances in Sequence-Controlled Ring-Opening Copolymerizations of Monomer Mixtures. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201147. [PMID: 36571563 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming renewable resources into functional and degradable polymers is driven by the ever-increasing demand to replace unsustainable polyolefins. However, the utility of many degradable homopolymers remains limited due to their inferior properties compared to commodity polyolefins. Therefore, the synthesis of sequence-defined copolymers from one-pot monomer mixtures is not only conceptually appealing in chemistry, but also economically attractive by maximizing materials usage and improving polymers' performances. Among many polymerization strategies, ring-opening (co)polymerization of cyclic monomers enables efficient access to degradable polymers with high control on molecular weights and molecular weight distributions. Herein, we highlight recent advances in achieving one-pot, sequence-controlled polymerizations of cyclic monomer mixtures using a single catalytic system that combines multiple catalytic cycles. The scopes of cyclic monomers, catalysts, and polymerization mechanisms are presented for this type of sequence-controlled ring-opening copolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ziyu Huo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Narasimhamurthy Shanaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1040 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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4
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Li XL, Ma K, Xu F, Xu TQ. Advances in the Synthesis of Chemically Recyclable Polymers. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201167. [PMID: 36623942 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern society is closely related to polymer materials. However, the accumulation of polymer materials and their evolution in the environment causes not only serious environmental problems, but also waste of resources. Although physical processing can be used to reuse polymers, the properties of the resulting polymers are significantly degraded. Chemically recyclable polymers, a type of polymer that degrades into monomers, can be an effective solution to the degradation of polymer properties caused by physical recycling of polymers. The ideal chemical recycling of polymers, i. e., quantitative conversion of the polymer to monomers at low energy consumption and repolymerization of the formed monomers into polymers with comparable properties to the original, is an attractive research goal. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the design of recyclable polymers, enabling the regulation of the "polymerization-depolymerization" equilibrium and closed-loop recycling under mild conditions. This review will focus on the following aspects of closed-loop recycling of poly(sulfur) esters, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyolefins, and poly(disulfide) polymer, illustrate the challenges in this area, and provide an outlook on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tie-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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5
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Chemical recycling and upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via metal acetate catalyzed glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Shanbehzadeh F, Saei-Dehkordi SS, Semnani D. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun nanofibrous mats of polycaprolactone/gelatin containing ZnO nanoparticles and cumin essential oil and their anti-staphylococcal potency in white cheese. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Lee K, Jing Y, Wang Y, Yan N. A unified view on catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:635-652. [PMID: 37117711 PMCID: PMC9366821 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Originating from the desire to improve sustainability, producing fuels and chemicals from the conversion of biomass and waste plastic has become an important research topic in the twenty-first century. Although biomass is natural and plastic synthetic, the chemical nature of the two are not as distinct as they first appear. They share substantial structural similarities in terms of their polymeric nature and the types of bonds linking their monomeric units, resulting in close relationships between the two materials and their conversions. Previously, their transformations were mostly studied and reviewed separately in the literature. Here, we summarize the catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics, with a focus on bond activation chemistry and catalyst design. By tracking the historical and more recent developments, it becomes clear that biomass and plastic have not only evolved their unique conversion pathways but have also started to cross paths with each other, with each influencing the landscape of the other. As a result, this Review on the catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastic in a unified angle offers improved insights into existing technologies, and more importantly, may enable new opportunities for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yaxuan Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Gilbert EA, Polo ML, Maffi JM, Guastavino JF, Vaillard SE, Estenoz DA. The organic chemistry behind the recycling of poly(bisphenol‐A carbonate) for the preparation of chemical precursors: A review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elangeni Ana Gilbert
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Mara Lis Polo
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | | | - Javier Fernando Guastavino
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Santiago Eduardo Vaillard
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Diana Alejandra Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
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9
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10
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Liu Y, Lu X. Chemical recycling to monomers: Industrial
Bisphenol‐A‐Polycarbonates
to novel aliphatic polycarbonate materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
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11
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Jehanno C, Alty JW, Roosen M, De Meester S, Dove AP, Chen EYX, Leibfarth FA, Sardon H. Critical advances and future opportunities in upcycling commodity polymers. Nature 2022; 603:803-814. [PMID: 35354997 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of commodity plastics do not degrade and therefore they permanently pollute the environment. At present, less than 20% of post-consumer plastic waste in developed countries is recycled, predominately for energy recovery or repurposing as lower-value materials by mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling offers an opportunity to revert plastics back to monomers for repolymerization to virgin materials without altering the properties of the material or the economic value of the polymer. For plastic waste that is either cost prohibitive or infeasible to mechanically or chemically recycle, the nascent field of chemical upcycling promises to use chemical or engineering approaches to place plastic waste at the beginning of a new value chain. Here state-of-the-art methods are highlighted for upcycling plastic waste into value-added performance materials, fine chemicals and specialty polymers. By identifying common conceptual approaches, we critically discuss how the advantages and challenges of each approach contribute to the goal of realizing a sustainable plastics economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Jehanno
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,POLYKEY, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jill W Alty
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
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12
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Thiyagarajan S, Maaskant-Reilink E, Ewing TA, Julsing MK, van Haveren J. Back-to-monomer recycling of polycondensation polymers: opportunities for chemicals and enzymes. RSC Adv 2021; 12:947-970. [PMID: 35425100 PMCID: PMC8978869 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plastics in a wide range of applications has grown substantially over recent decades, resulting in enormous growth in production volumes to meet demand. Though a wide range of biomass-derived chemicals and materials are available on the market, the production volumes of such renewable alternatives are currently not sufficient to replace their fossil-based analogues due to various factors, in particular cost-effectiveness. Hence, the majority of plastics are still industrially produced from fossil-based feedstocks. Moreover, various reports have clearly raised concern about the plastics that are not recycled at their end-of-life and instead end up in landfills or the oceans. To avoid further pollution of our planet, it is highly desirable to develop recycling processes that use plastic waste as feedstock. Chemical recycling processes could potentially offer a solution, since they afford monomers from which new polymers can be produced, with the same performance as virgin plastics. In this manuscript, the opportunities for using either chemical or biochemical (i.e., enzymatic) approaches in the depolymerization of polycondensation polymers for recycling purposes are reviewed. Our aim is to highlight the strategies that have been developed so far to break down plastic waste into monomers, providing the first step in the development of chemical recycling processes for plastic waste, and to create a renewed awareness of the need to valorize plastic waste by efficiently transforming it into virgin plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom A Ewing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Wageningen P. O. Box 17 6700 AA The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Wageningen P. O. Box 17 6700 AA The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Haveren
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Wageningen P. O. Box 17 6700 AA The Netherlands
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13
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Jung HJ, Park S, Lee HS, Shin HG, Yoo Y, Baral ER, Lee JH, Kwak J, Kim JG. Chemical Upcycling of Waste Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) to 1,4,2-Dioxazol-5-ones and One-Pot C-H Amidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4301-4306. [PMID: 34129287 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC) was achieved in this study with hydroxamic acid nucleophiles, giving rise to synthetically valuable 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones and bisphenol A. Using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]-dec-5-ene (TBD), non-green carbodiimidazole or phosgene carbonylation agents used in conventional dioxazolone synthesis were successfully replaced with PC, and environmentally harmful bisphenol A was simultaneously recovered. Assorted hydroxamic acids exhibited good-to-excellent efficiencies and green chemical features, promising broad synthetic application scope. In addition, a green aryl amide synthesis process was developed, involving one-pot depolymerization from polycarbonate to dioxazolone followed by rhodium-catalyzed C-H amidation, including gram-scale examples with used compact discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ek Raj Baral
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kwak
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Deajeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ellis LD, Rorrer NA, Sullivan KP, Otto M, McGeehan JE, Román-Leshkov Y, Wierckx N, Beckham GT. Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA, Sinyashin OG. Advances in the synthesis of heterocycles bearing an endocyclic urea moiety. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Kosloski-Oh SC, Wood ZA, Manjarrez Y, de Los Rios JP, Fieser ME. Catalytic methods for chemical recycling or upcycling of commercial polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1084-1129. [PMID: 34821907 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymers (plastics) have transformed our lives by providing access to inexpensive and versatile materials with a variety of useful properties. While polymers have improved our lives in many ways, their longevity has created some unintended consequences. The extreme stability and durability of most commercial polymers, combined with the lack of equivalent degradable alternatives and ineffective collection and recycling policies, have led to an accumulation of polymers in landfills and oceans. This problem is reaching a critical threat to the environment, creating a demand for immediate action. Chemical recycling and upcycling involve the conversion of polymer materials into their original monomers, fuels or chemical precursors for value-added products. These approaches are the most promising for value-recovery of post-consumer polymer products; however, they are often cost-prohibitive in comparison to current recycling and disposal methods. Catalysts can be used to accelerate and improve product selectivity for chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers. This review aims to not only highlight and describe the tremendous efforts towards the development of improved catalysts for well-known chemical recycling processes, but also identify new promising methods for catalytic recycling or upcycling of the most abundant commercial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Kosloski-Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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17
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Liguori F, Moreno-Marrodán C, Barbaro P. Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:589-621. [PMID: 33747233 PMCID: PMC7940818 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalysed depolymerisation of plastics to reusable building blocks, including monomers, oligomers or added-value chemicals, is an attractive tool for the recycling and valorisation of these materials. The present manuscript shortly reviews the most significant contributions that appeared in the field within the period January 2010–January 2020 describing selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective processes, acid–base treatments as well as the production of fuels are not discussed, nor are the methods for the further upgrade of the depolymerisation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carmen Moreno-Marrodán
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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18
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Quaranta E, Dibenedetto A, Nocito F, Fini P. Chemical recycling of poly-(bisphenol A carbonate) by diaminolysis: A new carbon-saving synthetic entry into non-isocyanate polyureas (NIPUreas). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123957. [PMID: 33265001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes an unprecedented approach to valorize potentially hazardous poly-(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC) wastes. In THF, under non-severe conditions (120 °C), the reaction of PC with long-chain diamines H2NRNH2 (2 equivalents) provided a tool to regenerate the monomer bisphenol A (BPA; 83-95%, isolated) and repurpose waste PC into [-NHRNHCO-]n polyureas (PUs; 78-99%, isolated) through a non-isocyanate route. Basic diamines (1,6-diaminohexane, 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine, meta-xylylenediamine, para-xylylenediamine) reacted with PC without any auxiliary catalyst; less reactive aromatic diamines (4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,4-diaminotoluene) required the assistance of a base catalyst (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, NaOH). The formation of [-NHRNHCO-]n goes through a carbamation step affording BPA and carbamate intermediates H[-OArOC(O)NHRNHC(O)-]nOArOH (Ar=4,4'-C6H4C(Me)2C6H4-) that, in a subsequent step, convert into [-NHRNHCO-]n and more BPA. All the PUs were characterized in the solid state by CP/MAS 13C NMR (δ(CO) = 152-161 ppm) and IR spectroscopy. The positions of ν(N-H) and ν(CO) absorptions are typical of "hydrogen-bonded ordered" bands suggesting the presence of H-bonded groups in network structures characterized by some degree of order or regularity. DSC and TGA analyses showed that the PUs are thermally stable (Td,5%: 212-270 °C) and suitable for being processed since their degradation begins at temperatures about 100 °C higher than their Tg or Tm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Quaranta
- Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Dipartimento di Chimica, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario "Reattività e Catalisi", via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angela Dibenedetto
- Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Dipartimento di Chimica, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario "Reattività e Catalisi", via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Nocito
- Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Dipartimento di Chimica, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Fini
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (IPCF-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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19
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Concerning Synthesis of New Biobased Polycarbonates with Curcumin in Replacement of Bisphenol A and Recycled Diphenyl Carbonate as Example of Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030361. [PMID: 33498668 PMCID: PMC7866156 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CM) is a natural polyphenol well-known for its antioxidant and pharmaceutical properties, that can represent a renewable alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) for the synthesis of bio-based polycarbonates (PC). In the presented strategy, preparation of the CM-based PC was coupled with chemical recycling of the fossil-based BPA polycarbonate (BPA-PC) conducting a two-steps trans-polymerization that replaces BPA monomer with CM or its tetrahydrogenated colorless product (THCM). In the first step of synthetic strategy, depolymerization of commercial BPA-PC was carried out with phenol as nucleophile, according to our previous procedure based on zinc derivatives and ionic liquids as catalysts, thus producing quantitatively diphenyl carbonate (DPC) e BPA. In the second step, DPC underwent a melt transesterification with CM or THCM monomers affording the corresponding bio-based polycarbonates, CM-PC and THCM-PC, respectively. THCM was prepared by reducing natural bis-phenol with cyclohexene as a hydrogen donor and characterized by 1H-NMR and MS techniques. Polymerization reactions were monitored by infrared spectroscopy and average molecular weights and dispersity of the two biobased polymers THCM-PC and CM-PC were determined by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Optical properties of the prepared polymers were also measured.
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20
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Huang W, Wang H, Hu W, Yang D, Yu S, Liu F, Song X. Degradation of polycarbonate to produce bisphenol A catalyzed by imidazolium-based DESs under metal-and solvent-free conditions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1595-1604. [PMID: 35424130 PMCID: PMC8693630 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09215k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important chemical raw material, but the traditional preparation process of BPA is costly and complicated, so it is necessary to find an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the production of BPA. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted widespread attention due to their low cost, low toxicity, low melting point, non-volatilization, easy preparation, recyclablility and biodegradability. In this work, a series of imidazolium-based DESs were synthesized and used for the degradation of polycarbonate (PC), and BPA was obtained from the methanolysis of PC catalyzed by DESs under metal- and solvent-free conditions. It was found that imidazolium-based DES [EmimOH]Cl-2Urea showed excellent catalytic activity and reusability. Under the optimized reaction conditions (the mass ratio of DES to PC is 0.1 : 1, the molar ratio of CH3OH to PC is 5 : 1, 120 °C, reaction time 2 h), the PC conversion and BPA yield were almost 100% and 98%, respectively. Moreover, the kinetics of methanolysis catalyzed by [EmimOH]Cl-2Urea was investigated in the temperature range 100-120 °C, and the results indicated that it is a pseudo-first order reaction with an activation energy of 133.59 kJ mol-1. In addition, a possible catalytic mechanism of PC methanolysis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 China
| | - Weiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Daoshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Shitao Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Xiuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
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21
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Huang YC, Huang YH, Chen LY, Dai CA, Dai SA, Chen YH, Wu CH, Jeng RJ. Robust thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers prepared from recycling polycarbonate. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Mark LO, Cendejas MC, Hermans I. The Use of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Chemical Valorization of Plastic Waste. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5808-5836. [PMID: 32997889 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastic solid waste (PSW) is an ever-growing environmental challenge for our society, as it not only ends up in landfills but also in waterways and oceans and is consequently entering the food chain. A key strategy to overcome this problem while also preserving carbon resources is to use PSW as a feedstock, evolving towards a circular economy. To implement this, mechanical as well as chemical recycling technologies must be developed. Indeed, owing to the high volume of PSW generated each year, mechanical recycling alone is not adequate for addressing this global challenge. Because of this, chemical recycling via thermal and heterogeneous catalytic conversion has received growing attention. This process has the potential to take PSW and convert it into usable monomers, fuels, synthesis gas, and adsorbents under more sustainable conditions than thermal degradation. This Review highlights the recent research advances in catalytic technologies for PSW conversion and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesli O Mark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Melissa C Cendejas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ive Hermans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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23
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Alberti C, Fedorenko E, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End-of-Life Polycarbonates by an Iron Pincer Complex. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:818-821. [PMID: 32789104 PMCID: PMC7418100 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical recycling processes can contribute to a resource-efficient plastic economy. Herein, a procedure for the iron-catalyzed hydrogenation of the carbonate function of end-of-life polycarbonates under simultaneous depolymerization is presented. The use of a straightforward iron pincer complex leads to high rate of depolymerization of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(propylene carbonate) yielding the monomers bisphenol A and 1,2-propanediol, respectively, as products under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the iron complex was able to depolymerize polycarbonates containing goods and mixture of plastics containing polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Elena Fedorenko
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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24
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Du JT, Sun Q, Zeng XF, Wang D, Wang JX, Chen JF. ZnO nanodispersion as pseudohomogeneous catalyst for alcoholysis of polyethylene terephthalate. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Demarteau J, O'Harra KE, Bara JE, Sardon H. Valorization of Plastic Wastes for the Synthesis of Imidazolium-Based Self-Supported Elastomeric Ionenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3122-3126. [PMID: 32314494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium-based ionenes are known to be high-performance materials for a great variety of applications. The preparation of these polymers requires the use of bis-imidazole starting monomers, which are commonly prepared by using toxic chloride reagents. In this study, bis-imidazole monomers are synthesized by organocatalytic chemical recycling of discarded plastics through chemical depolymerization. By using poly(ethylene terephthalate) and bisphenol A polycarbonate as starting materials, different monomers containing amide or urea functionalities are prepared to produce high-molecular-weight ionic polymers. These novel ionenes show excellent elastomeric and self-healing behavior, serving as a promising means to expand the exploration of plastic wastes as a source of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kathryn E O'Harra
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0203, USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0203, USA
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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26
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Jehanno C, Demarteau J, Mantione D, Arno MC, Ruipérez F, Hedrick JL, Dove AP, Sardon H. Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclic Carbonates through Commodity Polymer Upcycling. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:443-447. [PMID: 35648499 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized cyclic carbonates are attractive monomers for the synthesis of innovative polycarbonates or polyurethanes for various applications. Even though their synthesis has been intensively investigated, doing so in a sustainable and efficient manner remains a challenge. Herein, we propose an organocatalytic procedure based on the depolymerization of a commodity polymer, bisphenol A based polycarbonate (BPA-PC). Different carbonate-containing heterocycles are obtained in good to excellent yields employing BPA-PC as a sustainable and inexpensive source of carbonate, including functionalized six-membered cyclic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Jehanno
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IBM, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria C. Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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27
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Alberti C, Kessler J, Eckelt S, Hofmann M, Kindler T, Santangelo N, Fedorenko E, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) with
in
situ
Generated Ruthenium Catalysts. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jannik Kessler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sarah Eckelt
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Hofmann
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Tim‐Oliver Kindler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicolo Santangelo
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Elena Fedorenko
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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28
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Sugiyama M, Akiyama M, Nishiyama K, Okazoe T, Nozaki K. Synthesis of Fluorinated Dialkyl Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide as a Carbonyl Source. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1775-1784. [PMID: 32064770 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated dialkyl carbonates (DACs), which serve as environmentally benign phosgene substitutes, were produced successfully from carbon dioxide either directly or indirectly. Nucleophilic addition of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol to carbon dioxide and subsequent reaction with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyltriflate (3 a) afforded bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (1) in up to 79 % yield. Additionally, carbonate 1 was obtained through the stoichiometric reaction of 3 a and cesium carbonate. Although bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl) carbonate (4) was difficult to obtain by either of the above two methods, it could be synthesized through the transesterification of carbonate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Midori Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., 1150 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-8755, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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29
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Rodrigues Fernandes J, Pereira Amaro L, Curti Muniz E, Favaro SL, Radovanovic E. PET depolimerization in supercritical ethanol conditions catalysed by nanoparticles of metal oxides. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Abstract
This review covers the current status of chemical recycling and upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate), a leading engineering plastic of great economic and environmental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Jeonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Republic of Korea
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31
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Kindler T, Alberti C, Sundermeier J, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End-of-Life Poly-(Bisphenol A Carbonate) Catalyzed by a Ruthenium-MACHO-Complex. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1410-1412. [PMID: 31867148 PMCID: PMC6905177 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The valorization of waste to valuable chemicals can contribute to a more resource-efficient and circular chemistry. In this regard, the selective degradation of end-of-life polymers/plastics to produce useful chemical building blocks can be a promising target. We have investigated the hydrogenative depolymerization of end-of-life poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Applying catalytic amounts of the commercial available Ruthenium-MACHO-BH complex the end-of-life polycarbonate was converted to bisphenol A and methanol. Importantly, bisphenol A can be reprocessed for the manufacture of new poly-(bisphenol A carbonate) and methanol can be utilized as energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim‐Oliver Kindler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Jannis Sundermeier
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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32
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Izzi M, Sportelli MC, Ditaranto N, Picca RA, Innocenti M, Sabbatini L, Cioffi N. Pros and Cons of Sacrificial Anode Electrolysis for the Preparation of Transition Metal Colloids: A Review. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Izzi
- Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Sportelli
- Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) c/o Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125- Bari Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ditaranto
- Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) c/o Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125- Bari Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) c/o Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125- Bari Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) c/o Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125- Bari Italy
- Chemistry DeptUniversity of Florence Via Lastruccia, 3 50019- Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Luigia Sabbatini
- Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) c/o Chemistry Dept.University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70125- Bari Italy
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33
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Alberti C, Eckelt S, Enthaler S. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate). ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sarah Eckelt
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
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34
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Bhogle CS, Pandit AB. Ultrasound assisted methanolysis of polycarbonate at room temperature. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104667. [PMID: 31450321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates an attempt to depolymerize Polycarbonate (PC) at room temperature, which otherwise requires extreme temperature and pressure conditions. It was achieved by the use of ultrasound to intensify the methanolysis reaction of PC. Use of ultrasound showed a significant enhancement in the rate of methanolysis which leads to a reduction in the reaction time from 45 min to 15 min to depolymerize 5 g PC at 30 °C by using 0.1 g NaOH and THF to methanol ratio equaling 3 (w/w). Bubble dynamic study also leads to a conclusion that the highest cavitational enhancement can be achieved at THF to methanol ratio equaling 3 (w/w) which might be due to the fact that this solvent mixture exhibits the least viscosity at this composition. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, NaOH concentration, ultrasonic input power and solvent composition were investigated. The products obtained were bisphenol-A(BPA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) which were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography (GC) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakant Sharad Bhogle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
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Fiore AM, Romanazzi G, Dell’Anna MM, Latronico M, Leonelli C, Mali M, Rizzuti A, Mastrorilli P. Mild and efficient synthesis of secondary aromatic amines by one-pot stepwise reductive amination of arylaldehydes with nitroarenes promoted by reusable nickel nanoparticles. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Song X, Bian Z, Hui Y, Wang H, Liu F, Yu S. Zn-Acetate-Containing ionic liquid as highly active catalyst for fast and mild methanolysis of Poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Caputo D, Casiello M, Laurenza AG, Fracassi F, Fusco C, Nacci A, D’Accolti L. Preparation of Biowax Esters in Continuous Flow Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12286-12292. [PMID: 31460345 PMCID: PMC6681984 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biowaxes synthesized from vegetable fatty acids are an alternative to petrochemical paraffins. A simple way of access to these compounds involves Fisher-type esterification of long-chain acids and alcohols under acidic conditions, but long reaction times and harsh conditions are commonly required. In this study, for the first time in the literature, biowax esters are prepared under flow conditions cutting dramatically both reaction times (from 12 h to 30 min) and temperature conditions, with respect to batch procedures (from 90-120 °C to 55 °C). This approach brings substantial improvements to the biowax synthesis process from an economic and environmental point of view, thus making the method up-scalable to the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caputo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR
− Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari Section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Casiello
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Amelita Grazia Laurenza
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Fracassi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusco
- CNR
− Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari Section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Nacci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR
− Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari Section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia D’Accolti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR
− Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari Section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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38
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Alberti C, Scheliga F, Enthaler S. Recycling of End-of-Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Alkali Metal Halide-Catalyzed Phenolysis. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:822-827. [PMID: 31304075 PMCID: PMC6604237 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical recycling of end-of-life plastic waste streams can contribute to a resource-conserving and sustainable society. This matter of recycling is composed of a sequence of depolymerization and subsequent polymerization reactions. In this regard, we have studied the chemical recycling of end-of-life poly(bisphenol A carbonate) applying phenol as depolymerization reagent. In the presence of catalytic amounts of alkali metal halides as products bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate were obtained in excellent turnover frequencies of up to 1392 h-1 and short reaction times. These depolymerization products offer the straightforward possibility to close the cycle by producing new poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and as second product phenol, which can be reused for further depolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieUniversität HamburgBundesstraße 45D-20146Hamburg (Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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Alberti C, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Alkali‐Metal‐Halide‐Catalyzed Methanolysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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40
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Hua G, Franzén J, Odelius K. Phosphazene-Catalyzed Regioselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-1-Methyl Trimethylene Carbonate: Colder and Less is Better. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Alberti C, Scheliga F, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Transesterification with Acetic Anhydride as Depolymerization Reagent. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für technische und makromolekulare ChemieUniversität Hamburg Bundesstraße 45 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
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42
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ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thus becoming applicable to common vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, jatropha, linseed, etc.) and animal fats (lard and fish oil), but also to waste lipids such as cooking oils (WCOs), highly acidic lipids from oil industry processing, and lipid fractions of municipal sewage sludge. Reusability of the catalyst system together with kinetic (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG‡ and ΔH‡) are also studied for transesterification reaction.
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43
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Zhang M, Lai W, Su L, Lin Y, Wu G. A synthetic strategy toward isosorbide polycarbonate with a high molecular weight: the effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between isosorbide and metal chlorides. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isosorbide polycarbonate (ISB-PC) was prepared by melt transesterification and polycondensation reaction by employing ISB and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) as monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Wenqin Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Lili Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yu Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guozhang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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44
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Shinde B, Kamble SB, Pore DM, Gosavi P, Gaikwad A, Jadhav HS, Karale BK, Burungale AS. pH‐Transformed ZnO‐NPs /NaPTS: The First Room‐Temperature Brisk Synthesis of Flavanones in Aqueous Medium. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Shinde
- Department of ChemistryYashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara Maharashtra 415001 India
| | - Santosh B. Kamble
- Department of ChemistryYashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara Maharashtra 415001 India
| | - Dattaprasad M. Pore
- Department of ChemistryShivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra 416004 India
| | - Prasad Gosavi
- Department of ChemistryYashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara Maharashtra 415001 India
| | - Amol Gaikwad
- Department of ChemistryYashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara Maharashtra 415001 India
| | - Harsharaj S. Jadhav
- Department of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji University Yongin-si Gyeonggi-Do 449–728 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Arvind S. Burungale
- Department of ChemistryYashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara Maharashtra 415001 India
- Department of ChemistryS.M. Joshi College, Hadpsar, Pune Maharashtra 411028 India
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45
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Singh R, Shahi S, Geetanjali. Chemical Degradation of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Waste Materials: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Singh
- Department of Applied chemistryDelhi Technological University Delhi-110042 India
| | - Surybala Shahi
- Department of Applied chemistryDelhi Technological University Delhi-110042 India
| | - Geetanjali
- Department of ChemistryKirori Mal CollegeUniversity of Delhi Delhi – 110 007 India
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Liu M, Guo J, Gu Y, Gao J, Liu F. Degradation of waste polycarbonate via hydrolytic strategy to recover monomer (bisphenol A) catalyzed by DBU-based ionic liquids under metal- and solvent-free conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Guo J, Liu M, Gu Y, Wang Y, Gao J, Liu F. Efficient Alcoholysis of Polycarbonate Catalyzed by Recyclable Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Mengshuai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Jun Gao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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48
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Quaranta E, Minischetti CC, Tartaro G. Chemical Recycling of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) by Glycolysis under 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene Catalysis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7261-7268. [PMID: 30087911 PMCID: PMC6068694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycolysis reaction of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC) has been explored under 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) catalysis as a potential route to valorize PC wastes by chemical recycling. The amidine base is an active catalyst of PC glycolysis and, under suitable conditions, promotes effectively and selectively the depolymerization of the polymeric material with 1,2-propanediol or glycerol to give the monomer bisphenol A (BPA) and the relevant cyclic carbonate. The depolymerization process has been investigated under solventless conditions, using diol/triol as the reagent and reaction medium, and also in an auxiliary solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) that is able to dissolve the polymer. The influence of a few experimental parameters (temperature, catalyst load, and reaction time) on the selectivity to cyclic carbonate has been studied. High selectivity to cyclic carbonate has been attained by carrying out the depolymerization reaction in THF and using mild temperature conditions and a stoichiometric amount of polyol. The catalyst can be recovered from the reaction mixture as a BPA/DBU adduct and effectively recycled in a successive run.
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49
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Lu XB, Liu Y, Zhou H. Learning Nature: Recyclable Monomers and Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:11255-11266. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
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50
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Chemical recycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate): 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]-dec-5-ene catalyzed alcoholysis for highly efficient bisphenol A and organic carbonate recovery. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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