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Fang Y, Feng H, Zhang B, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Hao P, Zhou Z, Zhou S, Li N, Hui Y, Ma L, Xiong J, Wu J, Liu L, Zhang X. Cytosolic pH is a direct nexus in linking environmental cues with insulin processing and secretion in pancreatic β cells. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1237-1251.e4. [PMID: 38513648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells actively respond to glucose fluctuations through regulating insulin processing and secretion. However, how this process is elaborately tuned in circumstance of variable microenvironments as well as β cell-intrinsic states and whether its dysfunction links to metabolic diseases remain largely elusive. Here, we show that the cytosolic pH (pHc) in β cells is increased upon glucose challenge, which can be sensed by Smad5 via its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Lesion of Smad5 in β cells results in hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to insulin processing and secretion deficiency. The role of Smad5 in regulating insulin processing and secretion attributes to its non-canonical function by regulating V-ATPase activity for granule acidification. Genetic mutation of Smad5 or administration of alkaline water to mirror cytosolic alkalization ameliorated glucose intolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-treated mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that pHc is a direct nexus in linking environmental cues with insulin processing and secretion in β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiang Fang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hexi Feng
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Zhou
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Hao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongshu Zhou
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Orlowski J. Nuclear SMAD5 dances to a different tune in regulating insulin secretion. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1169-1171. [PMID: 38838638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Fang et al.1 report a novel pH-sensitive cellular signaling mechanism involving the transcription factor SMAD5 that regulates the vesicular secretion of insulin from pancreatic β cells in response to dietary challenges. Dysregulation of this pathway may contribute to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Orlowski
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Bldg., Rm. 166, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada.
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3
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Liu BH, Xu CZ, Liu Y, Lu ZL, Fu TL, Li GR, Deng Y, Luo GQ, Ding S, Li N, Geng Q. Mitochondrial quality control in human health and disease. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38812059 PMCID: PMC11134732 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the most crucial energy-generating organelles in eukaryotic cells, play a pivotal role in regulating energy metabolism. However, their significance extends beyond this, as they are also indispensable in vital life processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, and redox balance. In response to various physiological signals or external stimuli, a sophisticated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanism has evolved, encompassing key processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy, which have garnered increasing attention from researchers to unveil their specific molecular mechanisms. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the primary mechanisms and functions of key regulators involved in major components of MQC. Furthermore, the critical physiological functions regulated by MQC and its diverse roles in the progression of various systemic diseases have been described in detail. We also discuss agonists or antagonists targeting MQC, aiming to explore potential therapeutic and research prospects by enhancing MQC to stabilize mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chen-Zhen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zi-Long Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ting-Lv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guo-Rui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guo-Qing Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Miyazawa K, Itoh Y, Fu H, Miyazono K. Receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond: multiple modes of Smad2/3-dependent transmission of TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107256. [PMID: 38569937 PMCID: PMC11063908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is widely distributed throughout the body. Its receptor proteins, TGF-β type I and type II receptors, are also ubiquitously expressed. Therefore, the regulation of various signaling outputs in a context-dependent manner is a critical issue in this field. Smad proteins were originally identified as signal-activated transcription factors similar to signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins. Smads are activated by serine phosphorylation mediated by intrinsic receptor dual specificity kinases of the TGF-β family, indicating that Smads are receptor-restricted effector molecules downstream of ligands of the TGF-β family. Smad proteins have other functions in addition to transcriptional regulation, including post-transcriptional regulation of micro-RNA processing, pre-mRNA splicing, and m6A methylation. Recent technical advances have identified a novel landscape of Smad-dependent signal transduction, including regulation of mitochondrial function without involving regulation of gene expression. Therefore, Smad proteins are receptor-activated transcription factors and also act as intracellular signaling modulators with multiple modes of function. In this review, we discuss the role of Smad proteins as receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond. We also describe the functional differences between Smad2 and Smad3, two receptor-activated Smad proteins downstream of TGF-β, activin, myostatin, growth and differentiation factor (GDF) 11, and Nodal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Applied Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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5
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Wang Y, Dai X, Li H, Jiang H, Zhou J, Zhang S, Guo J, Shen L, Yang H, Lin J, Yan H. The role of mitochondrial dynamics in disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e462. [PMID: 38156294 PMCID: PMC10753647 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifaceted and dynamic organelles regulating various important cellular processes from signal transduction to determining cell fate. As dynamic properties of mitochondria, fusion and fission accompanied with mitophagy, undergo constant changes in number and morphology to sustain mitochondrial homeostasis in response to cell context changes. Thus, the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy is unsurprisingly related with various diseases, but the unclear underlying mechanism hinders their clinical application. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, particularly the different roles of key components in mitochondrial dynamics in different context. We also summarize the roles of mitochondrial dynamics and target treatment in diseases related to the cardiovascular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and tumor cell metabolism demanding high-energy. In these diseases, it is common that excessive mitochondrial fission is dominant and accompanied by impaired fusion and mitophagy. But there have been many conflicting findings about them recently, which are specifically highlighted in this view. We look forward that these findings will help broaden our understanding of the roles of the mitochondrial dynamics in diseases and will be beneficial to the discovery of novel selective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xinyan Dai
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hui Li
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Junfu Zhou
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Lidu Shen
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huantao Yang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jie Lin
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hengxiu Yan
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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6
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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Bhaisa PK, Joshi MM, Puranik CM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Mitofusin-2: Functional switch between mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2023; 69:116-129. [PMID: 36764501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles known to play role in the regulation of several cellular biological processes. However, their dynamics such as number, shape, and biological functions are regulated by mitochondrial fusion and fission process. The balance between the fusion and fission process is most important for the maintenance of mitochondrial structure as well as cellular functions. The alterations within mitochondrial dynamic processes were found to be associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), a GTPase has emerged as a multifunctional protein which not only is found to regulate the mitochondrial fusion-fission process but also known to regulate several cellular functions such as mitochondrial metabolism, cellular biogenesis, signalling, and apoptosis via maintaining the ER-mitochondria contact sites. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structural and functional properties of the Mfn2, its transcriptional regulation and their roles in several cellular functions with a focus on current advances in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Pooja K Bhaisa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Mrudula M Joshi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Chitranshi M Puranik
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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7
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Tian GA, Xu WT, Zhang XL, Zhou YQ, Sun Y, Hu LP, Jiang SH, Nie HZ, Zhang ZG, Zhu L, Li J, Yang XM, Yao LL. CCBE1 promotes mitochondrial fusion by inhibiting the TGFβ-DRP1 axis to prevent the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Matrix Biol 2023; 117:31-45. [PMID: 36849082 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), as an important component of the tumor microenvironment, exerts various roles in tumor formation. Mitochondrial dynamic disorder is closely implicated in tumorigenesis, including hyperfission in HCC. We aimed to determine the influence of the ECM-related protein CCBE1 on mitochondrial dynamics in HCC. Here, we found that CCBE1 was capable of promoting mitochondrial fusion in HCC. Initially, CCBE1 expression was found to be significantly downregulated in tumors compared with nontumor tissues, which resulted from hypermethylation of the CCBE1 promoter in HCC. Furthermore, CCBE1 overexpression or treatment with recombinant CCBE1 protein dramatically inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CCBE1 functioned as an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission by preventing the location of DRP1 on mitochondria through inhibiting its phosphorylation at Ser616 by directly binding with TGFβR2 to inhibit TGFβ signaling activity. In addition, a higher percentage of specimens with higher DRP1 phosphorylation was present in patients with lower CCBE1 expression than in patients with higher CCBE1 expression, which further confirmed the inhibitory effect of CCBE1 on DRP1 phosphorylation at Ser616. Collectively, our study highlights the crucial roles of CCBE1 in mitochondrial homeostasis, suggesting strong evidence for this process as a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ang Tian
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 243 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wen-Ting Xu
- Department of Pathology, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yao-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Lin-Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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8
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Bile acids target mitofusin 2 to differentially regulate innate immunity in physiological versus cholestatic conditions. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112011. [PMID: 36656708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic metabolites serving as danger-associated molecular patterns play crucial roles in modulating the development, differentiation, and activity of innate immune cells. Yet, it is unclear how innate immune cells detect systemic metabolites for signal transmission. Here, we show that bile acids function as endogenous mitofusin 2 (MFN2) ligands and differentially modulate innate immune response to bacterial infection under cholestatic and physiological conditions. Bile acids at high concentrations promote mitochondrial tethering to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to calcium overload in the mitochondrion, which activates NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis. By contrast, at physiologically relevant low concentrations, bile acids promote mitochondrial fusion, leading to enhanced oxidative phosphorylation and thereby strengthening infiltrated macrophages mediated phagocytotic clearance of bacteria. These findings support that bile acids, as endogenous activators of MFN2, are vital for tuning innate immune responses against infections, representing a causal link that connects systemic metabolism with mitochondrial dynamics in shaping innate immunity.
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9
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Zhao J, Li J, Li G, Chen M. The role of mitochondria-associated membranes mediated ROS on NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1059576. [PMID: 36588561 PMCID: PMC9794868 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1059576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism is essential for the homeostasis of cells. Appropriate production of ROS is an important signaling molecule, but excessive ROS production can damage cells. ROS and ROS-associated proteins can act as damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) to activate the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown that there are connected sites, termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. In cardiovascular disease progression, MAMs play multiple roles, the most important of which is the ability to mediate ROS generation, which further activates the NLPR3 inflammasome, exacerbating the progression of disease. In this review, the following topics will be covered: 1. Molecular structures on MAMs that can mediate ROS generation; 2. Specific mechanisms of molecule-mediated ROS generation and the molecules' roles in cardiovascular disease, 3. The effects of MAMs-mediated ROS on the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a basis for subsequent clinical treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhao
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junli Li
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyong Li
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Mao Chen
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Ashraf R, Kumar S. Mfn2-mediated mitochondrial fusion promotes autophagy and suppresses ovarian cancer progression by reducing ROS through AMPK/mTOR/ERK signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MOBT Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis through an lncITPF-hnRNP-l-Complex-Mediated Signaling Pathway. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165336. [PMID: 36014574 PMCID: PMC9414852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the destruction of alveolar architecture and the irreversible scarring of lung parenchyma, with few therapeutic options and effective therapeutic drugs. Here, we demonstrate the anti-pulmonary fibrosis of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-7-yl(αS)-α,3,4-trihydroxybenzenepropanoate (MOBT) in mice and a cell model induced by bleomycin and transforming growth factor-β1. The anti-pulmonary fibrosis of MOBT was evaluated using a MicroCT imaging system for small animals, lung function analysis and H&E and Masson staining. The results of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR, RNA immunoprecipitation, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and half-life experiments demonstrated the anti-pulmonary fibrotic mechanism. Mechanistic dissection showed that MOBT inhibited lncITPF transcription by preventing p-Smad2/3 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, resulting in a reduction in the amount of the lncITPF–hnRNP L complex. The decreased lncITPF–hnRNP L complex reduced MEF2c expression by blocking its alternative splicing, which in turn inhibited the expression of MEF2c target genes, such as TAGLN2 and FMN1. Briefly, MOBT alleviated pulmonary fibrosis through the lncITPF–hnRNP-l-complex-targeted MEF2c signaling pathway. We hope that this study will provide not only a new drug candidate but also a novel therapeutic drug target, which will bring new treatment strategies for pulmonary fibrosis.
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12
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He XD, Zhang F, Huang Y, Hao JJ, Zhang M, He JB, Pu XM, Li YJ, Zi L, Yu J, Yang XX. Potential indicators of mitochondrial structure and function. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1738-1744. [PMID: 35619320 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220520161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate a range of important physiological and biochemical cellular processes including apoptotic cell death, energy production, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. Given their role as the 'engines' of cells, their dysfunction is associated with a variety of disease states. Exploring the relationship between mitochondrial function and disease can reveal the mechanism(s) of drug activity and disease pathology. In this review, we summarized the methods of evaluating the structure and function of mitochondria, including the morphology, membrane fluidity, membrane potential, opening of the membrane permeability transition pore, inner membrane permeabilization, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, oxidative stress, energy metabolism-related enzymes, apoptotic pathway related proteins, calcium concentration, DNA copy number, oxygen consumption, β-oxidation-related genes and proteins, cardiolipin content, and adenosine triphosphate content. We believe that the information presented in this review will help explore the pathological processes of mitochondria in the occurrence and development of diseases, as well as the activity and mechanism of drugs, and the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jin-Biao He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xue-Mei Pu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan-Juan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Zi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xing-Xin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
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13
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Cherukunnath A, Davargaon RS, Ashraf R, Kamdar U, Srivastava AK, Tripathi PP, Chatterjee N, Kumar S. KLF8 is activated by TGF-β1 via Smad2 and contributes to ovarian cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:921-934. [PMID: 35293014 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) is a transcription factor expressed abnormally in various cancer types and promotes oncogenic transformation. However, the role of KLF8 in ovarian cancer (OC) progression remains unclear. This study reports that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad2/KLF8 axis regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and contributes to OC progression. We analyzed the KLF8 expression in OC cells and tissues, wherein a significant overexpression of KLF8 was observed. Increased KLF8 expressions were correlated with higher cell proliferation, EMT, migration, and invasion and conferred poor clinical outcomes in OC patients. Overexpressed KLF8 increases F-actin polymerization and induces cytoskeleton remodeling of OC cells. Furthermore, a dissection of the molecular mechanism defined that TGF-β1 triggers KLF8 through the Smad2 pathway and regulates EMT. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Smad2 followed by TGF-β1 treatment failed to activate KLF8 expression and induction of EMT. Using promoter-luciferase reporter assays, we defined that upon TGF-β1 activation, phosphorylated Smad2 binds and promotes the KLF8 promoter activity, and knockdown of Smad2 inhibits KLF8 promoter activation. Together, these results demonstrate that TGF-β1 activates KLF8 expression by the Smad2 pathway, and KLF8 contributes to OC progression and may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Cherukunnath
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravichandra S Davargaon
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rahail Ashraf
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Urja Kamdar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabanita Chatterjee
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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14
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Xu HN, Jacob A, Li LZ. Optical Redox Imaging Is Responsive to TGFβ Receptor Signalling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1395:269-274. [PMID: 36527648 PMCID: PMC11289671 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD(H) regulates hundreds of biochemical reactions within the cell. We previously reported that NAD(H) redox status may have prognostic value for predicting breast cancer metastasis. However, the mechanisms of NAD(H) involvement in metastasis remain elusive. Given the important roles of TGFβ signalling in metastatic processes, such as promoting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, we aimed to investigate the involvement of the mitochondrial NAD(H) redox status in TGFβ receptor signalling. Here we present the initial evidence that NAD(H) redox status is responsive to TGFβ receptor signalling in triple-negative breast cancer cells in culture. The mitochondrial NAD(H) redox status was determined by the optical redox imaging (ORI) technique. Cultured HCC1806 (less aggressive) and MDA-MB-231 (more aggressive) cells were subjected to ORI after treatment with exogenous TGFβ1 or LY2109761, which stimulates or inhibits TGFβ receptor signalling, respectively. Cell migration was determined with the transwell migration assay. Global averaging quantification of the ORI images showed that 1) TGFβ1 stimulation resulted in differential responses between HCC1806 and MDA-MB-231 lines, with HCC1806 cells having a significant change in the mitochondrial redox status, corresponding to a larger increase in cell migration; 2) HCC1806 cells acutely treated with LY2109761 yielded immediate increases in ORI signals. These preliminary data are the first evidence that suggests the existence of a cell line-dependent shift of the mitochondrial NAD(H) redox status in the TGFβ receptor signalling induced migratory process of breast cancer cells. Further research should be conducted to confirm these results as improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of metastatic process may contribute to the identification of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Annemarie Jacob
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Ramonett A, Kwak EA, Ahmed T, Flores PC, Ortiz HR, Lee YS, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes T, Kashatus DF, Langlais PR, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Regulation of mitochondrial fission by GIPC-mediated Drp1 retrograde transport. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar4. [PMID: 34705526 PMCID: PMC8886816 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, a large cytoplasmic GTPase recruited to the mitochondrial surface via transmembrane adaptors to initiate scission. While Brownian motion likely accounts for the local interactions between Drp1 and the mitochondrial adaptors, how this essential enzyme is targeted from more distal regions like the cell periphery remains unknown. Based on proteomic interactome screening and cell-based studies, we report that GAIP/RGS19-interacting protein (GIPC) mediates the actin-based retrograde transport of Drp1 toward the perinuclear mitochondria to enhance fission. Drp1 interacts with GIPC through its atypical C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. Loss of this interaction abrogates Drp1 retrograde transport resulting in cytoplasmic mislocalization and reduced fission despite retaining normal intrinsic GTPase activity. Functionally, we demonstrate that GIPC potentiates the Drp1-driven proliferative and migratory capacity in cancer cells. Together, these findings establish a direct molecular link between altered GIPC expression and Drp1 function in cancer progression and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ramonett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Eun-A Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tasmia Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Paola Cruz Flores
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hannah R Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Nam Y Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.,Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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16
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Kumar S, Ashraf R, C K A. Mitochondrial dynamics regulators: implications for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:377-406. [PMID: 34661828 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the recent advances in therapeutic developments, cancer is still among the primary causes of death globally, indicating the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Mitochondria, a dynamic organelle, continuously undergo the fusion and fission processes to meet cell requirements. The balanced fission and fusion processes, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics, coordinate mitochondrial shape, size, number, energy metabolism, cell cycle, mitophagy, and apoptosis. An imbalance between these opposing events alters mitochondWangrial dynamics, affects the overall mitochondrial shape, and deregulates mitochondrial function. Emerging evidence indicates that alteration of mitochondrial dynamics contributes to various aspects of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Therefore, targeting the mitochondrial dynamics regulator could be a potential therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. This review will address the role of imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics in mitochondrial dysfunction during cancer progression. We will outline the clinical significance of mitochondrial dynamics regulators in various cancer types with recent updates in cancer stemness and chemoresistance and its therapeutic potential and clinical utility as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
| | - Rahail Ashraf
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Aparna C K
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
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17
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Emery JM, Ortiz RM. Mitofusin 2: A link between mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism? Mitochondrion 2021; 61:125-137. [PMID: 34536562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic, interactive organelles that connect cellular signaling and whole-cell homeostasis. This "mitochatting" allows the cell to receive information about the mitochondria's condition before accommodating energy demands. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), an outer mitochondrial membrane fusion protein specializes in mediating mitochondrial homeostasis. Early studies defined the biological significance of Mfn2, while latter studies highlighted its role in substrate metabolism. However, determining Mfn2 potential to contribute to energy homeostasis needs study. This review summarizes current literature on mitochondrial metabolic processes, dynamics, and evidence of interactions among Mfn2 and regulatory processes that may link Mfn2's role in maintaining mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M Emery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States.
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States
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18
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Ahn SY, Song J, Kim YC, Kim MH, Hyun YM. Mitofusin-2 Promotes the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Induced Cervical Cancer Progression. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e30. [PMID: 34522443 PMCID: PMC8410987 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a mitochondrial fusion protein, has been frequently associated with poor prognosis of patients with cervical cancer. Here, we aimed to identify the function of MFN2 in cervical cancer to understand its influence on disease prognosis. To this end, from cervical adenocarcinoma, we performed an MTT assay and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis to assess the effects of MFN2 on the proliferation and of HeLa cells. Then, colony-formation ability and tumorigenesis were evaluated using a tumor xenograft mouse model. The migration ability related to MFN2 was also measured using a wound healing assay. Consequently, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MFN2-knockdowned HeLa cells originating from adenocarcinoma. markers related to MFN2 were assessed by qRT-PCR. Clinical data were analyzed using cBioPortal and The Cancer Genome Atlas. We found that MFN2 knockdown reduced the proliferation, colony formation ability, migration, and in vivo tumorigenesis of HeLa cells. Primarily, migration of MFN2-knockdowned HeLa cells decreased through the suppression of EMT. Thus, we concluded that MFN2 facilitates cancer progression and in vivo tumorigenesis in HeLa cells. These findings suggest that MFN2 could be a novel target to regulate the EMT program and tumorigenic potential in HeLa cells and might serve as a therapeutic target for cervical cancer. Taken together, this study is expected to contribute to the treatment of patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Song
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Cheon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Li L, Qi R, Zhang L, Yu Y, Hou J, Gu Y, Song D, Wang X. Potential biomarkers and targets of mitochondrial dynamics. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e529. [PMID: 34459143 PMCID: PMC8351522 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the imbalance of cellular homeostasis and the development of diseases, which is regulated by mitochondria-associated factors. The present review aims to explore the process of the mitochondrial quality control system as a new source of the potential diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for diseases, including mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, interactions between mitochondria and other organelles (lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, and lysosomes), as well as the regulation and posttranscriptional modifications of mitochondrial DNA/RNA (mtDNA/mtRNA). The direct and indirect influencing factors were especially illustrated in understanding the interactions among regulators of mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, mtDNA/mtRNAs and proteomic profiles of mitochondria in various lung diseases were also discussed as an example. Thus, alternations of mitochondria-associated regulators can be a new category of biomarkers and targets for disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Li
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Ruixue Qi
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and TherapyFudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Yuexin Yu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Jiayun Hou
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Yutong Gu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Dongli Song
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and TherapyFudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
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20
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Kumari A, Shonibare Z, Monavarian M, Arend RC, Lee NY, Inman GJ, Mythreye K. TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:139-161. [PMID: 33590419 PMCID: PMC7987693 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Late-stage diagnosis with significant tumor burden, accompanied by recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, contributes to this poor prognosis. These morbidities are known to be tied to events associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. During EMT, localized tumor cells alter their polarity, cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix interactions, acquire motility and invasiveness and an exaggerated potential for metastatic spread. Key triggers for EMT include the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) family of growth factors which are actively produced by a wide array of cell types within a specific tumor and metastatic environment. Although TGFβ can act as either a tumor suppressor or promoter in cancer, TGFβ exhibits its pro-tumorigenic functions at least in part via EMT. TGFβ regulates EMT both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels as outlined here. Despite recent advances in TGFβ based therapeutics, limited progress has been seen for ovarian cancers that are in much need of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss several recent insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of the TGFβ isoforms in EMT in the unique metastatic environment of EOCs and the current therapeutic interventions that may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zainab Shonibare
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mehri Monavarian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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21
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A549 cells contain enlarged mitochondria with independently functional clustered mtDNA nucleoids. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249047. [PMID: 33765066 PMCID: PMC7993880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are commonly viewed as highly elongated organelles with regularly spaced mtDNA genomes organized as compact nucleoids that generate the local transcripts essential for production of mitochondrial ribosomes and key components of the respiratory chain. In contrast, A549 human lung carcinoma cells frequently contain apparently swollen mitochondria harboring multiple discrete mtDNA nucleoids and RNA processing granules in a contiguous matrix compartment. While this seemingly aberrant mitochondrial morphology is akin to “mito-bulbs” previously described in cells exposed to a variety of genomic stressors, it occurs in A549 cells under typical culture conditions. We provide a detailed confocal and super-resolution microscopic investigation of the incidence of such mito-bulbs in A549 cells. Most mito-bulbs appear stable, engage in active replication and transcription, and maintain respiration but feature an elevated oxidative environment. High concentrations of glucose and/or L-glutamine in growth media promote a greater incidence of mito-bulbs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that treatment of A549 cells with TGFβ suppresses the formation of mito-bulbs while treatment with a specific TGFβ pathway inhibitor substantially increases incidence. This striking heterogeneity of mitochondrial form and function may play an important role in a variety of diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
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22
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Hou J, Zhang J, Cui P, Zhou Y, Liu C, Wu X, Ji Y, Wang S, Cheng B, Ye H, Shu L, Zhang K, Wang D, Xu J, Shu Q, Colonna M, Fang X. TREM2 sustains macrophage-hepatocyte metabolic coordination in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sepsis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:135197. [PMID: 33586673 DOI: 10.1172/jci135197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death in critical illness, and its pathophysiology varies depending on preexisting medical conditions. Here we identified nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an independent risk factor for sepsis in a large clinical cohort and showed a link between mortality in NAFLD-associated sepsis and hepatic mitochondrial and energetic metabolism dysfunction. Using in vivo and in vitro models of liver lipid overload, we discovered a metabolic coordination between hepatocyte mitochondria and liver macrophages that express triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2). Trem2-deficient macrophages released exosomes that impaired hepatocytic mitochondrial structure and energy supply because of their high content of miR-106b-5p, which blocks Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2). In a mouse model of NAFLD-associated sepsis, TREM2 deficiency accelerated the initial progression of NAFLD and subsequent susceptibility to sepsis. Conversely, overexpression of TREM2 in liver macrophages improved hepatic energy supply and sepsis outcome. This study demonstrates that NAFLD is a risk factor for sepsis, providing a basis for precision treatment, and identifies hepatocyte-macrophage metabolic coordination and TREM2 as potential targets for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Ji
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baoli Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqi Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jielin Xu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Anania S, Peiffer R, Rademaker G, Hego A, Thiry M, Deldicque L, Francaux M, Maloujahmoum N, Agirman F, Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Peulen O. Myoferlin Is a Yet Unknown Interactor of the Mitochondrial Dynamics' Machinery in Pancreas Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061643. [PMID: 32575867 PMCID: PMC7352660 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest cancers where surgery remains the main survival factor. Mitochondria were described to be involved in tumor aggressiveness in several cancer types including pancreas cancer. We have previously reported that myoferlin controls mitochondrial structure and function, and demonstrated that myoferlin depletion disturbs the mitochondrial dynamics culminating in a mitochondrial fission. In order to unravel the mechanism underlying this observation, we explored the myoferlin localization in pancreatic cancer cells and showed a colocalization with the mitochondrial dynamic machinery element: mitofusin. This colocalization was confirmed in several pancreas cancer cell lines and in normal cell lines as well. Moreover, in pancreas cancer cell lines, it appeared that myoferlin interacted with mitofusin. These discoveries open-up new research avenues aiming at modulating mitofusin function in pancreas cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Anania
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Peiffer
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Rademaker
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Hego
- Imaging Facilities, GIGA-Research, GIGA-Institute B36, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissular Biology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Cell Biology L3, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (L.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (L.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Naïma Maloujahmoum
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Ferman Agirman
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent Castronovo
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL), GIGA-Cancer, Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (S.A.); (R.P.); (G.R.); (N.M.); (F.A.); (A.B.); (V.C.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Pathology Institute B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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24
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Hong Y, Tak H, Kim C, Kang H, Ji E, Ahn S, Jung M, Kim HL, Lee JH, Kim W, Lee EK. RNA binding protein HuD contributes to β-cell dysfunction by impairing mitochondria dynamics. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1633-1643. [PMID: 31659282 PMCID: PMC7206106 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics in pancreatic β-cells contributes to β-cell dysfunction in diabetes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dynamics in the pathology of diabetes are not fully elucidated. We previously reported the reduction of RNA binding protein HuD in pancreatic β-cells of diabetes. Herein, we demonstrate that HuD plays a novel role in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by promoting mitochondrial fusion. We show enhanced mitochondrial fragmentation in the pancreas of db/db mice and HuD KO mice. Downregulation of HuD increases the number of cells with fragmented mitochondria and reduces the mitochondrial activity determined by mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production in mouse insulinoma βTC6 cells. HuD binds to 3'-untraslated region of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) mRNA and positively regulates its expression. Ectopic expression of Mfn2 in βTC6 cells stably expressing short hairpin RNA against HuD (shHuD) restores HuD-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, our results suggest that HuD regulates mitochondrial dynamics by regulating Mfn2 level and its reduced expression leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlim Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hyosun Tak
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Chongtae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hoin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Eunbyul Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Sojin Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Myeongwoo Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
- Institute of Aging and Metabolic Diseases, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
- Institute of Aging and Metabolic Diseases, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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25
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Ma Y, Wang L, Jia R. The role of mitochondrial dynamics in human cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1278-1293. [PMID: 32509379 PMCID: PMC7269774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial cellular organelles. Under extracellular stimulations, mitochondria undergo constant fusion and fission dynamics to meet different cellular demands. Mitochondrial dynamics is regulated by specialized proteins and lipids. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to the initiation and progression of diverse human cancers, affecting aspects such as cancer metastasis, drug resistance and cancer stem cell survival, suggesting that targeting mitochondrial dynamics is a potential therapeutic strategy. In the present review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying fusion and fission dynamics and discuss the effects of mitochondrial dynamics on the development of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai, China
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26
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Li YJ, Cao YL, Feng JX, Qi Y, Meng S, Yang JF, Zhong YT, Kang S, Chen X, Lan L, Luo L, Yu B, Chen S, Chan DC, Hu J, Gao S. Structural insights of human mitofusin-2 into mitochondrial fusion and CMT2A onset. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4914. [PMID: 31664033 PMCID: PMC6820788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a dynamin-like GTPase that plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial fusion and cell metabolism. Mutations in MFN2 cause the neurodegenerative disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A (CMT2A). The molecular basis underlying the physiological and pathological relevance of MFN2 is unclear. Here, we present crystal structures of truncated human MFN2 in different nucleotide-loading states. Unlike other dynamin superfamily members including MFN1, MFN2 forms sustained dimers even after GTP hydrolysis via the GTPase domain (G) interface, which accounts for its high membrane-tethering efficiency. The biochemical discrepancy between human MFN2 and MFN1 largely derives from a primate-only single amino acid variance. MFN2 and MFN1 can form heterodimers via the G interface in a nucleotide-dependent manner. CMT2A-related mutations, mapping to different functional zones of MFN2, lead to changes in GTP hydrolysis and homo/hetero-association ability. Our study provides fundamental insight into how mitofusins mediate mitochondrial fusion and the ways their disruptions cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanbo Qi
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuxia Meng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jie-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Kang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lan Lan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoudeng Chen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510530, Guangzhou, China.
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27
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Das R, Kim SJ, Nguyen NT, Kwon HJ, Cha SK, Park KS. Inhibition of the ERK1/2-mTORC1 axis ameliorates proteinuria and the fibrogenic action of transforming growth factor-β in Adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2019; 96:927-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Xue R, Yang J, Jia L, Zhu X, Wu J, Zhu Y, Meng Q. Mitofusin2, as a Protective Target in the Liver, Controls the Balance of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:601. [PMID: 31231215 PMCID: PMC6561379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Previous studies showed the vital role of mitofusin2 (Mfn2) in the regulation of mitochondrial function. However, the effect of Mfn2 on ACLF remains unknown. As one of mitochondrial-related pathways, BNIP3-mediated pathway controls the balance between apoptosis and autophagy. However, the relationship between Mfn2 and BNIP3-mediated pathway in ACLF is still obscure. The aim of our study is to clarify the effect of Mfn2 and potential molecular mechanisms in ACLF. Methods: We collected liver tissue from ACLF patients and constructed an ACLF animal model and a hepatocyte autophagy injury model, using adenovirus and lentivirus to deliver Mfn2 and Mfn2-siRNA to liver cells, in order to assess the effect of Mfn2 on autophagy and apoptosis in ACLF. We explored the biological mechanisms of Mfn2-induced autophagy and apoptosis of ACLF through Western blotting, Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical staining, and hematoxylin–eosin staining. Results: Compared with the normal liver tissue, the expressions of Mfn2, Atg5, Beclin1, and LC3-II/I were significantly decreased and the expression of P62 was much higher in patients with ACLF. Mfn2 significantly attenuated ACLF, characterized via microscopic histopathology and reduced serum AST and ALT levels. Mfn2 promoted the expressions of ATP synthase β, Atg5, Beclin1, LC3-II/I, and Bcl2 and reduced the expressions of P62, Bax, and BNIP3. Conclusions: Mfn2 plays a protective role in the progression of ACLF. BNIP3-mediated signaling pathway is not the only factor associated with Mfn2 controlling the balance of apoptosis and autophagy in ACLF. Mfn2 will provide a promising therapeutic target for patients with ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xue
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueke Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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29
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Mazaki Y, Takada S, Nio-Kobayashi J, Maekawa S, Higashi T, Onodera Y, Sabe H. Mitofusin 2 is involved in chemotaxis of neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:708-713. [PMID: 30987827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils rapidly migrate to infection sites after the recognition of invaders. During chemotaxis, neutrophils require energy supplied by mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas neutrophils rely heavily on glycolysis under normal conditions. Mitochondrial OXPHOS correlates with mitochondrial morphology. Here, we examined the mitochondrial morphology of neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 cells after chemoattractant N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation. We found that mitochondrial morphology changes to a tubular form after fMLP stimulation. Mitochondrial OXPHOS activity and mitochondrial complex II significantly increased after fMLP stimulation. On the other hand, the silencing of mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 (MFN2) suppresses mitochondrial morphological changes. Furthermore, MFN2 silencing suppressed OXPHOS activation and chemotaxis after fMLP stimulation. These results suggest that MFN2 is involved in chemotaxis of differentiated HL-60 cells depending on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maekawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Onodera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisataka Sabe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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30
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Schiavon CR, Turn RE, Newman LE, Kahn RA. ELMOD2 regulates mitochondrial fusion in a mitofusin-dependent manner, downstream of ARL2. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1198-1213. [PMID: 30865555 PMCID: PMC6724520 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential and dynamic organelles undergoing constant fission and fusion. The primary players in mitochondrial morphology (MFN1/2, OPA1, DRP1) have been identified, but their mechanism(s) of regulation are still being elucidated. ARL2 is a regulatory GTPase that has previously been shown to play a role in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology. Here we demonstrate that ELMOD2, an ARL2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP), is necessary for ARL2 to promote mitochondrial elongation. We show that loss of ELMOD2 causes mitochondrial fragmentation and a lower rate of mitochondrial fusion, while ELMOD2 overexpression promotes mitochondrial tubulation and increases the rate of fusion in a mitofusin-dependent manner. We also show that a mutant of ELMOD2 lacking GAP activity is capable of promoting fusion, suggesting that ELMOD2 does not need GAP activity to influence mitochondrial morphology. Finally, we show that ELMOD2, ARL2, Mitofusins 1 and 2, Miros 1 and 2, and mitochondrial phospholipase D (mitoPLD) all localize to discrete, regularly spaced puncta along mitochondria. These results suggest that ELMOD2 is functioning as an effector downstream of ARL2 and upstream of the mitofusins to promote mitochondrial fusion. Our data provide insights into the pathway by which mitochondrial fusion is regulated in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara R Schiavon
- Cancer Biology and bBiochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology Graduate Programs, Graduate Division of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rachel E Turn
- Cancer Biology and bBiochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology Graduate Programs, Graduate Division of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Laura E Newman
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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31
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Wu DD, Liu SY, Gao YR, Lu D, Hong Y, Chen YG, Dong PZ, Wang DY, Li T, Li HM, Ren ZG, Guo JC, He F, Ren XQ, Sun SY, Duan SF, Ji XY. Tumour necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 is a novel regulator of proliferation, migration, and invasion in human rectal adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:1698-1713. [PMID: 30637920 PMCID: PMC6378198 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor‐α‐induced protein 8‐like 2 (TIPE2) is a tumour suppressor in many types of cancer. However, the mechanism of action of TIPE2 on the growth of rectal adenocarcinoma is unknown. Our results showed that the expression levels of TIPE2 in human rectal adenocarcinoma tissues were higher than those in adjacent non‐tumour tissues. Overexpression of TIPE2 reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human rectal adenocarcinoma cells and down‐regulation of TIPE2 showed reverse effects. TIPE2 overexpression increased apoptosis through down‐regulating the expression levels of Wnt3a, phospho (p)‐β‐Catenin, and p‐glycogen synthase kinase‐3β in rectal adenocarcinoma cells, however, TIPE2 knockdown exhibited reverse trends. TIPE2 overexpression decreased autophagy by reducing the expression levels of p‐Smad2, p‐Smad3, and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) in rectal adenocarcinoma cells, however, TIPE2 knockdown showed opposite effects. Furthermore, TIPE2 overexpression reduced the growth of xenografted human rectal adenocarcinoma, whereas TIPE2 knockdown promoted the growth of rectal adenocarcinoma tumours by modulating angiogenesis. In conclusion, TIPE2 could regulate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human rectal adenocarcinoma cells through Wnt/β‐Catenin and TGF‐β/Smad2/3 signalling pathways. TIPE2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shi-Yu Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ying-Ran Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dan Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ya Hong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ya-Ge Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peng-Zhen Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Da-Yong Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui-Min Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Guo
- Center for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xue-Qun Ren
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shao-Feng Duan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, Henan University School of Pharmacy, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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32
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Zhu J, Zhang S, Geng Y, Song Y. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 protects against sepsis-induced kidney injury by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:4163-4172. [PMID: 30662659 PMCID: PMC6325509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the cytoprotective role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in sepsis-induced kidney injury. The Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was employed to induce septic kidney injury in C57BL/6 mice. Six hours before CLP or a sham procedure, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg hemin or 30 mg/kg of the TRPA1 antagonist A-967079. Our study showed that mice treated with A-967079 exhibited less sepsis-induced mortality and kidney injury compared with those in the sham group. Moreover, A-967079 prevented multiple organ dysfunction, pathological changes, and increased secretion of in proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, A-967079 decreased the levels of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney tissues. The protein levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, including Sirt1, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A, were decreased in the A-967079 treatment group. Additionally, A-967079 treatment attenuated mitochondrial mitophagy. The levels of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 increased and parkin levels decreased compared to the untreated CLP group. Our findings suggest that TRPA1 prevents septic injury by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Wenling Wenling 317500, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Wenling Wenling 317500, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanqing Geng
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Wenling Wenling 317500, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yukang Song
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Wenling Wenling 317500, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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33
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Ježek J, Cooper KF, Strich R. Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Dynamics: The Yin and Yang of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cancer Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E13. [PMID: 29337889 PMCID: PMC5789323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles with a highly dynamic ultrastructure maintained by a delicate equilibrium between its fission and fusion rates. Understanding the factors influencing this balance is important as perturbations to mitochondrial dynamics can result in pathological states. As a terminal site of nutrient oxidation for the cell, mitochondrial powerhouses harness energy in the form of ATP in a process driven by the electron transport chain. Contemporaneously, electrons translocated within the electron transport chain undergo spontaneous side reactions with oxygen, giving rise to superoxide and a variety of other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrially-derived ROS can mediate redox signaling or, in excess, cause cell injury and even cell death. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial ultrastructure is tightly coupled to ROS generation depending on the physiological status of the cell. Yet, the mechanism by which changes in mitochondrial shape modulate mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis is less clear. Aberrant mitochondrial morphology may lead to enhanced ROS formation, which, in turn, may deteriorate mitochondrial health and further exacerbate oxidative stress in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Here, we review the latest findings on the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production, focusing mainly on its role in malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ježek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.
| | - Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.
| | - Randy Strich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.
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34
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Rocha S, Freitas A, Guimaraes SC, Vitorino R, Aroso M, Gomez-Lazaro M. Biological Implications of Differential Expression of Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 7:E1. [PMID: 29267236 PMCID: PMC5789311 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been accepted that mitochondrial function and morphology is affected in Parkinson's disease, and that mitochondrial function can be directly related to its morphology. So far, mitochondrial morphological alterations studies, in the context of this neurodegenerative disease, have been performed through microscopic methodologies. The goal of the present work is to address if the modifications in the mitochondrial-shaping proteins occurring in this disorder have implications in other cellular pathways, which might constitute important pathways for the disease progression. To do so, we conducted a novel approach through a thorough exploration of the available proteomics-based studies in the context of Parkinson's disease. The analysis provided insight into the altered biological pathways affected by changes in the expression of mitochondrial-shaping proteins via different bioinformatic tools. Unexpectedly, we observed that the mitochondrial-shaping proteins altered in the context of Parkinson's disease are, in the vast majority, related to the organization of the mitochondrial cristae. Conversely, in the studies that have resorted to microscopy-based techniques, the most widely reported alteration in the context of this disorder is mitochondria fragmentation. Cristae membrane organization is pivotal for mitochondrial ATP production, and changes in their morphology have a direct impact on the organization and function of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. To understand which biological processes are affected by the alteration of these proteins we analyzed the binding partners of the mitochondrial-shaping proteins that were found altered in Parkinson's disease. We showed that the binding partners fall into seven different cellular components, which include mitochondria, proteasome, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), amongst others. It is noteworthy that, by evaluating the biological process in which these modified proteins are involved, we showed that they are related to the production and metabolism of ATP, immune response, cytoskeleton alteration, and oxidative stress, amongst others. In summary, with our bioinformatics approach using the data on the modified proteins in Parkinson's disease patients, we were able to relate the alteration of mitochondrial-shaping proteins to modifications of crucial cellular pathways affected in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Freitas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia C Guimaraes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Aroso
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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35
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Chandhok G, Lazarou M, Neumann B. Structure, function, and regulation of mitofusin-2 in health and disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:933-949. [PMID: 29068134 PMCID: PMC6446723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly migrate, fuse, and divide to regulate their shape, size, number, and bioenergetic function. Mitofusins (Mfn1/2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), are key regulators of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mutations in these molecules are associated with severe neurodegenerative and non-neurological diseases pointing to the importance of functional mitochondrial dynamics in normal cell physiology. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics, which has raised interest in defining the physiological roles of key regulators of fusion and fission and led to the identification of additional functions of Mfn2 in mitochondrial metabolism, cell signalling, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structural and functional properties of Mfn2 as well as its regulation in different tissues, and also discuss the consequences of aberrant Mfn2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Chandhok
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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36
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Furuya S, Endo K, Takahashi A, Miyazawa K, Saitoh M. Snail suppresses cellular senescence and promotes fibroblast-led cancer cell invasion. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1586-1597. [PMID: 28979845 PMCID: PMC5623692 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Snail, a zinc finger transcription factor, induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various cancer and epithelial cells. We investigated the function of Snail (SNAI1) by downregulating its expression with short interfering RNA (siRNA). Suppression of Snail expression induced cellular senescence in several cancer cells and in normal fibroblast IMR90 cells. Cancer progression is facilitated by fibroblasts, so-called fibroblast-led cancer cell invasion. Snail-silenced cancer cells exhibited reduced motility, which was further decreased by cocultivation with Snail-silenced IMR90 cells. Our data suggest that cell motility and cellular senescence, which are regulated by Snail in cancer cells and fibroblasts, modulate fibroblast-led cancer cell invasion. Therefore, we propose that local suppression of Snail in cancer and the cancer microenvironment represents a potent therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furuya
- Department of Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Japan.,Research Training Program for Undergraduates Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Japan
| | - Kaori Endo
- Department of Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Biology The Cancer Institute Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Japan
| | - Masao Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Japan.,Center for Medical Education and Sciences Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Japan
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37
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Fang Y, Liu Z, Chen Z, Xu X, Xiao M, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Du Y, Jiang C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Fan B, Terheyden-Keighley D, Liu Y, Shi L, Hui Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Feng H, Ma L, Zhang Q, Jin G, Yang Y, Xiang B, Liu L, Zhang X. Smad5 acts as an intracellular pH messenger and maintains bioenergetic homeostasis. Cell Res 2017; 27:1083-1099. [PMID: 28675158 PMCID: PMC5587853 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental cues and intracellular bioenergetic states profoundly affect intracellular pH (pHi). How a cell responds to pHi changes to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis remains elusive. Here we show that Smad5, a well-characterized downstream component of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling responds to pHi changes. Cold, basic or hypertonic conditions increase pHi, which in turn dissociates protons from the charged amino acid clusters within the MH1 domain of Smad5, prompting its relocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. On the other hand, heat, acidic or hypotonic conditions decrease pHi, blocking the nuclear export of Smad5, and thus causing its nuclear accumulation. Active nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smad5 induced by environmental changes and pHi fluctuation is independent of BMP signaling, carboxyl terminus phosphorylation and Smad4. In addition, ablation of Smad5 causes chronic and irreversible dysregulation of cellular bioenergetic homeostasis and disrupted normal neural developmental processes as identified in a differentiation model of human pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, these metabolic and developmental deficits in Smad5-deficient cells could be rescued only by cytoplasmic Smad5. Cytoplasmic Smad5 physically interacts with hexokinase 1 and accelerates glycolysis. Together, our findings indicate that Smad5 acts as a pHi messenger and maintains the bioenergetic homeostasis of cells by regulating cytoplasmic metabolic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiang Fang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengtao Xiao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Beibei Fan
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daniel Terheyden-Keighley
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hexi Feng
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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38
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Abstract
SMADs are essential transcriptional effectors of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)/TGFβ-related signaling that underlies embryonic development and adult homeostasis. A recent study by Fang et al. in Cell Research adds to this biological complexity by demonstrating an atypical cytoplasmic role for SMAD5 in modulating the bioenergetic homeostasis (i.e., glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration) of cells in response to fluctuations in intracellular pH that is independent of receptor signaling.
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39
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Ong SB, Kalkhoran SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Samangouei P, Ong SG, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease - the Long and the Short of It! Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31:87-107. [PMID: 28190190 PMCID: PMC5346600 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate fragmented discrete organelles, a process which is mediated by the mitochondrial fission proteins (Drp1, hFIS1, Mff and MiD49/51), and is required for cell division, and to remove damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Mitochondria undergo fusion to form elongated interconnected networks, a process which is orchestrated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), and which enables the replenishment of damaged mitochondrial DNA. In the adult heart, mitochondria are relatively static, are constrained in their movement, and are characteristically arranged into 3 distinct subpopulations based on their locality and function (subsarcolemmal, myofibrillar, and perinuclear). Although the mitochondria are arranged differently, emerging data supports a role for the mitochondrial shaping proteins in cardiac health and disease. Interestingly, in the adult heart, it appears that the pleiotropic effects of the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn2 (endoplasmic reticulum-tethering, mitophagy) and OPA1 (cristae remodeling, regulation of apoptosis, and energy production) may play more important roles than their pro-fusion effects. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in the adult heart, and highlight their roles as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derek John Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. .,The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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