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Guo J, Xu Q, Zhong Y, Su Y. N-acetylcysteine promotes doxycycline resistance in the bacterial pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. Virulence 2024; 15:2399983. [PMID: 39239906 PMCID: PMC11409502 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2399983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance poses a significant threat to both human and animal health. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is used as an anti-inflammatory, has been shown to have distinct and contrasting impacts on bacterial resistance. However, the precise mechanism underlying the relationship between NAC and bacterial resistance remains unclear and requires further investigation. In this study, we study the effect of NAC on bacterial resistance and the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, we examine the effects of NAC on Edwardsiella tarda ATCC15947, a pathogen that exhibits resistance to many antibiotics. We find that NAC can promote resistance of E. tarda to many antibiotics, such as doxycycline, resulting in an increase in the bacterial survival rate. Through proteomic analysis, we demonstrate that NAC activates the amino acid metabolism pathway in E. tarda, leading to elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, NAC reduces antibiotic influx while enhancing efflux, thus maintaining low intracellular antibiotic concentrations. We also propose that NAC promotes protein aggregation, thus contributing to antibiotic resistance. Our study describes the mechanism underlying E. tarda resistance to doxycycline and cautions against the indiscriminate use of metabolite adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guo
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqiang Xu
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yilin Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Lin R, Li H, Wu H, Ren H, Kong X, Lu Z. Resting for viability: Gordonia polyisoprenivorans ZM27, a robust generalist for petroleum bioremediation under hypersaline stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124618. [PMID: 39067736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic issue associated with the application of microbes for practical pollution remediation involves maintaining the expected activity of engaged strains or consortiums as effectively as that noted under laboratory conditions. Faced with various stress factors, degraders with dormancy ability are more likely to survive and exhibit degradation activity. In this study, a hydrocarbonoclastic and halotolerant strain, Gordonia polyisoprenivorans ZM27, was isolated via stimulation with resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf). Long-term exposure to dual stresses of 10% NaCl and starvation induced ZM27 to enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC)-like state, and ZM27 cells could be resuscitated upon Rpf stimulation. Notable changes in both morphological and physiological characteristics between VBNC-like ZM27 cells and resuscitated cells confirmed the response to Rpf and their robust resistance against harsh environments. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis indicated ZM27 could be a generalist degrader with dormancy ability. Subsequently, VBNC-like ZM27 was applied in a soil microcosm experiment to investigate the practical application potential under harsh conditions. VBNC-like ZM27 combined with Rpf stimulation exhibited the most effective biodegradation performance, and the initial n-hexadecane content (1000 mg kg-1) decreased by 63.29% after 14-day incubation. Based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and analysis, Gordonia exhibited a positive response to Rpf stimulation. The relative abundance of genus Gordonia was negatively correlated with that of Alcanivorax, a genus of obligate hydrocarbon degrader with the greatest abundance during soil incubation. Based on the degradation profile and community analysis, generalist Gordonia may be more efficient in hydrocarbon degradation than specialist Alcanivorax under harsh conditions. The characteristics of ZM27, including its sustainable culturability under long-term stress, response to Rpf and robust performance in soil microcosms, are valuable for the remediation of petroleum pollution under stressful conditions. Our work validated the importance of dormancy and highlighted the underestimated role of low-activity degraders in petroleum remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhang Lin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Ren
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenmei Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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3
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Dai Y, Zhou Z, Yu W, Ma Y, Kim K, Rivera N, Mohammed J, Lantelme E, Hsu-Kim H, Chilkoti A, You L. Biomolecular condensates regulate cellular electrochemical equilibria. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00909-7. [PMID: 39260373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Control of the electrochemical environment in living cells is typically attributed to ion channels. Here, we show that the formation of biomolecular condensates can modulate the electrochemical environment in bacterial cells, which affects cellular processes globally. Condensate formation generates an electric potential gradient, which directly affects the electrochemical properties of a cell, including cytoplasmic pH and membrane potential. Condensate formation also amplifies cell-cell variability of their electrochemical properties due to passive environmental effect. The modulation of the electrochemical equilibria further controls cell-environment interactions, thus directly influencing bacterial survival under antibiotic stress. The condensate-mediated shift in intracellular electrochemical equilibria drives a change of the global gene expression profile. Our work reveals the biochemical functions of condensates, which extend beyond the functions of biomolecules driving and participating in condensate formation, and uncovers a role of condensates in regulating global cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Zhengqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Yuefeng Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kyeri Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nelson Rivera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Javid Mohammed
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Erica Lantelme
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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4
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Moreira S, Chyou TY, Wade J, Brown C. Diversification of the Rho transcription termination factor in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:8979-8997. [PMID: 38966992 PMCID: PMC11347177 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Correct termination of transcription is essential for gene expression. In bacteria, factor-dependent termination relies on the Rho factor, that classically has three conserved domains. Some bacteria also have a functional insertion region. However, the variation in Rho structure among bacteria has not been analyzed in detail. This study determines the distribution, sequence conservation, and predicted features of Rho factors with diverse domain architectures by analyzing 2730 bacterial genomes. About half (49.8%) of the species analyzed have the typical Escherichia coli like Rho while most of the other species (39.8%) have diverse, atypical forms of Rho. Besides conservation of the main domains, we describe a duplicated RNA-binding domain present in specific species and novel variations in the bicyclomycin binding pocket. The additional regions observed in Rho proteins exhibit remarkable diversity. Commonly, however, they have exceptional amino acid compositions and are predicted to be intrinsically disordered, to undergo phase separation, or have prion-like behavior. Phase separation has recently been shown to play roles in Rho function and bacterial fitness during harsh conditions in one species and this study suggests a more widespread role. In conclusion, diverse atypical Rho factors are broadly distributed among bacteria, suggesting additional cellular roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Te-yuan Chyou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Joseph T Wade
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Chris M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
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5
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Zhang Y, Cai Y, Jin X, Wu Q, Bai F, Liu J. Persistent glucose consumption under antibiotic treatment protects bacterial community. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01708-z. [PMID: 39138382 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics typically induce major physiological changes in bacteria. However, their effect on nutrient consumption remains unclear. Here we found that Escherichia coli communities can sustain normal levels of glucose consumption under a broad range of antibiotics. The community-living resulted in a low membrane potential in the bacteria, allowing slow antibiotic accumulation on treatment and better adaptation. Through multi-omics analysis, we identified a prevalent adaptive response characterized by the upregulation of lipid synthesis, which substantially contributes to sustained glucose consumption. The consumption was maintained by the periphery region of the community, thereby restricting glucose penetration into the community interior. The resulting spatial heterogeneity in glucose availability protected the interior from antibiotic accumulation in a membrane potential-dependent manner, ensuring rapid recovery of the community postantibiotic treatment. Our findings unveiled a community-level antibiotic response through spatial regulation of metabolism and suggested new strategies for antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhang
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yumin Cai
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qile Wu
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Liu
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Lu Z, Xing T, Zhao Z, Li Z, Hou D, Ma Z, Chen S, Yang Y, Li S, Zhang H. Induction of Salmonella Enteritidis into a Viable but Nonculturable State by Cinnamaldehyde and Its Resuscitation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:499-507. [PMID: 38695190 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), a typical plant-derived compound, has been widely used in the control of foodborne pathogen contamination. Nevertheless, the risk associated with the occurrence of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria induced by TC remains unclear. The results of this study showed that Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) entered the VBNC state after being induced by TC at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 312.5 μg/mL and survived for at least 22 days under TC treatment. Enhanced resistance was found against heat treatment (75°C, 30 s), antibiotics (i.e., ampicillin, ceftriaxone sodium, chloramphenicol), and hydrogen peroxide (3%) in VBNC S. Enteritidis. A synergistic effect against VBNC S. Enteritidis occurred when TC was combined with acid treatment, including lactic acid and acetic acid (pH = 3.5). VBNC and resuscitated S. Enteritidis by sodium pyruvate treatment (100 mM) were found to retain the infectious ability to Caco-2 cells. Relative expression levels of the stress-related genes relA, spoT, ppx, lon, katG, sodA, dnaK, and grpE were upregulated in VBNC S. Enteritidis. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein aggregates was observed in VBNC cells. Besides, the resuscitation of VBNC cells was accompanied with clearance of ROS and protein aggregates. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive characterization of stress tolerance and resuscitation of VBNC S. Enteritidis induced by cinnamaldehyde, and the results provide useful information for the development of effective control strategy against VBNC pathogenic bacteria in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Xing
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zepeng Zhao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Hou
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin Ma
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoting Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Sasazawa M, Tomares DT, Childers WS, Saurabh S. Biomolecular condensates as stress sensors and modulators of bacterial signaling. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012413. [PMID: 39146259 PMCID: PMC11326607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes exhibit remarkable adaptability to environmental fluctuations. Signaling mechanisms, such as two-component systems and secondary messengers, have long been recognized as critical for sensing and responding to environmental cues. However, recent research has illuminated the potential of a physical adaptation mechanism in signaling-phase separation, which may represent a ubiquitous mechanism for compartmentalizing biochemistry within the cytoplasm in the context of bacteria that frequently lack membrane-bound organelles. This review considers the broader prospect that phase separation may play critical roles as rapid stress sensing and response mechanisms within pathogens. It is well established that weak multivalent interactions between disordered regions, coiled-coils, and other structured domains can form condensates via phase separation and be regulated by specific environmental parameters in some cases. The process of phase separation itself acts as a responsive sensor, influenced by changes in protein concentration, posttranslational modifications, temperature, salts, pH, and oxidative stresses. This environmentally triggered phase separation can, in turn, regulate the functions of recruited biomolecules, providing a rapid response to stressful conditions. As examples, we describe biochemical pathways organized by condensates that are essential for cell physiology and exhibit signaling features. These include proteins that organize and modify the chromosome (Dps, Hu, SSB), regulate the decay, and modification of RNA (RNase E, Hfq, Rho, RNA polymerase), those involved in signal transduction (PopZ, PodJ, and SpmX) and stress response (aggresomes and polyphosphate granules). We also summarize the potential of proteins within pathogens to function as condensates and the potential and challenges in targeting biomolecular condensates for next-generation antimicrobial therapeutics. Together, this review illuminates the emerging significance of biomolecular condensates in microbial signaling, stress responses, and regulation of cell physiology and provides a framework for microbiologists to consider the function of biomolecular condensates in microbial adaptation and response to diverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeka Sasazawa
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dylan T Tomares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - W Seth Childers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Saumya Saurabh
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Dawan J, Liao X, Ding T, Ahn J. Phenotypic and Genotypic Responses of Foodborne Pathogens to Sublethal Concentrations of Lactic Acid and Sodium Chloride. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:332-340. [PMID: 38900709 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic responses of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (ST) and Staphylococcus aureus KACC 13236 (SA) preadapted to sublethal concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) for 48 hr at 37°C, followed by re-exposure to lethal concentrations of LA and NaCl for 24 hr at 37°C. ST and SA treated in a sequential and ordered manner with LA and NaCl were assigned as LA-LA, LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl. The treatments, LA-LA, LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl, were evaluated by antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial fluctuation, relative fitness, zeta potential, and gene expression. The MICt/MICc ratios of LA, NaCl, CIP, GEN, and TET against ST treated with LA-LA were 1.0 to 0.8, 0.8, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. The MICt/MICc ratios of NaCl, CIP, GEN, and TET were between 0.5-0.8 for SA treated with LA-LA. ST treated with LA-LA and SA treated with LA-NaCl exhibited the highest coefficient of variance. The lowest relative fitness was observed at ST treated with LA-LA (0.5). ST and SA treated with LA-LA showed the lowest zeta potential. The transporter-, toxin-antitoxin system-, chaperone protein-, and SOS response-related genes were suppressed at ST and SA treated with LA-LA. The transporter-, toxin-antitoxin system-, and chaperone protein-related genes were overexpressed in SA treated with LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl. The results suggest that ST and SA treated with LA-LA, LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl could induce collateral sensitivity and cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Dawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
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Hou Z, Ren X, Sun Z, An R, Huang M, Gao C, Yin M, Liu G, He D, Du H, Tang R. Trash into Treasure: Nano-coating of Catheter Utilizes Urine to Deprive H 2S Against Persister and Rip Biofilm Matrix. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401067. [PMID: 39030869 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) often contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-recalcitrant bacteria, especially persister (a sub-population of dormant bacteria), thus causing the treatment failure of Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). Here, an H2S harvester nanosystem to prevent the generation of persister bacteria and disrupt the dense biofilm matrix by the self-adaptive ability of shape-morphing is prepared. The nanosystem possesses a core-shell structure that is composed of liquid metal nanoparticle (LM NP), AgNPs, and immobilized urease. The nanosystem decomposes urea contained in urine to generate ammonia for eliminating bacteria-derived H2S. Depending on the oxidative layer of liquid metal, the nanosystem also constitutes a long-lasting reservoir for temporarily storing bacteria-derived H2S, when urease transiently overloads or in the absence of urine in a catheter. Depriving H2S can prevent the emergence of persistent bacteria, enhancing the bacteria-killing efficiency of Ga3+ and Ag+ ions. Even when the biofilm has formed, the urine flow provides heat to trigger shape morphing of the LM NP, tearing the biofilm matrix. Collectively, this strategy can turn trash (urea) into treasure (H2S scavengers and biofilm rippers), and provides a new direction for the antibacterial materials application in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Hou
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Ren
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Sun
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ruoqi An
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Cen Gao
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Yin
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guangxiu Liu
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dengqi He
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Du
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Rongbing Tang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
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10
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Niu H, Gu J, Zhang Y. Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:174. [PMID: 39013893 PMCID: PMC11252167 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Persisters refer to genetically drug susceptible quiescent (non-growing or slow growing) bacteria that survive in stress environments such as antibiotic exposure, acidic and starvation conditions. These cells can regrow after stress removal and remain susceptible to the same stress. Persisters are underlying the problems of treating chronic and persistent infections and relapse infections after treatment, drug resistance development, and biofilm infections, and pose significant challenges for effective treatments. Understanding the characteristics and the exact mechanisms of persister formation, especially the key molecules that affect the formation and survival of the persisters is critical to more effective treatment of chronic and persistent infections. Currently, genes related to persister formation and survival are being discovered and confirmed, but the mechanisms by which bacteria form persisters are very complex, and there are still many unanswered questions. This article comprehensively summarizes the historical background of bacterial persisters, details their complex characteristics and their relationship with antibiotic tolerant and resistant bacteria, systematically elucidates the interplay between various bacterial biological processes and the formation of persister cells, as well as consolidates the diverse anti-persister compounds and treatments. We hope to provide theoretical background for in-depth research on mechanisms of persisters and suggest new ideas for choosing strategies for more effective treatment of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Niu
- School of Basic Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Gu
- School of Basic Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China.
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11
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Ukleja M, Kricks L, Torrens G, Peschiera I, Rodrigues-Lopes I, Krupka M, García-Fernández J, Melero R, Del Campo R, Eulalio A, Mateus A, López-Bravo M, Rico AI, Cava F, Lopez D. Flotillin-mediated stabilization of unfolded proteins in bacterial membrane microdomains. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5583. [PMID: 38961085 PMCID: PMC11222466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of many bacterial processes depends on the formation of functional membrane microdomains (FMMs), which resemble the lipid rafts of eukaryotic cells. However, the mechanism and the biological function of these membrane microdomains remain unclear. Here, we show that FMMs in the pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are dedicated to confining and stabilizing proteins unfolded due to cellular stress. The FMM scaffold protein flotillin forms a clamp-shaped oligomer that holds unfolded proteins, stabilizing them and favoring their correct folding. This process does not impose a direct energy cost on the cell and is crucial to survival of ATP-depleted bacteria, and thus to pathogenesis. Consequently, FMM disassembling causes the accumulation of unfolded proteins, which compromise MRSA viability during infection and cause penicillin re-sensitization due to PBP2a unfolding. Thus, our results indicate that FMMs mediate ATP-independent stabilization of unfolded proteins, which is essential for bacterial viability during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ukleja
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lara Kricks
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR). Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Peschiera
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ines Rodrigues-Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcin Krupka
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Julia García-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Roberto Melero
- Department of Structural Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal Hospital, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - André Mateus
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR). Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - María López-Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana I Rico
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Felipe Cava
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR). Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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12
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Bohl V, Mogk A. When the going gets tough, the tough get going-Novel bacterial AAA+ disaggregases provide extreme heat resistance. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16677. [PMID: 39039821 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Heat stress can lead to protein misfolding and aggregation, potentially causing cell death due to the loss of essential proteins. Bacteria, being particularly exposed to environmental stress, are equipped with disaggregases that rescue these aggregated proteins. The bacterial Hsp70 chaperone DnaK and the ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities protein ClpB form the canonical disaggregase in bacteria. While this combination operates effectively during physiological heat stress, it is ineffective against massive aggregation caused by temperature-based sterilization protocols used in the food industry and clinics. This leaves bacteria unprotected against these thermal processes. However, bacteria that can withstand extreme, man-made stress conditions have emerged. These bacteria possess novel ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities disaggregases, ClpG and ClpL, which are key players in extreme heat resistance. These disaggregases, present in selected Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, function superiorly by exhibiting increased thermal stability and enhanced threading power compared to DnaK/ClpB. This enables ClpG and ClpL to operate at extreme temperatures and process large and tight protein aggregates, thereby contributing to heat resistance. The genes for ClpG and ClpL are often encoded on mobile genomic islands or conjugative plasmids, allowing for their rapid spread among bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. This threatens the efficiency of sterilization protocols. In this review, we describe the various bacterial disaggregases identified to date, characterizing their commonalities and the specific features that enable these novel disaggregases to provide stress protection against extreme stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Bohl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Mogk
- Faculty of Biosciences, Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Walker RM, Sanabria VC, Youk H. Microbial life in slow and stopped lanes. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:650-662. [PMID: 38123400 PMCID: PMC11187706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Microbes in nature often lack nutrients and face extreme or widely fluctuating temperatures, unlike microbes in growth-optimized settings in laboratories that much of the literature examines. Slowed or suspended lives are the norm for microbes. Studying them is important for understanding the consequences of climate change and for addressing fundamental questions about life: are there limits to how slowly a cell's life can progress, and how long cells can remain viable without self-replicating? Recent studies began addressing these questions with single-cell-level measurements and mathematical models. Emerging principles that govern slowed or suspended lives of cells - including lives of dormant spores and microbes at extreme temperatures - are re-defining discrete cellular states as continuums and revealing intracellular dynamics at new timescales. Nearly inactive, lifeless-appearing microbes are transforming our understanding of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Walker
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Valeria C Sanabria
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hyun Youk
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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14
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Liu S, Laman P, Jensen S, van der Wel NN, Kramer G, Zaat SA, Brul S. Isolation and characterization of persisters of the pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus. iScience 2024; 27:110002. [PMID: 38868179 PMCID: PMC11166702 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic persisters is one of the leading causes of recurrent and chronic diseases. One challenge in mechanistic research on persisters is the enrichment of pure persisters. In this work, we validated a proposed method to isolate persisters with notorious Staphylococcus aureus cultures. With this, we analyzed the proteome profile of pure persisters and revealed the distinct mechanisms associated with vancomycin and enrofloxacin induced persisters. Furthermore, morphological and metabolic characterizations were performed, indicating further differences between these two persister populations. Finally, we assessed the effect of ATP repression, protein synthesis inhibition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level on persister formation. In conclusion, this work provides a comprehensive understanding of S. aureus vancomycin and enrofloxacin induced persisters, facilitating a better mechanistic understanding of persisters and the development of effective strategies to combat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Laman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sean Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Department of Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A.J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Yang D, Wang W, Zhao L, Rao L, Liao X. Resuscitation of viable but nonculturable bacteria promoted by ATP-mediated NAD + synthesis. J Adv Res 2024; 60:27-39. [PMID: 37541583 PMCID: PMC11156606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Entry into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy adopted by bacteria to survive harsh environment. Although VBNC cells still have metabolic activity, they lose the ability to form colonies on nonselective culture media. Thus, conventional bacterial detection methods, such as plate counting, are unable to detect the presence of VBNC cells. When the environmental conditions are appropriate, VBNC cells can initiate resuscitation, posing a great risk to the safety of public health. The study of the VBNC resuscitation mechanism could provide new insights into the prevention and control of VBNC resuscitation. OBJECTIVES Uncovering the molecular mechanism of VBNC cell resuscitation by investigating the role of O-antigen ligase (RfaL) in inhibiting the resuscitation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the VBNC state. METHODS RfaL was screened and verified as a resuscitation inhibitor of VBNC Escherichia coli O157:H7 by detecting resuscitation curve and time-lapse microscopy. The mechanism of RfaL impacts VBNC E. coli resuscitation was investigated by detecting the single cell ATP content, metabolomic changes, NAD(H) content and new protein biosynthesis of WT and ΔrfaL at different stage of resuscitation. RESULTS Mutation of rfaL, which encoded an O-antigen ligase, markedly shortened the resuscitating lag phase. Further studies indicated that ΔrfaL VBNC cells contained higher ATP levels, and ATP consumption during the resuscitating lag phase was highly correlated with resuscitation efficiency. Metabolomic analysis revealed that ATP was utilized to activate the Handler and salvage pathways to synthesize NAD+, balancing redox reactions to recover cell activity and promote cell resuscitation. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a strategy employed by VBNC cells for revival, that is, using residual ATP to primarily recover metabolic activity, driving cells to exit dormancy. The synthesis pathway of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rfaL null mutant was inhibited and could supply more ATP to synthesis NAD+ and promote resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Rao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China.
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16
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Sun Y, Gao R, Liao X, Shen M, Chen X, Feng J, Ding T. Stress response of Salmonella Newport with various sequence types toward plasma-activated water: Viable but nonculturable state formation and outer membrane vesicle production. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100764. [PMID: 38779345 PMCID: PMC11109322 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the response of Salmonella Newport to plasma-activated water (PAW), a novel disinfectant that attracts attention due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy and eco-friendliness. In this work, we demonstrated that S. Newport of different sequence types (STs) could be induced into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state by PAW treatment. Notably, a remarkable 99.96% of S. Newport ST45 strain entered the VBNC state after a 12-min PAW treatment, which was the fastest observed among the five S. Newport STs (ST31, ST45, ST46, ST166, ST2364). Secretion of outer membrane vesicles was observed in ST45, suggesting a potential strategy against PAW treatment. Genes related to oxidative stress (sodA, katE, trxA), outer membrane proteins (ompA, ompC, ompD, ompF) and virulence (pagC, sipC, sopE2) were upregulated in the PAW-treated S. Newport, especially in ST45. A reduction of 38-65% in intracellular ATP level after PAW treatment was observed, indicating a contributor to the formation of the VBNC state. In addition, a rapid method for detecting the proportion of VBNC cells in food products based on pagC was established. This study contributes to understanding the formation mechanism of the VBNC state in S. Newport under PAW stress and offers insights for controlling microbial risks in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Sun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Mofei Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
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17
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Li J, Liu C, Wang S, Mao X. Staphylococcus aureus enters viable-but-nonculturable state in response to chitooligosaccharide stress by altering metabolic pattern and transmembrane transport function. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121772. [PMID: 38368090 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Although chitooligosaccharide (COS) has attracted the attention of some researchers due to its good solubility and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, our study found that Staphylococcus aureus treated with low concentration of COS actively entered the viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state to resist this environmental stress. In this study, the transcriptome of VBNC-state S. aureus after COS treatment was analyzed by RNA-sequencing. Compared with the control group, pathway enrichment analysis showed that COS-treated S. aureus adopted a series of adaptive adjustment strategies for survival, including significant up-regulation of the differential genes' expression of such as ABC transporters (metI, tagG), Sec dependent transport pathway (secDF), peptidoglycan synthesis pathway (murG) and alteration of their physiological metabolic patterns, where ATP depletion played a key role in the formation of the VBNC-state S. aureus. Further, by using oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling agent to adjust the initial level of ATP in S. aureus, it was found that the reduction of intracellular ATP level could accelerate the formation of VBNC state. Overall, our results preliminarily elucidated the molecular mechanism of COS inducing the VBNC-state S. aureus. It provided an important theoretical reference for further achieving effective bacterial inactivation by COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Sai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
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18
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Khorsand FR, Uversky VN. Liquid-liquid phase separation as triggering factor of fibril formation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:143-182. [PMID: 38811080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) refers to the phenomenon, where a homogeneous solution spontaneously undergoes a transition into two or more immiscible phases. Through transient weak multivalent macromolecular interactions, a homogeneous solution can spontaneously separate into two phases: one rich in biomolecules and the other poor in biomolecules. Phase separation is believed to serve as the physicochemical foundation for the formation of membrane-less organelles (MLOs) and bio-molecular condensates within cells. Moreover, numerous biological processes depend on LLPS, such as transcription, immunological response, chromatin architecture, DNA damage response, stress granule formation, viral infection, etc. Abnormalities in phase separation can lead to diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. LLPS is regulated by various factors, such as concentration of molecules undergoing LLPS, salt concentration, pH, temperature, post-translational modifications, and molecular chaperones. Recent research on LLPS of biomolecules has progressed rapidly and led to the development of databases containing information pertaining to various aspects of the biomolecule separation analysis. However, more comprehensive research is still required to fully comprehend the specific molecular mechanisms and biological effects of LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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19
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Chan C, Groisman EA. Chaperone Hsp70 helps Salmonella survive infection-relevant stress by reducing protein synthesis. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002560. [PMID: 38574172 PMCID: PMC10994381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In all domains of life, Hsp70 chaperones preserve protein homeostasis by promoting protein folding and degradation and preventing protein aggregation. We now report that the Hsp70 from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-termed DnaK-independently reduces protein synthesis in vitro and in S. Typhimurium facing cytoplasmic Mg2+ starvation, a condition encountered during infection. This reduction reflects a 3-fold increase in ribosome association with DnaK and a 30-fold decrease in ribosome association with trigger factor, the chaperone normally associated with translating ribosomes. Surprisingly, this reduction does not involve J-domain cochaperones, unlike previously known functions of DnaK. Removing the 74 C-terminal amino acids of the 638-residue long DnaK impeded DnaK association with ribosomes and reduction of protein synthesis, rendering S. Typhimurium defective in protein homeostasis during cytoplasmic Mg2+ starvation. DnaK-dependent reduction in protein synthesis is critical for survival against Mg2+ starvation because inhibiting protein synthesis in a dnaK-independent manner overcame the 10,000-fold loss in viability resulting from DnaK truncation. Our results indicate that DnaK protects bacteria from infection-relevant stresses by coordinating protein synthesis with protein folding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Chan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eduardo A. Groisman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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20
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Guo D, Xiong Y, Fu B, Sha Z, Li B, Wu H. Liquid-Liquid phase separation in bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127627. [PMID: 38262205 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cells are the essential building blocks of living organisms, responsible for carrying out various biochemical reactions and performing specific functions. In eukaryotic cells, numerous membrane organelles have evolved to facilitate these processes by providing specific spatial locations. In recent years, it has also been discovered that membraneless organelles play a crucial role in the subcellular organization of bacteria, which are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms characterized by their simple structure and small size. These membraneless organelles in bacteria have been found to undergo Liquid-Liquid phase separation (LLPS), a molecular mechanism that allows for their assembly. Through extensive research, the occurrence of LLPS and its role in the spatial organization of bacteria have been better understood. Various biomacromolecules have been identified to exhibit LLPS properties in different bacterial species. LLPS which is introduced into synthetic biology applies to bacteria has important implications, and three recent research reports have shed light on its potential applications in this field. Overall, this review investigates the molecular mechanisms of LLPS occurrence and its significance in bacteria while also considering the future prospects of implementing LLPS in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bohao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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21
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Monterroso B, Margolin W, Boersma AJ, Rivas G, Poolman B, Zorrilla S. Macromolecular Crowding, Phase Separation, and Homeostasis in the Orchestration of Bacterial Cellular Functions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1899-1949. [PMID: 38331392 PMCID: PMC10906006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding affects the activity of proteins and functional macromolecular complexes in all cells, including bacteria. Crowding, together with physicochemical parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and the energy status, influences the structure of the cytoplasm and thereby indirectly macromolecular function. Notably, crowding also promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates by phase separation, initially identified in eukaryotic cells but more recently discovered to play key functions in bacteria. Bacterial cells require a variety of mechanisms to maintain physicochemical homeostasis, in particular in environments with fluctuating conditions, and the formation of biomolecular condensates is emerging as one such mechanism. In this work, we connect physicochemical homeostasis and macromolecular crowding with the formation and function of biomolecular condensates in the bacterial cell and compare the supramolecular structures found in bacteria with those of eukaryotic cells. We focus on the effects of crowding and phase separation on the control of bacterial chromosome replication, segregation, and cell division, and we discuss the contribution of biomolecular condensates to bacterial cell fitness and adaptation to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Monterroso
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - William Margolin
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth-Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- Cellular
Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Germán Rivas
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zorrilla
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Ke W, Xie Y, Chen Y, Ding H, Ye L, Qiu H, Li H, Zhang L, Chen L, Tian X, Shen Z, Song Z, Fan X, Zong JF, Guo Z, Ma X, Xiao M, Liao G, Liu CH, Yin WB, Dong Z, Yang F, Jiang YY, Perlin DS, Chen Y, Fu YV, Wang L. Fungicide-tolerant persister formation during cryptococcal pulmonary infection. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:276-289.e7. [PMID: 38215741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial persisters, a subpopulation of genetically susceptible cells that are normally dormant and tolerant to bactericides, have been studied extensively because of their clinical importance. In comparison, much less is known about the determinants underlying fungicide-tolerant fungal persister formation in vivo. Here, we report that during mouse lung infection, Cryptococcus neoformans forms persisters that are highly tolerant to amphotericin B (AmB), the standard of care for treating cryptococcosis. By exploring stationary-phase indicator molecules and developing single-cell tracking strategies, we show that in the lung, AmB persisters are enriched in cryptococcal cells that abundantly produce stationary-phase molecules. The antioxidant ergothioneine plays a specific and key role in AmB persistence, which is conserved in phylogenetically distant fungi. Furthermore, the antidepressant sertraline (SRT) shows potent activity specifically against cryptococcal AmB persisters. Our results provide evidence for and the determinant of AmB-tolerant persister formation in pulmonary cryptococcosis, which has potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leixin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoning Qiu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenghao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jian-Fa Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guojian Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Yihua Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu V Fu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Micaletto M, Fleurier S, Dion S, Denamur E, Matic I. The protein carboxymethyltransferase-dependent aspartate salvage pathway plays a crucial role in the intricate metabolic network of Escherichia coli. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0767. [PMID: 38335294 PMCID: PMC10857468 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Protein carboxymethyltransferase (Pcm) is a highly evolutionarily conserved enzyme that initiates the conversion of abnormal isoaspartate to aspartate residues. While it is commonly believed that Pcm facilitates the repair of damaged proteins, a number of observations suggest that it may have another role in cell functioning. We investigated whether Pcm provides a means for Escherichia coli to recycle aspartate, which is essential for protein synthesis and other cellular processes. We showed that Pcm is required for the energy production, the maintenance of cellular redox potential and of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis, which are critical for the proper functioning of many metabolic pathways. Pcm contributes to the full growth capacity both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Last, we showed that Pcm enhances the robustness of bacteria when exposed to sublethal antibiotic treatments and improves their fitness in the mammalian urinary tract. We propose that Pcm plays a crucial role in E. coli metabolism by ensuring a steady supply of aspartate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Micaletto
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Fleurier
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sara Dion
- IAME, Université de Paris, INSERM U1137, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- IAME, Université de Paris, INSERM U1137, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 75018 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Matic
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
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24
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Li Y, Chen X, Zhang W, Fang K, Tian J, Li F, Han M, Huang J, Sun T, Bai F, Cheng M, Xu Y. The metabolic slowdown caused by the deletion of pspA accelerates protein aggregation during stationary phase facilitating antibiotic persistence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0093723. [PMID: 38169282 PMCID: PMC10848772 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00937-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Entering a dormant state is a prevailing mechanism used by bacterial cells to transiently evade antibiotic attacks and become persisters. The dynamic progression of bacterial dormancy depths driven by protein aggregation has been found to be critical for antibiotic persistence in recent years. However, our current understanding of the endogenous genes that affects dormancy depth remains limited. Here, we discovered a novel role of phage shock protein A (pspA) gene in modulating bacterial dormancy depth. Deletion of pspA of Escherichia coli resulted in increased bacterial dormancy depths and prolonged lag times for resuscitation during the stationary phase. ∆pspA exhibited a higher persister ratio compared to the wild type when challenged with various antibiotics. Microscopic images revealed that ∆pspA showed accelerated formation of protein aggresomes, which were collections of endogenous protein aggregates. Time-lapse imaging established the positive correlation between protein aggregation and antibiotic persistence of ∆pspA at the single-cell level. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying accelerated protein aggregation, we performed transcriptome profiling and found the increased abundance of chaperons and a general metabolic slowdown in the absence of pspA. Consistent with the transcriptomic results, the ∆pspA strain showed a decreased cellular ATP level, which could be rescued by glucose supplementation. Then, we verified that replenishment of cellular ATP levels by adding glucose could inhibit protein aggregation and reduce persister formation in ∆pspA. This study highlights the novel role of pspA in maintaining proteostasis, regulating dormancy depth, and affecting antibiotic persistence during stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Biomedical Engineering Facility of National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kefan Fang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Biomedical Engineering Facility of National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfei Han
- National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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25
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Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D, Laskowska E. Influence of N ε-Lysine Acetylation on the Formation of Protein Aggregates and Antibiotic Persistence in E. coli. Molecules 2024; 29:383. [PMID: 38257296 PMCID: PMC10819833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that reversible Nε-lysine acetylation in bacteria may play a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes, transcription and translation, biofilm formation, virulence, and drug resistance. Using appropriate mutant strains deficient in non-enzymatic acetylation and enzymatic acetylation or deacetylation pathways, we investigated the influence of protein acetylation on cell viability, protein aggregation, and persister formation in Escherichia coli. Lysine acetylation was found to increase protein aggregation and cell viability under the late stationary phase. Moreover, increased lysine acetylation stimulated the formation of persisters. These results suggest that acetylation-dependent aggregation may improve the survival of bacteria under adverse conditions (such as the late stationary phase) and during antibiotic treatment. Further experiments revealed that acetylation-favorable conditions may increase persister formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the relationship between acetylation and persistence in this pathogen remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-S.); (D.K.-W.)
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26
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Li X, Feng D, Zhou J, Wu W, Zheng W, Gan W, Jiang M, Li H, Peng X, Zhang T. Metabolomics Method in Understanding and Sensitizing Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to Meropenem. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:184-195. [PMID: 37991817 PMCID: PMC10788854 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains are prevalent worldwide and represent a major threat to public health. However, treatment options for infections caused by CRAB are very limited as they are resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms underlying carbapenem resistance and restoring bacterial susceptibility to carbapenems hold immense importance. The present study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics to investigate the metabolic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in clinically isolated CRAB. Inactivation of the pyruvate cycle and purine metabolism is the most typical characteristic of CRAB. The CRAB exhibited a reduction in the activity of enzymes involved in the pyruvate cycle, proton motive force, and ATP levels. This decline in central carbon metabolism resulted in a decrease in the metabolic flux of the α-ketoglutarate-glutamate-glutamine pathway toward purine metabolism, ultimately leading to a decline in adenine nucleotide interconversion. Exogenous adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enhance the killing efficacy of Meropenem against CRAB. The combination of ATP and Meropenem also has a synergistic effect on eliminating CRAB persisters and the biofilm, as well as protecting mice against peritonitis-sepsis. This study presents a novel therapeutic modality to treat infections caused by CRAB based on the metabolism reprogramming strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingyun Feng
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxia Zhou
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenzheng Zheng
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlei Gan
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Institute
of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanxian Peng
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiantuo Zhang
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of
Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Fernández-García L, Song S, Kirigo J, Battisti ME, Petersen ME, Tomás M, Wood TK. Toxin/antitoxin systems induce persistence and work in concert with restriction/modification systems to inhibit phage. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0338823. [PMID: 38054715 PMCID: PMC10783111 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03388-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To date, there are no reports of phage infection-inducing persistence. Therefore, our results are important since we show for the first time that a phage-defense system, the MqsRAC toxin/antitoxin system, allows the host to survive infection by forming persister cells, rather than inducing cell suicide. Moreover, we demonstrate that the MqsRAC system works in concert with restriction/modification systems. These results imply that if phage therapy is to be successful, anti-persister compounds need to be administered along with phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiology Department of Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), Microbiology Translational and Multidisciplinary (MicroTM)-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC) and University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sooyeon Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jellabuk-Do, South Korea
- Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jellabuk-Do, South Korea
| | - Joy Kirigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael E. Battisti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maiken E. Petersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - María Tomás
- Microbiology Department of Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), Microbiology Translational and Multidisciplinary (MicroTM)-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC) and University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Ye C, Chen C, Feng M, Ou R, Yu X. Emerging contaminants in the water environment: Disinfection-induced viable but non-culturable waterborne pathogens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132666. [PMID: 37793257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is essential for the control of waterborne pathogens (WPs), especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. WP can enter the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state to evade disinfection, seriously threatening water safety. VBNC WPs should be considered as an emerging contaminant to ensure a higher level of safety of the water environment. Here, this study systematically reviewed the water disinfection methods that could induce WPs into the VBNC state, and clarified the risks of different species of VBNC WPs in the relevant water environment. The physicochemical and physiological properties of VBNC cells (e.g., morphology, physiology, and resuscitation potential) were then evaluated to better understand their potential health risks. In addition, the dominant detection methods of VBNC WPs were discussed, and real-time and label-free technologies were recommended for the study of VBNC WPs in the aquatic environment. The possible mechanisms of formation and persistence at the genetic level were highlighted. It concluded that the VBNC state has a deeper level of dormancy than the persistent state, which is associated with the general stress response and stringent response systems, and its persistence is also associated with the active efflux of harmful substances. Finally, the current shortcomings and research perspectives of VBNC bacteria were summarized. This review provides new insights into the characteristics, detection methods, persistence mechanisms, and potential health risks of VBNC WPs induced by water disinfection processes, and also serves as a basis for microbial risk control in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chenclan Chen
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ranwen Ou
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China.
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29
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Cotten KL, Davis KM. Bacterial heterogeneity and antibiotic persistence: bacterial mechanisms utilized in the host environment. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0017422. [PMID: 37962348 PMCID: PMC10732018 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00174-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAntibiotic persistence, or the ability of small subsets of bacteria to survive prolonged antibiotic treatment, is an underappreciated cause of antibiotic treatment failure. Over the past decade, researchers have discovered multiple different stress responses and mechanisms that can promote antibiotic persistence. However, many of these studies have been completed in culture-based systems that fail to truly replicate the complexities of the host environment, and it is unclear whether the mechanisms defined in in vitro studies are applicable during host infection. In this review, we focus our discussion on recent studies that utilize a mixture of ex vivo culture systems and animal models to understand what stressors in the host environment are important for inducing antibiotic persistence. Different host stressors are involved depending on the anatomical niche the bacteria reside in and whether the host immune system is primed to generate a more robust response against bacteria, which can result in differing downstream effects on antibiotic susceptibility. Bacterial pathogens can also utilize specific strategies to reprogram their metabolism, which is vital for transitioning into an antibiotic-persistent state within host tissues. Importantly, we highlight that more attention is needed to establish guidelines for in vivo work on antibiotic persistence, particularly when identifying antibiotic-persistent subpopulations and distinguishing these phenotypes from antibiotic tolerance. Studying antibiotic persistence in the context of the host environment will be crucial for developing tools and strategies to target antibiotic-persistent bacteria and increase the efficacy of antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Cotten
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Michele Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Skates E, Delattre H, Schofield Z, Asally M, Soyer OS. Thioflavin T indicates mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2023; 3:100134. [PMID: 38026684 PMCID: PMC10679866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2023.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent benzothiazole dye thioflavin T (ThT) is widely used as a marker for protein aggregates, most commonly in the context of neurodegenerative disease research and diagnosis. Recently, this same dye was shown to indicate membrane potential in bacteria due to its cationic nature. This finding prompted a question whether ThT fluorescence is linked to the membrane potential in mammalian cells, which would be important for appropriate utilization of ThT in research and diagnosis. Here, we show that ThT localizes into the mitochondria of HeLa cells in a membrane-potential-dependent manner. Specifically, ThT colocalized in cells with the mitochondrial membrane potential indicator tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and gave similar temporal responses as TMRM to treatment with a protonophore, carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Additionally, we found that presence of ThT together with exposure to blue light (λ = 405 nm), but neither factor alone, caused depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. This additive effect of the concentration and blue light was recapitulated by a mathematical model implementing the potential-dependent distribution of ThT and its effect on mitochondrial membrane potential through photosensitization. These results show that ThT can act as a mitochondrial membrane potential indicator in mammalian cells, when used at low concentrations and with low blue light exposure. However, it causes dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential depending additively on its concentrations and blue light exposure. This conclusion motivates a re-evaluation of ThT's use at micromolar range in live-cell analyses and indicates that this dye can enable future studies on the potential connections between mitochondrial membrane potential dynamics and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Skates
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Midlands Integrative Doctoral Training Program; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hadrien Delattre
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Schofield
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Munehiro Asally
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Orkun S. Soyer
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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31
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Greiner JV, Glonek T. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Protein Aggregation in Age-Related Vision-Threatening Ocular Diseases. Metabolites 2023; 13:1100. [PMID: 37887425 PMCID: PMC10609282 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is the etiopathogenesis of the three most profound vision-threatening eye diseases: age-related cataract, presbyopia, and age-related macular degeneration. This perspective organizes known information on ATP and protein aggregation with a fundamental unrecognized function of ATP. With recognition that maintenance of protein solubility is related to the high intracellular concentration of ATP in cells, tissues, and organs, we hypothesize that (1) ATP serves a critical molecular function for organismal homeostasis of proteins and (2) the hydrotropic feature of ATP prevents pathological protein aggregation while assisting in the maintenance of protein solubility and cellular, tissue, and organismal function. As such, the metabolite ATP plays an extraordinarily important role in the prevention of protein aggregation in the leading causes of vision loss or blindness worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack V. Greiner
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Clinical Eye Research of Boston, Boston, MA 01890, USA;
| | - Thomas Glonek
- Clinical Eye Research of Boston, Boston, MA 01890, USA;
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Hastings CJ, Keledjian MV, Musselman LP, Marques CNH. Delayed host mortality and immune response upon infection with P. aeruginosa persister cells. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0024623. [PMID: 37732789 PMCID: PMC10580972 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00246-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections are a heavy burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Persister cells are thought to be largely responsible for chronic infection due to their tolerance to antimicrobials and recalcitrance to innate immunity factors. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common and clinically relevant pathogen that contains stereotypical persister cells. Despite their importance in chronic infection, there have been limited efforts to study persister cell infections in vivo. Drosophila melanogaster has a well-described innate immune response similar to that of vertebrates and is a good candidate for the development of an in vivo model of infection for persister cells. Similar to what is observed in other bacterial strains, in this work we found that infection with P. aeruginosa persister cells resulted in a delayed mortality phenotype in Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and D. melanogaster compared to infection with regular cells. An in-depth characterization of infected D. melanogaster found that bacterial loads differed between persister and regular cells' infections during the early stages. Furthermore, hemocyte activation and antimicrobial peptide expression were delayed/reduced in persister infections over the same time course, indicating an initial suppression of, or inability to elicit, the fly immune response. Overall, our findings support the use of D. melanogaster as a model in which to study persister cells in vivo, where this bacterial subpopulation exhibits delayed virulence and an attenuated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Hastings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Maya V. Keledjian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | | | - Cláudia N. H. Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Mortier J, Cambré A, Schack S, Christie G, Aertsen A. Impact of Protein Aggregates on Sporulation and Germination of Bacillus subtilis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2365. [PMID: 37764209 PMCID: PMC10536567 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve our general understanding of protein aggregate (PA) management and impact in bacteria, different model systems and processes need to be investigated. As such, we developed an inducible synthetic PA model system to investigate PA dynamics in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. This confirmed previous observations that PA segregation in this organism seems to follow the Escherichia coli paradigm of nucleoid occlusion governing polar localization and asymmetric segregation during vegetative growth. However, our findings also revealed that PAs can readily persist throughout the entire sporulation process after encapsulation in the forespore during sporulation. Moreover, no deleterious effects of PA presence on sporulation, germination and spore survival against heat or UV stress could be observed. Our findings therefore indicate that the sporulation process is remarkably robust against perturbations by PAs and misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mortier
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexander Cambré
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Sina Schack
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK; (S.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK; (S.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.M.); (A.C.)
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Kim J, Ahn SB, Hong S, Kim KS, Ko EHE, Jo IJ, Chang J, Kim M, Lee W, Lee H. Intracellular Dynamics-Resolved Label-Free Scattering Reveals Real-Time Metabolism of Single Bacteria. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8225-8232. [PMID: 37650605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscopic investigation of bacterial cells is essential to reveal their physiological status, impacting all cellular functions. Currently, this requires labeled probes or targeted staining procedures. Herein, we report a new bacterial feature, intracellular dynamics-resolved Rayleigh scattering (IDRS), that visualizes spatiotemporal cytoplasmic transitions in unlabeled bacteria and characterizes their real-time physiological status in 10 s. From single-bacterium IDRS signals, we discovered unique spatial patterns and their multiple transitions in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The magnitude of IDRS signal variation highly correlated with the metabolic status of bacteria, differentiating persistent subpopulations. This is also the first report demonstrating distinct real-time metabolic conditions of unlabeled drug-resistant bacteria that are exposed to different doses of antibiotics. Our strategy opens up a way to simultaneously trace in situ metabolic and antibiotic resistance statuses, which can be applied in single-cell level control of bacterial metabolism and efficacy with a heterogeneous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoo Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Ahn
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Esther Ha-Eun Ko
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - I Jeong Jo
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - JuOae Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Haemi Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D, Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Laskowska E. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Protective Protein Aggregates in Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:6582. [PMID: 37764358 PMCID: PMC10534466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and the formation of membraneless organelles (MLOs) contribute to the spatiotemporal organization of various physiological processes in the cell. These phenomena have been studied and characterized mainly in eukaryotic cells. However, increasing evidence indicates that LLPS-driven protein condensation may also occur in prokaryotes. Recent studies indicate that aggregates formed during proteotoxic stresses may also play the role of MLOs and increase the fitness of bacteria under stress. The beneficial effect of aggregates may result from the sequestration and protection of proteins against irreversible inactivation or degradation, activation of the protein quality control system and induction of dormancy. The most common stress that bacteria encounter in the natural environment is water loss. Therefore, in this review, we focus on protein aggregates formed in E. coli upon desiccation-rehydration stress. In silico analyses suggest that various mechanisms and interactions are responsible for their formation, including LLPS, disordered sequences and aggregation-prone regions. These data support findings that intrinsically disordered proteins and LLPS may contribute to desiccation tolerance not only in eukaryotic cells but also in bacteria. LLPS-driven aggregation may be a strategy used by pathogens to survive antibiotic treatment and desiccation stress in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.K.-W.); (K.S.-S.)
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhao F, Yang H. Metabolome shifts triggered by chlorine sanitisation induce Escherichia coli on fresh produce into the viable but nonculturable state. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113084. [PMID: 37330837 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Facing the increasing occurrence of "big six" Escherichia coli outbreaks linked to fresh produce, chlorine-based sanitisers are widely used for fresh produce decontamination in recent years. However, latest finding that chlorine may induce E. coli cells into a viable not nonculturable (VBNC) state is bringing a new challenge to the fresh produce industry. VBNC cells are undetectable by the plate count test, and yet they retain pathogenicity and are more antibiotic-resistant than culturable cells. As a result, their eradication is critical to ensure the safety of fresh produce. Understanding VBNC cells at the metabolic level may provide a breakthrough for their eradication. Therefore, this study was carried out to collect the VBNC pathogenic E. coli (O26:H11, O121:H19, and O157:H7) cells from chlorine-treated pea sprouts and characterise them using NMR-based metabolomics. From the globally increased metabolite contents detected in the VBNC E. coli cells as compared to the culturable cells, mechanisms underlying E. coli's VBNC induction were elucidated. These include rendering the energy generation scheme to become more compatible with the lowered energy needs, disaggregating protein aggregates to release amino acids for osmoprotection and later resuscitation, as well as increasing cAMP content to downregulate RpoS. These identified metabolic characteristics can inspire future development of targeted measures for VBNC E. coli cell inhibition. Our methods can also be applied to other pathogens to help lower the risk of overall foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
| | - Zihui Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Fengnian Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Hongshun Yang
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhejiang, 312000, China.
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Liu Z, Christensen SM, Capaldi X, Hosseini SI, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Reyes-Lamothe R, Reisner W. Characterizing interaction of multiple nanocavity confined plasmids in presence of large DNA model nucleoid. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6545-6555. [PMID: 37599597 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have numerous large dsDNA molecules that freely interact within the cell, including multiple plasmids, primary and secondary chromosomes. The cell membrane maintains a micron-scale confinement, ensuring that the dsDNA species are proximal at all times and interact strongly in a manner influenced by the cell morphology (e.g. whether cell geometry is spherical or anisotropic). These interactions lead to non-uniform spatial organization and complex dynamics, including segregation of plasmid DNA to polar and membrane proximal regions. However, exactly how this organization arises, how it depends on cell morphology and number of interacting dsDNA species are under debate. Here, using an in vitro nanofluidic model, featuring a cavity that can be opened and closed in situ, we address how plasmid copy number and confinement geometry alter plasmid spatial distribution and dynamics. We find that increasing the plasmid number alters the plasmid spatial distribution and shortens the plasmid polar dwell time; sharper cavity end curvature leads to longer plasmid dwell times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Liu
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| | - Sarah M Christensen
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Eckhardt, 5720 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xavier Capaldi
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| | - Seyed Imman Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3775 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lili Zeng
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Lamothe
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 33649 Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, H3G 0B18, Canada
| | - Walter Reisner
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
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Fernández-García L, Tomás M, Wood TK. Ribosome inactivation by Escherichia coli GTPase RsgA inhibits T4 phage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1242163. [PMID: 37670987 PMCID: PMC10475562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1242163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacteria must combat phages, and myriad bacterial anti-phage systems have been discovered that reduce host metabolism, for example, by depleting energetic compounds like ATP and NAD+. Hence, these systems indirectly inhibit protein production. Surprisingly, direct reduction of ribosome activity has not been demonstrated to thwart phage. Methods Here, by producing each of the 4,287 Escherichia coli proteins and selecting for anti-phage activity that leads to enhanced growth, we investigated the role of host proteins in phage inhibition. Results and discussion We identified that E. coli GTPase RsgA inhibits lytic phage T4 by inactivating ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Microbiology Translational and Multidisciplinary (MicroTM)-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC) and Microbiology Department of Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Tomás
- Microbiology Translational and Multidisciplinary (MicroTM)-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC) and Microbiology Department of Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Zhang C, Kong Y, Xiang Q, Ma Y, Guo Q. Bacterial memory in antibiotic resistance evolution and nanotechnology in evolutionary biology. iScience 2023; 26:107433. [PMID: 37575196 PMCID: PMC10415926 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial memory refers to the phenomenon in which past experiences influence current behaviors in response to changing environments. It serves as a crucial process that enables adaptation and evolution. We first summarize the state-of-art approaches regarding history-dependent behaviors that impact growth dynamics and underlying mechanisms. Then, the phenotypic and genotypic origins of memory and how encoded memory modulates drug tolerance/resistance are reviewed. We also provide a summary of possible memory effects induced by antimicrobial nanoparticles. The regulatory networks and genetic underpinnings responsible for memory building partially overlap with nanoparticle and drug exposures, which may raise concerns about the impact of nanotechnology on adaptation. Finally, we provide a perspective on the use of nanotechnology to harness bacterial memory based on its unique mode of actions on information processing and transmission in bacteria. Exploring bacterial memory mechanisms provides valuable insights into acclimation, evolution, and the potential applications of nanotechnology in harnessing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Kong
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qingxin Xiang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yayun Ma
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Wei J, Zhang C, Ma W, Ma J, Liu Z, Ren F, Li N. Antibacterial Activity of Thesium chinense Turcz Extract Against Bacteria Associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5091-5105. [PMID: 37576521 PMCID: PMC10422991 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s425398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae has become more and more serious, and it is urgent to seek new antibacterial drugs. In this study, Thesium chinense Turcz. extracts were tested for its potential antibacterial activities. Methods T. chinense powder was extracted with 5 solvents of different polarity (ethyl alcohol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and double distilled water), and their antibacterial activities were tested. The Broth dilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of highly active plant extracts with a concentration of 1g/mL. The inhibitory activity of this extract on biofilm formation was investigated. Afterwards, we investigated its effect on the transcriptome of S. aureus. Results The ethanol extract coded as BRY, only inhibited S. aureus, whereas the ethyl acetate extract coded as BY2 showed inhibitory effect on all the tested bacteria. The MIC of BRY on S. aureus was 128 mg/mL, and the MBC was 512 mg/mL. The MIC of BY2 against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and H. influenzae were 8 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 4 mg/mL, respectively. The MBC of BY2 for these four bacteria ranged from 4 to 256 mg/mL. Mechanism studies have shown that BRY and BY2 have an impact on anti-formation of biofilms at MIC concentrations. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that 531 genes were up-regulated and 340 genes showed down-regulated expression in S. aureus after BY2 treatment. Conclusion BY2 has a broader antibacterial spectrum than BRY. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of BY2 on S. aureus is better than BRY. The mechanism of BY2 against S. aureus may relate to its inhibition of ribosome synthesis, restriction of key enzymes of citric acid cycle, decrease of pathogenicity and influence on biofilm formation. The results confirmed that BY2 was the main antibacterial part of T. chinense, which can be used as a source of antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanru Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fucai Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
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Bollen C, Louwagie E, Verstraeten N, Michiels J, Ruelens P. Environmental, mechanistic and evolutionary landscape of antibiotic persistence. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57309. [PMID: 37395716 PMCID: PMC10398667 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant infections pose a serious challenge by prolonging antibiotic therapies and contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance, thereby threatening the successful treatment of bacterial infections. One potential contributing factor in persistent infections is antibiotic persistence, which involves the survival of transiently tolerant subpopulations of bacteria. This review summarizes the current understanding of antibiotic persistence, including its clinical significance and the environmental and evolutionary factors at play. Additionally, we discuss the emerging concept of persister regrowth and potential strategies to combat persister cells. Recent advances highlight the multifaceted nature of persistence, which is controlled by deterministic and stochastic elements and shaped by genetic and environmental factors. To translate in vitro findings to in vivo settings, it is crucial to include the heterogeneity and complexity of bacterial populations in natural environments. As researchers continue to gain a more holistic understanding of this phenomenon and develop effective treatments for persistent bacterial infections, the study of antibiotic persistence is likely to become increasingly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Bollen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Elen Louwagie
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Natalie Verstraeten
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Philip Ruelens
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social EvolutionKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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42
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Zhou Y, Liao H, Pei L, Pu Y. Combatting persister cells: The daunting task in post-antibiotics era. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100104. [PMID: 37304393 PMCID: PMC10250163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, much attention has been drawn to antibiotic resistance bacteria, but drug inefficacy caused by a subgroup of special phenotypic variants - persisters - has been largely neglected in both scientific and clinical field. Interestingly, this subgroup of phenotypic variants displayed their power of withstanding sufficient antibiotics exposure in a mechanism different from antibiotic resistance. In this review, we summarized the clinical importance of bacterial persisters, the evolutionary link between resistance, tolerance, and persistence, redundant mechanisms of persister formation as well as methods of studying persister cells. In the light of our recent findings of membrane-less organelle aggresome and its important roles in regulating bacterial dormancy depth, we propose an alternative approach for anti-persister therapy. That is, to force a persister into a deeper dormancy state to become a VBNC (viable but non-culturable) cell that is incapable of regrowth. We hope to provide the latest insights on persister studies and call upon more research interest into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hebin Liao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Linsen Pei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yingying Pu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Chang HY, Gui CY, Huang TC, Hung YC, Chen TY. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis on the Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water Triggered Viable but Non-Culturable Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10616. [PMID: 37445793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the impact of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on Listeria monocytogenes, a common foodborne pathogen, with a particular focus on understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Given the widespread application of SAEW as an effective disinfectant in the food industry, uncovering these molecular pathways is crucial for improving food safety measures. We employed tandem mass tags (TMT), labeling proteomic techniques and LC-MS/MS to identify differentially expressed proteins under two doses of SAEW conditions. We indicated 203 differential expressed proteins (DEPs), including 78 up-regulated and 125 down-regulated DEPs. The functional enrichment analysis of these proteins indicated that ribosomes, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were enriched functions affected by SAEW. Further, we delved into the role of protein chlorination, a potential consequence of reactive chlorine species generated during the SAEW production process, by identifying 31 chlorinated peptides from 22 proteins, with a dominant sequence motif of Rxxxxx[cY] and functionally enriched in translation. Our findings suggest that SAEW might prompt alterations in the protein translation process and trigger compensatory ribosome biosynthesis. However, an imbalance in the levels of elongation factors and AARSs could hinder recovery, leading to the VBNC state. This research carries substantial implications for food safety and sanitation, as it adds to our understanding of the SAEW-induced VBNC state in L. monocytogenes and offers potential strategies for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ying Gui
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - Tai-Yuan Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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44
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Zhang C, Wang C, Zhao X, Hakizimana I. Effect of resistance difference on distribution of antibiotics in bacterial cell and conjugative gene transfer risks during electrochemical flow through reaction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163142. [PMID: 36996977 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrences and spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) mediated by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environment have been aggravated because of the abuse of antibiotics. While the pressure of different antibiotics is known to induce the spread of AR in bacteria, whether distribution of different antibiotics in cell structure could affect HGT risks is not clear. Here, a significant difference between the distribution of tetracycline hydrochloride (Tet) and sulfamethoxazole (Sul) in cell structure during electrochemical flow through reaction (EFTR) process was firstly reported. Meanwhile, EFTR treatment possessed excellent disinfection performance and consequently controlled the HGT risks. The intracellular Tet (iTet) was discharged through efflux pumps to increase the content of extracellular Tet (eTet) due to the resistance of donor E. coli DH5α under the selective pressure of Tet, declining the damage of donor and plasmid RP4. The HGT frequency was 8.18-fold increase compared with that by EFTR treatment alone. While the secretion of intracellular Sul (iSul) was inhibited by blocking the formation of efflux pumps to inactivate the donor under the Sul pressure, and the total content of iSul and adsorbed Sul (aSul) to be 1.36-fold higher than that of eSul. Therefore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell membrane permeability were improved to release ARGs, and •OH attacked plasmid RP4 in the EFTR process, inhibiting the HGT risks. This study advances the awareness of the interaction between distribution of different antibiotics in cell structure and the HGT risks in the EFTR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Israel Hakizimana
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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45
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Wang F, Fu Y, Lin Z, Zhang B, Se J, Guo X, Fan J, Jia Y, Xu X, Jiang Y, Shen C. Neglected Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance: Survival of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Livestock Waste through Dormancy and Release of Transformable Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes under Heat Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37336722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae has caused a global pandemic with high prevalence in livestock and poultry, which could disseminate into the environment and humans. To curb this risk, heat-based harmless treatment of livestock waste was carried out. However, some risks of the bacterial persistence have not been thoroughly assessed. This study demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) could survive at 55 °C through dormancy, and simultaneously transformable extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) would be released. The ESBL-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli CM1 from chicken manure could enter a dormant state at 55 °C and reactivate at 37 °C. Dormant CM1 had stronger β-lactam resistance, which was associated with high expression of β-lactamase genes and low expression of outer membrane porin genes. Resuscitated CM1 maintained its virulence expression and multidrug resistance and even had stronger cephalosporin resistance, which might be due to the ultra-low expression of the porin genes. Besides, heat at 55 °C promoted the release of eARGs, some of which possessed a certain nuclease stability and heat persistence, and even maintained their transformability to an Acinetobacter baylyi strain. Therefore, dormant multidrug-resistant pathogens from livestock waste will still pose a direct health risk to humans, while the resuscitation of dormant ARB and the transformation of released eARGs will jointly promote the proliferation of ARGs and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bingni Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Se
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunhan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
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46
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Matavacas J, Anand D, von Wachenfeldt C. New insights into the disulfide stress response by the Bacillus subtilis Spx system at a single-cell level. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37330636 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Spx is a global transcriptional regulator that orchestrates the Bacillus subtilis response to disulfide stress. The YjbH (SpxH) protein adapts Spx for ClpXP-mediated degradation, playing a critical role in the regulation of the cellular Spx levels. Upon stress, YjbH forms aggregates by a yet unknown mechanism, resulting in increased Spx levels due to reduced proteolysis. Here, we studied how individual cells use the Spx-YjbH system to respond to disulfide stress. We show, using fluorescent reporters, a correlation between the Spx levels and the amount of YjbH, as well as a transient growth inhibition upon disulfide stress. The in vivo dynamics and inheritance of YjbH aggregates are characterized by a bipolar distribution over time and appear to be entropy-driven by nucleoid exclusion. Moreover, we reveal that the population following disulfide stress is highly heterogenous in terms of aggregate load and that the aggregate load has strong implications for cellular fitness. We propose that the observed heterogeneity could be a mechanism to ensure population survival during stress. Finally, we find that the two YjbH domains (DsbA-like domain and winged-helix domain) contribute to its aggregation function, and show that the aggregation of the DsbA-like domain is conserved among other studied orthologs, whereas important differences are observed for the winged-helix domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Anand
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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47
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Wang Y, Thompson KN, Yan Y, Short MI, Zhang Y, Franzosa EA, Shen J, Hartmann EM, Huttenhower C. RNA-based amplicon sequencing is ineffective in measuring metabolic activity in environmental microbial communities. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:131. [PMID: 37312147 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of microbial activity is essential to the understanding of the basic biology of microbial communities, as the function of a microbiome is defined by its biochemically active ("viable") community members. Current sequence-based technologies can rarely differentiate microbial activity, due to their inability to distinguish live and dead sourced DNA. As a result, our understanding of microbial community structures and the potential mechanisms of transmission between humans and our surrounding environments remains incomplete. As a potential solution, 16S rRNA transcript-based amplicon sequencing (16S-RNA-seq) has been proposed as a reliable methodology to characterize the active components of a microbiome, but its efficacy has not been evaluated systematically. Here, we present our work to benchmark RNA-based amplicon sequencing for activity assessment in synthetic and environmentally sourced microbial communities. RESULTS In synthetic mixtures of living and heat-killed Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sanguinis, 16S-RNA-seq successfully reconstructed the active compositions of the communities. However, in the realistic environmental samples, no significant compositional differences were observed in RNA ("actively transcribed - active") vs. DNA ("whole" communities) spiked with E. coli controls, suggesting that this methodology is not appropriate for activity assessment in complex communities. The results were slightly different when validated in environmental samples of similar origins (i.e., from Boston subway systems), where samples were differentiated both by environment type as well as by library type, though compositional dissimilarities between DNA and RNA samples remained low (Bray-Curtis distance median: 0.34-0.49). To improve the interpretation of 16S-RNA-seq results, we compared our results with previous studies and found that 16S-RNA-seq suggests taxon-wise viability trends (i.e., specific taxa are universally more or less likely to be viable compared to others) in samples of similar origins. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of 16S-RNA-seq for viability assessment in synthetic and complex microbial communities. The results found that while 16S-RNA-seq was able to semi-quantify microbial viability in relatively simple communities, it only suggests a taxon-dependent "relative" viability in realistic communities. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kelsey N Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Meghan I Short
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yancong Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiaxian Shen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Erica M Hartmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Microbiome Analysis Core, Building SPH1, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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48
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Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D, Laskowska E. New Strategies to Kill Metabolically-Dormant Cells Directly Bypassing the Need for Active Cellular Processes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1044. [PMID: 37370363 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy failure is often caused by the presence of persister cells, which are metabolically-dormant bacteria capable of surviving exposure to antimicrobials. Under favorable conditions, persisters can resume growth leading to recurrent infections. Moreover, several studies have indicated that persisters may promote the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and facilitate the selection of specific resistant mutants; therefore, in light of the increasing numbers of multidrug-resistant infections worldwide, developing efficient strategies against dormant cells is of paramount importance. In this review, we present and discuss the efficacy of various agents whose antimicrobial activity is independent of the metabolic status of the bacteria as they target cell envelope structures. Since the biofilm-environment is favorable for the formation of dormant subpopulations, anti-persister strategies should also include agents that destroy the biofilm matrix or inhibit biofilm development. This article reviews examples of selected cell wall hydrolases, polysaccharide depolymerases and antimicrobial peptides. Their combination with standard antibiotics seems to be the most promising approach in combating persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Stojowska-Swędrzyńska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Kuczyńska-Wiśnik
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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49
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Zhang X, Li H, Ma Y, Zhong D, Hou S. Study liquid-liquid phase separation with optical microscopy: A methodology review. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:021502. [PMID: 37180732 PMCID: PMC10171890 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a critical process involving the dynamic association of biomolecules and the formation of non-membrane compartments, playing a vital role in regulating biomolecular interactions and organelle functions. A comprehensive understanding of cellular LLPS mechanisms at the molecular level is crucial, as many diseases are linked to LLPS, and insights gained can inform drug/gene delivery processes and aid in the diagnosis and treatment of associated diseases. Over the past few decades, numerous techniques have been employed to investigate the LLPS process. In this review, we concentrate on optical imaging methods applied to LLPS studies. We begin by introducing LLPS and its molecular mechanism, followed by a review of the optical imaging methods and fluorescent probes employed in LLPS research. Furthermore, we discuss potential future imaging tools applicable to the LLPS studies. This review aims to provide a reference for selecting appropriate optical imaging methods for LLPS investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Shangguo Hou
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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50
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Li XS, Xue JZ, Qi Y, Muhammad I, Wang H, Li XY, Luo YJ, Zhu DM, Gao YH, Kong LC, Ma HX. Citric Acid Confers Broad Antibiotic Tolerance through Alteration of Bacterial Metabolism and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109089. [PMID: 37240435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance has become an increasingly serious crisis that has seriously threatened global public health. However, little is known about the exogenous factors that can trigger the development of antibiotic tolerance, both in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we found that the addition of citric acid, which is used in many fields, obviously weakened the bactericidal activity of antibiotics against various bacterial pathogens. This mechanistic study shows that citric acid activated the glyoxylate cycle by inhibiting ATP production in bacteria, reduced cell respiration levels, and inhibited the bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). In addition, citric acid reduced the oxidative stress ability of bacteria, which led to an imbalance in the bacterial oxidation-antioxidant system. These effects together induced the bacteria to produce antibiotic tolerance. Surprisingly, the addition of succinic acid and xanthine could reverse the antibiotic tolerance induced by citric acid in vitro and in animal infection models. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the potential risks of citric acid usage and the relationship between antibiotic tolerance and bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jun-Ze Xue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Inam Muhammad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper 18050, Pakistan
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi-Jia Luo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dao-Mi Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yun-Hang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ling-Cong Kong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
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