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Wittner J, Schuh W. Krüppel-like factor 2: a central regulator of B cell differentiation and plasma cell homing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172641. [PMID: 37251374 PMCID: PMC10213221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of B cells, their activation and terminal differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells are characterized by alternating phases of proliferation and quiescence that are controlled by complex transcriptional networks. The spatial and anatomical organization of B cells and plasma cells inside lymphoid organs as well as their migration within lymphoid structures and between organs are prerequisites for the generation and the maintenance of humoral immune responses. Transcription factors of the Krüppel-like family are critical regulators of immune cell differentiation, activation, and migration. Here, we discuss the functional relevance of Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) for B cell development, B cell activation, plasma cell formation and maintenance. We elaborate on KLF2-mediated regulation of B cell and plasmablast migration in the context of immune responses. Moreover, we describe the importance of KLF2 for the onset and the progression of B cell-related diseases and malignancies.
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2
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Wittner J, Schulz SR, Steinmetz TD, Berges J, Hauke M, Channell WM, Cunningham AF, Hauser AE, Hutloff A, Mielenz D, Jäck HM, Schuh W. Krüppel-like factor 2 controls IgA plasma cell compartmentalization and IgA responses. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:668-682. [PMID: 35347229 PMCID: PMC9259478 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a potent regulator of lymphocyte differentiation, activation and migration. However, its functional role in adaptive and humoral immunity remains elusive. Therefore, by using mice with a B cell-specific deletion of KLF2, we investigated plasma cell differentiation and antibody responses. We revealed that the deletion of KLF2 resulted in perturbed IgA plasma cell compartmentalization, characterized by the absence of IgA plasma cells in the bone marrow, their reductions in the spleen, the blood and the lamina propria of the colon and the small intestine, concomitant with their accumulation and retention in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Most intriguingly, secretory IgA in the intestinal lumen was almost absent, dimeric serum IgA was drastically reduced and antigen-specific IgA responses to soluble Salmonella flagellin were blunted in KLF2-deficient mice. Perturbance of IgA plasma cell localization was caused by deregulation of CCR9, Integrin chains αM, α4, β7, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Hence, KLF2 not only orchestrates the localization of IgA plasma cells by fine-tuning chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules but also controls IgA responses to Salmonella flagellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wittner
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobit D. Steinmetz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berges
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William M. Channell
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.418217.90000 0000 9323 8675Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Institute of Immunology and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) in Immune Cell Migration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101171. [PMID: 34696279 PMCID: PMC8539188 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a transcription factor of the krüppel-like family, is a key regulator of activation, differentiation, and migration processes in various cell types. In this review, we focus on the functional relevance of KLF2 in immune cell migration and homing. We summarize the key functions of KLF2 in the regulation of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules and discuss the relevance of the KLF2-mediated control of immune cell migration in the context of immune responses, infections, and diseases.
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Urbanczyk S, Stein M, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Mougiakakos D, Mielenz D. Regulation of Energy Metabolism during Early B Lymphocyte Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2192. [PMID: 30060475 PMCID: PMC6121686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important feature of humoral immunity is the adaptation of the diversity of newly generated B cell receptors, that is, the antigen receptor repertoire, to the body's own and foreign structures. This includes the transient propagation of B progenitor cells and B cells, which possess receptors that are positively selected via anabolic signalling pathways under highly competitive conditions. The metabolic regulation of early B-cell development thus has important consequences for the expansion of normal or malignant pre-B cell clones. In addition, cellular senescence programs based on the expression of B cell identity factors, such as Pax5, act to prevent excessive proliferation and cellular deviation. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying the regulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during early B cell development in bone marrow. We focus on the regulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation at the transition from non-transformed pro- to pre-B cells and discuss some ongoing issues. We introduce Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 as a potential regulator of glycolysis in pro-B cells that has also been linked to Ca2+-mediated mitoflashes. Mitoflashes are bioenergetic mitochondrial events that control mitochondrial metabolism and signalling in both healthy and disease states. We discuss how Ca2+ fluctuations in pro- and pre-B cells may translate into mitoflashes in early B cells and speculate about the consequences of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Merle Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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KLF2 in Regulation of NF-κB-Mediated Immune Cell Function and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112383. [PMID: 29125549 PMCID: PMC5713352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
KLF2 (Kruppel-like factor 2) is a member of the zinc finger transcription factor family, which critically regulates embryonic lung development, function of endothelial cells and maintenance of quiescence in T-cells and monocytes. It is expressed in naïve T-cells and monocytes, however its level of expression decreases during activation and differentiation. KLF2 also plays critical regulatory role in various inflammatory diseases and their pathogenesis. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is an important inducer of inflammation and the inflammation is mediated through the transcription of several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. So, both transcriptional factors KLF2 and NF-κB are being associated with the similar cellular functions and their maintenance. It was shown that KLF2 regulates most of the NF-κB-mediated activities. In this review, we focused on emphasizing the involvement of KLF2 in health and disease states and how they interact with transcriptional master regulator NF-κB.
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6
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Stein M, Dütting S, Mougiakakos D, Bösl M, Fritsch K, Reimer D, Urbanczyk S, Steinmetz T, Schuh W, Bozec A, Winkler TH, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. A defined metabolic state in pre B cells governs B-cell development and is counterbalanced by Swiprosin-2/EFhd1. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1239-1252. [PMID: 28524857 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell development in the bone marrow comprises proliferative and resting phases in different niches. We asked whether B-cell metabolism relates to these changes. Compared to pro B and small pre B cells, large pre B cells revealed the highest glucose uptake and ROS but not mitochondrial mass, whereas small pre B cells exhibited the lowest mitochondrial membrane potential. Small pre B cells from Rag1-/-;33.C9 μ heavy chain knock-in mice revealed decreased glycolysis (ECAR) and mitochondrial spare capacity compared to pro B cells from Rag1-/- mice. We were interested in the step regulating this metabolic switch from pro to pre B cells and uncovered that Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, a Ca2+-binding protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in Ca2+-induced mitoflashes, is expressed in pro B cells, but downregulated by surface pre B-cell receptor expression. Knockdown and knockout of EFhd1 in 38B9 pro B cells decreased the oxidative phosphorylation/glycolysis (OCR/ECAR) ratio by increasing glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and reserve. Prolonged expression of EFhd1 in EFhd1 transgenic mice beyond the pro B cell stage increased expression of the mitochondrial co-activator PGC-1α in primary pre B cells, but reduced mitochondrial ATP production at the pro to pre B cell transition in IL-7 cultures. Transgenic EFhd1 expression caused a B-cell intrinsic developmental disadvantage for pro and pre B cells. Hence, coordinated expression of EFhd1 in pro B cells and by the pre BCR regulates metabolic changes and pro/pre B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Bösl
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg D-97080, Germany
| | - Kristin Fritsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Reimer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Erasmus MF, Matlawska-Wasowska K, Kinjyo I, Mahajan A, Winter SS, Xu L, Horowitz M, Lidke DS, Wilson BS. Dynamic pre-BCR homodimers fine-tune autonomous survival signals in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra116. [PMID: 27899526 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) is an immature form of the BCR critical for early B lymphocyte development. It is composed of the membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain, surrogate light chain components, and the signaling subunits Igα and Igβ. We developed monovalent quantum dot (QD)-labeled probes specific for Igβ to study the behavior of pre-BCRs engaged in autonomous, ligand-independent signaling in live B cells. Single-particle tracking revealed that QD-labeled pre-BCRs engaged in transient, but frequent, homotypic interactions. Receptor motion was correlated at short separation distances, consistent with the formation of dimers and higher-order oligomers. Repeated encounters between diffusing pre-BCRs appeared to reflect transient co-confinement in plasma membrane domains. In human B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells, we showed that frequent, short-lived, homotypic pre-BCR interactions stimulated survival signals, including expression of BCL6, which encodes a transcriptional repressor. These survival signals were blocked by inhibitory monovalent antigen-binding antibody fragments (Fabs) specific for the surrogate light chain components of the pre-BCR or by inhibitors of the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk. For comparison, we evaluated pre-BCR aggregation mediated by dimeric galectin-1, which has binding sites for carbohydrate and for the surrogate light chain λ5 component. Galectin-1 binding resulted in the formation of large, highly immobile pre-BCR aggregates, which was partially relieved by the addition of lactose to prevent the cross-linking of galectin-BCR complexes to other glycosylated membrane components. Analysis of the pre-BCR and its signaling partners suggested that they could be potential targets for combination therapy in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frank Erasmus
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ichiko Kinjyo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Avanika Mahajan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Stuart S Winter
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Li Xu
- Sea Lane Biotechnologies, 2450 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Sea Lane Biotechnologies, 2450 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. .,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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8
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Zambrano K, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Buchholz R, Jäck HM, Hübner H, Schuh W. Prolonged Ex vivo expansion and differentiation of naïve murine CD43−B splenocytes. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:978-89. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Zambrano
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth D-95447 Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth D-95447 Germany
| | - Rainer Buchholz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III; Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Glückstr. 6 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Holger Hübner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III; Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Glückstr. 6 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
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9
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Ohguchi H, Hideshima T, Bhasin MK, Gorgun GT, Santo L, Cea M, Samur MK, Mimura N, Suzuki R, Tai YT, Carrasco RD, Raje N, Richardson PG, Munshi NC, Harigae H, Sanda T, Sakai J, Anderson KC. The KDM3A-KLF2-IRF4 axis maintains myeloma cell survival. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10258. [PMID: 26728187 PMCID: PMC4728406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KDM3A is implicated in tumorigenesis; however, its biological role in multiple myeloma (MM) has not been elucidated. Here we identify KDM3A–KLF2–IRF4 axis dependence in MM. Knockdown of KDM3A is toxic to MM cells in vitro and in vivo. KDM3A maintains expression of KLF2 and IRF4 through H3K9 demethylation, and knockdown of KLF2 triggers apoptosis. Moreover, KLF2 directly activates IRF4 and IRF4 reciprocally upregulates KLF2, forming a positive autoregulatory circuit. The interaction of MM cells with bone marrow milieu mediates survival of MM cells. Importantly, silencing of KDM3A, KLF2 or IRF4 both decreases MM cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and reduces MM cell homing to the bone marrow, in association with decreased ITGB7 expression in MAF-translocated MM cell lines. Our results indicate that the KDM3A–KLF2–IRF4 pathway plays an essential role in MM cell survival and homing to the bone marrow, and therefore represents a therapeutic target. Several histone modifiers have been implicated in the survival of multiple myeloma cells. Here, the authors reveal a role for the histone demethylase KDM3A in the survival of this haematologic cancer, and show that mechanistically KDM3A removes H3K9 methylation from the promoters of KLF2 and IRF4, genes essential for myeloma cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ohguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Teru Hideshima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Manoj K Bhasin
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Gullu T Gorgun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Loredana Santo
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Mehmet K Samur
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Rikio Suzuki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Noopur Raje
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,West Roxbury Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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10
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Essential control of early B-cell development by Mef2 transcription factors. Blood 2015; 127:572-81. [PMID: 26660426 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-643270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential activation of distinct developmental gene networks governs the ultimate identity of a cell, but the mechanisms involved in initiating downstream programs are incompletely understood. The pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) is an important checkpoint of B-cell development and is essential for a pre-B cell to traverse into an immature B cell. Here, we show that activation of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) transcription factors (TFs) by the pre-BCR is necessary for initiating the subsequent genetic network. We demonstrate that B-cell development is blocked at the pre-B-cell stage in mice deficient for Mef2c and Mef2d TFs and that pre-BCR signaling enhances the transcriptional activity of Mef2c/d through phosphorylation by the Erk5 mitogen-activating kinase. This activation is instrumental in inducing Krüppel-like factor 2 and several immediate early genes of the AP1 and Egr family. Finally, we show that Mef2 proteins cooperate with the products of their target genes (Irf4 and Egr2) to induce secondary waves of transcriptional regulation. Our findings uncover a novel role for Mef2c/d in coordinating the transcriptional network that promotes early B-cell development.
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11
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Thompson BJ, Bhansali R, Diebold L, Cook DE, Stolzenburg L, Casagrande AS, Besson T, Leblond B, Désiré L, Malinge S, Crispino JD. DYRK1A controls the transition from proliferation to quiescence during lymphoid development by destabilizing Cyclin D3. J Exp Med 2015; 212:953-70. [PMID: 26008897 PMCID: PMC4451127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes must orchestrate a transition from a highly proliferative state to a quiescent one during development. Cyclin D3 is essential for these cells' proliferation, but little is known about its posttranslational regulation at this stage. Here, we show that the dual specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) restrains Cyclin D3 protein levels by phosphorylating T283 to induce its degradation. Loss of DYRK1A activity, via genetic inactivation or pharmacologic inhibition in mice, caused accumulation of Cyclin D3 protein, incomplete repression of E2F-mediated gene transcription, and failure to properly couple cell cycle exit with differentiation. Expression of a nonphosphorylatable Cyclin D3 T283A mutant recapitulated these defects, whereas inhibition of Cyclin D:CDK4/6 mitigated the effects of DYRK1A inhibition or loss. These data uncover a previously unknown role for DYRK1A in lymphopoiesis, and demonstrate how Cyclin D3 protein stability is negatively regulated during exit from the proliferative phases of B and T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Bhansali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Lauren Diebold
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Daniel E Cook
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | | | | | - Thierry Besson
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 and FR 3038; Université Rouen; INSA Rouen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bâtiment IRCOF, 76821 Mont St. Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | - John D Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
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12
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Alles M, Turchinovich G, Zhang P, Schuh W, Agenès F, Kirberg J. Leukocyte β7 integrin targeted by Krüppel-like factors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1737-46. [PMID: 25015818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive expression of Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3, BKLF) increases marginal zone (MZ) B cell numbers, a phenotype shared with mice lacking KLF2. Ablation of KLF3, known to interact with serum response factor (SRF), or SRF itself, results in fewer MZ B cells. It is unknown how these functional equivalences result. In this study, it is shown that KLF3 acts as transcriptional repressor for the leukocyte-specific integrin β7 (Itgb7, Ly69) by binding to the β7 promoter, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. KLF2 overexpression antagonizes this repression and also binds the β7 promoter, indicating that these factors may compete for target sequence(s). Whereas β7 is identified as direct KLF target, its repression by KLF3 is not connected to the MZ B cell increase because β7-deficient mice have a normal complement of these and the KLF3-driven increase still occurs when β7 is deleted. Despite this, KLF3 overexpression abolishes lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patches, much like β7 deficiency does. Furthermore, KLF3 expression alone overcomes the MZ B cell deficiency when SRF is absent. SRF is also dispensable for the KLF3-mediated repression of β7. Thus, despite the shared phenotype of KLF3 and SRF-deficient mice, cooperation of these factors appears neither relevant for the formation of MZ B cells nor for the regulation of β7. Finally, a potent negative regulatory feedback loop limiting KLF3 expression is shown in this study, mediated by KLF3 directly repressing its own gene promoter. In summary, KLFs use regulatory circuits to steer lymphocyte maturation and homing and directly control leukocyte integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Alles
- Division of Immunology (3/3), Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Basel University Children's Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pumin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabien Agenès
- INSERM U743, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1P1, Canada; and INSERM ADR Paris V Saint Anne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jörg Kirberg
- Division of Immunology (3/3), Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
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13
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Chaussabel D, Baldwin N. Democratizing systems immunology with modular transcriptional repertoire analyses. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:271-80. [PMID: 24662387 DOI: 10.1038/nri3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individual elements that constitute the immune system have been characterized over the few past decades, mostly through reductionist approaches. The introduction of large-scale profiling platforms has more recently facilitated the assessment of these elements on a global scale. However, the analysis and the interpretation of such large-scale datasets remains a challenge and a barrier for the wider adoption of systems approaches in immunological and clinical studies. In this Innovation article, we describe an analytical strategy that relies on the a priori determination of co-dependent gene sets for a given biological system. Such modular transcriptional repertoires can in turn be used to simplify the analysis and the interpretation of large-scale datasets, and to design targeted immune fingerprinting assays and web applications that will further facilitate the dissemination of systems approaches in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Chaussabel
- Benaroya Research Institute Systems Immunology Division, 1201 Ninth Street, Seattle, Washington, 98101-2795, USA
| | - Nicole Baldwin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
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14
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Winkelmann R, Sandrock L, Kirberg J, Jäck HM, Schuh W. KLF2--a negative regulator of pre-B cell clonal expansion and B cell activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97953. [PMID: 24874925 PMCID: PMC4038547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation as well as antigen-dependent activation of B cells is accompanied by alternating phases of proliferation and quiescence. We and others have previously shown that Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a regulator of T cell quiescence and migration, is upregulated in small resting precursor (pre)-B cells after assembly of the immature pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) and is downregulated upon antigen-induced proliferation of mature B cells. These findings suggest that KLF2, besides its function in maintaining follicular B cell identity, peripheral B cell homeostasis and homing of antigen-specific plasma cells to the bone marrow, also controls clonal expansion phases in the B cell lineage. Here, we demonstrate that enforced expression of KLF2 in primary pre-B cells results in a severe block of pre-BCR-induced proliferation, upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 and downregulation of c-myc. Furthermore, retroviral KLF2 transduction of primary B cells impairs LPS-induced activation, favors apoptosis and results in reduced abundance of factors, such as AID, IRF4 and BLIMP1, that control the antigen-dependent phase of B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Hence, we conclude that KLF2 is not only a key player in terminating pre-B cell clonal expansion but also a potent suppressor of B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Winkelmann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Sandrock
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kirberg
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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16
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Hart GT, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. Krüppel-like factors in lymphocyte biology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:521-6. [PMID: 22223851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Krüppel-like factor family of transcription factors plays an important role in differentiation, function, and homeostasis of many cell types. While their role in lymphocytes is still being determined, it is clear that these factors influence processes as varied as lymphocyte quiescence, trafficking, differentiation, and function. This review will present an overview of how these factors operate and coordinate with each other in lymphocyte regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Hart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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17
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Marschall JS, Wilhelm T, Schuh W, Huber M. MEK/Erk-based negative feedback mechanism involved in control of Steel Factor-triggered production of Krüppel-like factor 2 in mast cells. Cell Signal 2011; 24:879-88. [PMID: 22182511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit (Steel Factor (SF) receptor) controls survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells (MCs). Activation of c-kit results, amongst others, in induction of the PI3K and MEK/Erk pathways. Comparison of two MEK inhibitors, the specific, widely used U0126 and the more selective PD0325901, in different MC models revealed severe differences on SF-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α as well as the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Expression of the latter in MCs was not investigated so far. Whereas SF-induced expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and KLF2 was unaltered by U0126, it was significantly augmented by PD0325901. The effect of PD0325901 was corroborated by a second selective MEK inhibitor, PD184352 (Cl-1040), indicating the presence of MEK/Erk-based negative feedback mechanism(s) downstream of c-kit activation. Further analysis of KLF2 production revealed a positive function of PI3K. Depending on additional stimuli (e.g. antigen, IGF-1, LPS, thapsigargin), SF-triggered KLF2 expression was differentially modified, most likely controlled by the respective ratio between MEK/Erk and PI3K pathway activation. Moreover, the statin, simvastatin, was demonstrated to upregulate expression of KLF2 in MCs. In conclusion, data obtained by solely using the MEK inhibitor U0126 have to be carefully corroborated by using more selective inhibitors, such as PD0325901 or PD184352. SF-induced expression of the transcription factor KLF2 and its regulation by the MEK/Erk and PI3K pathways could impact on physiological as well as pathophysiological MC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Marschall
- RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Pre-B cell receptor-mediated activation of BCL6 induces pre-B cell quiescence through transcriptional repression of MYC. Blood 2011; 118:4174-8. [PMID: 21856866 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-331181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial cell surface expression of the pre-B cell receptor induces proliferation. After 2 to 5 divisions, however, large pre-BII (Fraction C') cells exit cell cycle to become resting, small pre-BII cells (Fraction D). The mechanism by which pre-BII cells exit cell cycle, however, is currently unclear. The checkpoint at the Fraction C'-D transition is critical for immunoglobulin light chain gene recombination and to prevent malignant transformation into acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we demonstrate that inducible activation of pre-B cell receptor signaling induces cell-cycle exit through up-regulation of the transcriptional repressor BCL6. Inducible activation of BCL6 downstream of the pre-B cell receptor results in transcriptional repression of MYC and CCND2. Hence, pre-B cell receptor-mediated activation of BCL6 limits pre-B cell proliferation and induces cellular quiescence at the small pre-BII (Fraction D) stage.
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Abstract
Splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells are a lineage distinct from follicular and peritoneal B1 B cells. They are located next to the marginal sinus where blood is released. Here they pick up antigens and shuttle the load onto follicular dendritic cells inside the follicle. On activation, MZ B cells rapidly differentiate into plasmablasts secreting antibodies, thereby mediating humoral immune responses against blood-borne type 2 T-independent antigens. As Krüppel-like factors are implicated in cell differentiation/function in various tissues, we studied the function of basic Krüppel-like factor (BKLF/KLF3) in B cells. Whereas B-cell development in the bone marrow of KLF3-transgenic mice was unaffected, MZ B-cell numbers in spleen were increased considerably. As revealed in chimeric mice, this occurred cell autonomously, increasing both MZ and peritoneal B1 B-cell subsets. Comparing KLF3-transgenic and nontransgenic follicular B cells by RNA-microarray revealed that KLF3 regulates a subset of genes that was similarly up-regulated/down-regulated on normal MZ B-cell differentiation. Indeed, KLF3 expression overcame the lack of MZ B cells caused by different genetic alterations, such as CD19-deficiency or blockade of B-cell activating factor-receptor signaling, indicating that KLF3 may complement alternative nuclear factor-κB signaling. Thus, KLF3 is a driving force toward MZ B-cell maturation.
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20
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B cell homeostasis and plasma cell homing controlled by Krüppel-like factor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:710-5. [PMID: 21187409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012858108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) controls T lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs by regulating sphingosin-1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1Pr1). Here we show that this is not the case for B cells. Instead, KLF2 controls homeostasis of B cells in peripheral lymphatic organs and homing of plasma cells to the bone marrow, presumably by controlling the expression of β(7)-integrin. In mice with a B cell-specific deletion of KLF2, S1Pr1 expression on B cells was only slightly affected. Accordingly, all splenic B cell subsets including B1 cells were present, but their numbers were increased with a clear bias for marginal zone (MZ) B cells. In contrast, fewer peyers patches harboring fewer B cells were found, and fewer B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity as well as recirculating B cells in the bone marrow were detected. Upon thymus-dependent immunization, IgG titers were diminished, and antigen-specific plasma cells were absent in the bone marrow, although numbers of antigen-specific splenic plasmablasts were normal. KLF2 plays also a role in determining the identity of follicular B cells, as KLF2-deficient follicular B cells showed calcium responses similar to those of MZ B cells and failed to down-regulate MZ B cell signature genes, such as CD21 and CXCR7.
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Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates B-cell reactivity, subset differentiation, and trafficking molecule expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:716-21. [PMID: 21187410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013168108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is critical for normal trafficking of T lymphocytes, but its role in B cells is unclear. We report that B cell-specific KLF2 deficiency leads to decreased expression of the trafficking molecules CD62L and β7-integrin, yet expression of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 (which is a critical target of KLF2 in T cells) was, unexpectedly, minimally altered. Unexpectedly, Klf2 deletion led to a drastic reduction in the B1 B-cell pool and a substantial increase in transitional and marginal zone B-cell numbers. In addition, we observed that KLF2-deficient B cells showed increased apoptosis and impaired proliferation after B-cell receptor cross-linking. Gene expression analysis indicated that KLF2-deficient follicular B cells display numerous characteristics shared by normal marginal zone B cells, including reduced expression of several signaling molecules that may contribute to defective activation of these cells. Hence, our data indicate that KLF2 plays a critical role in dictating normal subset differentiation and functional reactivity of mature B cells.
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Abstract
The allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is one of the most evolutionarily conserved features of the adaptive immune system and underlies the monospecificity of B cells. While much has been learned about how Ig allelic exclusion is established during B-cell development, the relevance of monospecificity to B-cell function remains enigmatic. Here, we review the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain the establishment of Ig allelic exclusion and focus on the molecular mechanisms utilized by developing B cells to ensure the monoallelic expression of Ig kappa and Ig lambda light chain genes. We also discuss the physiological consequences of Ig allelic exclusion and speculate on the importance of monospecificity of B cells for immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vettermann
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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23
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Hoek KL, Gordy LE, Collins PL, Parekh VV, Aune TM, Joyce S, Thomas JW, Van Kaer L, Sebzda E. Follicular B cell trafficking within the spleen actively restricts humoral immune responses. Immunity 2010; 33:254-65. [PMID: 20691614 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Follicular (FO) and marginal zone (MZ) B cells are maintained in distinct locations within the spleen, but the genetic basis for this separation is still enigmatic. We now report that B cell sequestration requires lineage-specific regulation of migratory receptors by the transcription factor Klf2. Moreover, using gene-targeted mice we show that altered splenic B cell migration confers a significant in vivo gain-of-function phenotype to FO B cells, including the ability to quickly respond to MZ-associated antigens and pathogens in a T cell-dependent manner. This work demonstrates that in wild-type animals, naive FO B cells are actively removed from the MZ, thus restricting their capacity to respond to blood-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Hoek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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24
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Abstract
The Krüppel-like transcription factor (KLF) family participates in diverse aspects of cellular growth, development, differentiation, and activation. Recently, several groups have identified new connections between the function of these factors and leukocyte responses in health and disease. Gene targeting of individual KLFs in mice has uncovered novel and unexpected physiologic roles among myeloid and lymphocyte cell lineage maturation, particularly in the bone marrow niche and blood. In addition, several KLF family members are downstream targets of stimuli and signaling pathways critical to T-cell trafficking, T regulatory cell differentiation or suppressor function, monocyte/macrophage activation or renewal, and B memory cell maturation or activation. Indeed, KLFs have been implicated in subtypes of leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmunity, and in acute and chronic inflammatory disease states, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and airway inflammation, raising the possibility that KLFs and their upstream signals are of therapeutic interest. This review focuses on the relevant literature of Krüppel-like factors in leukocyte biology and their implications in clinical settings.
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25
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Duy C, Yu JJ, Nahar R, Swaminathan S, Kweon SM, Polo JM, Valls E, Klemm L, Shojaee S, Cerchietti L, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Hurtz C, Ramezani-Rad P, Herzog S, Jumaa H, Koeffler HP, de Alborán IM, Melnick AM, Ye BH, Müschen M. BCL6 is critical for the development of a diverse primary B cell repertoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1209-21. [PMID: 20498019 PMCID: PMC2882829 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 protects germinal center (GC) B cells against DNA damage-induced apoptosis during somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. Although expression of BCL6 was not found in early IL-7-dependent B cell precursors, we report that IL-7Ralpha-Stat5 signaling negatively regulates BCL6. Upon productive VH-DJH gene rearrangement and expression of a mu heavy chain, however, activation of pre-B cell receptor signaling strongly induces BCL6 expression, whereas IL-7Ralpha-Stat5 signaling is attenuated. At the transition from IL-7-dependent to -independent stages of B cell development, BCL6 is activated, reaches expression levels resembling those in GC B cells, and protects pre-B cells from DNA damage-induced apoptosis during immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain gene recombination. In the absence of BCL6, DNA breaks during Ig light chain gene rearrangement lead to excessive up-regulation of Arf and p53. As a consequence, the pool of new bone marrow immature B cells is markedly reduced in size and clonal diversity. We conclude that negative regulation of Arf by BCL6 is required for pre-B cell self-renewal and the formation of a diverse polyclonal B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Duy
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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26
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The pre-B cell receptor: turning autoreactivity into self-defense. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain recombination during early B cell development. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:1110-7. [PMID: 19734904 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signals through the pre-B cell antigen receptor (pre-BCR) and interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) coordinate pre-B cell population expansion with subsequent recombination of the locus encoding immunoglobulin kappa-chain (Igk). Although many 'downstream' effectors of each receptor are known, how they integrate to mediate development has remained unclear. Here we report that pre-BCR-mediated activation of the Ras-MEK-Erk signaling pathway silenced transcription of Ccnd3 (encoding cyclin D3) and coordinated exit from the cell cycle with induction of the transcription factor E2A and the initiation of Igk recombination. IL-7R-mediated activation of the transcription factor STAT5 opposed this pathway by promoting Ccnd3 expression and concomitantly inhibiting Igk transcription by binding to the Igk intronic enhancer and preventing E2A recruitment. Our data show how pre-BCR signaling poises pre-B cells to undergo differentiation after escape from IL-7R signaling.
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28
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:590-3. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32831ceb82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) activates the ERK kinases, but what does ERK do? In this issue of Immunity, Yasuda et al. (2008) show that ERK controls a transcription factor network by which the pre-BCR drives early B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and I(3) and CELL Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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