1
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Weele LJ, Djomehri SI, Cai S, Antony J, Sikandar SS, Qian D, Ho WH, West R, Scheeren FA, Clarke MF. Mesenchymal tumor cells drive adaptive resistance of
Trp53
‐/‐
breast tumor cells to inactivated mutant
Kras. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3128-3145. [PMID: 35398967 PMCID: PMC9441006 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Weele
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Sabra I. Djomehri
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Shang Cai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Westlake University Shilongshan St #18 Hangzhou, Xihu District Zhejiang Province China
| | - Jane Antony
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Shaheen S. Sikandar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Dalong Qian
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - William H.D. Ho
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biotechnology California State University Channel Islands Camarillo CA 93012 USA
| | - Robert West
- Department Pathology Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto CA 94304 USA
| | - Ferenc A. Scheeren
- Department of Medical Oncology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden RC 2300 The Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Clarke
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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2
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Qi H. T-independent antigen induces humoral memory through germinal centers. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212958. [PMID: 35019947 PMCID: PMC8759593 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-dependent humoral responses generate long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells (PCs) predominantly through germinal center (GC) reaction. In human and mouse, memory B cells and long-lived PCs are also generated during immune responses to T-independent antigen, including bacterial polysaccharides, although the underlying mechanism for such T-independent humoral memory is not clear. While T-independent antigen can induce GCs, they are transient and thought to be nonproductive. Unexpectedly, by genetic fate-mapping, we find that these GCs actually output memory B cells and PCs. Using a conditional BCL6 deletion approach, we show memory B cells and PCs fail to last when T-independent GCs are precluded, suggesting that the GC experience per se is important for programming longevity of T-independent memory B cells and PCs. Consistent with the fact that infants cannot mount long-lived humoral memory to T-independent antigen, B cells from young animals intrinsically fail to form T-independent GCs. Our results suggest that T-independent GCs support humoral memory, and GC induction may be key to effective vaccines with T-independent antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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3
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Li N, Zhang Y, Yao L, Shi Y, Zhao Q, Huang B, Sun Y. A Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Stably Expressing DsRed Protein Based on Bacterial Artificial Chromosome System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:839845. [PMID: 35126342 PMCID: PMC8814527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.839845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant viruses possessing reporter proteins as tools are widely applied in investigating viral biology because of the convenience for observation. Previously, we generated a recombinant pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter for monitoring virus spread and screening of neutralizing antibodies. PRRSV with different kinds of reporters can support more application scenarios. Here, we described a new genetically stable infectious clones of a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) harboring the DsRed (a red fluorescent protein isolated from the coral Discosoma) gene. In the recombinant infectious clone, the transcription regulatory sequence 2 (TRS2) of PRRSV was inserted between the open reading frame 7 (ORF7) and 3′UTR to drive the transcription of DsRed gene, which makes it a separate transcription unit in the viral genome. Using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the recombinant HP-PRRSV with the DsRed insertion was successfully rescued and showed similar growth and replication patterns compared with the wild-type virus in the MARC-145 cells. In addition, the DsRed protein was stably expressed in the recombinant virus for at least 10 passages with consistent fluorescence intensity and density. Using the recombinant HP-PRRSV with DsRed protein, the virus tracking in MARC-145 was observed by live-cell imaging. Meanwhile, quantification of the DsRed fluorescence positive cells by flow cytometry provides an alternative to standard methods for testing the level of PRRSV infection. This recombinant PRRSV with DsRed fluorescence protein expression could be a useful tool for fundamental research on the viral biology and shows the new design for stable expression of foreign genes in PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Security, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Security, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Security, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Shijiazhuang Customs (Huanghua Port), Cangzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baicheng Huang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Baicheng Huang,
| | - Yani Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Yani Sun,
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4
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A mouse model that is immunologically tolerant to reporter and modifier proteins. Commun Biol 2020; 3:273. [PMID: 32472011 PMCID: PMC7260180 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter proteins have become an indispensable tool in biomedical research. However, exogenous introduction of these reporters into mice poses a risk of rejection by the immune system. Here, we describe the generation, validation and application of a multiple reporter protein tolerant ‘Tol' mouse model that constitutively expresses an assembly of shuffled reporter proteins from a single open reading frame. We demonstrate that expression of the Tol transgene results in the deletion of CD8+ T cells specific for a model epitope, and substantially improves engraftment of reporter-gene transduced T cells. The Tol strain provides a valuable mouse model for cell transfer and viral-mediated gene transfer studies, and serves as a methodological example for the generation of poly-tolerant mouse strains. Bresser and Dijkgraaf et al. develop the ‘Tol’ strain, a genetically modified mouse model that expresses a range of shuffled reporter and modifier proteins from a single open reading frame. This strain is immunologically tolerant to these reporter and modifier proteins, providing a valuable model system for cell transfer studies and virus-mediated gene transfer studies.
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5
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Diupotex M, Martínez-Salazar MB, Escalona-Montaño AR, Zamora-Chimal J, Salaiza-Suazo N, Ruiz-Remigio A, Roldán-Salgado A, Aguirre-García MM, Martínez-Calvillo S, Gaytán P, Becker I. The mKate fluorescent protein expressed by Leishmania mexicana modifies the parasite immunopathogenicity in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12608. [PMID: 30500992 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parasites have been engineered to express fluorescent reporter proteins, yet the impact of red fluorescent proteins on Leishmania infections remains largely unknown. We analysed the infection outcome of Leishmania mexicana parasites engineered for the constitutive expression of mKate protein and evaluated their immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Infection of BALB/c mice with mKate transfected L. mexicana (LmexmKate ) parasites caused enlarged lesion sizes, leading to ulceration, and containing more parasites, as compared to LmexWT . The mKate protein showed immunogenic properties inducing antibody production against the mKate protein, as well as enhancing antibody production against the parasite. The augmented lesion sizes and ulcers, together with the more elevated antibody production, were related to an enhanced number of TNF-α and IL-1β producing cells in the infected tissues. We conclude that mKate red fluorescent protein is an immunogenic protein, capable of modifying disease evolution of L. mexicana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Diupotex
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Berenice Martínez-Salazar
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Reyna Escalona-Montaño
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Ruiz-Remigio
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - María Magdalena Aguirre-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Santiago Martínez-Calvillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Paul Gaytán
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
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6
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Engineered Human Ferritin Nanoparticles for Direct Delivery of Tumor Antigens to Lymph Node and Cancer Immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35182. [PMID: 27725782 PMCID: PMC5057094 DOI: 10.1038/srep35182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) to lymph nodes (LNs) is essential to eliciting robust immune response for cancer immunotherapy but still remains unsolved. Herein, we evaluated the direct LN-targeting performance of four different protein nanoparticles with different size, shape, and origin [Escherichia coli DNA binding protein (DPS), Thermoplasma acidophilum proteasome (PTS), hepatitis B virus capsid (HBVC), and human ferritin heavy chain (hFTN)] in live mice, using an optical fluorescence imaging system. Based on the imaging results, hFTN that shows rapid LN targeting and prolonged retention in LNs was chosen as a carrier of the model TSA [red fluorescence protein (RFP)], and the flexible surface architecture of hFTN was engineered to densely present RFPs on the hFTN surface through genetic modification of subunit protein of hFTN. The RFP-modified hFTN rapidly targeted LNs, sufficiently exposed RFPs to LN immune cells during prolonged period of retention in LNs, induced strong RFP-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response, and notably inhibited RFP-expressing melanoma tumor growth in live mice. This suggests that the strategy using protein nanoparticles as both TSA-carrying scaffold and anti-cancer vaccine holds promise for clinically effective immunotherapy of cancer.
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7
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Yang F, Liu S, Liu X, Liu L, Luo M, Qi S, Xu G, Qiao S, Lv X, Li X, Fu L, Luo Q, Zhang Z. In Vivo Visualization of Tumor Antigen-containing Microparticles Generated in Fluorescent-protein-elicited Immunity. Theranostics 2016; 6:1453-66. [PMID: 27375792 PMCID: PMC4924512 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo optical spatio-temporal imaging of the tumor microenvironment is useful to explain how tumor immunotherapies work. However, the lack of fluorescent antigens with strong immunogenicity makes it difficult to study the dynamics of how tumors are eliminated by any given immune response. Here, we develop an effective fluorescent model antigen based on the tetrameric far-red fluorescent protein KatushkaS158A (tfRFP), which elicits both humoral and cellular immunity. We use this fluorescent antigen to visualize the dynamic behavior of immunocytes as they attack and selectively eliminate tfRFP-expressing tumors in vivo; swarms of immunocytes rush toward tumors with high motility, clusters of immunocytes form quickly, and numerous antigen-antibody complexes in the form of tfRFP(+) microparticles are generated in the tumor areas and ingested by macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, tfRFP, as both a model antigen and fluorescent reporter, is a useful tool to visualize specific immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shun Liu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Liu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meijie Luo
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuhong Qi
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sha Qiao
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Lv
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ling Fu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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McArdle S, Mikulski Z, Ley K. Live cell imaging to understand monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell function in atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1117-31. [PMID: 27270892 PMCID: PMC4925021 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ley et al. provide a review of the technology and accomplishments of dynamic imaging of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis. Intravital imaging is an invaluable tool for understanding the function of cells in healthy and diseased tissues. It provides a window into dynamic processes that cannot be studied by other techniques. This review will cover the benefits and limitations of various techniques for labeling and imaging myeloid cells, with a special focus on imaging cells in atherosclerotic arteries. Although intravital imaging is a powerful tool for understanding cell function, it alone does not provide a complete picture of the cell. Other techniques, such as flow cytometry and transcriptomics, must be combined with intravital imaging to fully understand a cell's phenotype, lineage, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Hoekstra ME, Dijkgraaf FE, Schumacher TN, Rohr JC. Assessing T lymphocyte function and differentiation by genetically encoded reporter systems. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Development of an immunologically tolerated combination of fluorescent proteins for in vivo two-photon imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6664. [PMID: 25322934 PMCID: PMC4200419 DOI: 10.1038/srep06664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of fluorescent proteins (FPs) are routinely used for multi-parameter in vivo imaging experiments to visualize tagged proteins or cell populations of interest. Studies involving FPs are often limited by spectral overlap, toxicity, relative quantum efficiency, and the potential for immunological rejection upon transfer into a non-tolerant recipient. Here we evaluate the immunologic visibility of several commonly used FPs by the murine immune system and identify a spectrally compatible, immunologically tolerated combination of FPs well suited for in vivo two-photon imaging.
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