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Lakshmanan M, Chia S, Pang KT, Sim LC, Teo G, Mak SY, Chen S, Lim HL, Lee AP, Bin Mahfut F, Ng SK, Yang Y, Soh A, Tan AHM, Choo A, Ho YS, Nguyen-Khuong T, Walsh I. Antibody glycan quality predicted from CHO cell culture media markers and machine learning. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2497-2506. [PMID: 38966680 PMCID: PMC11222931 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation can have a profound effect on the quality of mAb therapeutics. In biomanufacturing, one of the ways to influence N-glycosylation patterns is by altering the media used to grow mAb cell expression systems. Here, we explore the potential of machine learning (ML) to forecast the abundances of N-glycan types based on variables related to the growth media. The ML models exploit a dataset consisting of detailed glycomic characterisation of Anti-HER fed-batch bioreactor cell cultures measured daily under 12 different culture conditions, such as changes in levels of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and the use of two different commercially available media. By performing spent media quantitation and subsequent calculation of pseudo cell consumption rates (termed media markers) as inputs to the ML model, we were able to demonstrate a small subset of media markers (18 selected out of 167 mass spectrometry peaks) in a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures are important to model N-glycan relative abundances (Regression - correlations between 0.80-0.92; Classification - AUC between 75.0-97.2). The performances suggest the ML models can infer N-glycan critical quality attributes from extracellular media as a proxy. Given its accuracy, we envisage its potential applications in biomaufactucuring, especially in areas of process development, downstream and upstream bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyappan Lakshmanan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
- Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems medicinE (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and AI (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lyn Chiin Sim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gavin Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shi Ya Mak
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hsueh Lee Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alison P. Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Farouq Bin Mahfut
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Annie Soh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Andre Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06–01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
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Beyze A, Larroque C, Le Quintrec M. The role of antibody glycosylation in autoimmune and alloimmune kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:672-689. [PMID: 38961307 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin glycosylation is a pivotal mechanism that drives the diversification of antibody functions. The composition of the IgG glycome is influenced by environmental factors, genetic traits and inflammatory contexts. Differential IgG glycosylation has been shown to intricately modulate IgG effector functions and has a role in the initiation and progression of various diseases. Analysis of IgG glycosylation is therefore a promising tool for predicting disease severity. Several autoimmune and alloimmune disorders, including critical and potentially life-threatening conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and antibody-mediated kidney graft rejection, are driven by immunoglobulin. In certain IgG-driven kidney diseases, including primary membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis, particular glycome characteristics can enhance in situ complement activation and the recruitment of innate immune cells, resulting in more severe kidney damage. Hypofucosylation, hypogalactosylation and hyposialylation are the most common IgG glycosylation traits identified in these diseases. Modulating IgG glycosylation could therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy for regulating the immune mechanisms that underlie IgG-driven kidney diseases and potentially reduce the burden of immunosuppressive drugs in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Beyze
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, IRMB U1183, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Christian Larroque
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, IRMB U1183, Montpellier, France
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Moglie Le Quintrec
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, IRMB U1183, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Mesonzhnik N, Belushenko A, Novikova P, Kukharenko A, Afonin M. Enhanced N-Glycan Profiling of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies through the Application of Upper-Hinge Middle-Up Level LC-HRMS Analysis. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:66. [PMID: 39189237 PMCID: PMC11348383 DOI: 10.3390/antib13030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are crucial in modern medicine due to their effectiveness in treating various diseases. However, the structural complexity of mAbs, particularly their glycosylation patterns, presents challenges for quality control and biosimilarity assessment. This study explores the use of upper-hinge middle-up (UHMU)-level ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis to improve N-glycan profiling of mAbs. Two specific enzymes, known as IgG degradation enzymes (IGDEs), were used to selectively cleave therapeutic mAbs above the hinge region to separate antibody subunits for further Fc glycan analysis by means of the UHMU/LC-HRMS workflow. The complexity of the mass spectra of IGDEs-digested mAbs was significantly reduced compared to the intact MS level, enabling reliable assignment and relative quantitation of paired Fc glycoforms. The results of the UHMU/LC-HRMS analysis of nine approved therapeutics highlight the significance of this approach for in-depth glycoform profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mesonzhnik
- Resource Centre of Analytical Methods, Laboratory Complex, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (P.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Anton Belushenko
- Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of Rospotrebnadzor, Varshavskoe Highway 19a, 117105 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Polina Novikova
- Resource Centre of Analytical Methods, Laboratory Complex, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (P.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Alexey Kukharenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, 8/2 Trubetskaya, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Afonin
- Resource Centre of Analytical Methods, Laboratory Complex, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (P.N.); (M.A.)
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Azar F, Deforges J, Demeusoit C, Kleinpeter P, Remy C, Silvestre N, Foloppe J, Fend L, Spring-Giusti C, Quéméneur E, Marchand JB. TG6050, an oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding interleukin-12 and anti-CTLA-4 antibody, favors tumor regression via profound immune remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009302. [PMID: 39060022 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TG6050 was designed as an improved oncolytic vector, combining the intrinsic properties of vaccinia virus to selectively replicate in tumors with the tumor-restricted expression of recombinant immune effectors to modify the tumor immune phenotype. These properties might be of particular interest for "cold" tumors, either poorly infiltrated or infiltrated with anergic T cells. METHODS TG6050, an oncolytic vaccinia virus encodes single-chain human interleukin-12 (hIL-12) and full-length anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (@CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody. The relevant properties of TG6050 (replication, cytopathy, transgenes expression and functionality) were extensively characterized in vitro. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the viral vector, @CTLA-4 and IL-12, as well as antitumoral activities (alone or combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors) were investigated in several "hot" (highly infiltrated) and "cold" (poorly infiltrated) syngeneic murine tumor models. The mechanism of action was deciphered by monitoring both systemic and intratumoral immune responses, and by tumor transcriptome analysis. The safety of TG6050 after repeated intravenous administrations was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys, with a focus on the level of circulating IL-12. RESULTS Multiplication and propagation of TG6050 in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo were associated with local expression of functional IL-12 and @CTLA-4. This dual mechanism translated into a strong antitumoral activity in both "cold" and "hot" tumor models (B16F10, LLC1 or EMT6, CT26, respectively) that was further amplified when combined with anti-programmed cell death protein-1. Analysis of changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) after treatment with TG6050 showed increases in interferon-gamma, of CD8+T cells, and of M1/M2 macrophages ratio, as well as a drastic decrease of regulatory T cells. These local modifications were observed alongside bolstering a systemic and specific antitumor adaptive immune response. In toxicology studies, TG6050 did not display any observable adverse effects in cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS TG6050 effectively delivers functional IL-12 and @CTLA-4 into the tumor, resulting in strong antitumor activity. The shift towards an inflamed TME correlated with a boost in systemic antitumor T cells. The solid preclinical data and favorable benefit/risk ratio paved the way for the clinical evaluation of TG6050 in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NCT05788926 trial in progress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Azar
- Transgene SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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Meudt M, Baumeister J, Mizaikoff B, Ebert S, Rosenau F, Blech M, Higel F. Comprehensive analysis and characterization of glycan pairing in therapeutic antibodies and Fc-containing biotherapeutics: Addressing current limitations and implications for N-glycan impact. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 200:114325. [PMID: 38759899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of the Fc part is a (critical) quality attribute of therapeutic antibodies and Fc-containing biotherapeutics, that impacts their stability, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and effector functions. Current glycosylation analysis methods focus on the absolute amounts of glycans, neglecting the apparent glycan distribution over the entirety of proteins. The combination of the two Fc N-glycans, herein referred to as glyco-pair, therefore remains unknown, which is a major drawback for N-glycan impact assessment. This study presents a comprehensive workflow for the analysis and characterization of Fc N-glycan pairing in biotherapeutics, addressing the limitations of current glycosylation analysis methods. The applicability of the method across various biotherapeutic proteins including antibodies, bispecific antibody formats, and a Fc-Fusion protein is demonstrated, and the impact of method conditions on glycan pairing analysis is highlighted. Moreover, the influence of the molecular format, Fc backbone, production process, and cell line on glycan pairing pattern was investigated. The results underscore the significance of comprehensive glycan pairing analysis to accurately assess the impact of N-glycans on important product quality attributes of therapeutic antibodies and Fc-containing biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Meudt
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Baumeister
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sybille Ebert
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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Abdel-Mohsen M, Deeks S, Giron L, Hong KY, Goldman A, Zhang L, Huang SSY, Verrill D, Guo S, Selzer L, de Vries CR, Vendrame E, SenGupta D, Wallin JJ, Cai Y. Circulating immune and plasma biomarkers of time to HIV rebound in HIV controllers treated with vesatolimod. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1405348. [PMID: 38979421 PMCID: PMC11229794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1405348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 treatment has improved lifespan but requires lifelong adherence for people living with HIV (PLWH), highlighting the need for a cure. Evaluation of potential cure strategies requires analytic treatment interruption (ATI) with close monitoring of viral rebound. Predictive biomarkers for HIV-1 rebound and/or duration of control during ATI will facilitate these HIV cure trials while minimizing risks. Available evidence suggests that host immune, glycomic, lipid, and metabolic markers of inflammation may be associated with HIV-1 persistence in PLWH who are treated during chronic HIV-1 infection. Methods We conducted post-hoc analysis of HIV controllers who could maintain low levels of plasma HIV-1 without ART in a phase 1b vesatolimod trial. Baseline and pre-ATI levels of immune, glycomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic markers were tested for association with ATI outcomes (time of HIV-1 rebound to 200 copies/mL and 1,000 copies/mL, duration of HIV-1 RNA ≤400 copies/mL and change in intact proviral HIV-1 DNA during ATI) using Spearman's correlation and Cox proportional hazards model. Results Higher levels of CD69+CD8+ T-cells were consistently associated with shorter time to HIV-1 rebound at baseline and pre-ATI. With few exceptions, baseline fucosylated, non-galactosylated, non-sialylated, bisecting IgG N-glycans were associated with shorter time to HIV rebound and duration of control as with previous studies. Baseline plasma MPA and HPA binding glycans and non-galactosylated/non-sialylated glycans were associated with longer time to HIV rebound, while baseline multiply-galactosylated glycans and sialylated glycans, GNA-binding glycans, NPA-binding glycans, WGA-binding glycans, and bisecting GlcNAc glycans were associated with shorter time to HIV rebound and duration of control. Fourteen bioactive lipids had significant baseline associations with longer time to rebound and duration of control, and larger intact proviral HIV-1 DNA changes; additionally, three baseline bioactive lipids were associated with shorter time to first rebound and duration of control. Conclusion Consistent with studies in HIV non-controllers, proinflammatory glycans, lipids, and metabolites were generally associated with shorter duration of HIV-1 control. Notable differences were observed between HIV controllers vs. non-controllers in some specific markers. For the first time, exploratory biomarkers of ATI viral outcomes in HIV-controllers were investigated but require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leila Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kai Ying Hong
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aaron Goldman
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liao Zhang
- Clinical Bioinformatics and Exploratory Analytics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Susie S Y Huang
- Clinical Bioinformatics and Exploratory Analytics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Donovan Verrill
- Statistical Programming, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Susan Guo
- Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Lisa Selzer
- Clinical Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | | | - Elena Vendrame
- Clinical Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Devi SenGupta
- Clinical Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Wallin
- Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
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Makrydaki E, Donini R, Krueger A, Royle K, Moya Ramirez I, Kuntz DA, Rose DR, Haslam SM, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. Immobilized enzyme cascade for targeted glycosylation. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:732-741. [PMID: 38321209 PMCID: PMC11142912 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical post-translational protein modification that affects folding, half-life and functionality. Glycosylation is a non-templated and heterogeneous process because of the promiscuity of the enzymes involved. We describe a platform for sequential glycosylation reactions for tailored sugar structures (SUGAR-TARGET) that allows bespoke, controlled N-linked glycosylation in vitro enabled by immobilized enzymes produced with a one-step immobilization/purification method. We reconstruct a reaction cascade mimicking a glycosylation pathway where promiscuity naturally exists to humanize a range of proteins derived from different cellular systems, yielding near-homogeneous glycoforms. Immobilized β-1,4-galactosyltransferase is used to enhance the galactosylation profile of three IgGs, yielding 80.2-96.3% terminal galactosylation. Enzyme recycling is demonstrated for a reaction time greater than 80 h. The platform is easy to implement, modular and reusable and can therefore produce homogeneous glycan structures derived from various hosts for functional and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Makrydaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Donini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anja Krueger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Royle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ignacio Moya Ramirez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Douglas A Kuntz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Klingler F, Schlossbauer P, Naumann L, Handrick R, Hesse F, Neusüß C, Otte K. Developing microRNAs as engineering tools to modulate monoclonal antibody galactosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1355-1365. [PMID: 38079069 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and is considered to be a critical quality attribute (CQA), as the glycan composition often has immunomodulatory effects. Since terminal galactose residues of mAbs can affect antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC) activation, serum half-life, and antiviral activity it has to be monitored, controlled and modulated to ensure therapeutic effects. The ability of small noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) to modulate glycosylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) production cells was recently reported establishing miRNAs as engineering tools for modulation of protein glycosylation. In this study, we report the characterization and validation of miRNAs as engineering tools for increased (mmu-miR-452-5p, mmu-miR-193b-3p) or decreased (mmu-miR-7646-5p, mmu-miR-7243-3p, mmu-miR-1668, mmu-let-7c-1-3p, mmu-miR-7665-3p, mmu-miR-6403) degree of galactosylation. Furthermore, the biological mode of action regulating gene expression of the galactosylation pathway was characterized as well as their influence on bioprocess-related parameters. Most important, stable plasmid-based overexpression of these miRNAs represents a versatile tool for engineering N-linked galactosylation to achieve favorable phenotypes in cell lines for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Lukas Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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Reinig S, Shih SR. Non-neutralizing functions in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Biomed J 2024; 47:100666. [PMID: 37778697 PMCID: PMC10825350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals infected with or vaccinated against COVID-19 develop antigenic neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Although neutralizing antibodies are biomarkers of the adaptive immune response, their mere presence is insufficient to explain the protection afforded against the disease or its pathology. IgG exhibits other secondary effector functions that activate innate immune components, including complement, natural killer cells, and macrophages. The affinity for effector cells depends on the isotypes and glycosylation of IgG antibodies. The anti-spike IgG titer should be sufficient to provide significant Fc-mediated effects in severe COVID-19, mRNA, and protein subunit vaccinations. In combination with aberrant effector cells, pro-inflammatory afucosylated IgG1 and IgG3 may be detrimental in severe COVID-19. The antibody response of mRNA vaccines leads to higher fucosylation and a less inflammatory IgG profile, with a long-term shift to IgG4, which is correlated with protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reinig
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Gan Y, Lippold S, Stobaugh J, Schöneich C, Yang F. Expanding the structural resolution of glycosylation microheterogeneity in therapeutic proteins by salt-free hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. MAbs 2024; 16:2395503. [PMID: 39192481 PMCID: PMC11364061 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2395503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation affects the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins and is often considered a critical quality attribute (CQA). Therefore, it is important to identify and quantify glycans during drug development. Glycosylation is a highly complex post-translational modification (PTM) due to its structural heterogeneity, i.e. glycosylation site occupancy, glycan compositions, modifications, and isomers. Current analytical tools compromise either structural resolution or site specificity. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry (HILIC-FLR-MS) is the gold standard for structural analysis of released glycans, but lacks information on site specificity and occupation. However, HILIC-FLR-MS often uses salt in the solvent, which impairs analysis robustness and sensitivity. Site-specific glycosylation analysis via glycopeptides, upon proteolytic digestion, is commonly performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS), but provides only compositional and limited structural glycan information. In this study, we introduce a salt-free, glycopeptide-based HILIC-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method that provides glycan identification, glycan isomer separation and site-specific information simultaneously. Moreover, HILIC-MS/MS demonstrated comparable relative quantification results as released glycan HILIC-FLR-MS. Further, our new method improves the retention of hydrophilic peptides, allowing simultaneous analysis of important CQAs such as deamidation in antibodies. The developed method offers a valuable tool to streamline the site-specific glycosylation analysis of glycoproteins, which is particularly important for the expanding landscape of novel therapeutic formats in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Gan
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Stobaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Giron LB, Liu Q, Adeniji OS, Yin X, Kannan T, Ding J, Lu DY, Langan S, Zhang J, Azevedo JLLC, Li SH, Shalygin S, Azadi P, Hanna DB, Ofotokun I, Lazar J, Fischl MA, Haberlen S, Macatangay B, Adimora AA, Jamieson BD, Rinaldo C, Merenstein D, Roan NR, Kutsch O, Gange S, Wolinsky S, Witt M, Post WS, Kossenkov A, Landay A, Frank I, Tien PC, Gross R, Brown TT, Abdel-Mohsen M. Plasma Glycomic Markers of Accelerated Biological Aging During Chronic HIV Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.09.551369. [PMID: 37609144 PMCID: PMC10441429 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.551369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) experience an increased vulnerability to premature aging and inflammation-associated comorbidities, even when HIV replication is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the factors that contribute to or are associated with this vulnerability remain uncertain. In the general population, alterations in the glycomes of circulating IgGs trigger inflammation and precede the onset of aging-associated diseases. Here, we investigate the IgG glycomes of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from 1,216 women and men, both living with virally suppressed HIV and those without HIV. Our glycan-based machine learning models indicate that living with chronic HIV significantly accelerates the accumulation of pro-aging-associated glycomic alterations. Consistently, PWH exhibit heightened expression of senescence-associated glycan-degrading enzymes compared to their controls. These glycomic alterations correlate with elevated markers of inflammatory aging and the severity of comorbidities, potentially preceding the development of such comorbidities. Mechanistically, HIV-specific antibodies glycoengineered with these alterations exhibit reduced anti-HIV IgG-mediated innate immune functions. These findings hold significant potential for the development of glycomic-based biomarkers and tools to identify and prevent premature aging and comorbidities in people living with chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Y. Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shuk Hang Li
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason Lazar
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - Mallory Witt
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Miyajima R, Manaka H, Honda T, Hashii N, Suzuki M, Komeno M, Takao K, Ishii-Watabe A, Igarashi K, Toida T, Higashi K. Intracellular polyamine depletion induces N-linked galactosylation of the monoclonal antibody produced by CHO DP-12 cells. J Biotechnol 2023; 378:1-10. [PMID: 37922995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the N-linked glycan profile of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from animal cells affects therapeutic efficacy and, therefore, needs to be appropriately controlled during the manufacturing process. In this study, we examined the effects of polyamines on the N-linked glycan profiles of mAbs produced by CHO DP-12 cells. Normal cell growth of CHO DP-12 cells and their growth arrest by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, was observed when 0.5% fetal bovine serum was added to serum-free medium, despite the presence of cadaverine and aminopropylcadaverine, instead of putrescine and spermidine in cells. Polyamine depletion by DFMO increased IgG galactosylation, accompanied by β1,4-galactosyl transferase 1 (B4GAT1) mRNA elevation. Additionally, IgG production in polyamine-depleted cells was reduced by 30% compared to that in control cells. Therefore, we examined whether polyamine depletion induces an ER stress response. The results indicated increased expression levels of chaperones for glycoprotein folding in polyamine-depleted cells, suggesting that polyamine depletion causes ER stress related to glycoprotein folding. The effect of tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer that inhibits N-glycosylation, on the expression of B4GALT1 mRNA was examined. Tunicamycin treatment increased B4GALT1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that ER stress caused by polyamine depletion induces B4GALT1 mRNA expression, resulting in increased IgG galactosylation in CHO cells. Thus, introducing polyamines, particularly SPD, to serum-free CHO culture medium for CHO cells may contribute to consistent manufacturing and quality control of antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Miyajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hitomi Manaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Honda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Komeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Takao
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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13
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Bauer-Smith H, Sudol ASL, Beers SA, Crispin M. Serum immunoglobulin and the threshold of Fc receptor-mediated immune activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130448. [PMID: 37652365 PMCID: PMC11032748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies can mediate immune recruitment or clearance of immune complexes through the interaction of their Fc domain with cellular Fc receptors. Clustering of antibodies is a key step in generating sufficient avidity for efficacious receptor recognition. However, Fc receptors may be saturated with prevailing, endogenous serum immunoglobulin and this raises the threshold by which cellular receptors can be productively engaged. Here, we review the factors controlling serum IgG levels in both healthy and disease states, and discuss how the presence of endogenous IgG is encoded into the functional activation thresholds for low- and high-affinity Fc receptors. We discuss the circumstances where antibody engineering can help overcome these physiological limitations of therapeutic antibodies. Finally, we discuss how the pharmacological control of Fc receptor saturation by endogenous IgG is emerging as a feasible mechanism for the enhancement of antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bauer-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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14
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Rocamora F, Peralta AG, Shin S, Sorrentino J, Wu MYM, Toth EA, Fuerst TR, Lewis NE. Glycosylation shapes the efficacy and safety of diverse protein, gene and cell therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108206. [PMID: 37354999 PMCID: PMC11168894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, therapeutic proteins have had widespread success in treating a myriad of diseases. Glycosylation, a near universal feature of this class of drugs, is a critical quality attribute that significantly influences the physical properties, safety profile and biological activity of therapeutic proteins. Optimizing protein glycosylation, therefore, offers an important avenue to developing more efficacious therapies. In this review, we discuss specific examples of how variations in glycan structure and glycoengineering impacts the stability, safety, and clinical efficacy of protein-based drugs that are already in the market as well as those that are still in preclinical development. We also highlight the impact of glycosylation on next generation biologics such as T cell-based cancer therapy and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James Sorrentino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mina Ying Min Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric A Toth
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Shivatare VS, Huang HW, Tseng TH, Chuang PK, Zeng YF, Wong CH. Probing the Internalization and Efficacy of Antibody-Drug Conjugate via Site-Specific Fc-Glycan Labelling of a Homogeneous Antibody Targeting SSEA-4 Bearing Tumors. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202300042. [PMID: 38348405 PMCID: PMC10861153 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) are an emerging class of pharmaceuticals consisting of cytotoxic agents covalently attached to an antibody designed to target a specific cancer cell surface molecule followed by internalization and intracellular release of payload to exhibit its anticancer activity. Targeted delivery of cytotoxic payload to a variety of specific cells has been demonstrated to have significant enhancement in clinical efficacy and dramatic reduction in off-target toxicity. Site-specific conjugation of payload to the antibody is highly desirable for development of ADC with well-defined antibody-to-drug ratio, enhanced internalization, reduced toxicity, improved stability, desired pharmacological profile and optimal therapeutic index. Here, we reported a site-specific conjugation strategy for evaluation of antibody internalization and efficacy of ADC designed to target SSEA4 on solid tumors. This strategy stems from the azido-fucose tag of a homogeneous antibody Fc-glycan generated via in vitro glycoengineering approach for site-specific conjugation and optimization of antibody-drug ratio to exhibit optimal efficacy. The ADC consisting of a chimeric anti-SSEA4 antibody chMC813-70, conjugated to the antineo-plastic agent monomethyl auristatin E via both cleavable and non-cleavable linkers showed excellent cytotoxicity profile towards SSEA4-bearing cancer cells. A clear distinction in cytotoxicity was observed among cancer cells with different SSEA4 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S Shivatare
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Han-Wen Huang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Tzu-Hao Tseng
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Po-Kai Chuang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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16
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Adeoye B, Nakiyingi L, Moreau Y, Nankya E, Olson AJ, Zhang M, Jacobson KR, Gupta A, Manabe YC, Hosseinipour MC, Kumwenda J, Sagar M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience 2023; 26:106631. [PMID: 37168567 PMCID: PMC10165194 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most common infection among people with HIV (PWH). Mtb disease-associated inflammation could affect HIV-directed immune responses in PWH. We show that HIV antibodies are broader and more potent in PWH in the presence as compared to the absence of Mtb disease. With co-existing Mtb disease, the virus in PWH also encounters unique antibody selection pressure. The Mtb-linked HIV antibody enhancement associates with specific mediators important for B cell and antibody development. This Mtb humoral augmentation does not occur due to cross-reactivity, a generalized increase in all antibodies, or differences in duration or amount of antigen exposure. We speculate that the co-localization of Mtb and HIV in lymphatic tissues leads to the emergence of potent HIV antibodies. PWH's Mtb disease status has implications for the future use of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies as prophylaxis or treatment and the induction of better humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Adeoye
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lydia Nakiyingi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ethel Nankya
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alex J. Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karen R. Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5274 (REMEMBER) Study Team
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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18
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Zhang L, Yu L, Xu Y, Qin P, Shen P, Liu K, Fei M, Wang H, Cao Y, Lu L, Gao W, Zhang Z. Demonstrating analytical similarity of a biosimilar HLX04 to bevacizumab with a panel of state-of-the-art methods and tiering of quality attributes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04716-5. [PMID: 37162525 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutical monoclonal antibodies are structurally and functionally complex, whereas the innovator's manufacturing processes are proprietary. With respect to the similarity assessment, a proposed biosimilar product needs to demonstrate a side-by-side comparison between the reference product (RP) and candidate product in terms of physicochemical properties and biological activities, as well as nonclinical and clinical outcomes. Here, a comprehensive analytical similarity assessment was performed for in-depth comparison of HLX04, China-sourced Avastin® (CN-Avastin®), and Europe-sourced Avastin® (EU-Avastin®) following a tier-based quality attribute (QA) evaluation. A series of orthogonal and state-of-the-art analytical techniques were developed for the assessment. Ten lots of HLX04 were compared with 29 lots bevacizumab RP. Referred to the characterization results, HLX04 is highly similar to the RPs with respect to physicochemical properties and biological functions. In addition, HLX04 was found with similar stability and degradation behaviors upon multiple stressed conditions to bevacizumab. Minor differences were observed in glycosylation, aggregates, FcγRIIIa(F), and FcγRIIIa(V) binding activities; nevertheless, they were evaluated and demonstrated not to impact clinical outcomes. According to the reported clinical results, the totality of evidence, including the pharmacokinetic, efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity, further shows that HLX04 is similar to CN-/EU-Avastin®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Peilan Qin
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Pengcheng Shen
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Kemeng Liu
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Mengdan Fei
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Yanjing Cao
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Lihong Lu
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai, 201600, China.
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19
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Shivatare VS, Chuang PK, Tseng TH, Zeng YF, Huang HW, Veeranjaneyulu G, Wu HC, Wong CH. Study on antibody Fc-glycosylation for optimal effector functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5555-5558. [PMID: 37071468 PMCID: PMC10259620 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive structure-activity relationship study on antibody Fc-glycosylation has been performed using the chimeric anti-SSEA4 antibody chMC813-70 as a model. The α-2,6 sialylated biantennary complex type glycan was identified as the optimal Fc-glycan with significant enhancement in antibody effector functions, including binding to different Fc receptors and ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Po-Kai Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Tzu-Hao Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Han-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Gannedi Veeranjaneyulu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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20
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Klingler F, Naumann L, Schlossbauer P, Dreyer L, Burkhart M, Handrick R, Junker HD, Hesse F, Neusüß C, Otte K. A novel system for glycosylation engineering by natural and artificial miRNAs. Metab Eng 2023; 77:53-63. [PMID: 36906118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification of many biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), capable of modifying their biological effect in patients and thus considered as a critical quality attribute (CQA). However, expression of desired and consistent glycosylation patterns remains a constant challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry and constitutes the need for tools to engineer glycosylation. Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are known regulators of entire gene networks and have therefore the potential of being used as tools for modulation of glycosylation pathways and for glycoengineering. Here, we demonstrate that novel identified natural miRNAs are capable of altering N-linked glycosylation patterns on mAbs expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We established a workflow for a functional high-throughput screening of a complete miRNA mimic library and identified 82 miRNA sequences affecting various moieties including galactosylation, sialylation, and α-1,6 linked core-fucosylation, an important glycan feature influencing antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). Subsequent validation shed light on the intra-cellular mode of action and the impact on the cellular fucosylation pathway of miRNAs reducing core-fucosylation. While multiplex approaches increased phenotypic effects on the glycan structure, a synthetic biology approach utilizing rational design of artificial miRNAs further enhanced the potential of miRNAs as novel, versatile and tune-able tools for engineering of N-linked glycosylation pathways and expressed glycosylation patterns towards favourable phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Lukas Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Leonard Dreyer
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Madina Burkhart
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Junker
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
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21
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Cain P, Huang L, Tang Y, Anguiano V, Feng Y. Impact of IgG subclass on monoclonal antibody developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2191302. [PMID: 36945111 PMCID: PMC10038059 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2191302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG-based monoclonal antibody therapeutics, which are mainly IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses or related variants, have dominated the biotherapeutics field for decades. Multiple laboratories have reported that the IgG subclasses possess different molecular characteristics that can affect their developability. For example, IgG1, the most popular IgG subclass for therapeutics, is known to have a characteristic degradation pathway related to its hinge fragility. However, there remains a paucity of studies that systematically evaluate the IgG subclasses on manufacturability and long-term stability. We thus conducted a systematic study of 12 mAbs derived from three sets of unrelated variable regions, each cloned into IgG1, an IgG1 variant with diminished effector functions, IgG2, and a stabilized IgG4 variant with further reduced FcγR interaction, to evaluate the impact of IgG subclass on manufacturability and high concentration stability in a common formulation buffer matrix. Our evaluation included Chinese hamster ovary cell productivity, host cell protein removal efficiency, N-linked glycan structure at the conserved N297 Fc position, solution appearance at high concentration, and aggregate growth, fragmentation, charge variant profile change, and post-translational modification upon thermal stress conditions or long-term storage at refrigerated temperature. Our results elucidated molecular attributes that are common to all IgG subclasses, as well as those that are unique to certain Fc domains, providing new insight into the effects of IgG subclass on antibody manufacturability and stability. These learnings can be used to enable a balanced decision on IgG subclass selection for therapeutic antibodies and aid in acceleration of their product development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cain
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lihua Huang
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yu Tang
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Victor Anguiano
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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22
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Zhong X, Schenk J, Sakorafas P, Chamberland J, Tam A, Thomas LM, Yan G, D' Antona AM, Lin L, Nocula-Lugowska M, Zhang Y, Sousa E, Cohen J, Gu L, Abel M, Donahue J, Lim S, Meade C, Zhou J, Riegel L, Birch A, Fennell BJ, Franklin E, Gomes JM, Tzvetkova B, Scarcelli JJ. Impacts of fast production of afucosylated antibodies and Fc mutants in ExpiCHO-S™ for enhancing FcγRIIIa binding and NK cell activation. J Biotechnol 2022; 360:79-91. [PMID: 36341973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study has employed mammalian transient expression systems to generate afucosylated antibodies and antibody Fc mutants for rapid candidate screening in discovery and early development. While chemical treatment with the fucose analogue 2-fluoro-peracetyl-fucose during transient expression only partially produced antibodies with afucosylated N-glycans, the genetic inactivation of the FUT8 gene in ExpiCHO-S™ by CRISPR/Cas9 enabled the transient production of fully afucosylated antibodies. Human IgG1 and murine IgG2a generated by the ExpiCHOfut8KO cell line possessed a 8-to-11-fold enhanced FcγRIIIa binding activity in comparison with those produced by ExpiCHO-S™. The Fc mutant S239D/S298A/I332E produced by ExpiCHO-S™ had an approximate 2-fold higher FcγRIIIa affinity than that of the afucosylated wildtype molecule, although it displayed significantly lower thermal-stability. When the Fc mutant was produced in the ExpiCHOfut8KO cell line, the resulting afucosylated Fc mutant antibody had an additional approximate 6-fold increase in FcγRIIIa binding affinity. This synergistic effect between afucosylation and the Fc mutations was further verified by a natural killer (NK) cell activation assay. Together, these results have not only established an efficient large-scale transient CHO system for rapid production of afucosylated antibodies, but also confirmed a cooperative impact between afucosylation and Fc mutations on FcγRIIIa binding and NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhong
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jennifer Schenk
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Paul Sakorafas
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - John Chamberland
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Amy Tam
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - L Michael Thomas
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Grace Yan
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron M D' Antona
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Laura Lin
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Sousa
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Justin Cohen
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ling Gu
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Molica Abel
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob Donahue
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sean Lim
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caryl Meade
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Logan Riegel
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex Birch
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian J Fennell
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Grange Castle, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward Franklin
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Grange Castle, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose M Gomes
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Boriana Tzvetkova
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - John J Scarcelli
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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23
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Grace PS, Gunn BM, Lu LL. Engineering the supernatural: monoclonal antibodies for challenging infectious diseases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102818. [PMID: 36242952 PMCID: PMC9612313 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies can be deployed faster than antimicrobials and vaccines. However, the majority of mAbs treat cancer and autoimmune diseases, whereas a minority treat infection. This is in part because targeting a single antigen by the antibody Fab domain is insufficient to stop the dynamic microbial life cycle. Thus, finding the 'right' antigens remains the focus of intense investigations. Equally important is the antibody-Fc domain that has the capacity to induce immune responses that enhance neutralization, and limit pathology and transmission. While Fc-effector functions have been less deeply studied, conceptual and technical advances reveal previously underappreciated antibody potential to combat diseases from microbes difficult to address with current diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines, including S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, P. falciparum, and M. tuberculosis. What is learned about engineering antibodies for these challenging organisms will enhance our approach to new and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Grace
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Parkland Health & Hospital System, United States.
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24
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Bharadwaj P, Shrestha S, Pongracz T, Concetta C, Sharma S, Le Moine A, de Haan N, Murakami N, Riella LV, Holovska V, Wuhrer M, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. Afucosylation of HLA-specific IgG1 as a potential predictor of antibody pathogenicity in kidney transplantation. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100818. [PMID: 36384101 PMCID: PMC9729883 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the leading cause of graft failure. While donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are associated with a higher risk of AMR, not all patients with DSAs develop rejection, suggesting that the characteristics of alloantibodies determining their pathogenicity remain undefined. Using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-specific antibodies as a model, we apply systems serology tools to investigate qualitative features of immunoglobulin G (IgG) alloantibodies including Fc-glycosylation patterns and FcγR-binding properties. Levels of afucosylated anti-A2 antibodies are elevated in seropositive patients, especially those with AMR, suggesting potential cytotoxicity via FcγRIII-mediated mechanisms. Afucosylation of both glycoengineered monoclonal and naturally glycovariant polyclonal serum IgG specific to HLA-A2 drives potentiated binding to, slower dissociation from, and enhanced signaling through FcγRIII, a receptor widely expressed on innate effector cells, and greater cytotoxicity against HLA-A2+ cells mediated by natural killer (NK) cells. Collectively, these results suggest that afucosylated DSA may be a biomarker of AMR and contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sweta Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Catalano Concetta
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alain Le Moine
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanda Holovska
- HLA Laboratory, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB), Hôpital Erasme ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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25
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Bheemareddy BR, Reddy PN, Vemparala K, Dirisala VR. Enhancement of effector functions of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody by increased afucosylation in CHO cell line through cell culture medium optimization. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:141. [PMID: 36194313 PMCID: PMC9532503 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Recombinant therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a common B cell lymphoma constituting 80% of all lymphomas. Anti-CD20 mAb contains an Fc-linked biantennary glycan. Although, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are being increasingly used for immunotherapy, their efficacy is limited in a section of patients with drug resistance to immunotherapy. There is a need to improve the efficacy by increasing the effector functions, such as the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Results We developed a simple and cost-effective approach to enhance ADCC effector activity in an in-house developed clone of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody by increasing afucosylation in a new clone of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using 8X uridine, manganese, and galactose (UMG) to modulate the osmolality of the medium. The purified anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody from 8X UMG-containing medium showed a 2-fold increase in afucose content and 203% ADCC activity in comparison to control antibody. Conclusions Our study reports enhanced ADCC activity by modulating afucosylation using osmolality by altering simple feed additives in the culture medium. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00421-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Reddy Bheemareddy
- R&D Division, Hetero Biopharma Limited, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, 509301, India
| | - Prakash Narayana Reddy
- Microbiology Department, Dr. V.S. Krishna Government Degree College (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530013, India
| | - Kranthi Vemparala
- R&D Division, Hetero Biopharma Limited, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, 509301, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India.
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26
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Engineering nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways for independent and simultaneous modulation of N-glycan galactosylation and fucosylation in CHO cells. Metab Eng 2022; 74:61-71. [PMID: 36152932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of recombinant therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical quality attribute. N-glycans in mAbs are known to affect various effector functions, and thereby therapeutic use of such glycoproteins can depend on a particular glycoform profile to achieve desired efficacy. However, there are currently limited options for modulating the glycoform profile, which depend mainly on over-expression or knock-out of glycosyltransferase enzymes that can introduce or eliminate specific glycans but do not allow predictable glycoform modulation over a range of values. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to predictably modulate the glycoform profile of recombinant IgG. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we have engineered nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways in CHO cells expressing recombinant IgG for combinatorial modulation of galactosylation and fucosylation. Knocking out the enzymes UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (Gale) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (Fx) resulted in ablation of de novo synthesis of UDP-Gal and GDP-Fuc. With Gale knock-out, the array of N-glycans on recombinantly expressed IgG is narrowed to agalactosylated glycans, mainly A2F glycan (89%). In the Gale and Fx double knock-out cell line, agalactosylated and afucosylated A2 glycan is predominant (88%). In the double knock-out cell line, galactosylation and fucosylation was entirely dependent on the salvage pathway, which allowed for modulation of UDP-Gal and GDP-Fuc synthesis and intracellular nucleotide sugar availability by controlling the availability of extracellular galactose and fucose. We demonstrate that the glycoform profile of recombinant IgG can be modulated from containing predominantly agalactosylated and afucosylated glycans to up to 42% and 96% galactosylation and fucosylation, respectively, by extracellular feeding of sugars in a dose-dependent manner. By simply varying the availability of extracellular galactose and/or fucose, galactosylation and fucosylation levels can be simultaneously and independently modulated. In addition to achieving the production of tailored glycoforms, this engineered CHO host platform can cater to the rapid synthesis of variably glycoengineered proteins for evaluation of biological activity.
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27
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Yang S, Cui M, Liu Q, Liao Q. Glycosylation of immunoglobin G in tumors: Function, regulation and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2022; 549:215902. [PMID: 36096412 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant component in humoral immunity and the major effector of neutralizing heterogeneous antigens. Glycosylation, as excessive posttranscriptional modification, can modulate IgG immune function. Glycosylated IgG has been reported to correlate with tumor progression, presenting several characteristic modifications, including the core fucose, galactose, sialic acid, and the bisect N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Meanwhile, IgG glycosylation regulates tumor immunity involved in tumor progression and is thus a potential target. Herein, we summarized the research progression to provide novel insight into the application of IgG glycosylation in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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28
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Narvekar A, Pardeshi A, Jain R, Dandekar P. ADCC enhancement: A conundrum or a boon to mAb therapy? Biologicals 2022; 79:10-18. [PMID: 36085129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of antibodies to distinctly identify the antigens is an important feature exploited by the scientific community for the treatment of various diseases. The therapeutic action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is mediated along with the cells of the immune system, such as natural killer cells, T cells and macrophages. The two major mechanisms that govern the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs are the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Consequently, much of the research dedicated to improving their action is focussed on enhancing either of these mechanisms. This manuscript focuses on the strategies to enhance ADCC, for providing more efficacious mAb therapeutics. These approaches essentially bring about changes in the elements of ADCC mechanism, such as the effector cell or the antibody itself and thus favour an enhanced therapeutic response. Several technologies of ADCC enhancement have been developed, based on the success of various strategies advanced by the researchers. These technologies show success with a few antibody therapeutics while they do not work with others. This review presents a detailed overview on these strategies and presents perspectives regarding the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Apurva Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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29
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Drifts in N-Linked Glycosylation Result in ADCC Potency Variation of Perjeta® from August 2020 to October 2021 in China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7868391. [PMID: 35535043 PMCID: PMC9078787 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7868391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proposed biosimilar candidate needs to demonstrate biosimilarity with reference products, and the quality target product profile and biosimilarity assessment criteria are prerequisite, which should be based on extensive characterization of the reference products. In this study, 13 lots of China-sourced pertuzumab (trademark: Perjeta®), with an expiration date from 2020 to 2021, were comprehensively characterized. Despite the consistency of purity, drifts in N-glycan profile were observed, which resulted in the variation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. In detail, four parametric curves of ADCC activity of the reference product were unparalleled, and the maximum response value was highly related to the content of %afucose than half-maximal effective concentration (EC50). As ADCC is a potential critical quality attribute of Perjeta®, the glycosylation of Perjeta® and its biosimilars should be tightly monitored and controlled.
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30
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Trzos S, Link-Lenczowski P, Sokołowski G, Pocheć E. Changes of IgG N-Glycosylation in Thyroid Autoimmunity: The Modulatory Effect of Methimazole in Graves' Disease and the Association With the Severity of Inflammation in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841710. [PMID: 35370997 PMCID: PMC8965101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-glycome of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant glycoprotein in human blood serum, reflects pathological conditions of autoimmunity and is sensitive to medicines applied in disease therapy. Due to the high sensitivity of N-glycosylation, the IgG N-glycan profile may serve as an indicator of an ongoing inflammatory process. The IgG structure and its effector functions are strongly dependent on the composition of N-glycans attached to the Fc fragment, and the binding of antigens is regulated by Fab sugar moieties. Because of the crucial role of N-glycans in IgG function, remodeling of its N-oligosaccharides can induce pathological changes that ultimately contribute to the development of autoimmunity; restoration of their physiological structure is critical to the reduction of disease symptoms. Our recently published data have shown that the pathology of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD), is accompanied by alterations of the composition of IgG N-glycans. The present study is a more in-depth investigation of IgG glycosylation in both AITDs, designed to determine the relationship between the severity of thyroid inflammation and IgG N-glycan structures in HT, and to assess the impact of immunosuppressive therapy on the N-glycan profile in GD patients. The study material consisted of human serum samples collected from donors with elevated anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) and/or anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) IgGs without symptoms of hypothyroidism (n=68), HT patients characterized by high autoantibody titers and advanced destruction of the thyroid gland (n=113), GD patients with up-regulated IgG against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) before (n=62) and after (n=47) stabilization of TSH level as a result of methimazole therapy (study groups), and healthy donors (control group, n=90). IgG was isolated from blood serum using protein G affinity chromatography. N-glycans were released from IgG by PNGase F digestion and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) after 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) labeling. UPLC-MS chromatograms were integrated into 25 peaks (GP) in the Waters UNIFI Scientific Information System, and N-glycans were assigned based on the glucose unit values and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of the detected ions. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to determine the statistical significance of the results (p<0.05). The obtained results suggest that modifications of IgG sialylation, galactosylation and core-fucosylation are associated with the severity of HT symptoms. Methimazole therapy implemented in GD patients affected the IgG N-glycan profile; as a result, the content of the sialylated and galactosylated oligosaccharides with core fucose differed after treatment. Our results suggest that N-glycosylation of IgG undergoes dynamic changes during the intensification of thyroiditis in HT, and that in GD autoimmunity it is affected significantly by immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trzos
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sokołowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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31
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N-Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics: A comprehensive review on significance and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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32
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Vicente MM, Alves I, Gaifem J, Rodrigues CS, Fernandes Â, Dias AM, Štambuk J, Petrović T, Oliveira P, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Soares A, Seixas N, Teixeira T, Malheiro L, Abreu MM, Lauc G, Sarmento E Castro R, Pinho SS. Altered IgG glycosylation at COVID-19 diagnosis predicts disease severity. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:946-957. [PMID: 35307819 PMCID: PMC9087392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the immune responses associated with COVID‐19 pathogenesis and disease severity, as well as the breadth of vaccine coverage and duration of immunity, is still unclear. Given the unpredictability for developing a severe/complicated disease, there is an urgent need in the field for predictive biomarkers of COVID‐19. We have analyzed IgG Fc N‐glycan traits of 82 SARS‐CoV‐2+ unvaccinated patients, at diagnosis, by nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS. We determined the impact of IgG Fc glyco‐variations in the induction of NK cells activation, further evaluating the association between IgG Fc N‐glycans and disease severity/prognosis. We found that SARS‐CoV‐2+ individuals display, at diagnosis, variations in the glycans composition of circulating IgGs. Importantly, levels of galactose and sialic acid structures on IgGs are able to predict the development of a poor COVID‐19 disease. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that a deficiency on galactose structures on IgG Fc in COVID‐19 patients appears to induce NK cells activation associated with increased release of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, which indicates the presence of pro‐inflammatory immunoglobulins and higher immune activation, associated with a poor disease course. This study brings to light a novel blood biomarker based on IgG Fc glycome composition with capacity to stratify patients at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Vicente
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Alves
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Rodrigues
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Dias
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jerko Štambuk
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frederico Ferreira-da-Silva
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana Soares
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Nair Seixas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia, Portugal
| | - Tiago Teixeira
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia, Portugal
| | - Luis Malheiro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Abreu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rui Sarmento E Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé S Pinho
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Coghlan J, Benet A, Kumaran P, Ford M, Veale L, Skilton SJ, Saveliev S, Schwendeman AA. Streamlining the Characterization of Disulfide Bond Shuffling and Protein Degradation in IgG1 Biopharmaceuticals Under Native and Stressed Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:862456. [PMID: 35360407 PMCID: PMC8963993 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.862456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post translational modifications (PTMs) have been shown to negatively impact protein efficacy and safety by altering its native conformation, stability, target binding and/or pharmacokinetics. One PTM in particular, shuffled disulfide bonds, has been linked to decreased potency and increased immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. In an effort to gain more insights into the effects of shuffled disulfide bonds on protein therapeutics' safety and efficacy, we designed and further optimized a semi-automated LC-MS/MS method for disulfide bond characterization on two IgG1 protein therapeutics-rituximab and bevacizumab. We also compared originator vs. biosimilar versions of the two therapeutics to determine if there were notable variations in the disulfide shuffling and overall degradation between originator and biosimilar drug products. From our resulting data, we noticed differences in how the two proteins degraded. Bevacizumab had a general upward trend in shuffled disulfide bond levels over the course of a 4-week incubation (0.58 ± 0.08% to 1.46 ± 1.10% for originator) whereas rituximab maintained similar levels throughout the incubation (0.24 ± 0.21% to 0.51 ± 0.11% for originator). When we measured degradation by SEC and SDS-PAGE, we observed trends that correlated with the LC-MS/MS data. Across all methods, we observed that the originator and biosimilar drugs performed similarly. The results from this study will help provide groundwork for comparative disulfide shuffling analysis by LC-MS/MS and standard analytical methodology implementation for the development and regulatory approval of biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Coghlan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander Benet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Preethi Kumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna A. Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Bangert N, Rodríguez-Jahnke F, Reski R, Decker EL. Unexpected Arabinosylation after Humanization of Plant Protein N-Glycosylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:838365. [PMID: 35252146 PMCID: PMC8894861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.838365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As biopharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins have become indispensable tools in medicine. An increasing demand, not only in quantity but also in diversity, drives the constant development and improvement of production platforms. The N-glycosylation pattern on biopharmaceuticals plays an important role in activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity. Therefore, production platforms with tailored protein N-glycosylation are of great interest. Plant-based systems have already demonstrated their potential to produce pharmaceutically relevant recombinant proteins, although their N-glycan patterns differ from those in humans. Plants have shown great plasticity towards the manipulation of their glycosylation machinery, and some have already been glyco-engineered in order to avoid the attachment of plant-typical, putatively immunogenic sugar residues. This resulted in complex-type N-glycans with a core structure identical to the human one. Compared to humans, plants lack the ability to elongate these N-glycans with β1,4-linked galactoses and terminal sialic acids. However, these modifications, which require the activity of several mammalian enzymes, have already been achieved for Nicotiana benthamiana and the moss Physcomitrella. Here, we present the first step towards sialylation of recombinant glycoproteins in Physcomitrella, human β1,4-linked terminal N-glycan galactosylation, which was achieved by the introduction of a chimeric β1,4-galactosyltransferase (FTGT). This chimeric enzyme consists of the moss α1,4-fucosyltransferase transmembrane domain, fused to the catalytic domain of the human β1,4-galactosyltransferase. Stable FTGT expression led to the desired β1,4-galactosylation. However, additional pentoses of unknown identity were also observed. The nature of these pentoses was subsequently determined by Western blot and enzymatic digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis and resulted in their identification as α-linked arabinoses. Since a pentosylation of β1,4-galactosylated N-glycans was reported earlier, e.g., on recombinant human erythropoietin produced in glyco-engineered Nicotiana tabacum, this phenomenon is of a more general importance for plant-based production platforms. Arabinoses, which are absent in humans, may prevent the full humanization of plant-derived products. Therefore, the identification of these pentoses as arabinoses is important as it creates the basis for their abolishment to ensure the production of safe biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nina Bangert
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Jahnke
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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35
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Mota LM, Tayi VS, Butler M. Cell Free Remodeling of Glycosylation of Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2370:117-146. [PMID: 34611867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1685-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a critical quality attribute in relation to its therapeutic application. The control of this profile during biomanufacture is difficult because of the multiple parameters that affect the glycosylation metabolism within the cell and the environment in which the cell is grown. One of the approaches that can be used to produce a preferred glycan profile or a single glycoform is through chemoenzymatic remodeling during the isolation of a mAb. Here we describe protocols that can be utilized to produce preferred glycoforms that include galactosylated, agalactosylated, or sialylated glycoforms following isolation of a mAb. Methods for analysis and assignment of structures of the samples following glycoengineering are also described. Chemoenzymatic modeling of mAb glycans has the potential for scale-up and to be introduced into biomanufacturing of mAbs with higher specific therapeutic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Martins Mota
- Cell Technology Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland.
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36
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Malik S, Grunert I, Roman MF, Walch H, Dams T, Thomann M, Falkenstein R. Implementation of in vitro glycoengineering of monoclonal antibodies into downstream processing of industrial production. Glycobiology 2021; 32:123-135. [PMID: 34939096 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro glycoengineering using exoenzymes for specific modification is recognized as appropriate method to tailor sugar moieties of glycan structures during the recombinant production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This report describes enhanced in vitro glycoengineering approaches using β1,4-galactosyltransferase and α2,6-sialyltransferase to improve the efficiency of galactosylation and sialylation with the aim to implement in vitro glycoengineering into common mAb purification processes. Feasibility studies tested the potential of different in vitro glycoengineering protocols (2-step vs. 1-step) to facilitate the overall procedure. Scalability of the reactions was demonstrated for mAb amounts ranging from 1 mg to 1 g. Additionally, the reactions of β1,4-galactosyltransferase and α2,6-sialyltransferase were shown to work on column during affinity chromatography using Protein A or KappaSelect, the latter providing more efficient galactosylation and sialylation of IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs. Performing in vitro glycoengineering on column enabled the use of cell culture harvest which yielded results comparable to that of purified bulk. Based thereon, an optimized 2-step mixed mode approach was found most appropriate to integrate in vitro glycoengineering of the IgG1 mAb into the overall manufacturing process. Using harvest for on-column reaction of β1,4-galactosyltransferase combined with in-solution reaction of α2,6-sialyltransferase, this approach yielded 100 percent biantennary galactosylation and 61 percent biantennary sialylation. Moreover, the enzymes applied in in vitro glycoengineering could be separated, recycled, and reused in further reactions to improve economic efficiency. Overall, the study provides a toolbox for in vitro glycoengineering and presents an optimized easy-to-handle workflow to implement this method into the downstream processing of industrial mAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Malik
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Grunert
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Heiko Walch
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dams
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marco Thomann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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37
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Wang Q, Wang T, Zhang R, Yang S, McFarland KS, Chung CY, Jia H, Wang LX, Cipollo JF, Betenbaugh MJ. The interplay of protein engineering and glycoengineering to fine-tune antibody glycosylation and its impact on effector functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:102-117. [PMID: 34647616 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycan pattern of an IgG antibody, attached at a conserved site within the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region, is a critical antibody quality attribute whose structural variability can also impact antibody function. For tailoring the Fc glycoprofile, glycoengineering in cell lines as well as Fc amino acid mutations have been applied. Multiple glycoengineered Chinese hamster ovary cell lines were generated, including defucosylated (FUT8KO), α-2,6-sialylated (ST6KI), and defucosylated α-2,6-sialylated (FUT8KOST6KI), expressing either a wild-type anti-CD20 IgG (WT) or phenylalanine to alanine (F241A) mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry characterization of antibody N-glycans revealed that the F241A mutation significantly increased galactosylation and sialylation content and glycan branching. Furthermore, overexpression of recombinant human α-2,6-sialyltransferase resulted in a predominance of α-2,6-sialylation rather than α-2,3-sialylation for both WT and heavily sialylated F241A antibody N-glycans. Interestingly, knocking out α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8KO), which removed core fucose, lowered the content of N-glycans with terminal Gal and increased levels of terminal GlcNAc and Man5 groups on WT antibody. Further complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) analysis revealed that, regardless of the production cells, WT antibody samples have higher cytotoxic CDC activity with more exposed Gal residues compared to their individual F241A mutants. However, the FUT8KO WT antibody, with a large fraction of bi-GlcNAc structures (G0), displayed the lowest CDC activity of all WT antibody samples. Furthermore, for the F241A mutants, a higher CDC activity was observed for α-2,6- compared to α-2,3-sialylation. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) analysis revealed that the defucosylated WT and F241A mutants showed enhanced in vitro ADCC performance compared to their fucosylated counterparts, with the defucosylated WT antibodies displaying the highest overall ADCC activity, regardless of sialic acid substitution. Moreover, the FcγRIIIA receptor binding by antibodies did not always correspond directly with ADCC result. This study demonstrates that glycoengineering and protein engineering can both promote and inhibit antibody effector functions and represent practical approaches for varying glycan composition and functionalities during antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products (DBPAP), Laboratory for Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin S McFarland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John F Cipollo
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products (DBPAP), Laboratory for Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Spanov B, Olaleye O, Lingg N, Bentlage AEH, Govorukhina N, Hermans J, van de Merbel N, Vidarsson G, Jungbauer A, Bischoff R. Change of charge variant composition of trastuzumab upon stressing at physiological conditions. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462506. [PMID: 34492576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cation-exchange chromatography is a widely used approach to study charge heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies. Heterogeneity may arise both in vitro and in vivo because of the susceptibility of monoclonal antibodies to undergo chemical modifications. Modifications may adversely affect the potency of the drug, induce immunogenicity or affect pharmacokinetics. In this study, we evaluated the application of optimized pH gradient systems for the separation of charge variants of trastuzumab after forced degradation study. pH gradient-based elution resulted in high-resolution separation of some 20 charge variants after 3 weeks at 37°C under physiological conditions. The charge variants were further characterized by LC-MS-based peptide mapping. There was no significant difference in the binding properties to HER2 or a range of Fcγ receptors between non-stressed and stressed trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Hermans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Westerbrink 3, 9405 BJ Assen, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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39
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Rossignol E, Alter G, Julg B. Antibodies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Cure Strategies. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:22-31. [PMID: 33586772 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to the establishment of a long-lived latent cellular reservoir. One strategy to eliminate quiescent reservoir cells is to reactivate virus replication to induce HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) expression on the cell surface exposing them to subsequent antibody targeting. Via the interactions between the antibody Fc domain and Fc-γ receptors (FcγRs) that are expressed on innate effector cells, such as natural killer cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, antibodies can mediate the elimination of infected cells. Over the last decade, a multitude of human monoclonal antibodies that are broadly neutralizing across many HIV-1 subtypes have been identified and are currently being explored for HIV eradication strategies. Antibody development also includes novel Fc engineering approaches to increase engagement of effector cells and optimize antireservoir efficacy. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of antibodies for HIV eradication approaches specifically focusing on antibody-mediated strategies to target latently infected cells and options to increase antibody efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Rossignol
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Infectious Disease Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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40
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Anand SP, Ding S, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Gil HM, Gendron-Lepage G, Cheung WF, Wang H, Pastora R, Saxena H, Wakarchuk W, Medjahed H, Wines BD, Hogarth M, Shaw GM, Martin MA, Burton DR, Hangartner L, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Cossar D, McLean MD, Finzi A. Enhanced Ability of Plant-Derived PGT121 Glycovariants To Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0079621. [PMID: 34232070 PMCID: PMC8387047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting HIV-1 depends on pleiotropic functions, including viral neutralization and the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells. Several in vivo studies have suggested that passive administration of bNAbs represents a valuable strategy for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1. In addition, different strategies are currently being tested to scale up the production of bNAbs to obtain the large quantities of antibodies required for clinical trials. Production of antibodies in plants permits low-cost and large-scale production of valuable therapeutics; furthermore, pertinent to this work, it also includes an advanced glycoengineering platform. In this study, we used Nicotiana benthamiana to produce different Fc-glycovariants of a potent bNAb, PGT121, with near-homogeneous profiles and evaluated their antiviral activities. Structural analyses identified a close similarity in overall structure and glycosylation patterns of Fc regions for these plant-derived Abs and mammalian cell-derived Abs. When tested for Fc-effector activities, afucosylated PGT121 showed significantly enhanced FcγRIIIa interaction and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against primary HIV-1-infected cells, both in vitro and ex vivo. However, the overall galactosylation profiles of plant PGT121 did not affect ADCC activities against infected primary CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that the abrogation of the Fc N-linked glycan fucosylation of PGT121 is a worthwhile strategy to boost its Fc-effector functionality. IMPORTANCE PGT121 is a highly potent bNAb and its antiviral activities for HIV-1 prevention and therapy are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The importance of its Fc-effector functions in clearing HIV-1-infected cells is also under investigation. Our results highlight enhanced Fc-effector activities of afucosylated PGT121 MAbs that could be important in a therapeutic context to accelerate infected cell clearance and slow disease progression. Future studies to evaluate the potential of plant-produced afucosylated PGT121 in controlling HIV-1 replication in vivo are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hirak Saxena
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Malcom A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Doug Cossar
- PlantForm Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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42
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Bordoloi D, Xu Z, Ho M, Purwar M, Bhojnagarwala P, Cassel J, Giron LB, Walker S, Kulkarni AJ, Ruiz ET, Choi J, Zaidi FI, Wu Y, Wang S, Patel A, Ramos S, Smith T, Kulp D, Ugen KE, Srinivasan A, Abdel-Mohsen M, Humeau L, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. Identification of Novel Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1349-1361. [PMID: 34396059 PMCID: PMC8353887 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the newly emerged human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2, it has infected more than 137 million individuals and caused more than 2.9 million deaths globally as of April 13, 2021. There is an urgent need to develop effective novel therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent this infection. Toward this goal, we focused on the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-CoV-2 Spike) present on the surface of virus particles as well as virus-infected cells. We isolated anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike mAbs from animals immunized with a DNA vaccine. We then selected a highly potent set of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and evaluated each candidate for their expression, target binding affinity, and neutralization potential using complementary ACE2-blocking and pseudovirus neutralization assays. We identified a total of 10 antibodies, which specifically and strongly bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike, blocked the receptor binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction, and neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the glycomic profile of the antibodies suggested that they have high Fc-mediated effector functions. These antibodies should be further investigated for elucidating the neutralizing epitopes on Spike for the design of next-generation vaccines and for their potential in diagnostic as well as therapeutic utilities against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devivasha Bordoloi
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Michelle Ho
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Mansi Purwar
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Pratik Bhojnagarwala
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Joel Cassel
- Molecular
Screening Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Susanne Walker
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Abhijeet J Kulkarni
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Edgar Tello Ruiz
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Jihae Choi
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Faraz I. Zaidi
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Yuanhan Wu
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Shaoying Wang
- Synbio
Technologies, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Stephanie Ramos
- Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth
Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, United States
| | - Trevor Smith
- Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth
Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, United States
| | - Daniel Kulp
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Kenneth E. Ugen
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of South
Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | | | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth
Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, United States
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
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43
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Dyukova I, Ben Faleh A, Warnke S, Yalovenko N, Yatsyna V, Bansal P, Rizzo TR. A new approach for identifying positional isomers of glycans cleaved from monoclonal antibodies. Analyst 2021; 146:4789-4795. [PMID: 34231555 PMCID: PMC8311261 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation patterns in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can vary significantly between different host cell types, and these differences may affect mAbs safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycan isomers with the terminal galactose position on either the Man α1-3 arm or the Man α1-6 arm have an impact on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs. The development of a robust method to distinguish positional isomers of glycans is thus critical to guarantee mAb quality. In this work, we apply high-resolution ion mobility combined with cryogenic infrared spectroscopy to distinguish isomeric glycans with different terminal galactose positions, using G1F as an example. Selective enzymatic synthesis of the G1(α1-6)F isomer allows us to assign the peaks in the arrival-time distributions and the infrared spectra to their respective isomeric forms. Moreover, we demonstrate the impact of the host cell line (CHO and HEK-293) on the IgG G1F gycan profile at the isomer level. This work illustrates the potential of our approach for glycan analysis of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Dyukova
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ahmed Ben Faleh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Stephan Warnke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Natalia Yalovenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Vasyl Yatsyna
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics412 96 GothenburgSweden
| | - Priyanka Bansal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
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44
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Hangartner L, Beauparlant D, Rakasz E, Nedellec R, Hozé N, McKenney K, Martins MA, Seabright GE, Allen JD, Weiler AM, Friedrich TC, Regoes RR, Crispin M, Burton DR. Effector function does not contribute to protection from virus challenge by a highly potent HIV broadly neutralizing antibody in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/585/eabe3349. [PMID: 33731434 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protection from immunodeficiency virus challenge in nonhuman primates (NHPs) by a first-generation HIV broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) b12 has previously been shown to benefit from interaction between the bnAb and Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells. To investigate the mechanism of protection for a more potent second-generation bnAb currently in clinical trials, PGT121, we carried out a series of NHP studies. These studies included treating with PGT121 at a concentration at which only half of the animals were protected to avoid potential masking of FcγR effector function benefits by dominant neutralization and using a new variant that more completely eliminated all rhesus FcγR binding than earlier variants. In contrast to b12, which required FcγR binding for optimal protection, we concluded that PGT121-mediated protection is not augmented by FcγR interaction. Thus, for HIV-passive antibody prophylaxis, these results, together with existing literature, emphasize the importance of neutralization potency for clinical antibodies, with effector function requiring evaluation for individual antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Beauparlant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathanaël Hozé
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN H76.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Theoretical Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN K12.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katherine McKenney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mauricio A Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN H76.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Theoretical Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN K12.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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45
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Takashima S, Kurogochi M, Tsukimura W, Mori M, Osumi K, Sugawara SI, Amano J, Mizuno M, Takada Y, Matsuda A. Preparation and biological activities of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies with multi-branched complex-type N-glycans. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1401-1414. [PMID: 34192331 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Previous studies have shown that N-glycosylation of this site is a critical mediator of the antibody's effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. While the N-glycan structures attached to the IgG-Fc region are generally heterogenous, IgGs engineered to be homogenously glycosylated with functional N-glycans may improve the efficacy of antibodies. The major glycoforms of the N-glycans on the IgG-Fc region are bi-antennary complex-type N-glycans, while multi-branched complex-type N-glycans are not typically found. However, IgGs with tri-antennary complex-type N-glycans have been generated using the N-glycan remodeling technique, suggesting that more branched N-glycans might be artificially attached. At present, little is known about the properties of these IgGs. In this study, IgGs with multi-branched N-glycans on the Fc region were prepared by using a combination of the glycosynthase/oxazoline substrate-based N-glycan remodeling technique and successive reactions with glycosyltransferases. Among the IgGs produced by these methods, the largest N-glycan attached was a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) containing a sialylated penta-antennary structure. Concerning the Fc-mediated effector functions, the majority of IgGs with tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans on their Fc region showed properties similar to IgGs with ordinary bi-antennary N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Masaki Kurogochi
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Wataru Tsukimura
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Kenji Osumi
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Sugawara
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Junko Amano
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takada
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan.,Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
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46
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Non-invasive plasma glycomic and metabolic biomarkers of post-treatment control of HIV. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3922. [PMID: 34188039 PMCID: PMC8241829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive biomarkers that predict HIV remission after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption are urgently needed. Such biomarkers can improve the safety of analytic treatment interruption (ATI) and provide mechanistic insights into the host pathways involved in post-ART HIV control. Here we report plasma glycomic and metabolic signatures of time-to-viral-rebound and probability-of-viral-remission using samples from two independent cohorts. These samples include a large number of post-treatment controllers, a rare population demonstrating sustained virologic suppression after ART-cessation. These signatures remain significant after adjusting for key demographic and clinical confounders. We also report mechanistic links between some of these biomarkers and HIV latency reactivation and/or myeloid inflammation in vitro. Finally, machine learning algorithms, based on selected sets of these biomarkers, predict time-to-viral-rebound with 74% capacity and probability-of-viral-remission with 97.5% capacity. In summary, we report non-invasive plasma biomarkers, with potential functional significance, that predict both the duration and probability of HIV remission after treatment interruption.
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47
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Graham RJ, Mohammad A, Liang G, Fu Q, Kuang B, Polanco A, Lee YS, Marcus RK, Yoon S. Effect of iron addition on mAb productivity and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary culture. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3181. [PMID: 34106525 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals play a critical role in the development of culture media used for the production of therapeutic proteins. Iron has been shown to enhance the productivity of monoclonal antibodies during Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. However, the redox activity and pro-oxidant behavior of iron may also contribute toward the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we aim to clarify the influence of trace iron by examining the relationship between iron supplementation to culture media, mAb productivity and glycosylation, and oxidative stress interplay within the cell. Specifically, we assessed the impacts of iron supplementation on (a) mAb production and glycosylation; (b) mitochondria-generated free hydroxyl radicals (ROS); (c) the cells ability to store energy during oxidative phosphorylation; and (d) mitochondrial iron concentration. Upon the increase of iron at inoculation, CHO cells maintained a capacity to rebound from iron-induced viability lapses during exponential growth phase and improved mAb productivity and increased mAb galactosylation. Fluorescent labeling of the mitochondrial hydroxyl radical showed enhanced environments of oxidative stress upon iron supplementation. Additional labeling of active mitochondria indicated that, despite the enhanced production of ROS in the mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential was minimally impacted. By replicating iron treatments during seed train passaging, the CHO cells were observed to adapt to the shock of iron supplementation prior to inoculation. Results from these experiments demonstrate that CHO cells have the capacity to adapt to enhanced environments of oxidative stress and improve mAb productivity and mAb galactosylation with minimal perturbations to cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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48
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Liu T, Han J, Zhang R, Tang Z, Yi G, Gong W, Wan L, Hu Q, Teng J, Liu H, Cheng X, Ye J, Su Y, Sun Y, Shi Y, Gu J, Ren S, Yang C, Shi H. Characteristics of purified Anti-β2GPI IgG N-glycosylation associate with thrombotic, obstetric, and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1243-1254. [PMID: 34015111 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-β-2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies, defined as primary pathogenic antibody in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It has been reported that IgG Fc N-glycosylation affects IgG effector, we aim to investigate the association of Fc glycosylation profiles of purified anti-β2GP1 IgG with clinical features of APS. METHODS We purify anti-β2GPI IgG and total IgG from 82 APS patients including 9 catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) patients, as well as total IgG from 103 healthy controls to quantitatively analyze all detectable Fc N-glycanforms of all IgG subclasses with Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method based on UPLC-ESI-QqQ mass spectrometry. RESULTS Both purified anti-β2GPI IgG and APS total IgG showed altered N-glycan profiles when compared with HC IgG. Anti-β2GPI IgG presented with lower galactosylation, increased bisection and core fucosylation compared with APS total IgG and HC IgG. We found higher galactosylation of aβ2GPI IgG2 in thrombotic APS compared with the obstetric APS, and lower galactosylation of aβ2GPI IgG2 associated with late pregnancy morbidity. Moreover, low galactosylation of all anti-β2GPI IgG subclasses, increased bisection and core fucosylation of anti-β2GPI IgG1/2 were strongly associated with CAPS and triple positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). CONCLUSION We comprehensively characterize the N-Glycans landscape of both anti-β2GP1 and total IgG in APS. Altered N-glycan profiles of anti-β2GPI IgG enables enabled the antibodies with proinflammatory properties. Furthermore, we associated levels of IgG Fc-glycosylation with clinical features antiphospholipid syndrome. These findings could increase our understanding of anti-β2GPI antibody mediated mechanisms in APS and be used to develop diagnostics and new target treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zihan Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Gang Yi
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wen Gong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First people's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, China
| | - Liyan Wan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junna Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yutong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Bio-X institutes, Key laboratory for the Genetic of Departmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shifang Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Kaur T, Shukla BN, Yadav VK, Kulkarni MJ, Rao A. Comparison of glycoprofiles of rituximab versions licensed for sale in India and an analytical approach for quality assessment. J Proteomics 2021; 244:104267. [PMID: 34015520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation affects clinical efficacy and safety; therefore, is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Glycans are often labile and complex in patterns, giving rise to macro- and micro-heterogeneity. Recombinant production, diverse geographical locations, associated transportation and storage conditions further compound the problem. Two-way studies comparing glycoprofile of the originator and its given biosimilar are aplenty. However, the extent of analytical variation and similarity in glycoprofile across all approved versions of a drug is hardly explored. Using UHPLC and mass spectrometry, we compared the glycoprofiles of eight rituximab drug samples licensed for sale in India. While the types of glycans were found identical, the abundance of some glycans varied significantly within the tested population. The quality range of glycosylation parameters of the tested sample population differed significantly from the previously established values for US/EU licensed rituximab. As the mean abundance of the 90% of identified glycans falls within ±3SD, the extent of mutual variations amongst tested lots is less significant compared to the extreme deviation from previously established QR limits. Thus, we propose this approach as an orthogonal method to capture glycan variations in licensed versions of mAbs for quality surveillance and in cases where originator samples' are limiting. SIGNIFICANCE: As fluctuation in glycosylation may be of clinical significance, we identify that a one-to-one comparison with originator alone is insufficient in sensing the extent of variations in glycosylation parameters in licensed biosimilars of a given therapeutic mAb. Here we propose that future biosimilarity analysis may include an orthogonal approach of generating an additional combined QR range representing variations across the originator and its biosimilars. The glycosylation profiles of eight rituximab drug samples of different make obtained from the point of sale in India were found identical amongst the tested rituximab versions. However, the QR limits corresponding to important glycosylation parameters differed significantly across all tested samples from the previously established QR limits of US- and EU-licensed rituximab in statistical terms. Such an approach may be useful in defining the true range of glycan variations in licensed versions of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
| | | | - Vinay Kumar Yadav
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
| | | | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160 036, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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50
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Rossignol ED, Dugast AS, Compere H, Cottrell CA, Copps J, Lin S, Cizmeci D, Seaman MS, Ackerman ME, Ward AB, Alter G, Julg B. Mining HIV controllers for broad and functional antibodies to recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109167. [PMID: 34038720 PMCID: PMC8196545 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV monoclonal antibodies for viral reservoir eradication strategies will likely need to recognize reactivated infected cells and potently drive Fc-mediated innate effector cell activity. We systematically characterize a library of 185 HIV-envelope-specific antibodies derived from 15 spontaneous HIV controllers (HCs) that selectively exhibit robust serum Fc functionality and compared them to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in clinical development. Within the 10 antibodies with the broadest cell-recognition capability, seven originated from HCs and three were bNAbs. V3-loop-targeting antibodies are enriched among the top cell binders, suggesting the V3-loop may be selectively exposed and accessible on the cell surface. Fc functionality is more variable across antibodies, which is likely influenced by distinct binding topology and corresponding Fc accessibility, highlighting not only the importance of target-cell recognition but also the need to optimize for Fc-mediated elimination. Ultimately, our results demonstrate that this comprehensive selection process can identify monoclonal antibodies poised to eliminate infected cells. Rossignol et al. characterize 185 HIV-envelope-specific antibodies derived from spontaneous HIV controllers, downselecting antibodies based on their ability to broadly recognize infected cells and potently drive Fc-mediated innate effector cell activity. This comprehensive selection process can identify monoclonal antibodies poised to eliminate infected cells for viral reservoir eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Rossignol
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hacheming Compere
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shu Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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