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Dash S, Rathi E, Kumar A, Chawla K, Joseph A, Kini SG. Structure-activity relationship mediated molecular insights of DprE1 inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:6472-6522. [PMID: 37395797 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2230312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging threats of multi-drug resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant (TDR) tuberculosis led to the discovery of a novel target which was entitled Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) enzyme. DprE1 is composed of two isoforms, decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose oxidase (DprE1) and decaprenylphosphoryl-D-2-keto erythro pentose reductase (DprE2). The enzymes, DprE1 and DprE2, regulate the two-step epimerization process to form DPA (Decaprenylphosphoryl arabinose) from DPX (Decaprenylphosphoryl-D-ribose), which is the sole precursor in the cell wall synthesis of arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Target-based and whole-cell-based screening played an imperative role in the identification of the druggable target, DprE1, whereas the druggability of the DprE2 enzyme is not proved yet. To date, diverse scaffolds of heterocyclic and aromatic ring systems have been reported as DprE1 inhibitors based on their interaction mode, i.e. covalent, and non-covalent inhibitors. This review describes the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of reported covalent and non-covalent inhibitors to enlighten about the crucial pharmacophoric features required for DprE1 inhibition, along with in-silico studies which characterize the amino acid residues responsible for covalent and non-covalent interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ekta Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Suvarna G Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Mc Gill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chen K, Xu R, Hu X, Li D, Hou T, Kang Y. Recent advances in the development of DprE1 inhibitors using AI/CADD approaches. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103987. [PMID: 38670256 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global lethal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The flavoenzyme decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-oxidase (DprE1) plays a crucial part in the biosynthesis of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan for the cell wall of Mtb and represents a promising target for anti-TB drug development. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover DprE1 inhibitors with novel scaffolds, improved bioactivity and high drug-likeness. Recent studies have shown that artificial intelligence/computer-aided drug design (AI/CADD) techniques are powerful tools in the discovery of novel DprE1 inhibitors. This review provides an overview of the discovery of DprE1 inhibitors and their underlying mechanism of action and highlights recent advances in the discovery and optimization of DprE1 inhibitors using AI/CADD approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ruolan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yu Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Samukawa N, Yamaguchi T, Ozeki Y, Matsumoto S, Igarashi M, Kinoshita N, Hatano M, Tokudome K, Matsunaga S, Tomita S. An efficient CRISPR interference-based prediction method for synergistic/additive effects of novel combinations of anti-tuberculosis drugs. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36748577 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is treated by chemotherapy with multiple anti-TB drugs for a long period, spanning 6 months even in a standard course. In perspective, to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, novel drugs that act synergistically or additively in combination with major anti-TB drugs and, if possible, shorten the duration of TB therapy are needed. However, their combinatorial effect cannot be predicted until the lead identification phase of the drug development. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) is a powerful genetic tool that enables high-throughput screening of novel drug targets. The development of anti-TB drugs promises to be accelerated by CRISPRi. This study determined whether CRISPRi could be applicable for predictive screening of the combinatorial effect between major anti-TB drugs and an inhibitor of a novel target. In the checkerboard assay, isoniazid killed Mycobacterium smegmatis synergistically or additively in combinations with rifampicin or ethambutol, respectively. The susceptibility to rifampicin and ethambutol was increased by knockdown of inhA, which encodes a target molecule of isoniazid. Additionally, knockdown of rpoB, which encodes a target molecule of rifampicin, increased the susceptibility to isoniazid and ethambutol, which act synergistically with rifampicin in the checkerboard assay. Moreover, CRISPRi could successfully predict the synergistic action of cyclomarin A, a novel TB drug candidate, with isoniazid or rifampicin. These results demonstrate that CRISPRi is a useful tool not only for drug target exploration but also for screening the combinatorial effects of novel combinations of anti-TB drugs. This study provides a rationale for anti-TB drug development using CRISPRi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Samukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Present address: Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Masayuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Hatano
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tokudome
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Imran M, Khan SA, Asdaq SMB, Almehmadi M, Abdulaziz O, Kamal M, Alshammari MK, Alsubaihi LI, Hussain KH, Alharbi AS, Alzahrani AK. An insight into the discovery, clinical studies, compositions, and patents of macozinone: A drug targeting the DprE1 enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1097-1107. [PMID: 36122509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) inhibitors are an innovative and futuristic orally active group of antituberculosis agents. A few DprE1 inhibitors are in the clinical trial for tuberculosis (TB), including macozinone. This review highlights the discovery, developmental status, clinical studies, patents, and prospects of macozinone (MCZ). The patent and non-patent literature search was done by entering keywords such as macozinone; MCZ; PBTZ169; PBTZ-169 in Pubmed, Espacenet, Patentscope, and the USPTO databases. However, data on Sci-Finder was searched using CAS registry number: 1377239-83-2. MCZ clinical trial studies were retrieved from the clinicaltrials.gov database using the exact keywords. The chemical structure of MCZ was disclosed in 2009. Accordingly, patents/patent applications published from 2009 to June 12, 2022, have been discussed herein. MCZ and MCZ hydrochloride salt patents were granted in 2014 and 2019, respectively, in the USA. The patent literature and the clinical trial studies suggest capsule, tablet, and suspension formulations of crystalline MCZ and its hydrochloride salt as the possible and prospective dosage forms to treat TB. Some combinations of MCZ with other drugs (chloroquine, telacebec, tafenoquine, TBI-166, and sanfetrinem) with improved anti-TB efficacy have been documented. Based on the literature covered in this review article on the clinical studies and patents applied/granted to MCZ, it can be inferred that MCZ seems to be a promising DprE1 inhibitor and could help to tackle the emerging dilemma of drug-resistant either as a monotherapy or in combination with additional anti-TB agents. Furthermore, the authors anticipate the development of new combinations, salts, and polymorphs of MCZ as anti-TB agents shortly. This review article might prove beneficial to the scientific community as it summarizes chemistry, pharmacology and provides an update on the clinical studies and patents/patent applications of one of the emerging anti-TB drugs in one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman.
| | | | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osama Abdulaziz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Lojain Ibrahim Alsubaihi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Prince Sultan Armed Forces Hospital, Medina 42313, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khansa Hamza Hussain
- Department of Cardiac Science, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abrar Saleh Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Primary Healthcare Center, West Zone, Mecca 24341, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia.
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Togre NS, Vargas AM, Bhargavi G, Mallakuntla MK, Tiwari S. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery against Mycobacteria: The Success and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10669. [PMID: 36142582 PMCID: PMC9500838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), poses an increasing global threat that urgently demands the development of new potent anti-mycobacterial drugs. One of the approaches toward the identification of new drugs is fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), which is the most ingenious among other drug discovery models, such as structure-based drug design (SBDD) and high-throughput screening. Specialized techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and many others, are part of the drug discovery approach to combat the Mtb and NTM global menaces. Moreover, the primary drawbacks of traditional methods, such as the limited measurement of biomolecular toxicity and uncertain bioavailability evaluation, are successfully overcome by the FBDD approach. The current review focuses on the recognition of fragment-based drug discovery as a popular approach using virtual, computational, and biophysical methods to identify potent fragment molecules. FBDD focuses on designing optimal inhibitors against potential therapeutic targets of NTM and Mtb (PurC, ArgB, MmpL3, and TrmD). Additionally, we have elaborated on the challenges associated with the FBDD approach in the identification and development of novel compounds. Insights into the applications and overcoming the challenges of FBDD approaches will aid in the identification of potential therapeutic compounds to treat drug-sensitive and drug-resistant NTMs and Mtb infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Centre, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Nagendran S, Balasubramaniyan S, Irfan N. Virtually screened novel sulfathiazole derivatives as a potential drug candidate for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2079002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathy Nagendran
- Department of Botany, SVKM’s Mithibai College of Arts Chauhan Institute of Science and Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai, India
| | - Sakthivel Balasubramaniyan
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Navabshan Irfan
- Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Drug Discovery for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Structure-Based Computer-Aided Drug Design Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413259. [PMID: 34948055 PMCID: PMC8703488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new, more effective antibiotics against resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis that inhibit its essential proteins is an appealing strategy for combating the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. Finding a compound that can target a particular cavity in a protein and interrupt its enzymatic activity is the crucial objective of drug design and discovery. Such a compound is then subjected to different tests, including clinical trials, to study its effectiveness against the pathogen in the host. In recent times, new techniques, which involve computational and analytical methods, enhanced the chances of drug development, as opposed to traditional drug design methods, which are laborious and time-consuming. The computational techniques in drug design have been improved with a new generation of software used to develop and optimize active compounds that can be used in future chemotherapeutic development to combat global tuberculosis resistance. This review provides an overview of the evolution of tuberculosis resistance, existing drug management, and the design of new anti-tuberculosis drugs developed based on the contributions of computational techniques. Also, we show an appraisal of available software and databases on computational drug design with an insight into the application of this software and databases in the development of anti-tubercular drugs. The review features a perspective involving machine learning, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and CRISPR combination with available computational techniques as a prospective pathway to design new anti-tubercular drugs to combat resistant tuberculosis.
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Imran M, A S A, Thabet HK, Abida, Afroz Bakht M. Synthetic molecules as DprE1 inhibitors: A patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:759-772. [PMID: 33709862 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1902990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the advent of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), the extensively-resistant TB (XDR-TB), and the total drug-resistant-TB (TDR-TB) have led the community to develop new antitubercular molecules. The decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose-2'-epimerase-1 (DprE1) is an established target to developed new anti-TB drugs. This enzyme is required to synthesize the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). AREA COVERED This patent review focuses on the granted patents and patent applications related to the chemical entities developed as DprE1 inhibitors for TB treatment from the publication year of the BTZ-043 compound patent application (2007) till 30 September 2020. EXPERT OPINION The DprE1 has many advantages in the development of new antitubercular molecules, for example, its location in the periplasm of the Mtb cell wall and its absence in the human body. This indicates that the DprE1 inhibitors are selective for Mtb, and their toxic and side effects on the human body may be negligible or small. Accordingly, the use of DprE1 inhibitors may be benefic for patients with drug-resistant bacteria that require long-term medication. Four molecules are in clinical trials, which could become the drugs of the future for TB-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshrari A S
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy Kh Thabet
- cDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Afroz Bakht
- dDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Chauhan A, Kumar M, Kumar A, Kanchan K. Comprehensive review on mechanism of action, resistance and evolution of antimycobacterial drugs. Life Sci 2021; 274:119301. [PMID: 33675895 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest infectious diseases existing in the world since ancient times and still possesses serious threat across the globe. Each year the number of cases increases due to high drug resistance shown by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Available antimycobacterial drugs have been classified as First line, Second line and Third line antibiotics depending on the time of their discoveries and their effectiveness in the treatment. These antibiotics have a broad range of targets ranging from cell wall to metabolic processes and their non-judicious and uncontrolled usage in the treatment for years has created a significant problem called multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. In this review, we have summarized the mechanism of action of all the classified antibiotics currently in use along with the resistance mechanisms acquired by Mtb. We have focused on the new drug candidates/repurposed drugs, and drug in combinations, which are in clinical trials for either treating the MDR tuberculosis more effectively or involved in reducing the time required for the chemotherapy of drug sensitive TB. This information is not discussed very adequately on a single platform. Additionally, we have discussed the recent technologies that are being used to discover novel resistance mechanisms acquired by Mtb and for exploring novel drugs. The story of intrinsic resistance mechanisms and evolution in Mtb is far from complete. Therefore, we have also discussed intrinsic resistance mechanisms of Mtb and their evolution with time, emphasizing the hope for the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs for effective therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Bio Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Kajal Kanchan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
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Pant R, Joshi A, Joshi T, Maiti P, Nand M, Joshi T, Pande V, Chandra S. Identification of potent Antigen 85C inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via in-house lichen library and binding free energy studies Part-II. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 103:107822. [PMID: 33333421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the cause of mortality throughout the world. Currently, the available anti-tubercular drugs are not effective because of the existence of Multi-Drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and Extensively-Drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). It has, therefore, become necessary to develop novel drugs that inhibit the activity of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to the existence of MDR and XDR-TB, Mtb Ag85C has risen out as a propitious molecular drug target as it has importance in the synthesis of main components of the Mtb cell envelope which are essential for the virulence and survival of Mtb. In a previous paper, we studied a potential drug target by virtual high throughput screening of compounds and in continuation of the study on Mtb Ag85C, we further studied the role of lichen compounds in the inhibition of Ag85C. In the current research work, virtual screening of a lichen compounds library was performed against Ag85C. Further, ADMET analysis was employed to filter out the screened lichen compounds. Bioactivity score and toxicity prediction finalized four lichen compounds i.e. Portentol, Aspicilin, Parietinic acid and Polyporic acid as potential inhibitors of Ag85C. The stability and dynamic behavior of four compounds were analyzed by using Molecular dynamics simulation which indicated that they may be potential inhibitors of Ag85C. Therefore, based on the above results, Portentol, Aspicilin, Parietinic acid and Polyporic acid may be potential drug candidates against Mtb. We suggest that the use of these compounds can minimize the treatment time-period and the various side effects associated with the currently available anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. B. Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tanuja Joshi
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka Maiti
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mahesha Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tushar Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
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11
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Kumar G, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Chemical Tools for Illumination of Tuberculosis Biology, Virulence Mechanisms, and Diagnosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15308-15332. [PMID: 33307693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases and begs the scientific community to up the ante for research and exploration of completely novel therapeutic avenues. Chemical biology-inspired design of tunable chemical tools has aided in clinical diagnosis, facilitated discovery of therapeutics, and begun to enable investigation of virulence mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This Perspective highlights chemical tools specific to mycobacterial proteins and the cell lipid envelope that have furnished rapid and selective diagnostic strategies and provided unprecedented insights into the function of the mycobacterial proteome and lipidome. We discuss chemical tools that have enabled elucidating otherwise intractable biological processes by leveraging the unique lipid and metabolite repertoire of mycobacterial species. Some of these probes represent exciting starting points with the potential to illuminate poorly understood aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis, particularly the host membrane-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda 403 401, Goa, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Jelińska A, Zając M, Dadej A, Tomczak S, Geszke-Moritz M, Muszalska-Kolos I. Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:630-656. [PMID: 30457045 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181120100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in the history of human civilization since time immemorial and has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease. It is still considered one of the ten most common epidemiologic causes of death in the world. As a transmissible disease, it is initiated by rod-shaped (bacillus) mycobacteria. The management of tuberculosis became possible owing to several discoveries beginning in 1882 with the isolation of the TB bacillus by Robert Koch. The diagnosis of TB was enabled by finding a staining method for TB bacteria identification (1883). It was soon realized that a large-scale policy for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis was necessary, which resulted in the foundation of International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1902). An antituberculosis vaccine was developed in 1921 and has been in therapeutic use since then. TB treatment regimens have changed over the decades and the latest recommendations are known as Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS, WHO 1993). METHODS A search of bibliographic databases was performed for peer-reviewed research literature. A focused review question and inclusion criteria were applied. Standard tools were used to assess the quality of retrieved papers. RESULTS A total of 112 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The paper overviews anti-TB drugs according to their mechanism of action. The chemical structure, metabolism and unwanted effects of such drugs have been discussed. The most recent treatment regimens and new drugs, including those in clinical trials, are also presented. CONCLUSION Despite a 22% decrease in the tuberculosis fatality rate observed between 2000 and 2015, the disease remains one of the ten prime causes of death worldwide. Increasing bacterial resistance and expensive, prolonged therapies are the main reasons for efforts to find effective drugs or antituberculosis regimens, especially to cure multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jelińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Zając
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Dadej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Tomczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Geszke-Moritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Wang X, Gu X, Zhang C, Zhao F, Deng K. Structural and biochemical analyses of the LdtMt2-panipenem adduct provide new insights into the effect of the 1-β-methyl group on carbapenems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Garg A, Kumari B, Singhal N, Kumar M. Using molecular-mimicry-inducing pathways of pathogens as novel drug targets. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1943-1952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Zhao F, Hou YJ, Zhang Y, Wang DC, Li DF. The 1-β-methyl group confers a lower affinity of l,d-transpeptidase Ldt Mt2 for ertapenem than for imipenem. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:254-260. [PMID: 30686533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
L,D-transpeptidases, widely distributed in bacteria and even in the difficult-to-treat ESKAPE pathogens, can confer antibacterial resistance against the traditional β-lactam antibiotics through bypass of the 4 → 3 transpeptide linkage. LdtMt2, a l,d-transpeptidase in Mycobacteria tuberculosis, is essential for bacterial virulence and is considered as a potential anti-tuberculosis target inhibited by carbapenems. Diverse interaction modes between carbapenems and LdtMt2 have been reported, there are only limited evidences to validate those interaction modes. Herein, we identified the stable binding states of two carbapenems, imipenem and ertapenem, via crystallographic and biochemical studies, discovered that they adopt similar binding conformations. We further demonstrate the absence of the 1-β-methyl group in imipenem and the presence of both Y308 and Y318 residues in LdtMt2 synergistically resulted in one order of magnitude higher affinity for imipenem than ertapenem. Our study provides a structural basis for the rational drug design and evolvement of novel carbapenems against bacterial L,D-transpeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan-Jie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Da-Cheng Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - De-Feng Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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16
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Chikhale RV, Barmade MA, Murumkar PR, Yadav MR. Overview of the Development of DprE1 Inhibitors for Combating the Menace of Tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8563-8593. [PMID: 29851474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1), a vital enzyme for cell wall synthesis, plays a crucial role in the formation of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan. It was first reported as a druggable target on the basis of inhibitors discovered in high throughput screening of a drug library. Since then, inhibitors with different types of chemical scaffolds have been reported for their activity against this enzyme. Formation of a covalent or noncovalent bond by the interacting ligand with the enzyme causes loss of its catalytic activity which ultimately leads to the death of the mycobacterium. This Perspective describes various DprE1 inhibitors as anti-TB agents reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh V Chikhale
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India.,School of Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Mahesh A Barmade
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India
| | - Prashant R Murumkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India
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17
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Design, synthesis and in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity of benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2- b ]pyridine-1,2,3-triazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5119-5121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Rather MA, Rasool F, Bhat ZS, Dar HU, Maqbool M, Amin S, Yousuf SK, Ahmad Z. Design and synthesis of indolopyridone hybrids as new antituberculosis agents. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:330-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Mishra SK, Tripathi G, Kishore N, Singh RK, Singh A, Tiwari VK. Drug development against tuberculosis: Impact of alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Fakhar Z, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Lamichhane G, Walker RC, Kruger HG, Honarparvar B. Differential flap dynamics in l,d-transpeptidase2 from mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed by molecular dynamics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1223-1234. [PMID: 28480928 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in tuberculosis treatment, TB is still one the most deadly infectious diseases and remains a major global health quandary. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the only known mycobacterium with a high content of 3→3 crosslinks in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which is negligible in most bacterial species. An Mtb lacking LdtMt2 leads to alteration of the colony morphology and loss of virulence which makes this enzyme an attractive target. Regardless of the vital role of LdtMt2 for cell wall survival, the impact of ligand binding on the dynamics of the β-hairpin flap is still unknown. Understanding the structural and dynamical behaviour of the flap regions provides clear insight into the design of the effective inhibitors against LdtMt2. Carbapenems, an specific class of β-lactam family, have been shown to inactivate this enzyme. Herein a comprehensive investigation of the flap dynamics of LdtMt2 complex with substrate and three carbapenems namely, ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem is discussed and analyzed for the first account using 140 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The structural features (RMSD, RMSF and Rg) derived by MD trajectories were analyzed. Distance analysis, particularly tip-tip SER135-ASN167 index, identified conformational changes in terms of flap opening and closure within binding process. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to qualitatively understand the divergent effects of different inhibitors on the dominant motion of each residue. To probe different internal dynamics induced by ligand binding, dynamic cross-correlation marix (DCCM) analysis was used. The binding free energies of the selected complexes were assessed using MM-GBSA method and per residue free energy decomposition analysis were performed to characterize the contribution of the key residues to the total binding free energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Fakhar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa. and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ross C Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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21
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Discovery of a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate synthase X inhibitor with a unique inhibition profile. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:69-78. [PMID: 28359706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an infection that is responsible for roughly 1.5 million deaths per year. The situation is further complicated by the wide-spread resistance to the existing first- and second-line drugs. As a result of this, it is urgent to develop new drugs to combat the resistant bacteria as well as have lower side effects, which can promote adherence to the treatment regimens. Targeting the de novo synthesis of thymidylate (dTMP) is an important pathway to develop drugs for TB. Although Mtb carries genes for two families of thymidylate synthases (TS), ThyA and ThyX, only ThyX is essential for its normal growth. Both enzymes catalyze the conversion of uridylate (dUMP) to dTMP but employ a different catalytic approach and have different structures. Also, ThyA is the only TS found in humans. This is the rationale for identifying selective inhibitors against ThyX. We exploited the NADPH oxidation to NADP+ step, catalyzed by ThyX, to develop a spectrophotometric biochemical assay. Success of the assay was demonstrated by its effectiveness (average Z'=0.77) and identification of selective ThyX inhibitors. The most potent compound is a tight-binding inhibitor with an IC50 of 710nM. Its mechanism of inhibition is analyzed in relation to the latest findings of ThyX mechanism and substrate and cofactor binding order.
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22
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Gao C, Ye TH, Peng CT, Shi YJ, You XY, Xiong L, Ran K, Zhang LD, Zeng XX, Wang NY, Yu LT, Wei YQ. A novel benzothiazinethione analogue SKLB-TB1001 displays potent antimycobacterial activities in a series of murine models. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:603-609. [PMID: 28142116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New chemotherapeutic compounds and regimens are needed to combat multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we used a series of murine models to assess an antitubercular lead compound SKLB-TB1001. In the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and the acute M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection mouse models, SKLB-TB1001 significantly attenuated the mycobacterial load in lungs and spleens. The colony forming unit counts and histological examination of lungs from H37Rv infected mice revealed that the benzothiazinethione analogue SKLB-TB1001 as a higher dose level was as effective as isoniazid. Moreover, in a multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB mouse model, SKLB-TB1001 showed significant activity in a dose-dependent manner and was more effective than streptomycin. These results suggested that SKLB-TB1001 could be an antitubercular drug candidate worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Ting-Hong Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Cui-Ting Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Yao-Jie Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Lu Xiong
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Kai Ran
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Ning-Yu Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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23
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Fakhar Z, Govender T, Lamichhane G, Maguire GE, Kruger HG, Honarparvar B. Computational model for the acylation step of the β-lactam ring: Potential application for l,d-transpeptidase 2 in mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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24
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Recent advancements in the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:370-386. [PMID: 28017531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern chemotherapy has significantly improved patient outcomes against drug-sensitive tuberculosis. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, together with the bacterium's ability to persist and remain latent present a major public health challenge. To overcome this problem, research into novel anti-tuberculosis targets and drug candidates is thus of paramount importance. This review article provides an overview of tuberculosis highlighting the recent advances and tools that are employed in the field of anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. The predominant focus is on anti-tuberculosis agents that are currently in the pipeline, i.e. clinical trials.
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25
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Chaudhari K, Surana S, Jain P, Patel HM. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) GyrB inhibitors: An attractive approach for developing novel drugs against TB. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:160-185. [PMID: 27569197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
New classes of drugs are needed to treat tuberculosis (TB) in order to combat the emergence of resistance (MDR and XDR) to existing agents and shorten the duration of therapy. Mycobacterial DNA gyrase B subunit has been identified to be one of the potentially under exploited drug targets in the field of antitubercular drug discovery. In the present review, we discussed the synthesis, structural optimization and docking study of effective potent DNA gyrase inhibitor against M. tuberculosis, with improved properties such as enhanced activity against MDR strains, reduced toxicity. Based on this progress, if we can successfully leverage the opportunities in this target, there is hope that we will be able to raise novel gyrase inhibitor in earnest in the long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Surana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pritam Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, 425405, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Harun M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, 425405, Maharashtra, India.
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26
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Kar SS, Bhat G V, Rao PPN, Shenoy VP, Bairy I, Shenoy GG. Rational design and synthesis of novel diphenyl ether derivatives as antitubercular agents. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2299-310. [PMID: 27486307 PMCID: PMC4958353 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of triclosan mimic diphenyl ether derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The binding mode of the compounds at the active site of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of M. tuberculosis has been explored. Among them, compound 10b was found to possess antitubercular activity (minimum inhibitory concentration =12.5 µg/mL) comparable to triclosan. All the synthesized compounds exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity against Vero and HepG2 cell lines, and three compounds 10a, 10b, and 10c had a selectivity index more than 10. Compound 10b was also evaluated for log P, pKa, human liver microsomal stability, and % protein binding, in order to probe its druglikeness. Based on the antitubercular activity and druglikeness profile, it may be concluded that compound 10b could be a lead for future development of antitubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha S Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Varadaraj Bhat G
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Praveen PN Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Vishnu P Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
| | - Indira Bairy
- Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - G Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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27
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Sonopo MS, Venter K, Winks S, Marjanovic-Painter B, Morgans GL, Zeevaart JR. Carbon-14 radiolabelling and tissue distribution evaluation of a potential anti-TB compound. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:264-9. [PMID: 27109016 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a five-step synthesis of a carbon-14-labelled pyrazole compound (11). A total of 2.96 MBq of 11 was obtained with the specific activity of 2242.4 MBq/mmol. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the overall radiochemical yield was 60% based on the [(14) C6 ] 4-bromoaniline starting material. Biodistribution results showed that the radiotracer (administrated orally) has a high accumulation in the small intestine, large intestine and liver of both non-infected and tuberculosis (TB)-infected mice. Therefore, this suggests that compound 11 undergoes hepatobiliary clearance. The compound under investigation has been found to be slowly released from the liver between 2 and 8 h. The study revealed that 11 has no affinity for TB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kobus Venter
- Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Susan Winks
- iThemba Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jan R Zeevaart
- DST/NWU, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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28
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Recently disclosed chemical entities as potential candidates for management of tuberculosis. Pharm Pat Anal 2016; 4:317-47. [PMID: 26174569 DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. The drug discovery process of novel, safe and effective agents to combat TB involves identification of new molecular targets and novel chemical scaffolds. The current anti-TB drug pipeline includes several small molecules with more to follow as new candidates are disclosed. This review highlights the most significant findings described in 78 international, European and US patents for chemically diverse compounds as prospective anti-TB medications. Main points of emphasis include chemical classification, in vitro and in vivo activity, ADME/Tox profile and mycobacterial target as described in each patent. The collective mass of compounds disclosed in the reviewed patents introduces new candidates as potential therapeutic agents for TB infections.
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29
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Dynamic ligand-based pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening to identify mycobacterial cyclopropane synthase inhibitors. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Genetic strategies have yet to come into their own as tools for antibiotic development. While holding a lot of initial promise, they have only recently started to bear fruit in the quest for new drug targets. An ever-increasing body of knowledge is showing that genetics can lead to significant improvements in the success and efficiency of drug discovery. Techniques such as high-frequency transposon mutagenesis and expression modulation have matured and have been applied successfully not only to the identification and characterization of new targets, but also to their validation as tractable weaknesses of bacteria. Past experience shows that choosing targets must not rely on gene essentiality alone, but rather needs to incorporate knowledge of the system as a whole. The ability to manipulate genes and their expression is key to ensuring that we understand the entire set of processes that are affected by drug treatment. Focusing on exacerbating these perturbations, together with the identification of new targets to which resistance has not yet occurred--both enabled by genetic approaches--may point us toward the successful development of new combination therapies engineered based on underlying biology.
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31
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De Leon Rodriguez LM, Kaur H, Brimble MA. Synthesis and bioactivity of antitubercular peptides and peptidomimetics: an update. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1177-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02298c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review provides an update on the synthesis and bioactivity of peptides and peptidomimetics that exhibit very potent antitubercular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harveen Kaur
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
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32
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Kumar A, Arya R, Makwana PK, Dangi RS, Yadav U, Surolia A, Kundu S, Sundd M. The Structure of the Holo-Acyl Carrier Protein of Leishmania major Displays a Remarkably Different Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Binding Interface. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5632-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Richa Arya
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez
Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Pinakin K. Makwana
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Rohit Singh Dangi
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Usha Yadav
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez
Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Choudhury C, Priyakumar UD, Sastry GN. Dynamics based pharmacophore models for screening potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cyclopropane synthase. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:848-60. [PMID: 25751016 DOI: 10.1021/ci500737b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic challenges in the treatment of tuberculosis demand multidisciplinary approaches for the identification of potential drug targets as well as fast and accurate techniques to screen huge chemical libraries. Mycobacterial cyclopropane synthase (CmaA1) has been shown to be essential for the survival of the bacteria due to its critical role in the synthesis of mycolic acids. The present study proposes pharmacophore models based on the structure of CmaA1 taking into account its various states in the cyclopropanation process, and their dynamic nature as assessed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The qualities of these pharmacophore models were validated by mapping 23 molecules that have been previously reported to exhibit inhibitory activities on CmaA1. Additionally, 1398 compounds that have been shown to be inactive for tuberculosis were collected from the ChEMBL database and were screened against the models for validation. The models were further validated by comparing the results from pharmacophore mapping with the results obtained from docking these molecules with the respective protein structures. The best models are suggested by validating all the models based on their screening abilities and by comparing with docking results. The models generated from the MD trajectories were found to perform better than the one generated based on the crystal structure demonstrating the importance of incorporating receptor flexibility in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Choudhury
- †Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information and Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
- ‡Centre for Molecular Modeling, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - U Deva Priyakumar
- †Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information and Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - G Narahari Sastry
- ‡Centre for Molecular Modeling, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Silva JRA, Roitberg AE, Alves CN. Catalytic mechanism of L,D-transpeptidase 2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis described by a computational approach: insights for the design of new antibiotics drugs. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2402-10. [PMID: 25149147 DOI: 10.1021/ci5003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is perhaps the most persistent human disease caused by an infections bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The L,D-transpeptidase enzyme catalyzes the formation of 3 → 3 peptidoglycan cross-links of the Mtb cell wall and facilitates resistance against classical β-lactams. Herein, the experimentally proposed mechanism for LdtMt2 was studied by performing QM/MM MD simulations. The whole mechanistic process includes two stages: acylation and deacylation. During the acylation step, two steps were observed: the first step is a thiolate/imidazole ion-pair in the zwitterionic form, and the second step is the nucleophilic attack on the carboxyl carbon of the natural substrate accompanied by the breaking of the peptide bond on substrate. In the deacylation step the acyl-enzyme suffers a nucleophilic attack on the carboxyl carbon by the amine group of the second substrate. Our free energy results obtained by PMF analysis reveal that the first step (acylation) is the rate-limiting step in the whole catalytic mechanism in accordance with the experimental proposal. Also, the residues responsible for binding of the substrate and transition state stabilization were identified by energy decomposition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rogério A Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
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35
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Choudhury C, Deva Priyakumar U, Sastry GN. Molecular dynamics investigation of the active site dynamics of mycobacterial cyclopropane synthase during various stages of the cyclopropanation process. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Parandhaman DK, Sharma P, Bisht D, Narayanan S. Proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of the serine/threonine protein kinase E mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Life Sci 2014; 109:116-26. [PMID: 24972353 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) have prominent roles in the survival mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Previous studies from our laboratory underscored the role of PknE, an STPK in virulence, adaptation and the suppression of host cell apoptosis. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to study the proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of wild type M. tuberculosis and its isogenic pknE deletion mutant (ΔpknE) during growth in Middlebrook 7H9 and nitric oxide stress. MAIN METHODS Wild-type M. tuberculosis and its isogenic pknE deletion mutant strain were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 as well as subjected to nitric oxide stress using sodium nitroprusside. Whole cell lysates were prepared and analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis. Phosphoproteomes were analyzed using phospho serine and phospho threonine antibodies after subjecting the 2D-gels to western blotting. Proteins of interest were identified using mass spectrometry. KEY FINDINGS Our analysis provides insights into the targets that impose pro-apoptotic as well as altered cellular phenotypes on ΔpknE, revealing novel substrates and functions for PknE. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, our proteome and phosphoproteome data decipher the function of PknE in cell division, virulence, dormancy, suppression of sigma factor B and its regulated genes, suppression of two-component systems and in the metabolic activity of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Parandhaman
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai,India; Department of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067,India
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra,India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra,India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai,India.
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Mahapatra A, Maheswari V, Kalia NP, Rajput VS, Khan IA. Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity of Berberine Derivatives. Chem Nat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-014-0942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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The use of functional genomics in conjunction with metabolomics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis research. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:124218. [PMID: 24771957 PMCID: PMC3977087 DOI: 10.1155/2014/124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a fatal infectious disease, resulting in 1.4 million deaths globally per annum. Over the past three decades, genomic studies have been conducted in an attempt to elucidate the functionality of the genome of the pathogen. However, many aspects of this complex genome remain largely unexplored, as approaches like genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics have failed to characterize them successfully. In turn, metabolomics, which is relatively new to the “omics” revolution, has shown great potential for investigating biological systems or their modifications. Furthermore, when these data are interpreted in combination with previously acquired genomics, proteomics and transcriptomics data, using what is termed a systems biology approach, a more holistic understanding of these systems can be achieved. In this review we discuss how metabolomics has contributed so far to characterizing TB, with emphasis on the resulting improved elucidation of M. tuberculosis in terms of (1) metabolism, (2) growth and replication, (3) pathogenicity, and (4) drug resistance, from the perspective of systems biology.
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Shirude PS, Madhavapeddi P, Naik M, Murugan K, Shinde V, Nandishaiah R, Bhat J, Kumar A, Hameed S, Holdgate G, Davies G, McMiken H, Hegde N, Ambady A, Venkatraman J, Panda M, Bandodkar B, Sambandamurthy VK, Read JA. Methyl-thiazoles: a novel mode of inhibition with the potential to develop novel inhibitors targeting InhA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8533-42. [PMID: 24107081 DOI: 10.1021/jm4012033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
InhA is a well validated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) target as evidenced by the clinical success of isoniazid. Translating enzyme inhibition to bacterial cidality by targeting the fatty acid substrate site of InhA remains a daunting challenge. The recent disclosure of a methyl-thiazole series demonstrates that bacterial cidality can be achieved with potent enzyme inhibition and appropriate physicochemical properties. In this study, we report the molecular mode of action of a lead methyl-thiazole, along with analogues with improved CYP inhibition profile. We have identified a novel mechanism of InhA inhibition characterized by a hitherto unreported "Y158-out" inhibitor-bound conformation of the protein that accommodates a neutrally charged "warhead". An additional novel hydrophilic interaction with protein residue M98 allows the incorporation of favorable physicochemical properties for cellular activity. Notably, the methyl-thiazole prefers the NADH-bound form of the enzyme with a Kd of ~13.7 nM, as against the NAD(+)-bound form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin S Shirude
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Biosciences, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore-560024, India
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40
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Maharaj Y, Soliman MES. Identification of Novel Gyrase B Inhibitors as Potential Anti-TB drugs: Homology Modelling, Hybrid Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:205-15. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yushir Maharaj
- School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban; 4001; South Africa
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41
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Ahmad I, Thakur JP, Chanda D, Saikia D, Khan F, Dixit S, Kumar A, Konwar R, Negi AS, Gupta A. Syntheses of lipophilic chalcones and their conformationally restricted analogues as antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1322-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Perera AS, Wang H, Basel MT, Pokhrel MR, Gamage PS, Kalita M, Wendel S, Sears B, Welideniya D, Liu Y, Turro C, Troyer DL, Bossmann SH. Channel blocking of MspA revisited. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:308-315. [PMID: 23214433 DOI: 10.1021/la3037296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Porin A from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MspA) is a highly stable, octameric channel protein, which acts as the main transporter of electrolytes across the cell membrane. MspA features a narrow, negatively charged constriction zone, allowing stable binding of various analytes thereby blocking the channel. Investigation of channel blocking of mycobacterial porins is of significance in developing alternate treatment methods for tuberculosis. The concept that ruthenium(II)quaterpyridinium complexes have the capability to act as efficient channel blockers for MspA and related porins, emerged after very high binding constants were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and steady-state luminescence studies. Consequently, the interactions between the ruthenium(II) complex RuC2 molecules and MspA, leading to RuC2@MspA assemblies, have been studied utilizing time-resolved absorption/emission, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ potential measurements, and isothermal titration calorimetry. The results obtained provide evidence for the formation of clusters/large aggregates of RuC2 and MspA. The results are of interest with respect to utilizing prospective channel blockers in porins. The combination of results from conceptually different techniques shed some light onto the chemical nature of MspA-channel blocker interactions thus contributing to the development of a paradigm for channel blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomi S Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States.
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Toti KS, Verbeke F, Risseeuw MD, Frecer V, Munier-Lehmann H, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and evaluation of 5′-modified thymidines and 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridines as Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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44
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Munack S, Leroux V, Roderer K, Ökvist M, van Eerde A, Gundersen LL, Krengel U, Kast P. When Inhibitors Do Not Inhibit: Critical Evaluation of Rational Drug Design Targeting Chorismate Mutase fromMycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:2507-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial activity of 2-methoxybenzanilides and their thioxo analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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46
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Hartkoorn RC, Sala C, Neres J, Pojer F, Magnet S, Mukherjee R, Uplekar S, Boy-Röttger S, Altmann KH, Cole ST. Towards a new tuberculosis drug: pyridomycin - nature's isoniazid. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:1032-42. [PMID: 22987724 PMCID: PMC3491834 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a global threat to public health, is becoming untreatable due to widespread drug resistance to frontline drugs such as the InhA-inhibitor isoniazid. Historically, by inhibiting highly vulnerable targets, natural products have been an important source of antibiotics including potent anti-tuberculosis agents. Here, we describe pyridomycin, a compound produced by Dactylosporangium fulvum with specific cidal activity against mycobacteria. By selecting pyridomycin-resistant mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whole-genome sequencing and genetic validation, we identified the NADH-dependent enoyl- (Acyl-Carrier-Protein) reductase InhA as the principal target and demonstrate that pyridomycin inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, biochemical and structural studies show that pyridomycin inhibits InhA directly as a competitive inhibitor of the NADH-binding site, thereby identifying a new, druggable pocket in InhA. Importantly, the most frequently encountered isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates remain fully susceptible to pyridomycin, thus opening new avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Hartkoorn
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Allylic thiocyanates as a new class of antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6486-9. [PMID: 22967767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TB is a global public health emergency in which new drugs are desperately needed. Herein we report on the synthesis of a diverse panel of 41 aryl allylic azides, thiocyanates, isothiouronium salts, and N,N'-diacetylisothioureas that were evaluated for their in vitro activity against replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H(37)Rv and toxicity to VERO cells. We found a selective group of new and promising compounds having good (micromolar) to excellent (sub-micromolar) potency against replicating Mtb H(37)Rv. Allylic thiocyanates bearing halophenyl (halo=2-Br, 4-Br, 4-Cl, 4-F), 4-methylphenyl and 2-naphthyl moieties were the most active as antitubercular agents. In particular, the 2-bromophenyl-substituted thiocyanate showed MIC=0.25 μM against replicating Mtb, MIC=8.0 μM against non-replicating Mtb and IC(50)=32 μM in the VERO cellular toxicity assay.
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48
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Abrahams GL, Kumar A, Savvi S, Hung AW, Wen S, Abell C, Barry CE, Sherman DR, Boshoff HI, Mizrahi V. Pathway-selective sensitization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for target-based whole-cell screening. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2012; 19:844-54. [PMID: 22840772 PMCID: PMC3421836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell screening of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a mainstay of drug discovery, but subsequent target elucidation often proves difficult. Conditional mutants that underexpress essential genes have been used to identify compounds with known mechanism of action by target-based whole-cell screening (TB-WCS). Here, the feasibility of TB-WCS in Mtb was assessed by generating mutants that conditionally express pantothenate synthetase (panC), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (lysA), and isocitrate lyase (icl1). The essentiality of panC and lysA, and conditional essentiality of icl1 for growth on fatty acids, was confirmed. Depletion of PanC and Icl1 rendered mutants hypersensitive to target-specific inhibitors. Stable reporter strains were generated for use in high-throughput screening, and their utility was demonstrated by identifying compounds that display greater potency against a PanC-depleted strain. These findings illustrate the power of TB-WCS as a tool for tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L. Abrahams
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Anuradha Kumar
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Suzana Savvi
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Shijun Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Helena I.M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Krátký M, Vinšová J, Novotná E, Mandíková J, Wsól V, Trejtnar F, Ulmann V, Stolaříková J, Fernandes S, Bhat S, Liu JO. Salicylanilide derivatives block Mycobacterium tuberculosis through inhibition of isocitrate lyase and methionine aminopeptidase. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:434-9. [PMID: 22765970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of tuberculosis, its health and socio-economic impacts, the presence of drug-resistant forms and a potential threat of latent tuberculosis should serve as a strong impetus for the development of novel antituberculosis agents. We reported the in vitro activity of salicylanilide benzoates and pyrazine-2-carboxylates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.5 μmol/L). Nineteen salicylanilide derivatives with mostly good antimycobacterial activity were evaluated for the inhibition of two essential mycobacterial enzymes, methionine aminopeptidase and isocitrate lyase, which are necessary for the maintenance of the latent tuberculosis infection. Salicylanilide derivatives act as moderate inhibitors of both mycobacterial and human methionine aminopeptidase and they also affect the function of mycobacterial isocitrate lyase. 4-Bromo-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl]phenyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate was the most potent inhibitor of mycobacterial methionine aminopeptidase (41% inhibition at 10 μmol/L) and exhibited the highest selectivity. 5-Chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide and 4-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl]phenyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate caused 59% inhibition of isocitrate lyase at 100 μmol/L concentration and (S)-4-bromo-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl]phenyl 2-acetamido-3-phenylpropanoate produced 22% inhibition at 10 μmol/L; this rate is approximately comparable to 3-nitropropionic acid. Inhibition of those enzymes contributes at least in part to the antimicrobial activity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krátký
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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50
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Koch O, Selzer PM. Biologie der Mykobakterien und neue molekulare Targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 41:19-26. [DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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