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Wu SI, Lee MC, Chen WL, Huang CC. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23 increases ghrelin levels and modulates microbiota composition: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled study. Food Funct 2024; 15:6523-6535. [PMID: 38805370 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01328j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Muscle damage can occur due to excessive, high-intensity, or inappropriate exercise. It is crucial for athletes and sports enthusiasts to have access to ways that expedite their recovery and alleviate discomfort. Our previous clinical trial demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and muscle damage-ameliorating properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23 (PS23), prompting us to further explore the role of this probiotic in muscle damage recovery. This post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled study investigated potential mediators between the intake of PS23 and the prevention of strength loss after muscle damage. We recruited 105 students from a sports university who had participated in the previously published clinical trial. These participants were randomly allocated to three groups, receiving capsuled live PS23 (L-PS23), heat-treated PS23 (HT-PS23), or a placebo over a period of six weeks. Baseline and endpoint measurements were taken for the levels of circulating ghrelin and other blood markers, stress, mood, quality of life, and the fecal microbiota. A significant increase in ghrelin levels was recorded in the L-PS23 group compared to the other groups. Additionally, both L-PS23 and HT-PS23 interventions led to positive shifts in the gut microbiota composition, particularly in elevated Lacticaseibacillus, Blautia, and Lactobacillus populations. The abundance of these bacteria was positively correlated with exercise performance and inversely correlated with inflammatory markers. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PS23 may enhance exercise performance and influence muscle damage by increasing ghrelin levels and modulating the gut microbiota composition. Further clarification of the possible mechanisms and clinical implications is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Section of Psychiatry and Suicide Prevention Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Krejcová LV, Bento-Torres J, Diniz DG, Pereira A, Batista-de-Oliveira M, de Morais AACL, Mendes-da-Silva RF, Abadie-Guedes R, dos Santos ÂA, Lima DS, Guedes RCA, Picanço-Diniz CW. Unraveling the Influence of Litter Size, Maternal Care, Exercise, and Aging on Neurobehavioral Plasticity and Dentate Gyrus Microglia Dynamics in Male Rats. Brain Sci 2024; 14:497. [PMID: 38790475 PMCID: PMC11119659 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the multifaceted influence of litter size, maternal care, exercise, and aging on rats' neurobehavioral plasticity and dentate gyrus microglia dynamics. Body weight evolution revealed a progressive increase until maturity, followed by a decline during aging, with larger litters exhibiting lower weights initially. Notably, exercised rats from smaller litters displayed higher body weights during the mature and aged stages. The dentate gyrus volumes showed no significant differences among groups, except for aged sedentary rats from smaller litters, which exhibited a reduction. Maternal care varied significantly based on litter size, with large litter dams showing lower frequencies of caregiving behaviors. Behavioral assays highlighted the detrimental impact of a sedentary lifestyle and reduced maternal care/large litters on spatial memory, mitigated by exercise in aged rats from smaller litters. The microglial dynamics in the layers of dentate gyrus revealed age-related changes modulated by litter size and exercise. Exercise interventions mitigated microgliosis associated with aging, particularly in aged rats. These findings underscore the complex interplay between early-life experiences, exercise, microglial dynamics, and neurobehavioral outcomes during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane Viana Krejcová
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, João de Barros Barreto Universitary Hospital, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, João de Barros Barreto Universitary Hospital, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, João de Barros Barreto Universitary Hospital, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Oncology and Medical Sciences, João de Barros Barreto Universitary Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém 66093-020, Pará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, João de Barros Barreto Universitary Hospital, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Pará, Brazil
| | - Manuella Batista-de-Oliveira
- Naíde Teodósio Nutrition Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Abadie-Guedes
- Naíde Teodósio Nutrition Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ângela Amâncio dos Santos
- Naíde Teodósio Nutrition Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Denise Sandrelly Lima
- Naíde Teodósio Nutrition Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rubem Carlos Araujo Guedes
- Naíde Teodósio Nutrition Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, João de Barros Barreto Universitary Hospital, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Pará, Brazil
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Kulkarni SS, Singh O, Zigman JM. The intersection between ghrelin, metabolism and circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:228-238. [PMID: 38123819 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing popular interest in sleep and diet, many gaps exist in our scientific understanding of the interaction between circadian rhythms and metabolism. In this Review, we explore a promising, bidirectional role for ghrelin in mediating this interaction. Ghrelin both influences and is influenced by central and peripheral circadian systems. Specifically, we focus on how ghrelin impacts outputs of circadian rhythm, including neuronal activity, circulating growth hormone levels, locomotor activity and eating behaviour. We also consider the effects of circadian rhythms on ghrelin expression and the consequences of disrupted circadian patterns, such as shift work and jet lag, on ghrelin secretion. Our Review is aimed at both the casual reader interested in gaining more insight into the scientific context surrounding the trending topics of sleep and metabolism, as well as experienced scientists in the fields of ghrelin and circadian biology seeking inspiration and a comprehensive overview of how these fields are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya S Kulkarni
- Medical Scientist Training Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Notaro NM, Dyck DJ. Regulation of peripheral tissue substrate metabolism by the gut-derived hormone ghrelin. Metabol Open 2024; 21:100279. [PMID: 38487670 PMCID: PMC10937159 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2024.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin increases in the circulation prior to entrained mealtimes, with the acylated (AG) form functioning to stimulate food intake and growth hormone release. Acutely, AG induces whole-body insulin resistance, potentially to maintain glycemia between meals. Alternatively, chronic administration of both AG and the unacylated isoform of ghrelin (unAG) is associated with improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity as well as reduced intramuscular lipids and inflammation. This may be due to effects on lipid metabolism, with ghrelin promoting storage of fat in adipose and liver while stimulating oxidation in skeletal muscle, preventing ectopic lipid accumulation. This is of specific relevance in the handling of meal-derived lipids, as ghrelin rises preprandially with effects persisting for 2-3 h following exposure in skeletal muscle, coinciding with elevated plasma FFAs. We hypothesize that ghrelin acts as a preparatory signal for incoming lipids, as well as a regulatory hormone for their use and storage. The effects of ghrelin on skeletal muscle are lost with high fat diet feeding and physical inactivity, potentially being implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. This review summarizes the metabolic effects of both ghrelin isoforms on peripheral tissues including the pancreas, adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle. Additionally, we speculate on the physiological relevance of these effects in vivo and suggest that ghrelin may be a key regulatory hormone for nutrient handling in the postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Notaro
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David J. Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Singh O, Ogden SB, Varshney S, Shankar K, Gupta D, Paul S, Osborne-Lawrence S, Richard CP, Metzger NP, Lawrence C, Leon Mercado L, Zigman JM. Ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamic neurons mediate exercise-associated food intake and exercise endurance. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172549. [PMID: 37962950 PMCID: PMC10807726 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated the orexigenic hormone ghrelin as a mediator of exercise endurance and the feeding response postexercise. Specifically, plasma ghrelin levels nearly double in mice when they are subjected to an hour-long bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) using treadmills. Also, growth hormone secretagogue receptor-null (GHSR-null) mice exhibit decreased food intake following HIIE and diminished running distance (time until exhaustion) during a longer, stepwise exercise endurance protocol. To investigate whether ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) neurons mediate these effects, we stereotaxically delivered the inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs virus AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM4(Gi)-mCherry to the MBH of Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice, which express Cre recombinase directed by the Ghsr promoter. We found that chemogenetic inhibition of GHSR-expressing MBH neurons (upon delivery of clozapine-N-oxide) 1) suppressed food intake following HIIE, 2) reduced maximum running distance and raised blood glucose and blood lactate levels during an exercise endurance protocol, 3) reduced food intake following ghrelin administration, and 4) did not affect glucose tolerance. Further, HIIE increased MBH Ghsr expression. These results indicate that activation of ghrelin-responsive MBH neurons is required for the normal feeding response to HIIE and the usual amount of running exhibited during an exercise endurance protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Sean B. Ogden
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Subhojit Paul
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Connor Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine; and
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Hjortshoej MH, Aagaard P, Storgaard CD, Juneja H, Lundbye‐Jensen J, Magnusson SP, Couppé C. Hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses to blood flow-restricted exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14030. [PMID: 37732509 PMCID: PMC10909497 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heavy-load free-flow resistance exercise (HL-FFRE) is a widely used training modality. Recently, low-load blood-flow restricted resistance exercise (LL-BFRRE) has gained attention in both athletic and clinical settings as an alternative when conventional HL-FFRE is contraindicated or not tolerated. LL-BFRRE has been shown to result in physiological adaptations in muscle and connective tissue that are comparable to those induced by HL-FFRE. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear; however, evidence suggests that LL-BFRRE involves elevated metabolic stress compared to conventional free-flow resistance exercise (FFRE). AIM The aim was to evaluate the initial (<10 min post-exercise), intermediate (10-20 min), and late (>30 min) hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses observed following acute sessions of LL-BFRRE compared to FFRE in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic literature search of randomized and non-randomized studies was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2, ROBINS-1) and TESTEX were used to evaluate risk of bias and study quality. Data extractions were based on mean change within groups. RESULTS A total of 12525 hits were identified, of which 29 articles were included. LL-BFRRE demonstrated greater acute increases in growth hormone responses when compared to overall FFRE at intermediate (SMD 2.04; 95% CI 0.87, 3.22) and late (SMD 2.64; 95% CI 1.13, 4.16) post-exercise phases. LL-BFRRE also demonstrated greater increase in testosterone responses compared to late LL-FFRE. CONCLUSION These results indicate that LL-BFRRE can induce increased or similar hormone and immune responses compared to LL-FFRE and HL-FFRE along with attenuated oxidative stress responses compared to HL-FFRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Hjortshoej
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Health and RehabilitationUniversity College AbsalonSlagelseDenmark
| | - P. Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - C. D. Storgaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - H. Juneja
- Centre for Health and RehabilitationUniversity College AbsalonSlagelseDenmark
| | - J. Lundbye‐Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - S. P. Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - C. Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
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Tezenas du Montcel C, Cao J, Mattioni J, Hamelin H, Lebrun N, Ramoz N, Gorwood P, Tolle V, Viltart O. Chronic food restriction in mice and increased systemic ghrelin induce preference for running wheel activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 155:106311. [PMID: 37295225 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa (AN), patients exhibit intense physical activity which is inappropriate regarding food restriction and chronic undernutrition, and exacerbates weight loss and energy deprivation. Rodent models of food restriction exhibit increased running wheel activity in the food anticipation period, also known as Food Anticipatory Activity (FAA). FAA probably has various physiological and/or neurobiological origins. Plasma concentrations of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin are, for example, increased during FAA. We hypothesize that the drive for physical activity in chronic food restriction is triggered by metabolic factors but also relies on motivational aspects that we aim to decipher in this study. METHODS Young female C57Bl6/J mice were exposed to a paradigm based on a progressive 50% quantitative food restriction alone (FR) or associated with running wheel activity (Food Restriction Wheel: FRW) in their home-cage during 15 days. We measured preference for running wheel in a three-chamber apparatus in which animals could choose to explore either a known running wheel or a novel object. Testing took place either during resting or during FAA. We calculated the time spent in each compartment and the activity in running wheels. After progressive refeeding over 10 days, mice were tested again when refed. Plasma levels of both ghrelin isoforms were measured with selective immunoassays. RESULTS When tested during FAA period, food restricted mice displayed increased preference for the running wheel compared to ad libitum fed controls. Both FR and FRW mice exhibited increased running time and distance in the wheel and running distance was correlated with ghrelin levels. Similar preference and behavior were found when testing took place during the resting period. Animals housed without an active wheel also exhibited active running. Progressive refeeding resulted in body weight restoration, a decrease in FAA and completely abolished preference for the running wheel. Refed animals displayed similar behavior as ad libitum fed controls. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that food restriction-induced physical activity is closely correlated with metabolic adaptations to nutritional status implicating ghrelin in the quantity of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Tezenas du Montcel
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Jingxian Cao
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Julia Mattioni
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Hamelin
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; Université de Lille, SCALab laboratory, UMR CNRS 9193, PsySEF Faculty, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Battillo DJ, Malin SK. Relation of Aortic Waveforms with Gut Hormones following Continuous and Interval Exercise among Older Adults with Prediabetes. Metabolites 2023; 13:137. [PMID: 36837756 PMCID: PMC9967213 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes raises cardiovascular disease risk, in part through elevated aortic waveforms. While insulin is a vasodilatory hormone, the gut hormone relation to aortic waveforms is less clear. We hypothesized that exercise, independent of intensity, would favor aortic waveforms in relation to gut hormones. Older adults (61.3 ± 1.5 yr; 33.2 ± 1.1 kg/m2) with prediabetes (ADA criteria) were randomized to undertake 60 min of work-matched continuous (CONT, n = 14) or interval (INT, n = 14) exercise for 2 wks. During a 180 min 75-g OGTT, a number of aortic waveforms (applanation tonometry) were assessed: the augmentation pressure (AP) and index (AIx75), brachial (bBP) and central blood pressure (cBP), pulse pressure (bPP and cPP), pulse pressure amplification (PPA), and forward (Pf) and backward pressure (Pb) waveforms. Acylated-ghrelin (AG), des-acylated ghrelin (dAG), GIP, and GLP-1active were measured, and correlations were co-varied for insulin. Independent of intensity, exercise increased VO2peak (p = 0.01) and PPA120min (p = 0.01) and reduced weight (p < 0.01), as well as AP120min (p = 0.02) and AIx75120min (p < 0.01). CONT lowered bSBP (p < 0.02) and bDBP (p < 0.02) tAUC180min more than INT. There were decreases dAG0min related to Pb120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.03), cPP120min (r = 0.48, p = 0.02), and AP120min (r = 0.46, p = 0.02). Declines in AG tAUC60min correlated with lower Pb120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.03) and cPP120min (r = 0.49, p = 0.02) were also found. GLP-1active 0min was reduced associated with lowered AP180min (r = 0.49, p = 0.02). Thus, while CONT exercise favored blood pressure, both intensities of exercise improved aortic waveforms in relation to gut hormones after controlling for insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Battillo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Friedman MA, Kohn DH. Calcium and phosphorus supplemented diet increases bone volume after thirty days of high speed treadmill exercise in adult mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14616. [PMID: 36028525 PMCID: PMC9418142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength. Increasing bone loading frequency during exercise can strengthen bone. Combining exercise with a calcium- and phosphorus-supplemented diet increases cortical area more than exercise alone in mice. Thus, we hypothesized that combining high-speed treadmill exercise while feeding mice a mineral-supplemented diet would lead to greater cortical area than high-speed exercise on a standard diet and low-speed exercise on a supplemented diet. Fifteen-week old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to seven groups—(1) baseline, (2) non-exercise fed a control diet, (3) non-exercise fed a supplemented diet, (4) low-speed exercise fed a control diet, (5) low-speed exercise fed a supplemented diet, (6) high-speed exercise fed a control diet, and (7) high-speed exercise fed a supplemented diet. Mice exercised thirty days for 20 min/day at 12 m/min or 20 m/min. Tibiae were assessed by micro-CT and 4-point bending. Cortical area fraction and trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were significantly increased by the supplemented diet. High-speed exercised mice had significantly lower body weight, with no detrimental effects to bone health. Increasing running speed can decrease body weight while maintaining the benefits of exercise and nutrition on bone health. Running can lower body weight without harming bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Friedman
- The University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- The University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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10
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Ribeiro FM, Silva MA, Lyssa V, Marques G, Lima HK, Franco OL, Petriz B. The molecular signaling of exercise and obesity in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:927170. [PMID: 35966101 PMCID: PMC9365995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.927170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major pandemics of the 21st century. Due to its multifactorial etiology, its treatment requires several actions, including dietary intervention and physical exercise. Excessive fat accumulation leads to several health problems involving alteration in the gut-microbiota-brain axis. This axis is characterized by multiple biological systems generating a network that allows bidirectional communication between intestinal bacteria and brain. This mutual communication maintains the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal, central nervous and microbial systems of animals. Moreover, this axis involves inflammatory, neural, and endocrine mechanisms, contributes to obesity pathogenesis. The axis also acts in appetite and satiety control and synthesizing hormones that participate in gastrointestinal functions. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic agent commonly used to prevent and treat obesity and other chronic degenerative diseases. Besides increasing energy expenditure, exercise induces the synthesis and liberation of several muscle-derived myokines and neuroendocrine peptides such as neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, ghrelin, and leptin, which act directly on the gut-microbiota-brain axis. Thus, exercise may serve as a rebalancing agent of the gut-microbiota-brain axis under the stimulus of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by obesity. So far, there is little evidence of modification of the gut-brain axis as a whole, and this narrative review aims to address the molecular pathways through which exercise may act in the context of disorders of the gut-brain axis due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maycon A. Silva
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victória Lyssa
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Henny K. Lima
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences - University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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11
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Binding domain characterization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. J Transl Int Med 2022; 10:146-155. [PMID: 35959447 PMCID: PMC9328036 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Activation of ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) by endogenous or synthetic ligands amplifies pulsatile release of growth hormone (GH) and enhances food intake, very relevant to development and growth. GHS-R is a G-protein coupled receptor that has great druggable potential. Understanding the precise ligand and receptor interactions is crucial to advance the application of GHS-R. Materials and Methods We used radiolabeled ligand-binding assay and growth hormone release assay to assess the binding and functional characteristics of GHS-R to synthetic agonists MK-0677 and GHS-25, as well as to endogenous peptide ligand ghrelin. We analyzed the ligand-dependent activity of GHS-R by measuring aequorin-based [Ca++]i responses. To define a ligand-binding pocket of GHS-R, we generated a series of human/puffer fish GHS-R chimeras by domain swapping, as well as a series of mutants by site-directed mutagenesis. Results We found that the synthetic ligands have high binding affinity to GHS-R in the in vitro competitive binding assay. Remarkably, the in vivo GH secretagogue activity is higher with the synthetic agonists MK-0677 and GHS-25 than that of ghrelin. Importantly, the activity was completely abolished in GHS-R knockout mice. In GHS-R chimera analysis, we identified the C-terminal region, particularly the transmembrane domain 6 (TM6), to be critical for the ligand-dependent activity. Our site-directed mutagenesis study further revealed that amino acid residues D99 and W276 in GHS-R are essential for ligand binding. Interestingly, critical residues distinctively interact with different ligands, MK-0677 activation depends on E124, while ghrelin and GHS-25 preferentially interact with F279. Conclusion The ligand-binding pocket of human GHS-R is mainly defined by interactive residues in TM6 and the adjacent region of the receptor. This novel finding in GHS-R binding domains advances the structural/ functional understanding of GHS-R, which will help to select/design better GHS-R agonists/ antagonists for future therapeutic applications.
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Holm S, Husted AS, Skov LJ, Morville TH, Hagemann CA, Jorsal T, Dall M, Jakobsen A, Klein AB, Treebak JT, Knop FK, Schwartz TW, Clemmensen C, Holst B. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Hepatic Production of the Ghrelin Receptor Antagonist LEAP2. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6555773. [PMID: 35352108 PMCID: PMC9119693 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous ghrelin receptor antagonist, which is upregulated in the fed state and downregulated during fasting. We hypothesized that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is involved in the downregulation of LEAP2 during conditions with high circulating levels of BHB. METHODS Hepatic and intestinal Leap2 expression were determined in 3 groups of mice with increasing circulating levels of BHB: prolonged fasting, prolonged ketogenic diet, and oral BHB treatment. LEAP2 levels were measured in lean and obese individuals, in human individuals following endurance exercise, and in mice after BHB treatment. Lastly, we investigated Leap2 expression in isolated murine hepatocytes challenged with BHB. RESULTS We confirmed increased circulating LEAP2 levels in individuals with obesity compared to lean individuals. The recovery period after endurance exercise was associated with increased plasma levels of BHB levels and decreased LEAP2 levels in humans. Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for 3 weeks. Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased Leap2 expression levels and circulating LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes. CONCLUSION From our data, we suggest that LEAP2 is downregulated during different states of energy deprivation in both humans and rodents. Furthermore, we here provide evidence that the ketone body, BHB, which is highly upregulated during fasting metabolism, directly downregulates LEAP2 levels. This may be relevant in ghrelin receptor-induced hunger signaling during energy deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Holm
- Correspondence: Stephanie Holm, MSc, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (6th floor) & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna S Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise J Skov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Morville
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer A Hagemann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Gubra, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Tina Jorsal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Dall
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Correspondence: Birgitte Holst MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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14
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Landry T, Shookster D, Chaves A, Free K, Nguyen T, Huang H. Exercise increases NPY/AgRP and TH neuron activity in the hypothalamus of female mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 252:167-177. [PMID: 34854381 PMCID: PMC9039839 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence identifies a potent role for aerobic exercise to modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons related to appetite; however, these studies have been primarily performed in male rodents. Since females have markedly different neuronal mechanisms regulating food intake, the current study aimed to determine the effects of acute treadmill exercise on hypothalamic neuron populations involved in regulating appetite in female mice. Mature, untrained female mice were exposed to acute sedentary, low- (10 m/min), moderate- (14 m/min), and high (18 m/min)-intensity treadmill exercise in a randomized crossover design. Mice were fasted 10 h before exercise, and food intake was monitored for 48 h after bouts. Immunohistochemical detection of cFOS was performed 3 h post-exercise to determine the changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and SIM1-expressing neuron activity concurrent with the changes in food intake. Additionally, stains for pSTAT3tyr705 and pERKthr202/tyr204 were performed to detect exercise-mediated changes in intracellular signaling. Briefly, moderate- and high-intensity exercises increased 24-h food intake by 5.9 and 19%, respectively, while low-intensity exercise had no effects. Furthermore, increases in NPY/AgRPARC, SIM1PVN, and TH neuron activity were observed 3 h after high-intensity exercise, with no effects on POMCARC neurons. While no effects of exercise on pERKthr202/tyr204 were observed, pSTAT3tyr705 was elevated specifically in NPY/AgRP neurons 3 h post-exercise. Overall, aerobic exercise increased the activity of several appetite-stimulating neuron populations in the hypothalamus of female mice, which may provide insight into previously reported sexual dimorphisms in post-exercise feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alec Chaves
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katrina Free
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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15
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ZHANG M, XING L, WANG Y, LUO R, LI X, DONG J. Anti-fatigue activities of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murry. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.242703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijie XING
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | - Yuan WANG
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | - Ruifeng LUO
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | - Xianyi LI
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
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Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Donato J. Rolling out physical exercise and energy homeostasis: Focus on hypothalamic circuitries. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100944. [PMID: 34425188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is the fine regulation of energy expenditure and energy intake. Negative energy balance causes body weight loss, while positive energy balance promotes weight gain. Modern societies offer a maladapted way of life, where easy access to palatable foods and the lack of opportunities to perform physical activity are considered the roots of the obesity pandemic. Physical exercise increases energy expenditure and, consequently, is supposed to promote weight loss. Paradoxically, physical exercise acutely drives anorexigenic-like effects, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Using an evolutionary background, this review aims to highlight the potential involvement of the melanocortin system and other hypothalamic neural circuitries regulating energy balance during and after physical exercise. The physiological significance of these changes will be explored, and possible signalling agents will be addressed. The knowledge discussed here might be important for clarifying obesity aetiology as well as new therapeutic approaches for body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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17
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Shankar K, Takemi S, Gupta D, Varshney S, Mani BK, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Richard CP, Berglund ED, Zigman JM. Ghrelin cell-expressed insulin receptors mediate meal- and obesity-induced declines in plasma ghrelin. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e146983. [PMID: 34473648 PMCID: PMC8492315 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying postprandial and obesity-associated plasma ghrelin reductions are incompletely understood. Here, using ghrelin cell-selective insulin receptor-KO (GhIRKO) mice, we tested the impact of insulin, acting via ghrelin cell-expressed insulin receptors (IRs), to suppress ghrelin secretion. Insulin reduced ghrelin secretion from cultured gastric mucosal cells of control mice but not from those of GhIRKO mice. Acute insulin challenge and insulin infusion during both hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps lowered plasma ghrelin in control mice but not GhIRKO mice. Thus, ghrelin cell-expressed IRs are required for insulin-mediated reductions in plasma ghrelin. Furthermore, interventions that naturally raise insulin (glucose gavage, refeeding following fasting, and chronic high-fat diet) also lowered plasma ghrelin only in control mice - not GhIRKO mice. Thus, meal- and obesity-associated increases in insulin, acting via ghrelin cell-expressed IRs, represent a major, direct negative modulator of ghrelin secretion in vivo, as opposed to ingested or metabolized macronutrients. Refed GhIRKO mice exhibited reduced plasma insulin, highlighting ghrelin's actions to inhibit insulin release via a feedback loop. Moreover, GhIRKO mice required reduced glucose infusion rates during hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps, suggesting that suppressed ghrelin release resulting from direct insulin action on ghrelin cells usually limits ghrelin's full potential to protect against insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shota Takemi
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bharath K. Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan P. Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Corine P. Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Eric D. Berglund
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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18
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Gumus Balikcioglu P, Ramaker ME, Mason KA, Huffman KM, Johnson JL, Ilkayeva O, Muehlbauer MJ, Freemark M, Kraus WE. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism and Cardiopulmonary Function Following Acute Maximal Exercise Testing in Adolescents. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:721354. [PMID: 34485418 PMCID: PMC8416443 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.721354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To provide energy for cardiopulmonary function and maintenance of blood glucose, acute aerobic exercise induces lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), glycolysis, and glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis. These adaptations are mediated by increases in cortisol, growth hormone (GH), and catecholamines and facilitated by a decline in insulin. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) also undergo catabolism during intense exercise. Here, we investigated the relationship between BCAA catabolism and metrics of cardiopulmonary function in healthy, well-developed, mature adolescent athletes undergoing an acute bout of maximal aerobic exercise. Hypothesis: We hypothesized: (a) acute maximal exercise in adolescents induces lipolysis, FAO, and BCAA catabolism associated with increases in GH and cortisol and a reduction in insulin; (b) increases in GH are associated with increases in ghrelin; and (c) metrics of cardiopulmonary function (aVO2, rVO2, aVO2/HRmax) following maximal exercise correlate with increases in GH secretion, FAO, and BCAA catabolism. Methods: Blood samples before and after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise in 11 adolescent athletes were analyzed by tandem-mass spectrometry. Paired, two-tailed student's t-tests identified significant changes following exercise. Linear regression determined if pre-exercise metabolite levels, or changes in metabolite levels, were associated with aVO2, rVO2, and aVO2/HRmax. Sex and school of origin were included as covariates in all regression analyses. Results: Following exercise there were increases in GH and cortisol, and decreases in ghrelin, but no changes in glucose or insulin concentrations. Suggesting increased lipolysis and FAO, the levels of glycerol, ketones, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetylcarnitine concentrations increased. Pyruvate, lactate, alanine, and glutamate concentrations also increased. Plasma concentrations of valine (a BCAA) declined (p = 0.002) while valine degradation byproducts increased in association with decreases in urea cycle amino acids arginine and ornithine. Metrics of cardiopulmonary function were associated with increases in propionylcarnitine (C3, p = 0.013) and Ci4-DC/C4-DC (p < 0.01), byproducts of BCAA catabolism. Conclusions: Induction of lipolysis, FAO, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis provides critical substrates for cardiopulmonary function during exercise. However, none of those pathways were significantly associated with metrics of cardiopulmonary function. The associations between rVO2, and aVO2/HRmax and C3 and Ci4-DC/C4-DC suggest that the cardiopulmonary response to maximal exercise in adolescents is linked to BCAA utilization and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Gumus Balikcioglu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Megan E. Ramaker
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly A. Mason
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Johanna L. Johnson
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael J. Muehlbauer
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Adult Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Landry T, Shookster D, Chaves A, Free K, Nguyen T, Huang H. Energy Status Differentially Modifies Feeding Behavior and POMC ARC Neuron Activity After Acute Treadmill Exercise in Untrained Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:705267. [PMID: 34220725 PMCID: PMC8253227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.705267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence identifies a potent role for aerobic exercise to modulate activity of neurons involved in regulating appetite; however, these studies produce conflicting results. These discrepancies may be, in part, due to methodological differences, including differences in exercise intensity and pre-exercise energy status. Consequently, the current study utilized a translational, well-controlled, within-subject, treadmill exercise protocol to investigate the differential effects of energy status and exercise intensity on post-exercise feeding behavior and appetite-controlling neurons in the hypothalamus. Mature, untrained male mice were exposed to acute sedentary, low (10m/min), moderate (14m/min), and high (18m/min) intensity treadmill exercise in a randomized crossover design. Fed and 10-hour-fasted mice were used, and food intake was monitored 48h. post-exercise. Immunohistochemical detection of cFOS was performed 1-hour post-exercise to determine changes in hypothalamic NPY/AgRP, POMC, tyrosine hydroxylase, and SIM1-expressing neuron activity concurrent with changes in food intake. Additionally, stains for pSTAT3tyr705 and pERKthr202/tyr204 were performed to detect exercise-mediated changes in intracellular signaling. Results demonstrated that fasted high intensity exercise suppressed food intake compared to sedentary trials, which was concurrent with increased anorexigenic POMC neuron activity. Conversely, fed mice experienced augmented post-exercise food intake, with no effects on POMC neuron activity. Regardless of pre-exercise energy status, tyrosine hydroxylase and SIM1 neuron activity in the paraventricular nucleus was elevated, as well as NPY/AgRP neuron activity in the arcuate nucleus. Notably, these neuronal changes were independent from changes in pSTAT3tyr705 and pERKthr202/tyr204 signaling. Overall, these results suggest fasted high intensity exercise may be beneficial for suppressing food intake, possibly due to hypothalamic POMC neuron excitation. Furthermore, this study identifies a novel role for pre-exercise energy status to differentially modify post-exercise feeding behavior and hypothalamic neuron activity, which may explain the inconsistent results from studies investigating exercise as a weight loss intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Alec Chaves
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Katrina Free
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Tony Nguyen
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Hu Huang,
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20
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"A LEAP 2 conclusions? Targeting the ghrelin system to treat obesity and diabetes". Mol Metab 2020; 46:101128. [PMID: 33246141 PMCID: PMC8085568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake, promotes adiposity, increases body weight, and elevates blood glucose. Consequently, alterations in plasma ghrelin levels and the functioning of other components of the broader ghrelin system have been proposed as potential contributors to obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, targeting the ghrelin system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the potential for targeting ghrelin and other proteins comprising the ghrelin system as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. The main components of the ghrelin system are introduced. Data supporting a role for the endogenous ghrelin system in the development of obesity and diabetes along with data that seemingly refute such a role are outlined. An argument for further research into the development of ghrelin system-targeted therapeutic agents is delineated. Also, an evidence-based discussion of potential factors and contexts that might influence the efficacy of this class of therapeutics is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It would not be a "leap to" conclusions to suggest that agents which target the ghrelin system - including those that lower acyl-ghrelin levels, raise LEAP2 levels, block GHSR activity, and/or raise desacyl-ghrelin signaling - could represent efficacious novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.
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21
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Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy AI, Surmiak M, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Pokorski J, Nitecki J, Nitecka E, Pokorska J, Targosz A, Ptak-Belowska A, A. Zoladz J, Brzozowski T. Effect of Acute Sprint Exercise on Myokines and Food Intake Hormones in Young Healthy Men. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8848. [PMID: 33238373 PMCID: PMC7700229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to influence hormonal mediators of appetite, but the effect of short-term maximal intensity exercise on plasma levels of appetite hormones and cytokines has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a 30 s Wingate Test, followed by a postprandial period, on appetite sensations, food intake, and appetite hormones. Twenty-six physically active young males rated their subjective feelings of hunger, prospective food consumption, and fatigue on visual analogue scales at baseline, after exercise was completed, and during the postprandial period. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of nesfatin-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), human growth factor (hGH) and cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), irisin and plasma lactate concentrations, at 30 min before exercise, immediately (210 s) after exercise, and 30 min following a meal and at corresponding times in control sedentary males without ad libitum meal intake, respectively. Appetite perceptions and food intake were decreased in response to exercise. Plasma levels of irisin, IL-6, lactate, nesfatin-1 and ghrelin was increased after exercise and then it was returned to postprandial/control period in both groups. A significant rise in plasma insulin, hGH and PP levels after exercise was observed while meal intake potentiated this response. In conclusion, an acute short-term fatiguing exercise can transiently suppress hunger sensations and food intake in humans. We postulate that this physiological response involves exercise-induced alterations in plasma hormones and the release of myokines such as irisin and IL-6, and supports the notion of existence of the skeletal muscle-brain-gut axis. Nevertheless, the detailed relationship between acute exercise releasing myokines, appetite sensations and impairment of this axis leading to several diseases should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Janusz Pokorski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Jacek Nitecki
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Ewa Nitecka
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Joanna Pokorska
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
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22
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Relative contribution of fat diet and physical inactivity to the development of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fat liver disease in Wistar rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113040. [PMID: 32603747 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Unexpected Association of Desacyl-Ghrelin with Physical Activity and Chronic Food Restriction: A Translational Study on Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092782. [PMID: 32872151 PMCID: PMC7565884 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe metabopsychiatric disorder characterised by caloric intake restriction and often excessive physical exercise. Our aim is to assess in female AN patients and in a rodent model, the co-evolution of physical activity and potential dysregulation of acyl—(AG) and desacyl—(DAG) ghrelin plasma concentrations during denutrition and weight recovery. AN inpatients were evaluated at inclusion (T0, n = 29), half—(T1) and total (T2) weight recovery, and one month after discharge (T3, n = 13). C57/Bl6 mice with access to a running wheel, were fed ad libitum or submitted to short—(15 days) or long—(50 days) term quantitative food restriction, followed by refeeding (20 days). In AN patients, AG and DAG rapidly decreased during weight recovery (T0 to T2), AG increased significantly one-month post discharge (T3), but only DAG plasma concentrations at T3 correlated negatively with BMI and positively with physical activity. In mice, AG and DAG both increased during short- and long-term food restriction. After 20 days of ad libitum feeding, DAG was associated to persistence of exercise alteration. The positive association of DAG with physical activity during caloric restriction and after weight recovery questions its role in the adaptation mechanisms to energy deprivation that need to be considered in recovery process in AN.
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24
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Effects of metabolic state on the regulation of melanocortin circuits. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113039. [PMID: 32610101 PMCID: PMC7387173 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in neurophysiological systems that regulate food intake and metabolism are at least partly responsible for obesity and related comorbidities. An important component of this process is the hypothalamic melanocortin system, where an imbalance can result in severe obesity and deficits in glucose metabolism. Exercise offers many health benefits related to cardiovascular improvements, hunger control, and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the exercise-induced improvements to the melanocortin system remain undefined. Here, we review the role of the melanocortin system to sense hormonal, nutrient, and neuronal signals of energy status. This information is then relayed onto secondary neurons in order to regulate physiological parameters, which promote proper energy and glucose balance. We also provide an overview on the effects of physical exercise to induce biophysical changes in the melanocortin circuit which may regulate food intake, glucose metabolism and improve overall metabolic health.
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25
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Bunner W, Landry T, Laing BT, Li P, Rao Z, Yuan Y, Huang H. ARC AgRP/NPY Neuron Activity Is Required for Acute Exercise-Induced Food Intake in Un-Trained Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:411. [PMID: 32435204 PMCID: PMC7218131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While much is known about the role of agouti-regulated peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to regulate energy homeostasis, little is known about how forced energy expenditure, such as exercise, modulates these neurons and if these neurons are involved in post-exercise feeding behaviors. We utilized multiple mouse models to investigate the effects of acute, moderate-intensity exercise on food intake and neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. NPY-GFP reporter mice were utilized for immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments investigating neuronal activation immediately after acute treadmill exercise. Additionally, ARCAgRP/NPY neuron inhibition was performed using the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) system in AgRP-Cre transgenic mice to investigate the importance of AgRP/NPY neurons in post-exercise feeding behaviors. Our experiments revealed that acute moderate-intensity exercise significantly increased food intake, ARCAgRP/NPY neuron activation, and PVNSim1 neuron activation, while having no effect on ARCPOMC neurons. Strikingly, this exercise-induced refeeding was completely abolished when ARCAgRP/NPY neuron activity was inhibited. While acute exercise also increased PVNSim1 neuron activity, inhibition of ARCAgRP/NPY neurons had no effect on PVNSim1 neuronal activation. Overall, our results reveal that ARCAgRP/NPY activation is required for acute exercise induced food intake in mice, thus providing insight into the critical role of ARCAgRP/NPY neurons in maintaining energy homeostasis in cases of exercise-mediated energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Bunner
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Brenton Thomas Laing
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Peixin Li
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Zhijian Rao
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Yuan Yuan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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26
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Méquinion M, Foldi CJ, Andrews ZB. The Ghrelin-AgRP Neuron Nexus in Anorexia Nervosa: Implications for Metabolic and Behavioral Adaptations. Front Nutr 2020; 6:190. [PMID: 31998738 PMCID: PMC6962137 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is viewed as primarily a psychiatric disorder owing to the considerable behavioral and genetic overlap with mood disorders and other psychiatric traits. However, the recent reconceptualization of AN as one of both psychiatric and metabolic etiology suggests that metabolic circuits conveying hunger, or sensitive to signals of hunger, may be a critical nexus linking metabolic dysfunction to mood disturbances. Within the brain, hunger is primarily percieved by Agouti-related (AgRP) neurons and hunger increases plasma concentrations of the hormone ghrelin, which targets ghrelin receptors on AgRP neurons to facilitate metabolic adaptations to low energy availability. However, beyond the fundamental role in maintaining hunger signaling, AgRP neurons regulate a diverse range of behaviors such as motivation, locomotor activity, negative reinforcement, anxiety, and obsession and a key factor involved in the manifestation of these behavioral changes in response to activation is the presence or absence of food availability. These changes can be considered adaptive in that they promote affective food-seeking strategies in environments with limited food availability. However, it also suggests that these neurons, so well-studied for their metabolic control, shape mood-related behaviors in a context-dependent manner and dysfunctional control leads not only to metabolic problems but also potentially mood-related problems. The purpose of this review is to underline the potential role of AgRP neurons and ghrelin signaling in both the metabolic and behavioral changes observed in anorexia nervosa. We aim to highlight the most recent studies on AgRP neurons and ghrelin signaling and integrate their metabolic and behavioral roles in normal function and highlight how dysfunction may contribute to the development of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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27
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Mifune H, Tajiri Y, Sakai Y, Kawahara Y, Hara K, Sato T, Nishi Y, Nishi A, Mitsuzono R, Kakuma T, Kojima M. Voluntary exercise is motivated by ghrelin, possibly related to the central reward circuit. J Endocrinol 2020; 244:123-132. [PMID: 31629323 PMCID: PMC6859445 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that voluntary exercise contributed to the amelioration of abnormal feeding behavior with a concomitant restoration of ghrelin production in a rat model of obesity, suggesting a possible relationship between exercise and appetite-regulating hormones. Ghrelin is known to be involved in the brain reward circuits via dopamine neurons related to motivational properties. We investigated the relevance of ghrelin as an initiator of voluntary exercise as well as feeding behavior. The plasma ghrelin concentration fluctuates throughout the day with its peak at the beginning of the dark period in the wild-type (WT) mice with voluntary exercise. Although predominant increases in wheel running activity were observed accordant to the peak of plasma ghrelin concentration in the WT mice, those were severely attenuated in the ghrelin-knockout (GKO) mice under either ad libitum or time-restricted feeding. A single injection of ghrelin receptor agonist brought about and reproduced a marked enhancement of wheel running activity, in contrast to no effect by the continuous administration of the same drug. Brain dopamine levels (DAs) were enhanced after food consumption in the WT mice under voluntary exercise. Although the acceleration of DAs were apparently blunted in the GKO mice, they were dramatically revived after the administration of ghrelin receptor agonist, suggesting the relevance of ghrelin in the reward circuit under voluntary exercise. These findings emphasize that the surge of ghrelin plays a crucial role in the formation of motivation for the initiation of voluntary exercise possibly related to the central dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Mifune
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuji Tajiri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Tajiri:
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yukie Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kento Hara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Mitsuzono
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Masayasu Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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28
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Gray SM, Niu J, Zhang A, Svendsen B, Campbell JE, D'Alessio DA, Tong J. Intraislet Ghrelin Signaling Does Not Regulate Insulin Secretion From Adult Mice. Diabetes 2019; 68:1795-1805. [PMID: 31201280 PMCID: PMC6702634 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous ghrelin reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and endogenous ghrelin protects against hypoglycemia during starvation. Islet ε-cells produce ghrelin and δ-cells express growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), suggesting the possibility of a paracrine mechanism for islet ghrelin to reach high local concentrations and affect insulin secretion. GHSR has high constitutive activity and may act independently of ghrelin. The objective in this study was to determine whether an intraislet ghrelin-GHSR axis modulates insulin secretion and glucose metabolism using mouse models lacking ghrelin (Ghrl-/- ) or GHSR (Ghsr-/- ). Ghsr-/- and Ghsr+/+ mice had comparable islet ghrelin concentrations. Exogenous ghrelin decreased insulin secretion in perifused isolated islets in a GHSR-dependent manner. Islets isolated from Ghrl-/- or Ghsr-/- mice did not differ from controls in glucose-, alanine-, or GLP-1-stimulated insulin secretion during perifusion. Consistent with this finding, Ghrl-/- and Ghsr-/- male mice studied after either 6 or 16 h of fasting had blood glucose concentrations comparable with those of controls following intraperitoneal glucose, or insulin tolerance tests, or after mixed nutrient meals. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence against a paracrine ghrelin-GHSR axis mediating insulin secretion or glucose tolerance in lean, chow-fed adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jenny Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
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29
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Baldini G, Phelan KD. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:R1-R33. [PMID: 30812013 PMCID: PMC6500576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the melanocortin pathway, the fed state is signaled by abundance of circulating hormones such as leptin and insulin, which bind to receptors expressed at the surface of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to promote processing of POMC to the mature hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The α-MSH released by POMC neurons then signals to decrease energy intake by binding to melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) expressed by MC4R neurons to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, in the 'starved state' activity of agouti-related neuropeptide (AgRP) and of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing neurons is increased by decreased levels of circulating leptin and insulin and by the orexigenic hormone ghrelin to promote food intake. This initial understanding of the melanocortin pathway has recently been implemented by the description of the complex neuronal circuit that controls the activity of POMC, AgRP/NPY and MC4R neurons and downstream signaling by these neurons. This review summarizes the progress done on the melanocortin pathway and describes how obesity alters this pathway to disrupt energy homeostasis. We also describe progress on how leptin and insulin receptors signal in POMC neurons, how MC4R signals and how altered expression and traffic of MC4R change the acute signaling and desensitization properties of the receptor. We also describe how the discovery of the melanocortin pathway has led to the use of melanocortin agonists to treat obesity derived from genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baldini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kevin D. Phelan
- Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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30
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Chapelot D, Charlot K. Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop. Metabolism 2019; 92:11-25. [PMID: 30500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the physiology of energy homeostasis (EH), which is a debated concept. Thus, we will see that the set-point theory is highly challenged and that other models integrating an anticipative component, such as energy allostasis, seem more relevant to experimental reports and life preservation. Moreover, the current obesity epidemic suggests that EH is poorly efficient in the modern human dietary environment. Non-homeostatic phenomena linked to hedonism and reward seem to profoundly impair EH. In this review, the apparent failed homeostatic responses to energy challenges such as exercise, cafeteria diet, overfeeding and diet-induced weight loss, as well as their putative determinants, are analyzed to highlight the mechanisms of EH. Then, the hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic factors of energy intake or energy expenditure are briefly presented. Last, this review focuses on the contributions of two of the most pivotal and often overlooked determinants of EH: the availability of endogenous energy and the pattern of energy intake. A glucoadipostatic loop model is finally proposed to link energy stored in adipose tissue to EH through changes in eating behavior via leptin and sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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31
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Smitka K, Nedvidkova J, Vondra K, Hill M, Papezova H, Hainer V. Acipimox Administration With Exercise Induces a Co-feedback Action of the GH, PP, and PYY on Ghrelin Associated With a Reduction of Peripheral Lipolysis in Bulimic and Healthy-Weight Czech Women: A Randomized Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:108. [PMID: 30915029 PMCID: PMC6422902 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Anti-lipolytic drugs and exercise are enhancers of growth hormone (GH) secretion. Decreased circulating free fatty acids (FFA) have been proposed to exert ghrelin-GH feedback loop after administration of an anti-lipolytic longer-acting analog of nicotinic acid, Acipimox (OLB, 5-Methylpyrazine-2-carboxylic acid 4-oxide, molecular weight of 154.1 Da). OLB administration strongly suppresses plasma FFA during exercise. Neuroendocrine perturbations of the adipose tissue (AT), gut, and brain peptides may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of eating disorders including bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa. BN is characterized by binge eating, self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise. Approach: To test the hypothesis that treatment with OLB together with exercise vs. exercise alone would induce feedback action of GH, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and leptin on ghrelin in Czech women with BN and in healthy-weight Czech women (HW). The lipolysis rate (as glycerol release) in subcutaneous abdominal AT was assessed with microdialysis. At an academic medical center, 12 BN and 12 HW (the control group) were randomized to OLB 500 mg 1 h before a single exercise bout (45 min, 2 W/kg of lean body mass [LBM]) once a week vs. identical placebo over a total of 2 weeks. Blood plasma concentrations of GH, PP, PYY, leptin, ghrelin, FFA, glycerol, and concentrations of AT interstitial glycerol were estimated during the test by RIA utilizing 125I-labeled tracer, the electrochemiluminescence technique (ECLIA) or colorimetric kits. Results: OLB administration together with short-term exercise significantly increased plasma GH (P < 0.0001), PP (P < 0.0001), PYY, and leptin concentrations and significantly decreased plasma ghrelin (P < 0.01) concentrations in both groups, whereas short-term exercise with placebo resulted in plasma ghrelin (P < 0.05) decrease exclusively in BN. OLB administration together with short-term exercise significantly lowered local subcutaneous abdominal AT interstitial glycerol (P < 0.0001) to a greater extent in BN. Conclusion: OLB-induced suppression of plasma ghrelin concentrations together with short-term exercise and after the post-exercise recovering phase suggests a potential negative co-feedback of GH, PP, PYY, and leptin on ghrelin secretion to a greater extent in BN. Simultaneously, the exercise-induced elevation in AT interstitial glycerol leading to a higher inhibition of peripheral lipolysis by OLB in BN. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03338387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka ;
| | - Jara Nedvidkova
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondra
- Clinical Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Eating Disorder Center, Psychiatric Clinic, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Hainer
- Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
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He Z, Gao Y, Alhadeff AL, Castorena CM, Huang Y, Lieu L, Afrin S, Sun J, Betley JN, Guo H, Williams KW. Cellular and synaptic reorganization of arcuate NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons after exercise. Mol Metab 2018; 18:107-119. [PMID: 30292523 PMCID: PMC6308029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons are critical nodes of a circuit within the brain that sense key metabolic cues as well as regulate metabolism. Importantly, these neurons retain an innate ability to rapidly reorganize synaptic inputs and electrophysiological properties in response to metabolic state. While the cellular properties of these neurons have been investigated in the context of obesity, much less is known about the effects of exercise training. METHODS In order to further investigate this issue, we utilized neuron-specific transgenic mouse models to identify POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments. RESULTS Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found exercise depolarized and increased firing rate of arcuate POMC neurons. The increased excitability of POMC neurons was concomitant with increased excitatory inputs to these neurons. In agreement with recent work suggesting leptin plays an important role in the synaptic (re)organization of POMC neurons, POMC neurons which express leptin receptors were more sensitive to exercise-induced changes in biophysical properties. Opposite to effects observed in POMC neurons, NPY neurons were shunted toward inhibition following exercise. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data support a rapid reorganization of synaptic inputs and biophysical properties in response to exercise, which may facilitate adaptations to altered energy balance and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carlos M Castorena
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yiru Huang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linh Lieu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jia Sun
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongbo Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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33
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Lurati AR. Effects of Menopause on Appetite and the Gastrointestinal System. Nurs Womens Health 2018; 22:499-505. [PMID: 30389280 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article includes a brief literature review and case example to explore the effects of menopause on hormones that influence appetite and the function of the gastrointestinal system. The importance of exercise and diet are discussed, as are implications for nursing practice.
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