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Pekkle Lam HY, Hung MY, Cheng PC, Peng SY. Use of wogonin as a cooperative drug with praziquantel to better combat schistosomiasis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:757-765. [PMID: 35654701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating tropical diseases in the world. Currently, praziquantel (PZQ) represents the best pharmacological option for the treatment of schistosomiasis as it effectively kills the worm. However, the inability to reverse established liver damages often makes treatment futile. In the current study, we investigate whether combining the use of wogonin, a compound that was found to be liver-protective, with PZQ can attribute to the greatest beneficial effect in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. METHODS To determine the protective effect of PZQ-wogonin treatment on S. manosni-infected mice, histopathological analysis was done to evaluate the granuloma size and fibrotic areas in the liver. Western blotting was performed to analyze several injuries-related markers including fibrotic markers, inflammasomes, and apoptotic markers. Scanning electron microscopy was done to evaluate the effect of wogonin on the worms, and the worm and egg burden was calculated. RESULTS Our results showed that PZQ-wogonin treatment significantly improved liver histopathology of S. mansoni-infected mice. Further analysis showed that PZQ-wogonin combinations are more effective in reducing fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in the liver than that of individual drug use. Furthermore, our results revealed that wogonin is anthelmintic; and it works better with PZQ in reducing hepatic egg burden, further lessen the disease progression. CONCLUSION In general, this combinatorial strategy may represent a new and effective approach to schistosomiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Center for Precision Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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de Vries RJ, Cronin SEJ, Romfh P, Pendexter CA, Jain R, Wilks BT, Raigani S, van Gulik TM, Chen P, Yeh H, Uygun K, Tessier SN. Non-invasive quantification of the mitochondrial redox state in livers during machine perfusion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258833. [PMID: 34705828 PMCID: PMC8550443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical problem in liver transplantation that can lead to life-threatening complications and substantially limit the utilization of livers for transplantation. However, because there are no early diagnostics available, fulminant injury may only become evident post-transplant. Mitochondria play a central role in IRI and are an ideal diagnostic target. During ischemia, changes in the mitochondrial redox state form the first link in the chain of events that lead to IRI. In this study we used resonance Raman spectroscopy to provide a rapid, non-invasive, and label-free diagnostic for quantification of the hepatic mitochondrial redox status. We show this diagnostic can be used to significantly distinguish transplantable versus non-transplantable ischemically injured rat livers during oxygenated machine perfusion and demonstrate spatial differences in the response of mitochondrial redox to ischemia reperfusion. This novel diagnostic may be used in the future to predict the viability of human livers for transplantation and as a tool to better understand the mechanisms of hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier J. de Vries
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie E. J. Cronin
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Padraic Romfh
- Pendar Technologies, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Casie A. Pendexter
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rohil Jain
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin T. Wilks
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Siavash Raigani
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. van Gulik
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peili Chen
- Pendar Technologies, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shannon N. Tessier
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
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3
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Jourová L, Vavreckova M, Zemanova N, Anzenbacher P, Langova K, Hermanova P, Hudcovic T, Anzenbacherova E. Gut Microbiome Alters the Activity of Liver Cytochromes P450 in Mice With Sex-Dependent Differences. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01303. [PMID: 33123003 PMCID: PMC7566554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual differences and the composition/function of the gut microbiome are not considered the most important players in the drug metabolism field; however, from the recent data it is obvious that they may significantly affect the response of the patient to therapy. Here, we evaluated the effect of microbial colonization and sex differences on mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs) in germ-free (GF) mice, lacking the intestinal flora, and control specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. We observed a significant increase in the expression of Cyp3a11 in female SPF mice compared to the male group. However, the sex differences were erased in GF mice, and the expression of Cyp3a11 was about the same in both sexes. We have also found higher Cyp2c38 gene expression in female mice compared to male mice in both the SPF and GF groups. Moreover, these changes were confirmed at the level of enzymatic activity, where the female mice exhibit higher levels of functional CYP2C than males in both groups. Interestingly, we observed the same trend as with CYP3A enzymes: a diminished difference between the sexes in GF mice. The presented data indicate that the mouse gut microbiome plays an important role in sustaining sexual dimorphism in terms of hepatic gene expression and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Jourová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Marketa Vavreckova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Nina Zemanova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Katerina Langova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
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4
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Emami-Khoyi A, Parbhu SP, Ross JG, Murphy EC, Bothwell J, Monsanto DM, Vuuren BJV, Teske PR, Paterson AM. De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Annotation of Liver and Brain Tissues of Common Brushtail Possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand: Transcriptome Diversity after Decades of Population Control. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040436. [PMID: 32316496 PMCID: PMC7230921 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), introduced from Australia in the mid-nineteenth century, is an invasive species in New Zealand where it is widespread and forms the largest self-sustained reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) among wild populations. Conservation and agricultural authorities regularly apply a series of population control measures to suppress brushtail possum populations. The evolutionary consequence of more than half a century of intensive population control operations on the species’ genomic diversity and population structure is hindered by a paucity of available genomic resources. This study is the first to characterise the functional content and diversity of brushtail possum liver and brain cerebral cortex transcriptomes. Raw sequences from hepatic cells and cerebral cortex were assembled into 58,001 and 64,735 transcripts respectively. Functional annotation and polymorphism assignment of the assembled transcripts demonstrated a considerable level of variation in the core metabolic pathways that represent potential targets for selection pressure exerted by chemical toxicants. This study suggests that the brushtail possum population in New Zealand harbours considerable variation in metabolic pathways that could potentially promote the development of tolerance against chemical toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Emami-Khoyi
- Center for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Shilpa Pradeep Parbhu
- Center for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - James G Ross
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Elaine C Murphy
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Bothwell
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Daniela M Monsanto
- Center for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Center for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Peter R Teske
- Center for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Adrian M Paterson
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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5
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Nguyen L, Sandoval J, De Dios R, Yihdego E, Zarate M, Castro O, McKenna S, Wright CJ. The hepatic innate immune response is lobe-specific in a murine model endotoxemia. Innate Immun 2019; 25:144-154. [PMID: 30774009 PMCID: PMC6784545 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918823900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the innate immune response to endotoxemia.
While previous studies have demonstrated lobe-specific transcriptional responses
to various insults, whether this is true in response to endotoxemia is unknown.
We sought to assess whether there were significant intra- and inter-lobe
differences in the murine hepatic innate immune transcriptional response to
endotoxemia. Adult male ICR mice were exposed to i.p. LPS (5 mg/kg, 30 min,
60 min, 5 h) and primary (Tnf, Cxcl1, Nfkbia, Tnfiap3) and
secondary (Il6, Nos2) innate immune response gene expression
was assessed in the left medial, right medial, left lateral, and right lateral
lobes, and the papillary and caudate processes. The expression of all innate
immune response genes increased following i.p. LPS challenge. When tested at the
early time points (30 and 60 min), the left medial lobe and caudate process
consistently demonstrated the highest induction of gene expression. Most
inter-lobe differences were attenuated at later time points (5 h). To improve
reproducibility of the study of endotoxemia induced by i.p. LPS challenge,
inclusion of appropriate methodological details regarding collection of hepatic
tissue should be included when reporting scientific results in published
manuscripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Nguyen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jeryl Sandoval
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robyn De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Elesa Yihdego
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Miguel Zarate
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Odalis Castro
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
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6
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Born JPL, Matos HDC, de Araujo MA, Castro OW, Duzzioni M, Peixoto-Santos JE, Leite JP, Garcia-Cairasco N, Paçó-Larson ML, Gitaí DLG. Using Postmortem hippocampi tissue can interfere with differential gene expression analysis of the epileptogenic process. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182765. [PMID: 28783762 PMCID: PMC5544225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological studies often use autopsy brain tissue as controls to evaluate changes in protein or RNA levels in several diseases. In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), several genes are up or down regulated throughout the epileptogenic and chronic stages of the disease. Given that postmortem changes in several gene transcripts could impact the detection of changes in case-control studies, we evaluated the effect of using autopsy specimens with different postmortem intervals (PMI) on differential gene expression of the Pilocarpine (PILO)induced Status Epilepticus (SE) of MTLE. For this, we selected six genes (Gfap, Ppia, Gad65, Gad67, Npy, and Tnf-α) whose expression patterns in the hippocampus of PILO-injected rats are well known. Initially, we compared hippocampal expression of naïve rats whose hippocampi were harvested immediately after death (0h-PMI) with those harvested at 6h postmortem interval (6h-PMI): Npy and Ppia transcripts increased and Tnf-α transcripts decreased in the 6h-PMI group (p<0.05). We then investigated if these PMI-related changes in gene expression have the potential to adulterate or mask RT-qPCR results obtained with PILO-injected rats euthanized at acute or chronic phases. In the acute group, Npy transcript was significantly higher when compared with 0h-PMI rats, whereas Ppia transcript was lower than 6h-PMI group. When we used epileptic rats (chronic group), the RT-qPCR results showed higher Tnf-α only when compared to 6h-PMI group. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PMI influences gene transcription and can mask changes in gene transcription seen during epileptogenesis in the PILO-SE model. Thus, to avoid erroneous conclusions, we strongly recommend that researchers account for changes in postmortem gene expression in their experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes Born
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Heloisa de Carvalho Matos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Mykaella Andrade de Araujo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner Castro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pereira Leite
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Paçó-Larson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Die JV, Roman B, Flores F, Rowland LJ. Design and Sampling Plan Optimization for RT-qPCR Experiments in Plants: A Case Study in Blueberry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:271. [PMID: 27014296 PMCID: PMC4779984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The qPCR assay has become a routine technology in plant biotechnology and agricultural research. It is unlikely to be technically improved, but there are still challenges which center around minimizing the variability in results and transparency when reporting technical data in support of the conclusions of a study. There are a number of aspects of the pre- and post-assay workflow that contribute to variability of results. Here, through the study of the introduction of error in qPCR measurements at different stages of the workflow, we describe the most important causes of technical variability in a case study using blueberry. In this study, we found that the stage for which increasing the number of replicates would be the most beneficial depends on the tissue used. For example, we would recommend the use of more RT replicates when working with leaf tissue, while the use of more sampling (RNA extraction) replicates would be recommended when working with stems or fruits to obtain the most optimal results. The use of more qPCR replicates provides the least benefit as it is the most reproducible step. By knowing the distribution of error over an entire experiment and the costs at each step, we have developed a script to identify the optimal sampling plan within the limits of a given budget. These findings should help plant scientists improve the design of qPCR experiments and refine their laboratory practices in order to conduct qPCR assays in a more reliable-manner to produce more consistent and reproducible data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Die
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Belen Roman
- Area Mejora y Biotecnologia, IFAPA Centro Alameda del ObispoCordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Flores
- Departamento Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de HuelvaHuelva, Spain
| | - Lisa J. Rowland
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceBeltsville, MD, USA
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8
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Santos EADS, Marques TEBS, Matos HDC, Leite JP, Garcia-Cairasco N, Paçó-Larson ML, Gitaí DLG. Diurnal Variation Has Effect on Differential Gene Expression Analysis in the Hippocampus of the Pilocarpine-Induced Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141121. [PMID: 26473354 PMCID: PMC4608695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis have been widely investigated by differential gene expression approach, especially RT-qPCR methodology. However, controversial findings highlight the occurrence of unpredictable sources of variance in the experimental designs. Here, we investigated if diurnal rhythms of transcript's levels may impact on differential gene expression analysis in hippocampus of rats with experimental epilepsy. For this, we have selected six core clock genes (Per1, Per3, Bmal1, Clock, Cry1 and Cry2), whose rhythmic expression pattern in hippocampus had been previously reported. Initially, we identified Tubb2a/Rplp1 and Tubb2a/Ppia as suitable normalizers for circadian studies in hippocampus of rats maintained to 12:12 hour light:dark (LD) cycle. Next, we confirmed the temporal profiling of Per1, Per3, Bmal1, Cry1 and Cry2 mRNA levels in the hippocampus of naive rats by both Acrophase and CircWave statistical tests for circadian analysis. Finally, we showed that temporal differences of sampling can change experimental results for Per1, Per3, Bmal1, Cry1 and Cry2, but not for Clock, which was consistently decreased in rats with epilepsy in all comparison to the naive group. In conclusion, our study demonstrates it is mandatory to consider diurnal oscillations, in order to avoid erroneous conclusions in gene expression analysis in hippocampus of rats with epilepsy. Investigators, therefore, should be aware that genes with circadian expression could be out of phase in different animals of experimental and control groups. Moreover, our results indicate that a sub-expression of Clock may be involved in epileptogenicity, although the functional significance of this remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Antonieli da Silva Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Heloísa de Carvalho Matos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - João Pereira Leite
- Department of Neurology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Paçó-Larson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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9
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Nilakantan H, Kuttippurathu L, Parrish A, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. In Vivo Zonal Variation and Liver Cell-Type Specific NF-κB Localization after Chronic Adaptation to Ethanol and following Partial Hepatectomy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140236. [PMID: 26452159 PMCID: PMC4599916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a major inflammatory response mediator in the liver, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. We investigated zonal as well as liver cell type-specific distribution of NF-κB activation across the liver acinus following adaptation to chronic ethanol intake and 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). We employed immunofluorescence staining, digital image analysis and statistical distributional analysis to quantify subcellular localization of NF-κB in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We detected significant spatial heterogeneity of NF-κB expression and cellular localization between cytoplasm and nucleus across liver tissue. Our main aims involved investigating the zonal bias in NF-κB localization and determining to what extent chronic ethanol intake affects this zonal bias with in hepatocytes at baseline and post-PHx. Hepatocytes in the periportal area showed higher NF-κB expression than in the pericentral region in the carbohydrate-fed controls, but not in the ethanol group. However, the distribution of NF-κB nuclear localization in hepatocytes was shifted towards higher levels in pericentral region than in periportal area, across all treatment conditions. Chronic ethanol intake shifted the NF-κB distribution towards higher nuclear fraction in hepatocytes as compared to the pair-fed control group. Ethanol also stimulated higher NF-κB expression in a subpopulation of HSCs. In the control group, PHx elicited a shift towards higher NF-κB nuclear fraction in hepatocytes. However, this distribution remained unchanged in the ethanol group post-PHx. HSCs showed a lower NF-κB expression following PHx in both ethanol and control groups. We conclude that adaptation to chronic ethanol intake attenuates the liver zonal variation in NF-κB expression and limits the PHx-induced NF-κB activation in hepatocytes, but does not alter the NF-κB expression changes in HSCs in response to PHx. Our findings provide new insights as to how ethanol treatment may affect cell-type specific processes regulated by NF-κB activation in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Nilakantan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Austin Parrish
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Mustafa SA, Karieb SS, Davies SJ, Jha AN. Assessment of oxidative damage to DNA, transcriptional expression of key genes, lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes in carp Cyprinus carpio L. following exposure to chronic hypoxic and subsequent recovery in normoxic conditions. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:107-16. [PMID: 25527733 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish, a complex set of mechanisms deal with environmental stresses including hypoxia. In order to probe the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced stress could be manifested in varieties of pathways, a model species, mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio), were chronically exposed to hypoxic condition (dissolved oxygen level: 1.80 ± 0.6 mg/l) for 21 days and subsequently allowed to recover under normoxic condition (dissolved oxygen level: 8.2 ± 0.5 mg/l) for 7 days. At the end of these exposure periods, an integrated approach was applied to evaluate several endpoints at different levels of biological organisation. These included determination of (i) oxidative damage to DNA in erythrocytes (using modified comet assay), (ii) lipid peroxidation in liver samples by measuring the malondialdehyde production using the 2-thiobarbituric acid [i.e. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay] and (iii) histopathological changes in gills. In addition, transcriptional expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α) and genes involved in the repair of oxidative damage to DNA (i.e. ogg1) and base excision repair (i.e. xrcc1) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in liver samples were also determined. The results suggested significantly enhanced expression of these genes in response to hypoxia compared to concurrent normoxic controls. While the expression of HIF-1α reverted to control values within 7 days exposure to normoxic condition (P < 0.05), the transcriptional expression of the two genes involved in DNA repair process remained significantly high under the recovery period, which complemented the induction of oxidative damage to DNA. Hypoxic groups showed significantly increased values for TBARS level (~2-fold) and histopathological changes in gill tissues compared to both normoxic and recovery groups. Overall, oxidative damage to DNA determined by modified comet assay reflected the observed biological responses in other tissues of the fish. Along with other parameters, this integrated experimental design further strengthens the applications of the comet assay as an important technique to assess stress-induced DNA damage in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A Mustafa
- Present address: Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Republic of Iraq
| | - Sahar S Karieb
- Present address: Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science/Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Republic of Iraq
| | - Simon J Davies
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK, Present address: Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Republic of Iraq. Present address: Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science/Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Republic of Iraq
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK, Present address: Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Republic of Iraq. Present address: Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science/Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Republic of Iraq.
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Devin S, Giamberini L, Pain-Devin S. Variation in variance means more than mean variations: what does variability tell us about population health status? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:282-287. [PMID: 25173944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In environmental science, the variability of biological responses in natural or laboratory populations is a well known and documented phenomenon. However, while an extensive literature aims to explain and understand the origin of variability, few try to use it as a demonstration of the population's response facing a stress. We propose here a theoretical framework that explores various patterns of variability both within and among populations, and seeks methods useful in bioevaluation methodologies. We also introduce the concept of "ecotoxicological niche" to characterize the ability of a population to endure contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Devin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC) - Metz, France.
| | - Laure Giamberini
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC) - Metz, France
| | - Sandrine Pain-Devin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC) - Metz, France
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12
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Peterson MP, Rosvall KA, Taylor CA, Lopez JA, Choi JH, Ziegenfus C, Tang H, Colbourne JK, Ketterson ED. Potential for sexual conflict assessed via testosterone-mediated transcriptional changes in liver and muscle of a songbird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:507-17. [PMID: 24198265 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Males and females can be highly dimorphic in metabolism and physiology despite sharing nearly identical genomes, and both sexes respond phenotypically to elevated testosterone, a steroid hormone that alters gene expression. Only recently has it become possible to learn how a hormone such as testosterone affects global gene expression in non-model systems, and whether it affects the same genes in males and females. To investigate the transcriptional mechanisms by which testosterone exerts its metabolic and physiological effects on the periphery, we compared gene expression by sex and in response to experimentally elevated testosterone in a well-studied bird species, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We identified 291 genes in the liver and 658 in the pectoralis muscle that were differentially expressed between males and females. In addition, we identified 1727 genes that were differentially expressed between testosterone-treated and control individuals in at least one tissue and sex. Testosterone treatment altered the expression of only 128 genes in both males and females in the same tissue, and 847 genes were affected significantly differently by testosterone treatment in the two sexes. These substantial differences in transcriptional response to testosterone suggest that males and females may employ different pathways when responding to elevated testosterone, despite the fact that many phenotypic effects of experimentally elevated testosterone are similar in both sexes. In contrast, of the 121 genes that were affected by testosterone treatment in both sexes, 78% were regulated in the same direction (e.g. either higher or lower in testosterone-treated than control individuals) in both males and females. Thus, it appears that testosterone acts through both unique and shared transcriptional pathways in males and females, suggesting multiple mechanisms by which sexual conflict can be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Peterson
- Department of Biology, Center for Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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13
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Lu YF, Jin T, Xu Y, Zhang D, Wu Q, Zhang YKJ, Liu J. Sex differences in the circadian variation of cytochrome p450 genes and corresponding nuclear receptors in mouse liver. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:1135-43. [PMID: 23926955 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.805762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences and circadian variation are two major factors that affect the expression of drug-processing genes. This study aimed to examine sex differences in the circadian variation of hepatic cytochrome P450 (Cyp) genes and corresponding nuclear receptors. Adult mice were acclimated to environmentally controlled facilities for 2 wks, and livers were collected every 4 h during a 24-h period. Total RNA and protein were isolated and subjected to real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The mRNA expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and AhR-regulated Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 were higher in females and higher during the light phase. The mRNA expression of constitutive and rostane receptor (CAR) and CYP2B10 protein was female-predominant and higher in the dark phase. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) peaked around 18:00 h, but PXR-regulated Cyp3a11 and Cyp3a25 were higher at 10:00 h, without apparent sex dimorphism at protein levels. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), Cyp4a10, and Cyp4a14 were higher in females and peaked between 14:00 and 18:00 h. The mRNA levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Cyp7a1, and Cyp27a1 peaked around 18:00 h and CYP7A1 protein was higher during the dark phase and higher in females. Cyp7b1(male-predominant) and Cyp2a4 (female-predominant) both showed circadian variation. Circadian variation of hepatic clock genes such as nuclear receptor Rev-erbα, cryptochrome 1 (Cry1), and brain muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (Bmal1) showed distinct patterns. Sex differences and circadian rhythmicity of Cyp genes and corresponding nuclear receptors exist in mouse liver that could impact xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity at different times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , China
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