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Haindl MT, Üçal M, Tafrali C, Wonisch W, Erdogan C, Nowakowska M, Adzemovic MZ, Enzinger C, Khalil M, Hochmeister S. Sex Differences under Vitamin D Supplementation in an Animal Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2024; 16:554. [PMID: 38398879 PMCID: PMC10893160 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A central role for vitamin D (VD) in immune modulation has recently been recognized linking VD insufficiency to autoimmune disorders that commonly exhibit sex-associated differences. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, there is a higher incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in women, but a poorer prognosis in men, often characterized by a more rapid progression. Although sex hormones are most likely involved, this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Oxidative stress, modulated by VD serum levels as well as sex hormones, may act as a contributing factor to demyelination and axonal damage in both MS and the corresponding preclinical models. In this study, we analyzed sex-associated differences and VD effects utilizing an animal model that recapitulates histopathological features of the progressive MS phase (PMS). In contrast to relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), PMS has been poorly investigated in this context. Male (n = 50) and female (n = 46) Dark Agouti rats received either VD (400 IU per week; VD+) or standard rodent food without extra VD (VD-) from weaning onwards. Myelination, microglial activation, apoptotic cell death and neuronal viability were assessed using immunohistochemical markers in brain tissue. Additionally, we also used two different histological markers against oxidized lipids along with colorimetric methods to measure protective polyphenols (PP) and total antioxidative capacity (TAC) in serum. Neurofilament light chain serum levels (sNfL) were analyzed using single-molecule array (SIMOA) analysis. We found significant differences between female and male animals. Female rats exhibited a better TAC and higher amounts of PP. Additionally, females showed higher myelin preservation, lower microglial activation and better neuronal survival while showing more apoptotic cells than male rats. We even found a delay in reaching the peak of the disease in females. Overall, both sexes benefitted from VD supplementation, represented by significantly less cortical, neuroaxonal and oxidative damage. Unexpectedly, male rats had an even higher overall benefit, most likely due to differences in oxidative capacity and defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Cansu Tafrali
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Willibald Wonisch
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Department of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Cigdem Erdogan
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marta Nowakowska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Milena Z. Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Haindl MT, Üçal M, Wonisch W, Lang M, Nowakowska M, Adzemovic MZ, Khalil M, Enzinger C, Hochmeister S. Vitamin D-An Effective Antioxidant in an Animal Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3309. [PMID: 37571246 PMCID: PMC10421326 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is the most discussed antioxidant supplement for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and many studies suggest correlations between a low VD serum level and onset and progression of the disease. While many studies in animals as well as clinical studies focused on the role of VD in the relapsing-remitting MS, knowledge is rather sparse for the progressive phase of the disease and the development of cortical pathology. In this study, we used our established rat model of cortical inflammatory demyelination, resembling features seen in late progressive MS, to address the question about whether VD could have positive effects on reducing cortical pathology, oxidative stress, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) serum levels. For this purpose, we used male Dark Agouti (DA) rats, with one group being supplemented with VD (400 IE per week; VD+) from the weaning on at age three weeks; the other group received standard rodent food. The rat brains were assessed using immunohistochemical markers against demyelination, microglial activation, apoptosis, neurons, neurofilament, and reactive astrocytes. To evaluate the effect of VD on oxidative stress and the antioxidant capacity, we used two different oxidized lipid markers (anti- Cu++ and HOCl oxidized LDL antibodies) along with colorimetric methods for protective polyphenols (PP) and total antioxidative capacity (TAC). NfL serum levels of VD+ and VD- animals were analyzed by fourth generation single-molecule array (SIMOA) analysis. We found significant differences between the VD+ and VD- animals both in histopathology as well as in all serum markers. Myelin loss and microglial activation is lower in VD+ animals and the number of apoptotic cells is significantly reduced with a higher neuronal survival. VD+ animals show significantly lower NfL serum levels, a higher TAC, and more PP. Additionally, there is a significant reduction of oxidized lipid markers in animals under VD supplementation. Our data thus show a positive effect of VD on cellular features of cortical pathology in our animal model, presumably due to protection against reactive oxygen species. In this study, VD enhanced remyelination and prevented neuroaxonal and oxidative damage, such as demyelination and neurodegeneration. However, more studies on VD dose relations are required to establish an optimal response while avoiding overdosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Willibald Wonisch
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Department of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Lang
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Faculty of Health, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Campus 1, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Marta Nowakowska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Milena Z. Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Hajeer S, Nasr F, Nabha S, Saab MB, Harati H, Desoutter A, Al Ahmar E, Estephan E. Association between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis- MRI significance: A scoping review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15754. [PMID: 37180903 PMCID: PMC10172888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Multiple Sclerosis is a common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Several studies suggested a link between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis disease activity, which can be evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Thereby, the main objective of the following scoping review is to summarize the magnetic resonance imaging findings assessing the probable effects of vitamin D on MS disease activity. Methodology PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses was employed to structure this review. Literature was searched for observational and clinical studies tackling the given matter using several search engines including PubMed, CORE, and Embase. Data was extracted in a systematic manner, and the articles meeting the inclusion criteria were quality-assessed by Jadad scale for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies. Results A total of 35 articles were included. Twenty-one (60%) studies noted a statistically significant association between vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis MRI-detected disease activity. MRI-detected features involved lower contrast-enhancing T1 lesions, lower hyperintense T2 lesions, and a decrease in lesions volume. On the other hand, 40% (14 articles) of the articles did not detect any significant effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis disease activity. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies involved, meta-analysis was not employed in the given review. Discussion/conclusion There was an abundance in the number of research studies investigating the relationship between vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis while highlighting the significant role of MRI in assessing the activity of the disease. Numerous studies found that higher serum vitamin D levels are associated with decreased new active cortical and subcortical lesions and lower lesions volume. These findings highlight the importance of imaging modalities in the various aspects of neurological diseases and encourage further research to focus on the preventive effects of vitamin D on MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk Hajeer
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Nasr
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marie-belle Saab
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Lebanese University, Furn-El-Chebbak, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Elie Al Ahmar
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Elias Estephan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- LBN, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Corresponding author. LBN, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Yang JH, Rempe T, Whitmire N, Dunn-Pirio A, Graves JS. Therapeutic Advances in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:824926. [PMID: 35720070 PMCID: PMC9205455 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.824926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system that causes significant disability and healthcare burden. The treatment of MS has evolved over the past three decades with development of new, high efficacy disease modifying therapies targeting various mechanisms including immune modulation, immune cell suppression or depletion and enhanced immune cell sequestration. Emerging therapies include CNS-penetrant Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as well as therapies aimed at remyelination or neuroprotection. Therapy development for progressive MS has been more challenging with limited efficacy of current approved agents for inactive disease and older patients with MS. The aim of this review is to provide a broad overview of the current therapeutic landscape for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jennifer H. Yang
| | - Torge Rempe
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalie Whitmire
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anastasie Dunn-Pirio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Graves
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Serum Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Autoimmune, Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12010130. [PMID: 35054296 PMCID: PMC8774449 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone regulating calcium-phosphorus homeostasis, immune response and brain function. In the past thirty years, an increasing number of cohort studies, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials (RTCs) evaluated the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which is considered the Vitamin D status biomarker, in patients affected by neurological, psychiatric and autoimmune diseases. Although an association between low 25(OH)D serum levels and the prevalence of these diseases has been found, it is still unclear whether the serum 25(OH)D measurement can be clinically useful as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and predicting treatment response in neurodegeneration, mental illness and immune-mediated disorders. The lack of standardized data, as well as discrepancies among the studies (in the analytical methods, cut-offs, endpoints and study sets), weakened the findings achieved, hindered pooling data, and, consequently, hampered drawing conclusions. This narrative review summarizes the main findings from the studies performed on serum 25(OH)D in neurological, psychiatric and autoimmune diseases, and clarifies whether or not serum 25(OH)D can be used as a reliable biomarker in these diseases.
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Haindl MT, Hochmeister S. Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis-Lessons From Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2021; 12:757795. [PMID: 34744990 PMCID: PMC8563695 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.757795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system with both genetic and environmental causes. The exact disease mechanisms are still unclear. Consequently, studies of possible treatment and preventive measures cover a large setting of heterogeneous approaches. Vitamin D is one of these approaches, and in many trials the relation of vitamin D serum levels and multiple sclerosis disease risk and activity describes different effects with sometimes inconsistent findings. Animal models are substantial for the research of disease mechanisms, and many of the drugs that are currently in use in multiple sclerosis have been developed, tested, or validated via animal studies. Especially when clinical studies show contradicting findings, the use of standardized settings and information about the mechanistic background is necessary. For this purpose, animal models are an essential tool. There is a variety of different experimental settings and types of animal models available, each of them with own strengths but also weaknesses. This mini-review aims to overview results of vitamin D studies in different animal models and sums up the most important recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tanja Haindl
- Department of General Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of General Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Patel C, Thomas G, Zomorodi N, Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. β-endorphin and opioid growth factor as biomarkers of physical ability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50:102868. [PMID: 33677409 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated degenerative disorder with increased peripheral inflammation disrupting the blood brain barrier. With increasing MS-related healthcare costs, the requirement to validate minimally invasive biomarkers has become imperative. METHODS Relapsing-remitting MS patients on disease modifying therapies were consented at the Penn State Health MS Clinic to provide blood samples for analyses of serum cytokines and endogenous opioid peptides, as well as to complete the MSQOL-54 survey. RESULTS Serum OGF levels in MS patients on glatiramer acetate (mean = 326 pg/ml), dimethyl fumarate (mean = 193.3 pg/ml) and natalizumab (mean = 393.4 pg/ml) were significantly elevated (p < 0.01) compared to healthy controls (mean = 98.46 pg/ml). Individuals with elevated OGF levels also had increased levels of TNFα (r = 0.78) and IL-17A (r = 0.81). Only patients treated with glatiramer acetate had significant (p < 0.01) elevations in serum β-endorphin levels. Analyses of MS-QoL 54 data showed no significant differences in physical or mental composite scores between treatment groups. However, serum levels of β-endorphin had a direct correlation with physical health composite score (r = 0.70) in all treatments. Serum vitamin D levels had an indirect relationship with 25-foot walk test times (r = 0.47). CONCLUSION Both regression and cohort data suggest that serum levels of OGF, β-endorphin, and vitamin D are potential biomarkers for physical disease status in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Patel
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gary Thomas
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Naseem Zomorodi
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ian S Zagon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Grubić Kezele T, Ćurko-Cofek B. Age-Related Changes and Sex-Related Differences in Brain Iron Metabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2601. [PMID: 32867052 PMCID: PMC7551829 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that participates in numerous cellular processes. Any disruption of iron homeostasis leads to either iron deficiency or iron overload, which can be detrimental for humans' health, especially in elderly. Each of these changes contributes to the faster development of many neurological disorders or stimulates progression of already present diseases. Age-related cellular and molecular alterations in iron metabolism can also lead to iron dyshomeostasis and deposition. Iron deposits can contribute to the development of inflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the progressive decline in cognitive processes, contributing to pathophysiology of stroke and dysfunctions of body metabolism. Besides, since iron plays an important role in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, dietary iron homeostasis should be considered with caution. Recently, there has been increased interest in sex-related differences in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. These differences have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review we will discuss the latest discoveries in iron metabolism, age-related changes, along with the sex differences in iron content in serum and brain, within the healthy aging population and in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Dietary influence on central nervous system myelin production, injury, and regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abbatemarco JR, Fox RJ, Li H, Bermel RA, Ontaneda D. Vitamin D Levels and Visual System Measurements in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J MS Care 2020; 23:53-58. [PMID: 33880080 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its role in progressive MS has not been elucidated. The objective was to determine the correlation between vitamin D levels and visual parameters in primary progressive MS (PPMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Methods Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) levels were obtained from the Secondary and Primary Progressive Ibudilast NeuroNEXT Trial in MS (SPRINT-MS). Visual function measurements and vitamin D associations were determined using the Pearson correlation and the generalized linear mixed model. Results The analysis included 258 patients (mean ± SD age of 55.6 ± 7.3 years, 52.7% female, and 52.3% PPMS). Mean vitamin D values were above sufficiency and were similar between PPMS and SPMS (P = .47 and P = .31). There was no association between 25(OH)D3 levels and any visual markers, including peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (Spearman r = -0.08), macular volume (r = -0.03), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (r = -0.07), and 2.5% low-contrast visual acuity test (r = -0.10). No statistically significant associations between vitamin D levels and visual system measurements were detected in the PPMS and SPMS subgroups. Conclusions Vitamin D levels were not associated with optical coherence tomography findings or low-contrast letter acuity in this group of patients with progressive MS.
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Szymczak-Pajor I, Kleniewska P, Wieczfinska J, Pawliczak R. Wide-Range Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on Group 4A Phospholipases Is Related to Nuclear Factor κ-B and Phospholipase-A2 Activating Protein Activity in Mast Cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:56-70. [PMID: 31707382 DOI: 10.1159/000503628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phospholipases are enzymes that occur in many types of human cells, including mast cells, and play an important role in the molecular background of asthma pathogenesis, and the development of inflammation NF-κB activities that affect numerous biological processes has been reported in many inflammatory diseases including asthma. Vitamin D is a widely studied factor that affects many diseases, including asthma. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on regulation of chosen phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) expression-selected inflammation mediators. METHODS LUVA mast cells were stimulated with 1,25(OH)2D3, and inhibitors of NF-κB p65 and ubiquitination. Expression analysis of phospholipases (PLA2G5, PLA2G10, PLA2G12, PLA2G15, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4C, PLAA, NF-κB p65, and UBC) was done utilizing real-time PCR and Western blot. Eicosanoid (LTC4, LXA4, 15[S]-HETE, and PGE2) levels and sPLA2 were also measured. RESULTS We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the expression of PLA2G5, PLA2G15, PLA2G5,UBC, and NF-κB p65 but increased expression of PLAA and PLA2G4C (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of PLA2G5 and PLA2G15 decreased after inhibition of NF-κB p65 and UBC. Increased levels of released LXA4 and 15(S)-HETE, decreased levels of LTC4, and sPLA2s enzymatic activity in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 were also observed. Additionally, NF-κB p65 inhibition led to an increase in the LXA4 concentration. CONCLUSION Future investigations will be needed to further clarify the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the context of asthma and the inflammatory process; however, these results confirm a variety of effects which can be caused by this vitamin. 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated action may result in the development of new therapeutic strategies for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymczak-Pajor
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Kleniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,
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