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Hassan N, Krieg T, Kopp A, Bach AD, Kröger N. Challenges and Pitfalls of Research Designs Involving Magnesium-Based Biomaterials: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6242. [PMID: 38892430 PMCID: PMC11172609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-based biomaterials hold remarkable promise for various clinical applications, offering advantages such as reduced stress-shielding and enhanced bone strengthening and vascular remodeling compared to traditional materials. However, ensuring the quality of preclinical research is crucial for the development of these implants. To achieve implant success, an understanding of the cellular responses post-implantation, proper model selection, and good study design are crucial. There are several challenges to reaching a safe and effective translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. The utilization of Mg-based biomedical devices eliminates the need for biomaterial removal surgery post-healing and mitigates adverse effects associated with permanent biomaterial implantation. However, the high corrosion rate of Mg-based implants poses challenges such as unexpected degradation, structural failure, hydrogen evolution, alkalization, and cytotoxicity. The biocompatibility and degradability of materials based on magnesium have been studied by many researchers in vitro; however, evaluations addressing the impact of the material in vivo still need to be improved. Several animal models, including rats, rabbits, dogs, and pigs, have been explored to assess the potential of magnesium-based materials. Moreover, strategies such as alloying and coating have been identified to enhance the degradation rate of magnesium-based materials in vivo to transform these challenges into opportunities. This review aims to explore the utilization of Mg implants across various biomedical applications within cellular (in vitro) and animal (in vivo) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Translational Matrix Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Alexander D. Bach
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Eschweiler, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany
| | - Nadja Kröger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Eschweiler, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany
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Ron T, Leon A, Kafri A, Ashraf A, Na J, Babu A, Banerjee R, Brookbank H, Muddaluri SR, Little KJ, Aghion E, Pixley S. Nerve Regeneration with a Scaffold Incorporating an Absorbable Zinc-2% Iron Alloy Filament to Improve Axonal Guidance. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2595. [PMID: 38004574 PMCID: PMC10674795 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage that results in lost segments requires surgery, but currently available hollow scaffolds have limitations that could be overcome by adding internal guidance support. A novel solution is to use filaments of absorbable metals to supply physical support and guidance for nerve regeneration that then safely disappear from the body. Previously, we showed that thin filaments of magnesium metal (Mg) would support nerve regeneration. Here, we tested another absorbable metal, zinc (Zn), using a proprietary zinc alloy with 2% iron (Zn-2%Fe) that was designed to overcome the limitations of both Mg and pure Zn metal. Non-critical-sized gaps in adult rat sciatic nerves were repaired with silicone conduits plus single filaments of Zn-2%Fe, Mg, or no metal, with autografts as controls. After seventeen weeks, all groups showed equal recovery of function and axonal density at the distal end of the conduit. The Zn alloy group showed some improvements in early rat health and recovery of function. The alloy had a greater local accumulation of degradation products and inflammatory cells than Mg; however, both metals had an equally thin capsule (no difference in tissue irritation) and no toxicity or inflammation in neighboring nerve tissues. Therefore, Zn-2%Fe, like Mg, is biocompatible and has great potential for use in nervous tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Ron
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Avi Leon
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alon Kafri
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Ahmed Ashraf
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - John Na
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ashvin Babu
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Runima Banerjee
- College of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Hunter Brookbank
- College of Arts & Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Little
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Pediatric Hand & Upper Extremity Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eli Aghion
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sarah Pixley
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Oliver AA, Bilgin C, Vercnocke AJ, Carlson KD, Kadirvel R, Guillory RJ, Griebel AJ, Schaffer JE, Dragomir-Daescu D, Kallmes DF. Benchtop proof of concept and comparison of iron- and magnesium-based bioresorbable flow diverters. J Neurosurg 2023; 139:150-156. [PMID: 36681964 PMCID: PMC10824252 DOI: 10.3171/2022.11.jns222213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bioresorbable flow diverters (BRFDs) could significantly improve the performance of next-generation flow diverter technology. In the current work, magnesium and iron alloy BRFDs were prototyped and compared in terms of porosity/pore density, radial strength, flow diversion functionality, and resorption kinetics to offer insights into selecting the best available bioresorbable metal candidate for the BRFD application. METHODS BRFDs were constructed with braided wires made from alloys of magnesium (MgBRFD) or iron (FeBRFD). Pore density and crush resistance force were measured using established methods. BRFDs were deployed in silicone aneurysm models attached to flow loops to investigate flow diversion functionality and resorption kinetics in a simulated physiological environment. RESULTS The FeBRFD exhibited higher pore density (9.9 vs 4.3 pores/mm2) and crush resistance force (0.69 ± 0.05 vs 0.53 ± 0.05 N/cm, p = 0.0765, n = 3 per group) than the MgBRFD, although both crush resistances were within the range previously reported for FDA-approved flow diverters. The FeBRFD demonstrated greater flow diversion functionality than the MgBRFD, with significantly higher values of established flow diversion metrics (mean transit time 159.6 ± 11.9 vs 110.9 ± 1.6, p = 0.015; inverse washout slope 192.5 ± 9.0 vs 116.5 ± 1.5, p = 0.001; n = 3 per group; both metrics expressed as a percentage of the control condition). Last, the FeBRFD was able to maintain its braided structure for > 12 weeks, whereas the MgBRFD was almost completely resorbed after 5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated the ability to manufacture BRFDs with magnesium and iron alloys. The data suggest that the iron alloy is the superior material candidate for the BRFD application due to its higher mechanical strength and lower resorption rate relative to the magnesium alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Oliver
- Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cem Bilgin
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kent D. Carlson
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ramanathan Kadirvel
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Neurosurgery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roger J Guillory
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Dragomir-Daescu
- Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David F. Kallmes
- Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Bita T, Antoniac A, Ciuca I, Miculescu M, Cotrut CM, Paltanea G, Dura H, Corneschi I, Antoniac I, Carstoc ID, Bodog AD. Effect of Fluoride Coatings on the Corrosion Behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn Alloys for Medical Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4508. [PMID: 37444822 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The most critical shortcoming of magnesium alloys from the point of view of medical devices is the high corrosion rate, which is not well-correlated with clinical needs. It is well- known that rapid degradation occurs when an implant made of Mg-based alloys is placed inside the human body. Consequently, the implant loses its mechanical properties and failure can occur even if it is not completely degraded. The corrosion products that appear after Mg-based alloy degradation, such as H2 and OH- can have an essential role in decreasing biocompatibility due to the H2 accumulation process in the tissues near the implant. In order to control the degradation process of the Mg-based alloys, different coatings could be applied. The aim of the current paper is to evaluate the effect of fluoride coatings on the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys from the system Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn potentially used for orthopedic trauma implants. The main functional properties required for the magnesium alloys to be used as implant materials, such as surface properties and corrosion behavior, were studied before and after surface modifications by fluoride conversion, with and without preliminary sandblasting, of two magnesium alloys from the system Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn. The experimental results showed that chemical conversion treatment with hydrofluoric acid is useful as a method of increasing corrosion resistance for the experimental magnesium alloys from the Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn system. Also, high surface free energy values obtained for the alloys treated with hydrofluoric acid correlated with wettability lead to the conclusion that there is an increased chance for biological factor adsorption and cell proliferation. Chemical conversion treatment with hydrofluoric acid is useful as a method of increasing corrosion resistance for the experimental Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiberiu Bita
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Ciuca
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cosmin Mihai Cotrut
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horatiu Dura
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2A Lucian Blaga Street, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Iuliana Corneschi
- Romfire Protect Solution S.R.L., 39 Drumul Taberei, District 6, 061359 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romania Scientist, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Dana Carstoc
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2A Lucian Blaga Street, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Alin Danut Bodog
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Seetharaman S, Sankaranarayanan D, Gupta M. Magnesium-Based Temporary Implants: Potential, Current Status, Applications, and Challenges. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:324. [PMID: 37367288 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical implants are important devices used for the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissues or organs. The success of implantation depends on various factors, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the materials used. Recently, magnesium (Mg)-based materials have emerged as a promising class of temporary implants due to their remarkable properties, such as strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research works summarizing the above-mentioned properties of Mg-based materials for use as temporary implants. The key findings from in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical trials are also discussed. Further, the potential applications of Mg-based implants and the applicable fabrication methods are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankaranarayanan Seetharaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07-08, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Cleantech Loop, #01/01 CleanTech Two, Singapore 637143, Singapore
| | - Dhivya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07-08, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07-08, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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Dou Z, Chen S, Wang J, Xia L, Maitz MF, Tu Q, Zhang W, Yang Z, Huang N. A "built-up" composite film with synergistic functionalities on Mg-2Zn-1Mn bioresorbable stents improves corrosion control effects and biocompatibility. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:223-238. [PMID: 36817823 PMCID: PMC9929524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of premature corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloy bioresorbable stents (BRS) is frequently achieved by the addition of rare earth elements. However, limited long-term experience with these elements causes concerns for clinical application and alternative methods of corrosion control are sought after. Herein, we report a "built-up" composite film consisting of a bottom layer of MgF2 conversion coating, a sandwich layer of a poly (1, 3-trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) co-spray coating (PA) and on top a layer of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) ultrasonic spray coating to decorate the rare earth element-free Mg-2Zn-1Mn (ZM21) BRS for tailoring both corrosion resistance and biological functions. The developed "built-up" composite film shows synergistic functionalities, allowing the compression and expansion of the coated ZM21 BRS on an angioplasty balloon without cracking or peeling. Of special importance is that the synergistic corrosion control effects of the "built-up" composite film allow for maintaining the mechanical integrity of stents for up to 3 months, where complete biodegradation and no foreign matter residue were observed about half a year after implantation in rabbit iliac arteries. Moreover, the functionalized ZM21 BRS accomplished re-endothelialization within one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Dou
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Shuiling Chen
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Li Xia
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Manfred F. Maitz
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qiufen Tu
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Wentai Zhang
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523059, China
| | - Zhilu Yang
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523059, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Department of Cardiology, Third People's Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Corresponding author. Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523059, China.
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523059, China
- Corresponding author. Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523059, China.
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Tatu R, White LG, Yun Y, Hopkins T, An X, Ashraf A, Little KJ, Hershcovitch M, Hom DB, Pixley S. Effects of Altering Magnesium Metal Surfaces on Degradation In Vitro and In Vivo during Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1195. [PMID: 36770202 PMCID: PMC9920421 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In vivo use of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) metal can be plagued by too rapid a degradation rate that removes metal support before physiological function is repaired. To advance the use of Mg biomedical implants, the degradation rate may need to be adjusted. We previously demonstrated that pure Mg filaments used in a nerve repair scaffold were compatible with regenerating peripheral nerve tissues, reduced inflammation, and improved axonal numbers across a short-but not long-gap in sciatic nerves in rats. To determine if the repair of longer gaps would be improved by a slower Mg degradation rate, we tested, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of Mg filament polishing followed by anodization using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with non-toxic electrolytes. Polishing removed oxidation products from the surface of as-received (unpolished) filaments, exposed more Mg on the surface, produced a smoother surface, slowed in vitro Mg degradation over four weeks after immersion in a physiological solution, and improved attachment of cultured epithelial cells. In vivo, treated Mg filaments were used to repair longer (15 mm) injury gaps in adult rat sciatic nerves after placement inside hollow poly (caprolactone) nerve conduits. The addition of single Mg or control titanium filaments was compared to empty conduits (negative control) and isografts (nerves from donor rats, positive control). After six weeks in vivo, live animal imaging with micro computed tomography (micro-CT) showed that Mg metal degradation rates were slowed by polishing vs. as-received Mg, but not by anodization, which introduced greater variability. After 14 weeks in vivo, functional return was seen only with isograft controls. However, within Mg filament groups, the amount of axonal growth across the injury site was improved with slower Mg degradation rates. Thus, anodization slowed degradation in vitro but not in vivo, and degradation rates do affect nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigwed Tatu
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- PSN Labs (Plastics Services Network), Erie, PA 16510, USA
| | - Leon G. White
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Northrop Grumman, Baltimore, MD 21240, USA
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Tracy Hopkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoxian An
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ahmed Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kevin J. Little
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Meir Hershcovitch
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - David B. Hom
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Head & Neck Surgery, San Diego Medical Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Sarah Pixley
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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8
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Echeverry-Rendon M, Echeverria F, Buikema H, Harmsen MC, Krenning G. Endothelial function after the exposition of magnesium degradation products. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Aggarwal D, Kumar V, Sharma S. Drug-loaded biomaterials for orthopedic applications: A review. J Control Release 2022; 344:113-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Yu H, Hou Z, Chen N, Luo R, Yang L, Miao M, Ma X, Zhou L, He F, Shen Y, Liu X, Wang Y. Yes-associated Protein Contributes to Magnesium Alloy-derived Inflammation in Endothelial Cells. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac002. [PMID: 35480861 PMCID: PMC9039498 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloy (Mg alloy) has attracted massive attention in the potential applications of cardiovascular stents because of its good biocompatibility and degradability. However, whether and how the Mg alloy induces inflammation in endothelial cells remains unclear. In the present work, we investigated the activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) upon Mg alloy stimuli and unveiled the transcriptional function in Mg alloy-induced inflammation. Quantitative RT–PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that Mg alloy inhibited the Hippo pathway to facilitate nuclear shuttling and activation of YAP in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed sequencing was carried out to explore the transcriptional function of YAP in Mg alloy-derived inflammation. This led to the observation that nuclear YAP further bonded to the promoter region of inflammation transcription factors and co-transcription factors. This binding event activated their transcription and modified mRNA methylation of inflammation-related genes through regulating the expression of N6-methyladenosine modulators (METTL3, METTL14, FTO and WTAP). This then promoted inflammation-related gene expression and aggravated inflammation in HCAECs. In YAP deficiency cells, Mg alloy-induced inflammation was reduced. Collectively, our data suggest that YAP contributes to the Mg alloy-derived inflammation in HCAECs and may provide a potential therapeutic target that alleviates inflammation after Mg alloy stent implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhe Hou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Nuoya Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rifang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Michael Miao
- Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC,27599, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiac Drug Device Technology and Evidence Based Medicine, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lifeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiac Drug Device Technology and Evidence Based Medicine, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fugui He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiac Drug Device Technology and Evidence Based Medicine, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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11
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Schauer A, Redlich C, Scheibler J, Poehle G, Barthel P, Maennel A, Adams V, Weissgaerber T, Linke A, Quadbeck P. Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an In Vivo Rat Model. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7776. [PMID: 34947370 PMCID: PMC8705131 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility and degradation behavior of pure molybdenum (Mo) as a bioresorbable metallic material (BMM) for implant applications were investigated. In vitro degradation of a commercially available Mo wire (ø250 µm) was examined after immersion in modified Kokubo's SBF for 28 days at 37 °C and pH 7.4. For assessment of in vivo degradation, the Mo wire was implanted into the abdominal aorta of female Wistar rats for 3, 6 and 12 months. Microstructure and corrosion behavior were analyzed by means of SEM/EDX analysis. After explantation, Mo levels in serum, urine, aortic vessel wall and organs were investigated via ICP-OES analysis. Furthermore, histological analyses of the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and lungs were performed, as well as blood count and differentiation by FACS analysis. Levels of the C-reactive protein were measured in blood plasma of all the animals. In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior was very similar, with formation of uniform, non-passivating and dissolving product layers without occurrence of a localized corrosion attack. The in vitro degradation rate was 101.6 µg/(cm2·d) which corresponds to 33.6 µm/y after 28 days. The in vivo degradation rates of 12, 33 and 36 µg/(cm2·d) were observed after 3, 6 and 12 months for the samples properly implanted in the aortic vessel wall. This corresponds with a degradation rate of 13.5 µm/y for the 12-month cohort. However, the magnitude of degradation strongly depended on the implant site, with the wires incorporated into the vessel wall showing the most severe degradation. Degradation of the implanted Mo wire neither induced an increase in serum or urine Mo levels nor were elevated Mo levels found in the liver and kidneys compared with the respective controls. Only in the direct vicinity of the implant in the aortic vessel wall, a significant amount of Mo was found, which, however, was far below the amounts to be expected from degrading wires. No abnormalities were detected for all timepoints in histological and blood analyses compared to the control group. The C-reactive protein levels were similar between all the groups, indicating no inflammation processes. These findings suggest that dissolved Mo from a degrading implant is physiologically transported and excreted. Furthermore, radiographic and µCT analyses revealed excellent radiopacity of Mo in tissues. These findings and the unique combination with its extraordinary mechanical properties make Mo an interesting alternative for established BMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Schauer
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Heart Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.); (A.M.); (V.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Christian Redlich
- Dresden Branch Lab., Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (C.R.); (J.S.); (G.P.); (T.W.); (P.Q.)
| | - Jakob Scheibler
- Dresden Branch Lab., Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (C.R.); (J.S.); (G.P.); (T.W.); (P.Q.)
| | - Georg Poehle
- Dresden Branch Lab., Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (C.R.); (J.S.); (G.P.); (T.W.); (P.Q.)
| | - Peggy Barthel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Heart Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.); (A.M.); (V.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Anita Maennel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Heart Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.); (A.M.); (V.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Heart Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.); (A.M.); (V.A.); (A.L.)
- Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Weissgaerber
- Dresden Branch Lab., Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (C.R.); (J.S.); (G.P.); (T.W.); (P.Q.)
| | - Axel Linke
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Heart Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.); (A.M.); (V.A.); (A.L.)
- Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Quadbeck
- Dresden Branch Lab., Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (C.R.); (J.S.); (G.P.); (T.W.); (P.Q.)
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Wermuth DP, Paim TC, Bertaco I, Zanatelli C, Naasani LIS, Slaviero M, Driemeier D, Tavares AC, Martins V, Escobar CF, Dos Santos LAL, Schaeffer L, Wink MR. Mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility analysis of pure iron porous implant produced by metal injection molding: A new eco-friendly feedstock from natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112532. [PMID: 34857310 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) has become an important manufacturing technology for biodegradable medical devices. As a biodegradable metal, pure iron is a promising biomaterial due to its mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In light of this, we performed the first study that manufactured and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of samples of iron porous implants produced by MIM with a new eco-friendly feedstock from natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), a promisor binder that provides elastic property in the green parts. The iron samples were submitted to tests to determine density, microhardness, hardness, yield strength, and stretching. The biocompatibility of the samples was studied in vitro with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) and erythrocytes, and in vivo on a preclinical model with Wistar rats, testing the iron samples after subcutaneous implant. Results showed that the manufactured samples have adequate physical, and mechanical characteristics to biomedical devices and they are cytocompatible with ADSCs, hemocompatible and biocompatible with Wistars rats. Therefore, pure iron produced by MIM can be considered a promising material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pacheco Wermuth
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Casagrande Paim
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Bertaco
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Zanatelli
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliana Ivet Sous Naasani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mônica Slaviero
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Carvalho Tavares
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Martins
- Laboratório de Metalurgia do Pó, Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense Campus Sapucaia do Sul, Av. Copacabana 100, 93216-120 Sapucaia do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferreira Escobar
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Av. Centenário 697, 44.085-132 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Loureiro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biomateriais & Cerâmicas Avançadas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lirio Schaeffer
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Wegner N, Klein M, Scholz R, Kotzem D, Macias Barrientos M, Walther F. Mechanical in vitro fatigue testing of implant materials and components using advanced characterization techniques. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:898-909. [PMID: 34846806 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Implants of different material classes have been used for the reconstruction of damaged hard and soft tissue for decades. The aim is to increase and subsequently maintain the patient's quality of life through implantation. In service, most implants are subjected to cyclic loading, which must be taken particularly into consideration, since the fatigue strength is far below the yield and tensile strength. Inaccurate estimation of the structural strength of implants due to the consideration of yield or tensile strength leads to a miscalculation of the implant's fatigue strength and lifetime, and therefore, to its unexpected early fatigue failure. Thus, fatigue failure of an implant based on overestimated performance capability represents acute danger to human health. The determination of fatigue strength by corresponding tests investigating various stress amplitudes is time-consuming and cost-intensive. This study summarizes four investigation series on the fatigue behavior of different implant materials and components, following a standard and an in vitro short-time testing procedure, which evaluates the material reaction in one enhanced test set-up. The test set-up and the applied characterization methods were adapted to the respective application of the implant with the aim to simulate the surrounding of the human body with laboratory in vitro tests only. It could be shown that by using the short-time testing method the number of tests required to determine the fatigue strength can be drastically reduced. In future, therefore it will be possible to exclude unsuitable implant materials or components before further clinical investigations by using a time-efficient and application-oriented testing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wegner
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Klein
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ronja Scholz
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Kotzem
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Frank Walther
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Jana A, Das M, Balla VK. In vitro and in vivo degradation assessment and preventive measures of biodegradable Mg alloys for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:462-487. [PMID: 34418295 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been widely explored as a potential biodegradable implant material. However, the fast degradation of Mg-based alloys under physiological environment has hindered their widespread use for implant applications till date. The present review focuses on in vitro and in vivo degradation of biodegradable Mg alloys, and preventive measures for biomedical applications. Initially, the corrosion assessment approaches to predict the degradation behavior of Mg alloys are discussed along with the measures to control rapid corrosion. Furthermore, this review attempts to explore the correlation between in vitro and in vivo corrosion behavior of different Mg alloys. It was found that the corrosion depends on experimental conditions, materials and the results of different assessment procedures hardly matches with each other. It has been demonstrated the corrosion rate of magnesium can be tailored by alloying elements, surface treatments and heat treatments. Various researches also studied different biocompatible coatings such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and so on, on Mg alloys to suppress rapid degradation and examine their influence on new bone regeneration as well. This review shows the need for a standard method of corrosion assessment to predict the in vivo corrosion rate based on in vitro data, and thus reducing the in vivo experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Jana
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mitun Das
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vamsi Krishna Balla
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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15
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Gao J, Su Y, Qin YX. Calcium phosphate coatings enhance biocompatibility and degradation resistance of magnesium alloy: Correlating in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1223-1229. [PMID: 33210020 PMCID: PMC7653207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising biodegradable materials for orthopedic applications. However, one of the major problems is their rapid degradation rate with quick evolution of hydrogen gas. To overcome this problem, calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings have been used to improve the degradation resistance and the biocompatibility of Mg materials. This study focuses on the comparison and correlation of the in vitro and in vivo degradation and biocompatibility behaviors of these materials. A CaP coating consisting of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) was deposited on an AZ60 Mg alloy by the chemical conversion method. Then, the in vitro degradation testing including electrochemical and immersion tests, and in vivo implantation of the CaP coated Mg alloy were conducted to compare the degradation behaviors. Next, the in vitro cell behavior and in vivo bone tissue response were also compared on both uncoated and CaP-coated Mg samples. Data showed that the CaP coating provided the Mg alloy with significantly better biodegradation behavior and biocompatibility. The in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests exhibited good consistency while not the case for biodegradation. Results showed that the in vitro electrochemical test could be a quick screening tool for the biodegradation rate, while the in vitro immersion degradation rate was often 2-4 folds faster than the in vivo degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Yingchao Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
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16
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Campos Becerra LH, Hernández Rodríguez MAL, Esquivel Solís H, Lesso Arroyo R, Torres Castro A. Bio-inspired biomaterial Mg-Zn-Ca: a review of the main mechanical and biological properties of Mg-based alloys. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:042001. [PMID: 33444260 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab9426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of alloying elements in magnesium alloys used for biomedical purposes is an interesting and innovative subject, due to the great technological advances that would result from their application in medical devices (MDs) in traumatology. Recently promising results have been published regarding the rates of degradation and mechanical integrity that can support Mg alloys; this has led to an interest in understanding the toxicological features of these emerging biomaterials. The growing interest of different segments of the MD market has increased the determination of different research groups to clarify the behavior of alloying elements in vivo. This review covers the influence of the alloying elements on the body, the toxicity of the elements in Mg-Zn-Ca, as well as the mechanical properties, degradation, processes of obtaining the alloy, medical approaches and future perspectives on the use of the Mg in the manufacture of MDs for various medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Humberto Campos Becerra
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica., Biomateriales. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
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17
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Echeverry-Rendon M, Echeverria F, Harmsen MC. Interaction of different cell types with magnesium modified by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111153. [PMID: 32505097 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is a material widely used in industrial applications due to its low weight, ductility, and excellent mechanical properties. For non-permanent implants, Mg is particularly well-suited because of its biodegradability, while its degradation products are not harmful. However, Mg is chemically reactive, and cytotoxic hydrogen gas is released as part of the degradation. This adverse degradation can be tuned using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). With PEO, a surface layer of MgO/Mg(OH)2 is deposited on the surface of Mg in a controlled way. The electrolytes used during PEO influence the surface's chemistry and topography and thus expectedly the biological response of adhered cells. In this study, thin samples of commercial pure of Mg (c.p Mg) were modified by PEO guided by different electrolytes, and the biological activity was assessed on vascular cells, immune cells, and repair cells (adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, ASCs). Vascular cells were more vulnerable than ASCs for compounds released by surface-coated Mg. All surface coatings supported the proliferation of adhered ASC. Released compounds from surface-coated Mg delayed but did not block in vitro wound closure of fibroblasts monolayers. Preformed endothelial tubes were vulnerable for released compounds, while their supporting ASC was not. We conclude that PEO-based surface-coating of Mg supports adhesion and future delivery of therapeutic vascular repair cells such as ASC, but that the observed vulnerability of vascular cells for coated Mg components warrants investigations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Echeverry-Rendon
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, NL-9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Felix Echeverria
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, NL-9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Echeverry-Rendon M, Allain JP, Robledo SM, Echeverria F, Harmsen MC. Coatings for biodegradable magnesium-based supports for therapy of vascular disease: A general view. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:150-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhang X, Dai J, Dong Q, Ba Z, Wu Y. Corrosion behavior and mechanical degradation of as‐extruded Mg–Gd–Zn–Zr alloys for orthopedic application. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:698-708. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing China
| | - Jianwei Dai
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing China
| | - Qiangsheng Dong
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing China
| | - Zhixin Ba
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing China
| | - Yujuan Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloys Net FormingShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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Brandt-Wunderlich C, Ruppelt P, Zumstein P, Schmidt W, Arbeiter D, Schmitz KP, Grabow N. Mechanical behavior of in vivo degraded second generation resorbable magnesium scaffolds (RMS). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 91:174-181. [PMID: 30583263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Resorbable magnesium scaffolds are used for the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease and furthermore, for vascular restoration therapy. Recently, the first-in-man clinical studies with Magmaris showed promising results regarding the target lesion failure as well as vasomotion properties after 12 and 24 month. The consistency of in vivo degraded magnesium alloys in a cardiovascular environment is qualitatively described in literature, but only little has been disclosed about the actual change in mechanical properties and the behavior of the magnesium alloy degradation products. In the present study, uncoated magnesium scaffolds 3.0 × 20 mm were implanted in coronary arteries of two healthy Goetinnger mini-swine. The scaffolds were explanted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the degraded magnesium scaffolds after 180 days in vivo. Ex vivo sample preparation and test conditions were adapted to a customized compression test setup which was developed to investigate the micro-scale scaffold fragments (width 225 ± 75 µm, thickness 150 µm). As reference bare undegraded magnesium scaffold fragments were tested. Mechanical parameters relating to force as a function of displacement were determined for both sample groups. The undegraded samples showed no fracturing at the maximum applied force of 8 N, whereas the in vivo degraded test samples showed forces of 0.411 ± 0.197 N at the first fracturing and a maximum force of 0.956 ± 0.525 N. The deformation work, calculated as area beneath the force-displacement curve, of the in vivo degraded test samples was reduced by approximately 87-88% compared to the undegraded samples (5.20 mN mm and 40.79 mN mm, both at 7.5% deformation). The indication for a complete loss of structural integrity through a reduction of mechanical properties after a certain degradation time increases the chance to restore vascular function and physiological vasomotion in the stented vessel compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wolfram Schmidt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniela Arbeiter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Schmitz
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials e.V., Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Niels Grabow
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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21
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Riaz U, Rakesh L, Shabib I, Haider W. Effect of dissolution of magnesium alloy AZ31 on the rheological properties of Phosphate Buffer Saline. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 85:201-208. [PMID: 29908488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The issue of long-term incompatible interactions associated with the permanent implants can be eliminated by using various biodegradable metal implants. The recent research is focusing on the use of degradable stents to restore most of the hindrances of capillaries, and coronary arteries by supplying instant blood flow with constant mechanical and structural support. However, internal endothelialization and infection due to the corrosion of implanted stents are not easy to diagnose in the long run. In the recent past, magnesium (Mg) has been widely investigated for the cardiovascular stent applications. Here we made an attempt to understand the biodegradation process of Mg alloy stent by studying the degradation of Mg alloy AZ31 (3 wt% Aluminum, 1 wt% Zn) powder at various time-intervals in simulated blood fluid using the Rheological methods. The degradability of the Mg stent in the arteries affects the stress-strain properties of blood plasma and the subsequent flow conditions. Blood and plasma viscosities alter due to the degradation of Mg resulting from the stress-strain experienced in the blood vessels, in which the stent is inserted. Here our objective was to explore the influence of Mg degradation on the blood plasma viscosity by studying the viscoelastic properties. In this work, the effect of dissolution of Mg alloy AZ31 on the rheological properties of Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) at various time intervals have been investigated. The viscosity of the PBS-AZ31 solution increased with the dissolution of both slurries and percolated clear solution. The only exception was day-7 of the percolated clear solution, where viscosity was decreased showing a reduction in viscosity at initial stages of dissolution. The frequency sweep showed the tendency of the PBS-AZ31 gelation up to 100 rad/s frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Riaz
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Leela Rakesh
- Department of Mathematics, Center for Applied Mathematics & Polymer Fluid Dynamics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Ishraq Shabib
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Waseem Haider
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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Gonzalez J, Hou RQ, Nidadavolu EPS, Willumeit-Römer R, Feyerabend F. Magnesium degradation under physiological conditions - Best practice. Bioact Mater 2018; 3:174-185. [PMID: 29744455 PMCID: PMC5935771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focusses on the application of physiological conditions for the mechanistic understanding of magnesium degradation. Despite the undisputed relevance of simplified laboratory setups for alloy screening purposes, realistic and predictive in vitro setups are needed. Due to the complexity of these systems, the review gives an overview about technical measures, defines some caveats and can be used as a guideline for the establishment of harmonized laboratory approaches. Physiological conditions are mandatory for mechanistic understanding of magnesium degradation. Guidelines and caveats for experimental setups are reviewed. Media composition is essential for reliable experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gonzalez
- Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Rui Qing Hou
- Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Eshwara P S Nidadavolu
- Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Regine Willumeit-Römer
- Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Frank Feyerabend
- Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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23
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Mechanical behaviour of biodegradable AZ31 magnesium alloy after long term in vitro degradation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1135-1144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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A strain-mediated corrosion model for bioabsorbable metallic stents. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:505-517. [PMID: 28433790 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a strain-mediated phenomenological corrosion model, based on the discrete finite element modelling method which was developed for use with the ANSYS Implicit finite element code. The corrosion model was calibrated from experimental data and used to simulate the corrosion performance of a WE43 magnesium alloy stent. The model was found to be capable of predicting the experimentally observed plastic strain-mediated mass loss profile. The non-linear plastic strain model, extrapolated from the experimental data, was also found to adequately capture the corrosion-induced reduction in the radial stiffness of the stent over time. The model developed will help direct future design efforts towards the minimisation of plastic strain during device manufacture, deployment and in-service, in order to reduce corrosion rates and prolong the mechanical integrity of magnesium devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The need for corrosion models that explore the interaction of strain with corrosion damage has been recognised as one of the current challenges in degradable material modelling (Gastaldi et al., 2011). A finite element based plastic strain-mediated phenomenological corrosion model was developed in this work and was calibrated based on the results of the corrosion experiments. It was found to be capable of predicting the experimentally observed plastic strain-mediated mass loss profile and the corrosion-induced reduction in the radial stiffness of the stent over time. To the author's knowledge, the results presented here represent the first experimental calibration of a plastic strain-mediated corrosion model of a corroding magnesium stent.
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Vlček M, Lukáč F, Kudrnová H, Smola B, Stulíková I, Luczak M, Szakács G, Hort N, Willumeit-Römer R. Microhardness and In Vitro Corrosion of Heat-Treated Mg-Y-Ag Biodegradable Alloy. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10010055. [PMID: 28772414 PMCID: PMC5344547 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are promising candidates for biodegradable medical implants which reduce the necessity of second surgery to remove the implants. Yttrium in solid solution is an attractive alloying element because it improves mechanical properties and exhibits suitable corrosion properties. Silver was shown to have an antibacterial effect and can also enhance the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys. Measurements of microhardness and electrical resistivity were used to study the response of Mg-4Y and Mg-4Y-1Ag alloys to isochronal or isothermal heat treatments. Hardening response and electrical resistivity annealing curves in these alloys were compared in order to investigate the effect of silver addition. Procedures for solid solution annealing and artificial aging of the Mg-4Y-1Ag alloy were developed. The corrosion rate of the as-cast and heat-treated Mg-4Y-1Ag alloy was measured by the mass loss method. It was found out that solid solution heat treatment, as well artificial aging to peak hardness, lead to substantial improvement in the corrosion properties of the Mg-4Y-1Ag alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Vlček
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - František Lukáč
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kudrnová
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohumil Smola
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Stulíková
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Luczak
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Gábor Szakács
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Norbert Hort
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Regine Willumeit-Römer
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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26
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Galvin E, Cummins C, Yoshihara S, Mac Donald BJ, Lally C. Plastic strains during stent deployment have a critical influence on the rate of corrosion in absorbable magnesium stents. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 55:1261-1275. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-016-1584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Mariot P, Leeflang M, Schaeffer L, Zhou J. An investigation on the properties of injection-molded pure iron potentially for biodegradable stent application. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Shearier ER, Bowen PK, He W, Drelich A, Drelich J, Goldman J, Zhao F. In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Adhesion, and Proliferation of Human Vascular Cells Exposed to Zinc. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:634-642. [PMID: 27840847 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys have recently been introduced as a new class of biodegradable metals with potential application in biodegradable vascular stents. Although an in vivo feasibility study pointed to outstanding biocompatibility of Zn-based implants in vascular environments, a thorough understanding of how Zn and Zn2+ affect surrounding cells is lacking. In this comparative study, three vascular cell types-human endothelial cells (HAEC), human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC), and human dermal fibroblasts (hDF)-were studied to advance the understanding of Zn/Zn2+-cell interactions. Aqueous cytotoxicity using a Zn2+ insult assay resulted in LD50 values of 50 µM for hDF, 70 µM for AoSMC, and 265 µM for HAEC. Direct cell contact with the metallic Zn surface resulted initially in cell attachment, but was quickly followed by cell death. After modification of the Zn surface using a layer of gelatin-intended to mimic a protein layer seen in vivo-the cells were able to attach and proliferate on the Zn surface. Further experiments demonstrated a Zn dose-dependent effect on cell spreading and migration, suggesting that both adhesion and cell mobility may be hindered by free Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Shearier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Patrick K Bowen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Adam Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Jaroslaw Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
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Gao H, Zhang M, Zhao J, Gao L, Li M. In vitro and in vivo degradation and mechanical properties of ZEK100 magnesium alloy coated with alginate, chitosan and mechano-growth factor. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:450-61. [PMID: 27040239 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility, ultimate loading capacity and biodegradability of magnesium alloy make it an ideal candidate in biomedical fields. Fabrications of multilayered coatings carrying sodium alginate (ALG), chitosan (CHI) and mechano-growth factor (MGF) on fluoride-pretreated ZEK100 magnesium alloy have been obtained via layer by layer (LBL) to reduce the degradation rate of magnesium alloy in this study. The modified surfaces of ZEK100 substrates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and CARE EUT-1020 tester. Results reveal that multilayer-coated magnesium alloy can be successfully obtained with smooth surface morphology, and the mechanical properties of coated samples are almost the same as those of uncoated samples. However, the fatigue life of coated ZEK100 is slightly larger than that of uncoated samples after 1 day of immersion. By comparing the degradation of uncoated and multilayer-coated ZEK100 samples in vitro and in vivo, respectively, it is found that the degradation rate of ZEK100 samples can be inhibited by LBL modification on the surface of the sample; and the corrosion rate in vivo is lower than that in vitro, which help solve the rapid degradation problem of magnesium alloy. In terms of the visible symptom of tissues in the left femur medullary cavity and material responses on the surface, multilayer-coated ZEK100 magnesium alloy has a good biocompatibility. These results indicate that multilayer-coated ZEK100 may be a promising material for bone tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lilan Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Control Theory & Applications in Complicated Industry Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Mingshuo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
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30
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Zeng RC, Qi WC, Zhang F, Li SQ. In vitro corrosion of pure magnesium and AZ91 alloy-the influence of thin electrolyte layer thickness. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:49-56. [PMID: 26816655 PMCID: PMC4723276 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo degradation predication faces a huge challenge via in vitro corrosion test due to the difficulty for mimicking the complicated microenvironment with various influencing factors. A thin electrolyte layer (TEL) cell for in vitro corrosion of pure magnesium and AZ91 alloy was presented to stimulate the in vivo corrosion in the micro-environment built by the interface of the implant and its neighboring tissue. The results demonstrated that the in vivo corrosion of pure Mg and the AZ91 alloy was suppressed under TEL condition. The AZ91 alloy was more sensitive than pure Mg to the inhibition of corrosion under a TEL thickness of less than 200 µm. The TEL thickness limited the distribution of current, and thus localized corrosion was more preferred to occur under TEL condition than in bulk solution. The TEL cell might be an appropriate approach to simulating the in vivo degradation of magnesium and its alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Chang Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Wei-Chen Qi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Shuo-Qi Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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31
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Bowen PK, Guillory RJ, Shearier ER, Seitz JM, Drelich J, Bocks M, Zhao F, Goldman J. Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:467-72. [PMID: 26249616 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although corrosion resistant bare metal stents are considered generally effective, their permanent presence in a diseased artery is an increasingly recognized limitation due to the potential for long-term complications. We previously reported that metallic zinc exhibited an ideal biocorrosion rate within murine aortas, thus raising the possibility of zinc as a candidate base material for endovascular stenting applications. This study was undertaken to further assess the arterial biocompatibility of metallic zinc. Metallic zinc wires were punctured and advanced into the rat abdominal aorta lumen for up to 6.5months. This study demonstrated that metallic zinc did not provoke responses that often contribute to restenosis. Low cell densities and neointimal tissue thickness, along with tissue regeneration within the corroding implant, point to optimal biocompatibility of corroding zinc. Furthermore, the lack of progression in neointimal tissue thickness over 6.5months or the presence of smooth muscle cells near the zinc implant suggest that the products of zinc corrosion may suppress the activities of inflammatory and smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Bowen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Roger J Guillory
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Emily R Shearier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jan-Marten Seitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Martin Bocks
- University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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32
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Törne K, Larsson M, Norlin A, Weissenrieder J. Degradation of zinc in saline solutions, plasma, and whole blood. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1141-51. [PMID: 26061136 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The initial degradation of zinc has been investigated through exposures to simulated and real body fluids of increasing complexity: phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Ringer's saline solution, human plasma, and whole blood. Real body fluids were used to close the electrolyte gap between simulated and in vivo environment. Polarization of zinc in whole blood show a passive response not present in other electrolytes. The analysis shows a decrease in corrosion rate with time for plasma and whole blood and an increase for PBS and Ringer's. During exposure to plasma and whole blood a bi-layered corrosion product with poor adherence was formed over a uniformly corroding surface. The corrosion products comprise a mixture of inorganic material and biomolecules. Samples degrading in PBS were prone to localized corrosion and formed thick porous corrosion products of primarily zinc phosphates while in Ringer's solution a gel like layer of zinc carbonate was formed over an interface with shallow pits. The use of whole blood or plasma as electrolytes for short term in vitro evaluation of potential biodegradable metals may provide an improved understanding of the behavior in vivo, while Ringer's solution is preferred over PBS for long term degradation studies of zinc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1141-1151, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Törne
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, 16440, Kista, Sweden.,St Jude Medical Systems AB, Palmbladsgatan, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariann Larsson
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, 16440, Kista, Sweden
| | - Anna Norlin
- St Jude Medical Systems AB, Palmbladsgatan, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, 16440, Kista, Sweden
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33
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Improved stress corrosion cracking resistance of a novel biodegradable EW62 magnesium alloy by rapid solidification, in simulated electrolytes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 51:226-32. [PMID: 25842129 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high corrosion rate of magnesium (Mg) and Mg-alloys precludes their widespread acceptance as implantable biomaterials. Here, we investigated the potential for rapid solidification (RS) to increase the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of a novel Mg alloy, Mg-6%Nd-2%Y-0.5%Zr (EW62), in comparison to its conventionally cast (CC) counterpart. RS ribbons were extrusion consolidated in order to generate bioimplant-relevant geometries for testing and practical use. Microstructural characteristics were examined by SEM. Corrosion rates were calculated based upon hydrogen evolution during immersion testing. The surface layer of the tested alloys was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Stress corrosion resistance was assessed by slow strain rate testing and fractography. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the RS alloy is significantly improved relative to the CC alloy due to a supersaturated Nd enrichment that increases the Nd2O3 content in the external oxide layer, as well as a more homogeneous structure and reduced grain size. These improvements contributed to the reduced formation of hydrogen gas and hydrogen embrittlement, which reduced the SCC sensitivity relative to the CC alloy. Therefore, EW62 in the form of a rapidly solidified extruded structure may serve as a biodegradable implant for biomedical applications.
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Gong H, Wang K, Strich R, Zhou JG. In vitro biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity of biodegradable Zn-Mg alloy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 103:1632-40. [PMID: 25581552 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-Magnesium (Zn-Mg) alloy as a novel biodegradable metal holds great potential in biodegradable implant applications as it is more corrosion resistant than Magnesium (Mg). However, the mechanical properties, biodegradation uniformity, and cytotoxicity of Zn-Mg alloy remained as concerns. In this study, hot extrusion process was applied to Zn-1 wt % Mg (Zn-1Mg) to refine its microstructure. Effects of hot extrusion on biodegradation behavior and mechanical properties of Zn-1Mg were investigated in comparison with Mg rare earth element alloy WE43. Metallurgical analysis revealed significant grain size reduction, and immersion test found that corrosion rates of WE43 and Zn-1Mg were reduced by 35% and 57%, respectively after extrusion. Moreover, hot extrusion resulted in a much more uniform biodegradation in extruded Zn-1Mg alloy and WE43. In vitro cytotoxicity test results indicated that Zn-1Mg alloy was biocompatible. Therefore, hot extruded Zn-1Mg with homogenous microstructure, uniform as well as slow degradation, improved mechanical properties, and good biocompatibility was believed to be an excellent candidate material for load-bearing biodegradable implant application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, 08084
| | - Randy Strich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, 08084
| | - Jack G Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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35
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Wang J, Smith CE, Sankar J, Yun Y, Huang N. Absorbable magnesium-based stent: physiological factors to consider for in vitro degradation assessments. Regen Biomater 2015; 2:59-69. [PMID: 26816631 PMCID: PMC4669031 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorbable metals have been widely tested in various in vitro settings using cells to evaluate their possible suitability as an implant material. However, there exists a gap between in vivo and in vitro test results for absorbable materials. A lot of traditional in vitro assessments for permanent materials are no longer applicable to absorbable metallic implants. A key step is to identify and test the relevant microenvironment and parameters in test systems, which should be adapted according to the specific application. New test methods are necessary to reduce the difference between in vivo and in vitro test results and provide more accurate information to better understand absorbable metallic implants. In this investigative review, we strive to summarize the latest test methods for characterizing absorbable magnesium-based stent for bioabsorption/biodegradation behavior in the mimicking vascular environments. Also, this article comprehensively discusses the direction of test standardization for absorbable stents to paint a more accurate picture of the in vivo condition around implants to determine the most important parameters and their dynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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36
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Nasution AK, Murni NS, Sing NB, Idris MH, Hermawan H. Partially degradable friction-welded pure iron-stainless steel 316L bone pin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:31-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Nasution
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 Malaysia
- Faculty of Engineering; Muhammadiyah University of Riau; Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - N. S. Murni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 Malaysia
| | - N. B. Sing
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 Malaysia
| | - M. H. Idris
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 Malaysia
| | - H. Hermawan
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 Malaysia
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37
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Bowen PK, Drelich A, Drelich J, Goldman J. Rates ofin vivo(arterial) andin vitrobiocorrosion for pure magnesium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:341-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K. Bowen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan
| | - Adam Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan
| | - Jaroslaw Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan
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Bowen PK, Drelich J, Goldman J. Magnesium in the murine artery: probing the products of corrosion. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1475-83. [PMID: 24296127 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many publications are available on the physiological and pseudophysiological corrosion of magnesium and its alloys for bioabsorbable implant application, yet few focus on the characterization of explanted materials. In this work, commercially pure magnesium wires were corroded in the arteries of rats for up to 1 month, removed, and both bulk and surface products characterized. Surface characterization using infrared spectroscopy revealed a duplex structure comprising heavily magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite that later transformed into an A-type (carbonate-substituted) hydroxyapatite. To explain this transformation, an ion-exchange mechanism is suggested. Elemental mapping of the bulk products of biocorrosion revealed the elemental distribution of Ca, P, Mg and O in the outer and Mg, O and P in the inner layers. Carbon was not observed in any significant quantity from the inner corrosion layer, suggesting that carbonates are not a prevalent product of corrosion. Backscatter electron imaging of cross-sections showed that thinning or absence of the hydroxyapatite in the later stages of degradation is related to local thickening of the inner corrosion layer. Based on these experimental observations, mechanisms describing corrosion in the quasi-steady state and during terminal breakdown of the magnesium specimens are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Bowen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Jaroslaw Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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