1
|
Tummino ML, Cruz-Maya I, Varesano A, Vineis C, Guarino V. Keratin/Copper Complex Electrospun Nanofibers for Antibacterial Treatments: Property Investigation and In Vitro Response. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2435. [PMID: 38793501 PMCID: PMC11123490 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The frontiers of antibacterial materials in the biomedical field are constantly evolving since infectious diseases are a continuous threat to human health. In this work, waste-wool-derived keratin electrospun nanofibers were blended with copper by an optimized impregnation procedure to fabricate antibacterial membranes with intrinsic biological activity, excellent degradability and good cytocompatibility. The keratin/copper complex electrospun nanofibers were multi-analytically characterized and the main differences in their physical-chemical features were related to the crosslinking effect caused by Cu2+. Indeed, copper ions modified the thermal profiles, improving the thermal stability (evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry), and changed the infrared vibrational features (determined by infrared spectroscopy) and the chemical composition (studied by an X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy probe and optical emission spectrometry). The copper impregnation process also affected the morphology, leading to partial nanofiber swelling, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy analyses. Then, the membranes were successfully tested as antibacterial materials against gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. Regarding cytocompatibility, in vitro assays performed with L929 cells showed good levels of cell adhesion and proliferation (XTT assay), and no significant cytotoxic effect, in comparison to bare keratin nanofibers. Given these results, the material described in this work can be suitable for use as antibiotic-free fibers for skin wound dressing or membranes for guided tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Tummino
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Iriczalli Cruz-Maya
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Napoli, Italy (V.G.)
| | - Alessio Varesano
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Claudia Vineis
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Napoli, Italy (V.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hassan MM, Heins K, Zheng H. Wound Dressing Based on Silver Nanoparticle Embedded Wool Keratin Electrospun Nanofibers Deposited on Cotton Fabric: Preparation, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytocompatibility. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2164-2174. [PMID: 38493449 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Wool keratin (WK) protein is attractive for wound dressing and biomedical applications due to its excellent biodegradability, cytocompatibility, and wound-healing properties. In this work, WK-based wound dressings were prepared by depositing WK/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-embedded WK/PVA composite nanofibrous membranes on cotton fabrics by electrospinning. Ag NPs were biosynthesized by reduction and stabilization with sodium alginate. The formed Ag NPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their size was determined by transmission electron microscopy and image analysis. The formed Ag NPs were spherical and had an average diameter of 9.95 nm. The produced Ag NP-embedded WK/PVA composite nanofiber-deposited cotton fabric surface was characterized by FTIR and dynamic contact angle measurements, and the nanofiber morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter of the nanofibers formed by 0.1% Ag NP-embedded WK/PVA solution was 146.7 nm. The antibacterial activity of the surface of cotton fabrics coated with electrospun composite nanofibers was evaluated against the two most common wound-causing pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cotton fabric coated with 0.1% Ag NP-embedded WK/PVA nanofibers showed very good antibacterial activity against both pathogens, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results showed good cytocompatibility against L-929 mouse fibroblast cells. However, the increase in Ag NP content in the nanofibers to 0.2% negatively affected the cell viability due to the high release rate of Ag ions. The results achieved show that the developed wound dressing has good potential for wound healing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan
- Bioproduct and Fiber Technology Team, Lincoln Research Center, AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, 7674 Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Kira Heins
- Bioproduct and Fiber Technology Team, Lincoln Research Center, AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, 7674 Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Haotian Zheng
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ansari M, Darvishi A. A review of the current state of natural biomaterials in wound healing applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1309541. [PMID: 38600945 PMCID: PMC11004490 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1309541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin, the largest biological organ, consists of three main parts: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Wounds are abnormal wounds in various forms, such as lacerations, burns, chronic wounds, diabetic wounds, acute wounds, and fractures. The wound healing process is dynamic, complex, and lengthy in four stages involving cells, macrophages, and growth factors. Wound dressing refers to a substance that covers the surface of a wound to prevent infection and secondary damage. Biomaterials applied in wound management have advanced significantly. Natural biomaterials are increasingly used due to their advantages including biomimicry of ECM, convenient accessibility, and involvement in native wound healing. However, there are still limitations such as low mechanical properties and expensive extraction methods. Therefore, their combination with synthetic biomaterials and/or adding bioactive agents has become an option for researchers in this field. In the present study, the stages of natural wound healing and the effect of biomaterials on its direction, type, and level will be investigated. Then, different types of polysaccharides and proteins were selected as desirable natural biomaterials, polymers as synthetic biomaterials with variable and suitable properties, and bioactive agents as effective additives. In the following, the structure of selected biomaterials, their extraction and production methods, their participation in wound healing, and quality control techniques of biomaterials-based wound dressings will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ansari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lenzuni M, Fiorentini F, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Suarato G, Perotto G, Athanassiou A. Electrosprayed zein nanoparticles as antibacterial and anti-thrombotic coatings for ureteral stents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128560. [PMID: 38061505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ureteral stents are among the most frequently used human implants, with urothelium trauma, blood clots, and bacterial colonization being their main reasons for failure. In this study, berberine-loaded zein (ZB) nanoparticles with high drug encapsulation efficiency (>90 %) were fabricated via electrospray on flat and 3D stainless steel structures. Physico-chemical characterization revealed that the ZB nanoparticles created a highly hydrophilic, antioxidant, and scratch-resistant continuous coating over the metal structure. Results showed that the drug release rate was faster at neutral pH (i.e., PBS pH 7.4) than in an artificial urine medium (pH 5.3) due to the different swelling behavior of the zein polymeric matrix. In vitro evaluation of ZB particles onto human dermal fibroblasts and blood cells demonstrated good cell proliferation and enhanced anti-thrombotic properties compared to bare stainless steel. The ability of the electrosprayed zein particles to resist bacterial adherence and proliferation was evaluated with Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, showing high inhibition rates (-29 % and -46 % for empty and berberine-loaded particles, respectively) compared to the medical-grade metal substrates. Overall, the proposed composite coating fulfilled the requirements for ureteral applications, and can advance the development of innovative biocompatible, biodegradable, and antibacterial coatings for drug-eluting stents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lenzuni
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Summa
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (CNR-IEIIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Perotto
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suarato G, Pressi S, Menna E, Ruben M, Petrini EM, Barberis A, Miele D, Sandri G, Salerno M, Schirato A, Alabastri A, Athanassiou A, Proietti Zaccaria R, Papadopoulou EL. Modified Carbon Nanotubes Favor Fibroblast Growth by Tuning the Cell Membrane Potential. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3093-3105. [PMID: 38206310 PMCID: PMC10811621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
As is known, carbon nanotubes favor cell growth in vitro, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we explore the hypothesis that electrostatic fields generated at the interface between nonexcitable cells and appropriate scaffold might favor cell growth by tuning their membrane potential. We focused on primary human fibroblasts grown on electrospun polymer fibers (poly(lactic acid)─PLA) with embedded multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNTs were functionalized with either the p-methoxyphenyl (PhOME) or the p-acetylphenyl (PhCOMe) moiety, both of which allowed uniform dispersion in a solvent, good mixing with PLA and the consequent smooth and homogeneous electrospinning process. The inclusion of the electrically conductive MWCNTs in the insulating PLA matrix resulted in differences in the surface potential of the fibers. Both PLA and PLA/MWCNT fiber samples were found to be biocompatible. The main features of fibroblasts cultured on different substrates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, Rt-qPCR, and electrophysiology revealing that fibroblasts grown on PLA/MWCNT reached a healthier state as compared to pure PLA. In particular, we observed physiological spreading, attachment, and Vmem of fibroblasts on PLA/MWCNT. Interestingly, the electrical functionalization of the scaffold resulted in a more suitable extracellular environment for the correct biofunctionality of these nonexcitable cells. Finally, numerical simulations were also performed in order to understand the mechanism behind the different cell behavior when grown either on PLA or PLA/MWCNT samples. The results show a clear effect on the cell membrane potential, depending on the underlying substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Suarato
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Samuel Pressi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Centre Giorgio Levi Cases for Energy Economics and Technology, University of Padua, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Menna
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Centre Giorgio Levi Cases for Energy Economics and Technology, University of Padua, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Ruben
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Barberis
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Salerno
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Schirato
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Pizza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fiorentini F, Suarato G, Summa M, Miele D, Sandri G, Bertorelli R, Athanassiou A. Plant-Based, Hydrogel-like Microfibers as an Antioxidant Platform for Skin Burn Healing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3103-3116. [PMID: 37493659 PMCID: PMC10445266 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymers from organic wastes have gained increasing attention in the biomedical field as resourceful second raw materials for the design of biomedical devices which can perform a specific bioactive function and eventually degrade without liberating toxic residues in the surroundings. In this context, patches and bandages, that need to support the skin wound healing process for a short amount of time to be then discarded, certainly constitute good candidates in our quest for a more environmentally friendly management. Here, we propose a plant-based microfibrous scaffold, loaded with vitamin C (VitC), a bioactive molecule which acts as a protecting agent against UV damages and as a wound healing promoter. Fibers were fabricated via electrospinning from various zein/pectin formulations, and subsequently cross-linked in the presence of Ca2+ to confer them a hydrogel-like behavior, which we exploited to tune both the drug release profile and the scaffold degradation. A comprehensive characterization of the physico-chemical properties of the zein/pectin/VitC scaffolds, either pristine or cross-linked, has been carried out, together with the bioactivity assessment with two representative skin cell populations (human dermal fibroblast cells and skin keratinocytes, HaCaT cells). Interestingly, col-1a gene expression of dermal fibroblasts increased after 3 days of growth in the presence of the microfiber extraction media, indicating that the released VitC was able to stimulate collagen mRNA production overtime. Antioxidant activity was analyzed on HaCaT cells via DCFH-DA assay, highlighting a fluorescence intensity decrease proportional to the amount of loaded VitC (down to 50 and 30%), confirming the protective effect of the matrices against oxidative stress. Finally, the most performing samples were selected for the in vivo test on a skin UVB-burn mouse model, where our constructs demonstrated to significantly reduce the inflammatory cytokines expression in the injured area (50% lower than the control), thus constituting a promising, environmentally sustainable alternative to skin patches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fiorentini
- Smart
Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- DIBRIS, Università di
Genova, Via Opera Pia
13, Genova 16145, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart
Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- Translational
Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Translational
Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department
of Drug Science, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department
of Drug Science, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational
Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Smart
Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lenzuni M, Bonfadini S, Criante L, Zorzi F, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Suarato G, Athanassiou A. Dynamic investigation of zein-based degradable and hemocompatible coatings for drug-eluting stents: a microfluidic approach. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1576-1592. [PMID: 36688523 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable stent coatings have shown great potential in terms of delivering drugs to a damaged vessel wall, and their release profiles are key elements governing the overall performance of drug-eluting stents (DESs). However, release and degradation kinetics are usually not tested under simulated physiological conditions or in dynamic environments, both essential aspects in the design of novel DESs. To bridge this gap, fused silica-based microfluidic systems, with either round or square channel cross-sections, were designed to mimic the microenvironment of a stented vessel. In particular, we fabricated and characterized microfluidic chips based on customizable channels, which were spray-coated with a naturally-derived, rutin-loaded zein solution, to perform a comprehensive study under flow conditions. Dynamic assays after 6 hours showed how the degradation of the zein matrix was affected by the cross-sectional conformation (∼69% vs. ∼61%, square and round channel, respectively) and the simulated blood fluid components (∼55%, round channel with a more viscous solution). The released amount of rutin was ∼81% vs. ∼77% and ∼78% vs. ∼74% from the square and round channels, using the less and more viscous blood-simulated fluids, respectively. Fitting the drug release data to Korsmeyer-Peppas and first-order mathematical models provided further insight into the mechanism of rutin release and coating behavior under flowing conditions. More importantly, whole blood tests with our newly developed microfluidic platforms confirmed the hemocompatibility of our zein-based coating. In detail, in-flow and static studies on the blood cell behavior showed a significant reduction of platelet adhesion (∼73%) and activation (∼93%) compared to the stainless-steel substrate, confirming the benefits of using such naturally-derived coatings to avoid clogging. Overall, our microfluidic designs can provide a key practical tool for assessing polymer degradation and drug release from degradable matrices under flowing conditions, thus aiding future studies on the development of hemocompatible, controlled-release coatings for DESs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lenzuni
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, via Opera Pia 13, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Zorzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy.
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wool Keratin Nanofibers for Bioinspired and Sustainable Use in Biomedical Field. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010005. [PMID: 36662052 PMCID: PMC9862208 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a biocompatible and biodegradable protein as the main component of wool and animal hair fibers. Keratin-based materials support fibroblasts and osteoblasts growth. Keratin has been extracted by sulphitolysis, a green method (no harmful chemicals) with a yield of 38-45%. Keratin has been processed into nanofibers from its solutions by electrospinning. Electrospinning is a versatile and easy-to-use technique to generate nanofibers. It is an eco-friendly and economical method for the production of randomly and uniaxially oriented polymeric nanofibers. Thanks to their high specific surface area, nanofibers have great potential in the biomedical field. Keratin nanofibers have received significant attention in biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering and cell growth scaffolds, for their biocompatibility and bio-functionality. Accordingly, we propose an extensive overview of recent studies focused on the optimization of keratinbased nanofibers, emphasizing their peculiar functions for cell interactions and the role of additive phases in blends or composite systems to particularize them as a function of specific applications (i.e., antibacterial).
Collapse
|
9
|
Preparation Methods and Functional Characteristics of Regenerated Keratin-Based Biofilms. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214723. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling, development, and application of keratin-containing waste (e.g., hair, wool, feather, and so on) provide an important means to address related environmental pollution and energy shortage issues. The extraction of keratin and the development of keratin-based functional materials are key to solving keratin-containing waste pollution. Keratin-based biofilms are gaining substantial interest due to their excellent characteristics, such as good biocompatibility, high biodegradability, appropriate adsorption, and rich renewable sources, among others. At present, keratin-based biofilms are a good option for various applications, and the development of keratin-based biofilms from keratin-containing waste is considered crucial for sustainable development. In this paper, in order to achieve clean production while maintaining the functional characteristics of natural keratin as much as possible, four important keratin extraction methods—thermal hydrolysis, ultrasonic technology, eco-friendly solvent system, and microbial decomposition—are described, and the characteristics of these four extraction methods are analysed. Next, methods for the preparation of keratin-based biofilms are introduced, including solvent casting, electrospinning, template self-assembly, freeze-drying, and soft lithography methods. Then, the functional properties and application prospects of keratin-based biofilms are discussed. Finally, future research directions related to keratin-based biofilms are proposed. Overall, it can be concluded that the high-value conversion of keratin-containing waste into regenerated keratin-based biofilms has great importance for sustainable development and is highly suggested due to their great potential for use in biomedical materials, optoelectronic devices, and metal ion detection applications. It is hoped that this paper can provide some basic information for the development and application of keratin-based biofilms.
Collapse
|
10
|
Trojanowska D, Suarato G, Braccia C, Armirotti A, Fiorentini F, Athanassiou A, Perotto G. Wool Keratin Nanoparticle-Based Micropatterns for Cellular Guidance Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:15272-15287. [PMID: 36338329 PMCID: PMC9624257 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c03116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The waste stream of low-grade wool is an underutilized source of keratin-rich materials with appropriate methods for upcycling into high value-added products still being an open challenge. In the present work, keratins were precipitated from their water solution to produce hierarchical keratin particles via isoelectric precipitation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization coupled with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS) showed the presence of the amino acid sequence leucine-aspartic acid-valine (LDV) in the extracted keratin. This well-known cell adhesion motif is recognized by the cell adhesion molecule α4β1 integrin. We showed that keratin particles had this tripeptide exposed on the surface and that it could be leveraged, via patterns obtained with microcontact printing, to support and facilitate dermal fibroblast cell adhesion and direct their growth orientation. The zeta potential, isoelectric point, morphological structures, chemical composition, and biocompatibility of keratin particles and the influence of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were investigated. An appropriate ink for microcontact printing of the keratin particles was developed and micron-sized patterns were obtained. Cells adhered preferentially to the patterns, showing how this strategy could be used to functionalize biointerfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara
J. Trojanowska
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Materials Group, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Materials Group, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Translational Pharmacology Facility, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Clarissa Braccia
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Analytical Chemistry Facility, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Analytical Chemistry Facility, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fiorentini
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Materials Group, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Materials Group, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Perotto
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Materials Group, Via Morego, 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sarma A. Biological importance and pharmaceutical significance of keratin: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:395-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
12
|
Ye W, Qin M, Qiu R, Li J. Keratin-based wound dressings: From waste to wealth. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:183-197. [PMID: 35513107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is a natural protein with a high content of cysteine residues (7-13%) and is widely found in hair, wool, horns, hooves, and nails. Keratin possesses abundant cell-binding motifs such as leucine-aspartate-valine (LDV), glutamate-aspartate-serine (EDS), and arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), which benefit cell attachment and proliferation. It has been confirmed that keratin plays important roles in every stage of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, making keratin-based materials good candidates for wound dressings. In combination with synthetic and natural polymers, keratin-based wound dressings in the forms of films, hydrogels, and nanofibers can be achieved with improved mechanical properties. This review focuses on the recent development of keratin-based wound dressings. Firstly, the physicochemical and biological properties of keratin, are systematically discussed. Secondly, the role of keratin in wound healing is proposed. Thirdly, the applications of keratin-based wound dressings are summarized, in terms of the forms and functionalization. Finally, the current challenges and future development of keratin-based wound dressings are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Ye
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China, 610065
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China, 610065
| | - Rongmin Qiu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China, 610065; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Contardi M, Ayyoub AMM, Summa M, Kossyvaki D, Fadda M, Liessi N, Armirotti A, Fragouli D, Bertorelli R, Athanassiou A. Self-Adhesive and Antioxidant Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/Alginate-Based Bilayer Films Loaded with Malva sylvestris Extracts as Potential Skin Dressings. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2880-2893. [PMID: 35583459 PMCID: PMC9214765 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Malva sylvestris (MS) is a medicinal herb known worldwide for its beneficial effects due to the several active molecules present in its leaves and flowers. These compounds have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and thus can be helpful in treatments of burns and chronic wounds, characterized mainly by high levels of free radicals and impairments of the inflammatory response. In this work, we propose bilayer films as wound dressings, based on poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and sodium alginate loaded with M. sylvestris extracts from leaves and flowers and fabricated by combining solvent-casting and rod-coating methods. The top layer is produced in two different PVP/alginate ratios and loaded with the MS flowers' extract, while the bottom layer is composed of PVP and MS leaves' extract. The bilayers were characterized morphologically, chemically, and mechanically, while they showed superior self-adhesive properties on human skin compared to a commercial skin patch. The materials showed antioxidant activity, release of the bioactive compounds, and water uptake property. Moreover, the anthocyanin content of the flower extract provided the films with the ability to change color when immersed in buffers of different pH levels. In vitro tests using primary keratinocytes demonstrated the biocompatibility of the MS bilayer materials and their capacity to enhance the proliferation of the cells in a wound scratch model. Finally, the best performing MS bilayer sample with a PVP/alginate ratio of 70:30 was evaluated in mice models, showing suitable resorption properties and the capacity to reduce the level of inflammatory mediators in UVB-induced burns when applied to an open wound. These outcomes suggest that the fabricated bilayer films loaded with M. sylvestris extracts are promising formulations as active and multifunctional dressings for treating skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Amin Mah'd Moh'd Ayyoub
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Dipartimento di Informatica Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), Università degli studi di Genova, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Despoina Kossyvaki
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Dipartimento di Informatica Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), Università degli studi di Genova, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Fadda
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Dipartimento di Informatica Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), Università degli studi di Genova, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Nara Liessi
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Despina Fragouli
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jouyandeh M, Seidi F, Gholami F, Kar S, Munir MT, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Zarrintaj P, Rabiee N, Saeb MR. Green Polymer Nanocomposites for Skin Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2107-2121. [PMID: 35504039 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of an appropriate skin scaffold needs to meet several standards related to the mechanical and biological properties. Fully natural/green scaffolds with acceptable biodegradability, biocompatibility, and physiological properties quite often suffer from poor mechanical properties. Therefore, for appropriate skin tissue engineering and to mimic the real functions, we need to use synthetic polymers and/or additives as complements to green polymers. Green nanocomposites (either nanoscale natural macromolecules or biopolymers containing nanoparticles) are a class of scaffolds with acceptable biomedical properties window (drug delivery and cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage as well as skin tissue engineering), enabling one to achieve the required level of skin regeneration and wound healing. In this review, we have collected, summarized, screened, analyzed, and interpreted the properties of green nanocomposites used in skin tissue engineering and wound dressing. We particularly emphasize the mechanical and biological properties that skin cells need to meet when seeded on the scaffold. In this regard, the latest state of the art studies directed at fabrication of skin tissue and bionanocomposites as well as their mechanistic features are discussed, whereas some unspoken complexities and challenges for future developments are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Shokrani
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 11155-4563 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Veleslavínova 42, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Muhammad Tajammal Munir
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran 145888-9694, Iran.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timorshina S, Popova E, Osmolovskiy A. Sustainable Applications of Animal Waste Proteins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081601. [PMID: 35458349 PMCID: PMC9027211 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the growth of the global population leads to an increase in demand for agricultural products. Expanding the obtaining and consumption of food products results in a scale up in the amount of by-products formed, the development of processing methods for which is becoming an urgent task of modern science. Collagen and keratin make up a significant part of the animal origin protein waste, and the potential for their biotechnological application is almost inexhaustible. The specific fibrillar structure allows collagen and keratin to be in demand in bioengineering in various forms and formats, as a basis for obtaining hydrogels, nanoparticles and scaffolds for regenerative medicine and targeted drug delivery, films for the development of biodegradable packaging materials, etc. This review describes the variety of sustainable sources of collagen and keratin and the beneficial application multiformity of these proteins.
Collapse
|
16
|
Duman Ş, Küçük M. Production and characterization of keratin microparticles obtained from wool fibers by cryogenic milling method. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2022.2028321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Duman
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Merve Küçük
- Particulate Materials Laboratories (PML), Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Biocompatible and biomimetic keratin capped Au nanoparticles enable the inactivation of mesophilic bacteria via photo-thermal therapy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Lenzuni M, Suarato G, Miele D, Carzino R, Ruggeri M, Bertorelli R, Sandri G, Athanassiou A. Development of biodegradable zein-based bilayer coatings for drug-eluting stents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24345-24358. [PMID: 35479013 PMCID: PMC9036829 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, chronic inflammation and delayed re-endothelialization still represent challenges for their clinical use. In the present work, we developed novel bilayer coatings for stent applications that could overcome these limitations, exclusively using biodegradable plant-based drugs and polymers. In particular, stainless steel surfaces were coated with rutin-loaded zein (the active layer) and cross-linked alginate (the sacrificial layer) via facile dip and spray coating methods. Various mechanical tests and analysis tools, such as infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the coated surfaces. Degradation and release studies of the films were extensively carried out and compared. The release rate of rutin from the bilayer coating reached 66.1 ± 3.2% within 24 hours of incubation (initial burst period), while the rest of the drug was released over 21 days in a sustained manner. Antioxidant assays confirmed that rutin retained its free radical scavenging ability after being eluted in phosphate buffer at 37 °C. In vitro results with human fibroblasts and endothelial cells suggested that the coating materials and their degradation products are highly biocompatible. In conclusion, our novel drug-eluting coatings, fabricated with natural biodegradable polymers, are promising materials for DES applications, allowing a sustained drug delivery and improving the biocompatibility of cardiovascular implanted devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lenzuni
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genoa Italy
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa via Opera Pia 13 Genoa Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genoa Italy
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genoa Italy
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Riccardo Carzino
- Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genoa Italy
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genoa Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Contardi M, Lenzuni M, Fiorentini F, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Suarato G, Athanassiou A. Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Derivatives Formulations for Skin Damages and Disorders: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34371691 PMCID: PMC8309026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of skin homeostasis are widely diffused in our everyday life both due to accidental injuries, such as wounds and burns, and physiological conditions, such as late-stage diabetes, dermatitis, or psoriasis. These events are locally characterized by an intense inflammatory response, a high generation of harmful free radicals, or an impairment in the immune response regulation, which can profoundly change the skin tissue' repair process, vulnerability, and functionality. Moreover, diabetes diffusion, antibiotic resistance, and abuse of aggressive soaps and disinfectants following the COVID-19 emergency could be causes for the future spreading of skin disorders. In the last years, hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives have been investigated and applied in several research fields for their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities. First, in this study, we give an overview of these natural molecules' current source and applications. Afterwards, we review their potential role as valid alternatives to the current therapies, supporting the management and rebalancing of skin disorders and diseases at different levels. Also, we will introduce the recent advances in the design of biomaterials loaded with these phenolic compounds, specifically suitable for skin disorders treatments. Lastly, we will suggest future perspectives for introducing hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives in treating skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.L.); (F.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Martina Lenzuni
- Smart Materials, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.L.); (F.F.); (G.S.)
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fiorentini
- Smart Materials, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.L.); (F.F.); (G.S.)
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Translational Pharmacology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.L.); (F.F.); (G.S.)
- Translational Pharmacology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Smart Materials, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy; (M.L.); (F.F.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antinori ME, Contardi M, Suarato G, Armirotti A, Bertorelli R, Mancini G, Debellis D, Athanassiou A. Advanced mycelium materials as potential self-growing biomedical scaffolds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12630. [PMID: 34135362 PMCID: PMC8209158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycelia, the vegetative part of fungi, are emerging as the avant-garde generation of natural, sustainable, and biodegradable materials for a wide range of applications. They are constituted of a self-growing and interconnected fibrous network of elongated cells, and their chemical and physical properties can be adjusted depending on the conditions of growth and the substrate they are fed upon. So far, only extracts and derivatives from mycelia have been evaluated and tested for biomedical applications. In this study, the entire fibrous structures of mycelia of the edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum are presented as self-growing bio-composites that mimic the extracellular matrix of human body tissues, ideal as tissue engineering bio-scaffolds. To this purpose, the two mycelial strains are inactivated by autoclaving after growth, and their morphology, cell wall chemical composition, and hydrodynamical and mechanical features are studied. Finally, their biocompatibility and direct interaction with primary human dermal fibroblasts are investigated. The findings demonstrate the potentiality of mycelia as all-natural and low-cost bio-scaffolds, alternative to the tissue engineering systems currently in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Antinori
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Translational Pharmacology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mancini
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Perța-Crișan S, Ursachi CȘ, Gavrilaș S, Oancea F, Munteanu FD. Closing the Loop with Keratin-Rich Fibrous Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1896. [PMID: 34200460 PMCID: PMC8201023 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the agro-industry's side streams that is widely met is the-keratin rich fibrous material that is becoming a waste product without valorization. Its management as a waste is costly, as the incineration of this type of waste constitutes high environmental concern. Considering these facts, the keratin-rich waste can be considered as a treasure for the producers interested in the valorization of such slowly-biodegradable by-products. As keratin is a protein that needs harsh conditions for its degradation, and that in most of the cases its constitutive amino acids are destroyed, we review new extraction methods that are eco-friendly and cost-effective. The chemical and enzymatic extractions of keratin are compared and the optimization of the extraction conditions at the lab scale is considered. In this study, there are also considered the potential applications of the extracted keratin as well as the reuse of the by-products obtained during the extraction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Perța-Crișan
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 2-4 E. Drăgoi Str., 310330 Arad, Romania; (S.P.-C.); (C.Ș.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Claudiu Ștefan Ursachi
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 2-4 E. Drăgoi Str., 310330 Arad, Romania; (S.P.-C.); (C.Ș.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Simona Gavrilaș
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 2-4 E. Drăgoi Str., 310330 Arad, Romania; (S.P.-C.); (C.Ș.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Bioresource Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florentina-Daniela Munteanu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 2-4 E. Drăgoi Str., 310330 Arad, Romania; (S.P.-C.); (C.Ș.U.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Agnieray H, Glasson J, Chen Q, Kaur M, Domigan L. Recent developments in sustainably sourced protein-based biomaterials. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:953-964. [PMID: 33729443 PMCID: PMC8106505 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research into the development of sustainable biomaterials is increasing in both interest and global importance due to the increasing demand for materials with decreased environmental impact. This research field utilises natural, renewable resources to develop innovative biomaterials. The development of sustainable biomaterials encompasses the entire material life cycle, from desirable traits, and environmental impact from production through to recycling or disposal. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive definition of sustainable biomaterials and to give an overview of the use of natural proteins in biomaterial development. Proteins such as collagen, gelatin, keratin, and silk, are biocompatible, biodegradable, and may form materials with varying properties. Proteins, therefore, provide an intriguing source of biomaterials for numerous applications, including additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering. We give an insight into current research and future directions in each of these areas, to expand knowledge on the capabilities of sustainably sourced proteins as advanced biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Agnieray
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J.L. Glasson
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Q. Chen
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M. Kaur
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L.J. Domigan
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Guglielmelli A, Rosa P, Contardi M, Prato M, Mangino G, Miglietta S, Petrozza V, Pani R, Calogero A, Athanassiou A, Perotto G, De Sio L. Biomimetic keratin gold nanoparticle-mediated in vitro photothermal therapy on glioblastoma multiforme. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:121-138. [PMID: 33426900 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To realize and characterize a new generation of keratin-coated gold nanoparticles (Ker-AuNPs) as highly efficient photosensitive nanosized therapeutics for plasmonic photothermal (PPT) therapy. Materials & methods: The chemical, physical, morphological and photothermal properties of Ker-AuNPs are investigated using dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential, UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution thermography. In vitro experiments are performed on a human glioblastoma cell line (i.e., U87-MG), using viability assays, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, cytometric analyses and PPT experiments. Results: Experiments confirm the excellent biocompatibility of Ker-AuNPs, their efficient cellular uptake and localized photothermal heating capabilities. Conclusion: The reported structural and functional properties pointed out these Ker-AuNPs as a promising new tool in the field of biocompatible photothermal agents for PPT treatments against cancer-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.,CNR-Lab. LiCryl, Institute NANOTEC, Arcavacata di Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, Latina 79, 04100, Italy
| | - Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, Genoa 30, 16163, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, Genova 30, 16163, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, Latina 79, 04100, Italy
| | - Selenia Miglietta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli, Rome 50, 00161, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, Latina 79, 04100, Italy
| | - Roberto Pani
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, Latina 79, 04100, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, Latina 79, 04100, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Perotto
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, Genoa 30, 16163, Italy
| | - Luciano De Sio
- CNR-Lab. LiCryl, Institute NANOTEC, Arcavacata di Rende 87036, Italy.,Department of Medico-surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, Latina 79, 04100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ferraris S, Spriano S, Scalia AC, Cochis A, Rimondini L, Cruz-Maya I, Guarino V, Varesano A, Vineis C. Topographical and Biomechanical Guidance of Electrospun Fibers for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2896. [PMID: 33287236 PMCID: PMC7761715 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is gaining increasing interest in the biomedical field as an eco-friendly and economic technique for production of random and oriented polymeric fibers. The aim of this review was to give an overview of electrospinning potentialities in the production of fibers for biomedical applications with a focus on the possibility to combine biomechanical and topographical stimuli. In fact, selection of the polymer and the eventual surface modification of the fibers allow selection of the proper chemical/biological signal to be administered to the cells. Moreover, a proper design of fiber orientation, dimension, and topography can give the opportunity to drive cell growth also from a spatial standpoint. At this purpose, the review contains a first introduction on potentialities of electrospinning for the obtainment of random and oriented fibers both with synthetic and natural polymers. The biological phenomena which can be guided and promoted by fibers composition and topography are in depth investigated and discussed in the second section of the paper. Finally, the recent strategies developed in the scientific community for the realization of electrospun fibers and for their surface modification for biomedical application are presented and discussed in the last section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferraris
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Silvia Spriano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Calogero Scalia
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases–CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.C.S.); (A.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases–CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.C.S.); (A.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases–CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.C.S.); (A.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Iriczalli Cruz-Maya
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (I.C.-M.); (V.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (I.C.-M.); (V.G.)
| | - Alessio Varesano
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy; (A.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Vineis
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy; (A.V.); (C.V.)
| |
Collapse
|