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Tian S, Wang B, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Yu P, Chang YZ, Gao G. The role of iron transporters and regulators in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiological insights and therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117419. [PMID: 39245001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis plays a vital role in maintaining brain development and controlling neuronal function under physiological conditions. Many studies have shown that the imbalance of brain iron homeostasis is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent advances have revealed the importance of iron transporters and regulatory molecules in the pathogenesis and treatment of NDs. This review summarizes the research progress on brain iron overload and the aberrant expression of several key iron transporters and regulators in AD and PD, emphasizes the pathological roles of these molecules in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, and highlights the therapeutic prospects of targeting these iron transporters and regulators to restore brain iron homeostasis in the treatment of AD and PD. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological roles of iron, iron transporters and regulators, and their regulations in NDs may provide new therapeutic avenues for more targeted neurotherapeutic strategies for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yiqian Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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Yao Z, Jia F, Wang S, Jiao Q, Du X, Chen X, Jiang H. The involvement of IRP2-induced ferroptosis through the p53-SLC7A11-ALOX12 pathway in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:386-396. [PMID: 38936518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Disturbance in iron homeostasis has been described in Parkinson's disease (PD), in which iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) plays a crucial role. IRP2 deletion resulted in the misregulation of iron metabolism and subsequent neurodegeneration. However, growing evidence showed that the levels of IRP2 were increased in the substantia nigra (SN) in MPTP-induced PD mice. To further clarify the role of increased IRP2 in PD, we developed IRP2-overexpressed mice by microinjecting AAV-Ireb2 in the SN. These mice showed decreased motor ability, abnormal gait and anxiety. Iron deposits induced by increased TFR1 and dopaminergic neuronal loss were observed in the SN. When these mice were treated with MPTP, exacerbated dyskinesia and dopaminergic neuronal loss were observed. In addition, TP53 was post-transcriptionally upregulated by IRP2 binding to the iron regulated element (IRE) in its 3' untranslated region. This resulted in increased lipid peroxidation levels and induced ferroptosis through the SLC7A11-ALOX12 pathway, which was independent of GPX4. This study revealed that IRP2 homeostasis in the SN was critical for PD progression and clarified the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis caused by IRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fengju Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266500, China.
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Porras C, Olliviere H, Bradley SP, Graham AM, Chudasama Y, Rouault TA. Ablation of Iron Regulatory Protein 2 produces a neurological disorder characterized by motor, somatosensory, and executive dysfunction in mice. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 7:100136. [PMID: 39239479 PMCID: PMC11372806 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2024.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is an important cofactor for many proteins and is used to create Fe-S clusters and heme prosthetic groups that enzymes use to catalyze enzymatic reactions. Proteins involved in the import, export, and sequestration of iron are regulated by Iron Regulatory Proteins (IRPs). Recently, a patient with bi-allelic loss of function mutations in IREB2 leading to the absence of IRP2 protein was discovered. The patient failed to achieve developmental milestones and was diagnosed with dystonic cerebral palsy, epilepsy, microcytic hypochromic anemia, and frontal lobe atrophy. Several more IREB2 deficient patients subsequently identified manifested similar neurological problems. To better understand the manifestations of this novel neurological disease, we subjected an Irp2-null mouse model to extensive behavioral testing. Irp2-null mice had a significant motor deficit demonstrated by reduced performance on rotarod and hanging wire tests. Somatosensory function was also compromised in hot and cold plate assays. Their spatial search strategy was impaired in the Barnes maze and they exhibited a difficulty in flexibly adapting their response in the operant touchscreen reversal learning task. The latter is a cognitive behavior known to require an intact prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that loss of Irp2 in mice causes motor and behavioral deficits that faithfully reflect the IREB2 patient's neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Porras
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, Section on Human Iron Metabolism, USA
| | - Hayden Olliviere
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, Section on Human Iron Metabolism, USA
| | - Sean P Bradley
- National Institute of Mental Health, Rodent Behavioral Core, USA
| | - Alice M Graham
- National Institute of Mental Health, Rodent Behavioral Core, USA
| | - Yogita Chudasama
- National Institute of Mental Health, Rodent Behavioral Core, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health, Section on Behavioral Neuroscience, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, Section on Human Iron Metabolism, USA
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Huang W, Liu Z, Li Z, Meng S, Huang Y, Gao M, Zhong N, Zeng S, Wang L, Zhao W. Identification of Immune Infiltration and Iron Metabolism-Related Subgroups in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:12. [PMID: 38236354 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with a broad spectrum of symptoms and prognoses. Effective therapy requires understanding this variability. ASD children's cognitive and immunological development may depend on iron homoeostasis. This study employs a machine learning model that focuses on iron metabolism hub genes to identify ASD subgroups and describe immune infiltration patterns. A total of 97 control and 148 ASD samples were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and an iron metabolism gene collection achieved the intersection of 25 genes. Unsupervised cluster analysis determined molecular subgroups in individuals with ASD based on 25 genes related to iron metabolism. We assessed gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), and immune infiltration analysis to compare iron metabolism subtype effects. We employed machine learning to identify subtype-predicting hub genes and utilized both training and validation sets to assess gene subtype prediction accuracy. ASD can be classified into two iron-metabolizing molecular clusters. Metabolic enrichment pathways differed between clusters. Immune infiltration showed that clusters differed immunologically. Cluster 2 had better immunological scores and more immune cells, indicating a stronger immune response. Machine learning screening identified SELENBP1 and CAND1 as important genes in ASD's iron metabolism signaling pathway. These genes express in the brain and have AUC values over 0.8, implying significant predictive power. The present study introduces iron metabolism signaling pathway indicators to predict ASD subtypes. ASD is linked to immune cell infiltration and iron metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenni Liu
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziling Li
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Meng
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Sujuan Zeng
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Luo CW, Kuan YH, Chen WY, Chen CJ, Lin FCF, Tsai SCS. Association between PM2.5 exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan: a nested case-control study. Epidemiol Health 2023; 45:e2023094. [PMID: 37905313 PMCID: PMC10876422 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2023094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cohort study investigated the correlation between Parkinson's disease (PD) risk and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk under particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) exposure. METHODS Data from the National Health Research Institutes of Taiwan were used in this study. The Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan established an air quality monitoring network for monitoring Taiwan's general air quality. COPD was indicated by at least 3 outpatient records and 1 hospitalization for COPD. After the implementation of age, sex, and endpoint matching at a 1:4 ratio, 137 patients and 548 patients were included in the case group and control group, respectively. Based on the 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) standards, monthly air particle concentration data were classified into the following 4 groups in analyses of exposure-response relationships: normal level, and 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the WHO level ([concentration ≥2]×25 μg/m3×number of exposure months). RESULTS A multivariate logistic regression revealed that the 1.0 and 1.5 WHO level groups did not significantly differ from the normal level group, but the 2.0 WHO level did (odds ratio, 4.091; 95% confidence interval, 1.180 to 14.188; p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS Elevated PM2.5 concentrations were significantly correlated with an increased risk of PD among patients with COPD. Furthermore, exposure to high PM2.5 levels can further increase the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci-Wen Luo
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Frank Cheau-Feng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Stella Chin-Shaw Tsai
- Superintendent Office, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University College of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chang S, Wang P, Han Y, Ma Q, Liu Z, Zhong S, Lu Y, Chen R, Sun L, Wu Q, Gao G, Wang X, Chang YZ. Ferrodifferentiation regulates neurodevelopment via ROS generation. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:1841-1857. [PMID: 36929272 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is important for life, and iron deficiency impairs development, but whether the iron level regulates neural differentiation remains elusive. In this study, with iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs) knockout embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that showed severe iron deficiency, we found that the Pax6- and Sox2-positive neuronal precursor cells and Tuj1 fibers in IRP1-/-IRP2-/- ESCs were significantly decreased after inducing neural differentiation. Consistently, in vivo study showed that the knockdown of IRP1 in IRP2-/- fetal mice remarkably affected the differentiation of neuronal precursors and the migration of neurons. These findings suggest that low intracellular iron status significantly inhibits neurodifferentiation. When supplementing IRP1-/-IRP2-/- ESCs with iron, these ESCs could differentiate normally. Further investigations revealed that the underlying mechanism was associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused by the substantially low level of iron and the down-regulation of iron-sulfur cluster protein ISCU, which, in turn, affected the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Thus, the appropriate amount of iron is crucial for maintaining normal neural differentiation that is termed ferrodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peina Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yufeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruiguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Le Sun
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Gao G, You L, Zhang J, Chang YZ, Yu P. Brain Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1289. [PMID: 37372019 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. These neurological disorders seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients and bring heavy economic burdens to families and society. Therefore, it is important to maintain brain iron homeostasis and to understand the mechanism of brain iron disorders affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, resulting in neural damage, cell death and, ultimately, leading to the development of disease. Evidence has shown that many therapies targeting brain iron and ROS imbalances have good preventive and therapeutic effects on neurological diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of brain iron metabolism disorders in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Linhao You
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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8
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Kelly CJ, Couch RK, Ha VT, Bodart CM, Wu J, Huff S, Herrel NT, Kim HD, Zimmermann AO, Shattuck J, Pan YC, Kaeberlein M, Grillo AS. Iron status influences mitochondrial disease progression in Complex I-deficient mice. eLife 2023; 12:e75825. [PMID: 36799301 PMCID: PMC10030112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by aberrant Complex I assembly and reduced activity of the electron transport chain is pathogenic in many genetic and age-related diseases. Mice missing the Complex I subunit NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4 (NDUFS4) are a leading mammalian model of severe mitochondrial disease that exhibit many characteristic symptoms of Leigh Syndrome including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain lesions, and premature death. NDUFS4 knockout mice have decreased expression of nearly every Complex I subunit. As Complex I normally contains at least 8 iron-sulfur clusters and more than 25 iron atoms, we asked whether a deficiency of Complex I may lead to iron perturbations, thereby accelerating disease progression. Consistent with this, iron supplementation accelerates symptoms of brain degeneration in these mice, while iron restriction delays the onset of these symptoms, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases survival. NDUFS4 knockout mice display signs of iron overload in the liver including increased expression of hepcidin and show changes in iron-responsive element-regulated proteins consistent with increased cellular iron that were prevented by iron restriction. These results suggest that perturbed iron homeostasis may contribute to pathology in Leigh Syndrome and possibly other mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Kelly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Reid K Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Vivian T Ha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Camille M Bodart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Judy Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sydney Huff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicole T Herrel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Hyunsung D Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Azaad O Zimmermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jessica Shattuck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Yu-Chen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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9
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Maio N, Saneto RP, Steet R, Sotero de Menezes MA, Skinner C, Rouault TA. Disruption of cellular iron homeostasis by IREB2 missense variants causes severe neurodevelopmental delay, dystonia and seizures. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac102. [PMID: 35602653 PMCID: PMC9118103 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered brain iron homeostasis can contribute to neurodegeneration by interfering with the delivery of the iron needed to support key cellular processes, including mitochondrial respiration, synthesis of myelin and essential neurotransmitters. Intracellular iron homeostasis in mammals is maintained by two homologous ubiquitously expressed iron-responsive element-binding proteins (IRP1 and IRP2). Using exome sequencing, two patients with severe neurodegenerative disease and bi-allelic mutations in the gene IREB2 were first identified and clinically characterized in 2019. Here, we report the case of a 7-year-old male patient with compound heterozygous missense variants in IREB2, whose neurological features resembled those of the two previously reported IRP2-deficient patients, including a profound global neurodevelopmental delay and dystonia. Biochemical characterization of a lymphoblast cell line derived from the patient revealed functional iron deficiency, altered post-transcriptional regulation of iron metabolism genes and mitochondrial dysfunction. The iron metabolism abnormalities of the patient cell line were reversed by lentiviral-mediated restoration of IREB2 expression. These results, in addition to confirming the essential role of IRP2 in the regulation of iron metabolism in humans, expand the scope of the known IRP2-related neurodegenerative disorders and underscore that IREB2 pathological variants may impact the iron-responsive element-binding activity of IRP2 with varying degrees of severity. The three severely affected patients identified so far all suffered from complete loss of function of IRP2, raising the possibility that individuals with significant but incomplete loss of IRP2 function may develop less severe forms of the disease, analogous to other human conditions that present with a wide range of phenotypic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Russell P. Saneto
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Program for Mitochondrial Medicine and Metabolism, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tracey A. Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Porras CA, Rouault TA. Iron Homeostasis in the CNS: An Overview of the Pathological Consequences of Iron Metabolism Disruption. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094490. [PMID: 35562883 PMCID: PMC9104368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis disruption has increasingly been implicated in various neurological disorders. In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of iron metabolism in the central nervous system. We examine the consequences of both iron accumulation and deficiency in various disease contexts including neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychological disorders. The history of animal models of iron metabolism misregulation is also discussed followed by a comparison of three patients with a newly discovered neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in iron regulatory protein 2.
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11
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Jia F, Li H, Jiao Q, Li C, Fu L, Cui C, Jiang H, Zhang L. Deubiquitylase OTUD3 prevents Parkinson’s disease through stabilizing iron regulatory protein 2. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:418. [PMID: 35490179 PMCID: PMC9056525 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron deposits are neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) is a key factor in regulating brain iron homeostasis. Although two ubiquitin ligases that promote IRP2 degradation have been identified, the deubiquitylase for stabilization of IRP2 in PD remains undefined. Here, we report OTUD3 (OTU domain-containing protein 3) functions as a deubiquitylase for IRP2, interacts with IRP2 in the cytoplasm, de-polyubiquitylates, and stabilizes IRP2 protein in an iron-independent manner. Depletion of OTUD3 results in a disorder of iron metabolism. OTUD3 knockout mice display nigral iron accumulation, motor deficits, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which resembles the pathology of PD. Consistently, decreased levels of OTUD3 are detected in transgenic PD mice expressing A53T mutant of human α-synuclein. Five single nucleotide polymorphism mutations of OTUD3 are present in cases of sporadic PD or controls, although no significant associations of OTUD3 SNPs with sporadic PD are detected. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that OTUD3 is a bona fide deubiquitylase for IRP2 and plays a critical role in the nigral iron deposits in PD.
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12
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Geiser DL, Li W, Pham DQD, Wysocki VH, Winzerling JJ. Shotgun and TMT-Labeled Proteomic Analysis of the Ovarian Proteins of an Insect Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:7. [PMID: 35303100 PMCID: PMC8932505 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti [Linnaeus in Hasselquist; yellow fever mosquito] transmits several viruses that infect millions of people each year, including Zika, dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and West Nile. Pathogen transmission occurs during blood feeding. Only the females blood feed as they require a bloodmeal for oogenesis; in the bloodmeal, holo-transferrin and hemoglobin provide the females with a high iron load. We are interested in the effects of the bloodmeal on the expression of iron-associated proteins in oogenesis. Previous data showed that following digestion of a bloodmeal, ovarian iron concentrations doubles by 72 hr. We have used shotgun proteomics to identify proteins expressed in Ae. aegypti ovaries at two oogenesis developmental stages following blood feeding, and tandem mass tag-labeling proteomics to quantify proteins expressed at one stage following feeding of a controlled iron diet. Our findings provide the first report of mosquito ovarian protein expression in early and late oogenesis. We identify proteins differentially expressed in the two oogenesis development stages. We establish that metal-associated proteins play an important role in Ae. aegypti oogenesis and we identify new candidate proteins that might be involved in mosquito iron metabolism. Finally, this work identified a unique second ferritin light chain subunit, the first reported in any species. The shotgun proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD005893, while the tandem mass tag-labeled proteomic data are available with identifier PXD028242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L Geiser
- Nutritional Sciences, Division of Agriculture, Life and Veterinary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Wenzhou Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Present Address: Amgen Incorporation, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Daphne Q-D Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joy J Winzerling
- Nutritional Sciences, Division of Agriculture, Life and Veterinary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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13
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Li Y, Wen X, Ding X, Teng X, Xiong X, Liu Y. Two types of rhodamine–naphthalimide-based fluorescence sensors for different ratiometric detection of Hg(II) or Fe(III). RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Rethinking IRPs/IRE system in neurodegenerative disorders: Looking beyond iron metabolism. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101511. [PMID: 34767973 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and iron regulatory element (IRE) systems are well known in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders by regulating iron related proteins. IRPs are also regulated by iron homeostasis. However, an increasing number of studies have suggested a close relationship between the IRPs/IRE system and non-iron-related neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, we reviewed that the IRPs/IRE system is not only controlled by iron ions, but also regulated by such factors as post-translational modification, oxygen, nitric oxide (NO), heme, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and metal ions. In addition, by regulating the transcription of non-iron related proteins, the IRPs/IRE system functioned in oxidative metabolism, cell cycle regulation, abnormal proteins aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Finally, by emphasizing the multiple regulations of IRPs/IRE system and its potential relationship with non-iron metabolic neurodegenerative disorders, we provided new strategies for disease treatment targeting IRPs/IRE system.
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15
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Peng Y, Chang X, Lang M. Iron Homeostasis Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12442. [PMID: 34830326 PMCID: PMC8622469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace metal for almost all organisms, including human; however, oxidative stress can easily be caused when iron is in excess, producing toxicity to the human body due to its capability to be both an electron donor and an electron acceptor. Although there is a strict regulation mechanism for iron homeostasis in the human body and brain, it is usually inevitably disturbed by genetic and environmental factors, or disordered with aging, which leads to iron metabolism diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) threatening human health. However, the precise pathogenesis of AD is still unclear, which seriously restricts the design of interventions and treatment drugs based on the pathogenesis of AD. Many studies have observed abnormal iron accumulation in different regions of the AD brain, resulting in cognitive, memory, motor and other nerve damages. Understanding the metabolic balance mechanism of iron in the brain is crucial for the treatment of AD, which would provide new cures for the disease. This paper reviews the recent progress in the relationship between iron and AD from the aspects of iron absorption in intestinal cells, storage and regulation of iron in cells and organs, especially for the regulation of iron homeostasis in the human brain and prospects the future directions for AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.P.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuejiao Chang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.P.); (X.C.)
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.P.); (X.C.)
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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16
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Kaur D, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Chigurupati S, Alhowail A, Abdeen A, Ibrahim SF, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Sachdeva M, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Decrypting the potential role of α-lipoic acid in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2021; 284:119899. [PMID: 34450170 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases with motor disturbances, cognitive decline, and behavioral impairment. It is characterized by the extracellular aggregation of amyloid-β plaques and the intracellular accumulation of tau protein. AD patients show a cognitive decline, which has been associated with oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA), a natural antioxidant present in food and used as a dietary supplement, has been considered a promising agent for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite multiple preclinical studies indicating beneficial effects of α-LA in memory functioning, and pointing to its neuroprotective effects, to date only a few studies have examined its effects in humans. Studies performed in animal models of memory loss associated with aging and AD have shown that α-LA improves memory in a variety of behavioral paradigms. Furthermore, molecular mechanisms underlying α-LA effects have also been investigated. Accordingly, α-LA shows antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, glioprotective, metal chelating properties in both in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition, it has been shown that α-LA reverses age-associated loss of neurotransmitters and their receptors. The review article aimed at summarizing and discussing the main studies investigating the neuroprotective effects of α-LA on cognition as well as its molecular effects, to improve the understanding of the therapeutic potential of α-LA in patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders, supporting the development of clinical trials with α-LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Screening of Environmental Contaminants, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Samah F Ibrahim
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Centro Latinoamericano de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Bacteriologia Alimentaria, Universidad Nacinol Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima, Peru
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatima College of Health Sciences, Alain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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17
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Essential role of systemic iron mobilization and redistribution for adaptive thermogenesis through HIF2-α/hepcidin axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109186118. [PMID: 34593646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109186118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential biometal, but is toxic if it exists in excess. Therefore, iron content is tightly regulated at cellular and systemic levels to meet metabolic demands but to avoid toxicity. We have recently reported that adaptive thermogenesis, a critical metabolic pathway to maintain whole-body energy homeostasis, is an iron-demanding process for rapid biogenesis of mitochondria. However, little information is available on iron mobilization from storage sites to thermogenic fat. This study aimed to determine the iron-regulatory network that underlies beige adipogenesis. We hypothesized that thermogenic stimulus initiates the signaling interplay between adipocyte iron demands and systemic iron liberation, resulting in iron redistribution into beige fat. To test this hypothesis, we induced reversible activation of beige adipogenesis in C57BL/6 mice by administering a β3-adrenoreceptor agonist CL 316,243 (CL). Our results revealed that CL stimulation induced the iron-regulatory protein-mediated iron import into adipocytes, suppressed hepcidin transcription, and mobilized iron from the spleen. Mechanistically, CL stimulation induced an acute activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2-α (HIF2-α), erythropoietin production, and splenic erythroid maturation, leading to hepcidin suppression. Disruption of systemic iron homeostasis by pharmacological HIF2-α inhibitor PT2385 or exogenous administration of hepcidin-25 significantly impaired beige fat development. Our findings suggest that securing iron availability via coordinated interplay between renal hypoxia and hepcidin down-regulation is a fundamental mechanism to activate adaptive thermogenesis. It also provides an insight into the effects of adaptive thermogenesis on systemic iron mobilization and redistribution.
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18
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Maio N, Zhang DL, Ghosh MC, Jain A, SantaMaria AM, Rouault TA. Mechanisms of cellular iron sensing, regulation of erythropoiesis and mitochondrial iron utilization. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:161-174. [PMID: 34389108 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To maintain an adequate iron supply for hemoglobin synthesis and essential metabolic functions while counteracting iron toxicity, humans and other vertebrates have evolved effective mechanisms to conserve and finely regulate iron concentration, storage, and distribution to tissues. At the systemic level, the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is secreted by the liver in response to serum iron levels and inflammation. Hepcidin regulates the expression of the sole known mammalian iron exporter, ferroportin, to control dietary absorption, storage and tissue distribution of iron. At the cellular level, iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) register cytosolic iron concentrations and post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of iron metabolism genes to optimize iron availability for essential cellular processes, including heme biosynthesis and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Genetic malfunctions affecting the iron sensing mechanisms or the main pathways that utilize iron in the cell cause a broad range of human diseases, some of which are characterized by mitochondrial iron accumulation. This review will discuss the mechanisms of systemic and cellular iron sensing with a focus on the main iron utilization pathways in the cell, and on human conditions that arise from compromised function of the regulatory axes that control iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - De-Liang Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anshika Jain
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna M SantaMaria
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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19
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Kim JH, Oh JK, Wee JH, Min CY, Yoo DM, Choi HG. The Association between Anemia and Parkinson's Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. Brain Sci 2021; 11:623. [PMID: 34068124 PMCID: PMC8152756 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Controversy exists regarding the relationship between anemia and Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to evaluate the risk of PD related to anemia in the Korean population. (2) Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, which includes adults over 40 years of age, was assessed from 2002 to 2015. A total of 5844 PD patients were matched by age, sex, income, and region of residence with 23,376 control participants at a ratio of 1:4. The analyzed covariates included age, sex, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, obesity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted for case-control analyses. (3) Results: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the risk of PD associated with anemia was 1.09 after adjusting for potential confounders (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.18, p = 0.030). Among men younger than 70 years, the adjusted OR of PD was 1.34 (95% CI 1.13-1.60, p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that anemia may increase the risk of PD, particularly in men younger than 70 years. Further research is required to elucidate the causal relationship between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.K.O.)
| | - Jae Keun Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.K.O.)
| | - Jee Hye Wee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Chan Yang Min
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea; (C.Y.M.); (D.M.Y.)
| | - Dae Myoung Yoo
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea; (C.Y.M.); (D.M.Y.)
| | - Hyo Geun Choi
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
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20
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Ghosh MC, Zhang DL, Ollivierre WH, Noguchi A, Springer DA, Linehan WM, Rouault TA. Therapeutic inhibition of HIF-2α reverses polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension in murine models of human diseases. Blood 2021; 137:2509-2519. [PMID: 33512384 PMCID: PMC8109019 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension are 2 human diseases for which better therapies are needed. Upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) and its target genes, erythropoietin (EPO) and endothelin-1, causes polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension in patients with Chuvash polycythemia who are homozygous for the R200W mutation in the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene and in a murine mouse model of Chuvash polycythemia that bears the same homozygous VhlR200W mutation. Moreover, the aged VhlR200W mice developed pulmonary fibrosis, most likely due to the increased expression of Cxcl-12, another Hif-2α target. Patients with mutations in iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) also develop polycythemia, and Irp1-knockout (Irp1-KO) mice exhibit polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac fibrosis attributable to translational derepression of Hif-2α, and the resultant high expression of the Hif-2α targets EPO, endothelin-1, and Cxcl-12. In this study, we inactivated Hif-2α with the second-generation allosteric HIF-2α inhibitor MK-6482 in VhlR200W, Irp1-KO, and double-mutant VhlR200W;Irp1-KO mice. MK-6482 treatment decreased EPO production and reversed polycythemia in all 3 mouse models. Drug treatment also decreased right ventricular pressure and mitigated pulmonary hypertension in VhlR200W, Irp1-KO, and VhlR200W;Irp1-KO mice to near normal wild-type levels and normalized the movement of the cardiac interventricular septum in VhlR200Wmice. MK-6482 treatment reduced the increased expression of Cxcl-12, which, in association with CXCR4, mediates fibrocyte influx into the lungs, potentially causing pulmonary fibrosis. Our results suggest that oral intake of MK-6482 could represent a new approach to treatment of patients with polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and complications caused by elevated expression of HIF-2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik C Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - De-Liang Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Wade H Ollivierre
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and
| | | | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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21
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Sun N, Meng X, Liu Y, Song D, Jiang C, Cai J. Applications of brain organoids in neurodevelopment and neurological diseases. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:30. [PMID: 33888112 PMCID: PMC8063318 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A brain organoid is a self-organizing three-dimensional tissue derived from human embryonic stem cells or pluripotent stem cells and is able to simulate the architecture and functionality of the human brain. Brain organoid generation methods are abundant and continue to improve, and now, an in vivo vascularized brain organoid has been encouragingly reported. The combination of brain organoids with immune-staining and single-cell sequencing technology facilitates our understanding of brain organoids, including the structural organization and the diversity of cell types. Recent publications have reported that brain organoids can mimic the dynamic spatiotemporal process of early brain development, model various human brain disorders, and serve as an effective preclinical platform to test and guide personalized treatment. In this review, we introduce the current state of brain organoid differentiation strategies, summarize current progress and applications in the medical domain, and discuss the challenges and prospects of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Zhao T, Guo X, Sun Y. Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation in the Aging Retina: Implication of Ferroptosis in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Aging Dis 2021; 12:529-551. [PMID: 33815881 PMCID: PMC7990372 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential component in many biological processes in the human body. It is critical for the visual phototransduction cascade in the retina. However, excess iron can be toxic. Iron accumulation and reduced efficiency of intracellular antioxidative defense systems predispose the aging retina to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by retinal iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The mechanisms underlying AMD include oxidative stress-mediated death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and subsequent death of retinal photoreceptors. Understanding the mechanism of the disruption of iron and redox homeostasis in the aging retina and AMD is crucial to decipher these mechanisms of cell death and AMD pathogenesis. The mechanisms of retinal cell death in AMD are an area of active investigation; previous studies have proposed several types of cell death as major mechanisms. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death pathway, has been associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is initiated by lipid peroxidation and is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the aging retina and AMD, with an emphasis on ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tantai Zhao
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojian Guo
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Sun
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
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23
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Corral VM, Schultz ER, Eisenstein RS, Connell GJ. Roquin is a major mediator of iron-regulated changes to transferrin receptor-1 mRNA stability. iScience 2021; 24:102360. [PMID: 33898949 PMCID: PMC8058555 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) has essential iron transport and proposed signal transduction functions. Proper TfR1 regulation is a requirement for hematopoiesis, neurological development, and the homeostasis of tissues including the intestine and muscle, while dysregulation is associated with cancers and immunodeficiency. TfR1 mRNA degradation is highly regulated, but the identity of the degradation activity remains uncertain. Here, we show with gene knockouts and siRNA knockdowns that two Roquin paralogs are major mediators of iron-regulated changes to the steady-state TfR1 mRNA level within four different cell types (HAP1, HUVEC, L-M, and MEF). Roquin is demonstrated to destabilize the TfR1 mRNA, and its activity is fully dependent on three hairpin loops within the TfR1 mRNA 3′-UTR that are essential for iron-regulated instability. We further show in L-M cells that TfR1 mRNA degradation does not require ongoing translation, consistent with Roquin-mediated instability. We conclude that Roquin is a major effector of TfR1 mRNA abundance. Roquin is a major mediator of iron-regulated TfR1 mRNA instability Roquin-mediated instability requires three stem loops within the TfR1 3′-UTR Iron-regulated TfR1 mRNA instability can occur in the absence of Regnase-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Corral
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric R Schultz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Richard S Eisenstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gregory J Connell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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24
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Sangkhae V, Fisher AL, Wong S, Koenig MD, Tussing-Humphreys L, Chu A, Lelić M, Ganz T, Nemeth E. Effects of maternal iron status on placental and fetal iron homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:625-640. [PMID: 31661462 DOI: 10.1172/jci127341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is common worldwide and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The increasing prevalence of indiscriminate iron supplementation during pregnancy also raises concerns about the potential adverse effects of iron excess. We examined how maternal iron status affects the delivery of iron to the placenta and fetus. Using mouse models, we documented maternal homeostatic mechanisms that protect the placenta and fetus from maternal iron excess. We determined that under physiological conditions or in iron deficiency, fetal and placental hepcidin did not regulate fetal iron endowment. With maternal iron deficiency, critical transporters mediating placental iron uptake (transferrin receptor 1 [TFR1]) and export (ferroportin [FPN]) were strongly regulated. In mice, not only was TFR1 increased, but FPN was surprisingly decreased to preserve placental iron in the face of fetal iron deficiency. In human placentas from pregnancies with mild iron deficiency, TFR1 was increased, but there was no change in FPN. However, induction of more severe iron deficiency in human trophoblast in vitro resulted in the regulation of both TFR1 and FPN, similar to what was observed in the mouse model. This placental adaptation that prioritizes placental iron is mediated by iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and is important for the maintenance of mitochondrial respiration, thus ultimately protecting the fetus from the potentially dire consequences of generalized placental dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison L Fisher
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, and.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shirley Wong
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Mary Dawn Koenig
- Department of Women's, Children's and Family Health Science, College of Nursing
| | - Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alison Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melisa Lelić
- Medical Faculty, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, and
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25
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Peña-Montes DJ, Huerta-Cervantes M, Ríos-Silva M, Trujillo X, Cortés-Rojo C, Huerta M, Saavedra-Molina A. Effects of dietary iron restriction on kidney mitochondria function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Iron-responsive-like elements and neurodegenerative ferroptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:395-413. [PMID: 32817306 PMCID: PMC7433652 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of common-acting iron-responsive 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) motifs can fold into RNA stem loops that appear significant to the biology of cognitive declines of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit perturbations of iron homeostasis in defined brain subregions over characteristic time intervals of progression. While misfolding of Aβ from the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP), alpha-synuclein, prion protein (PrP) each cause neuropathic protein inclusions in the brain subregions, iron-responsive-like element (IRE-like) RNA stem–loops reside in their transcripts. APP and αsyn have a role in iron transport while gene duplications elevate the expression of their products to cause rare familial cases of AD and PDD. Of note, IRE-like sequences are responsive to excesses of brain iron in a potential feedback loop to accelerate neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive declines as well as amyloidosis. This pathogenic feedback is consistent with the translational control of the iron storage protein ferritin. We discuss how the IRE-like RNA motifs in the 5′UTRs of APP, alpha-synuclein and PrP mRNAs represent uniquely folded drug targets for therapies to prevent perturbed iron homeostasis that accelerates AD, PD, PD dementia (PDD) and Lewy body dementia, thus preventing cognitive deficits. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein translation is an option to block manganese toxicity associated with early childhood cognitive problems and manganism while Pb toxicity is epigenetically associated with attention deficit and later-stage AD. Pathologies of heavy metal toxicity centered on an embargo of iron export may be treated with activators of APP and ferritin and inhibitors of alpha-synuclein translation.
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27
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Tai S, Zheng Q, Zhai S, Cai T, Xu L, Yang L, Jiao L, Zhang C. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Mediates Clearance of Iron Accumulation by Regulating Iron Metabolism in a Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by 6-OHDA. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:612. [PMID: 32670009 PMCID: PMC7330090 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of neuronal iron homeostasis and oxidative stress are related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring enzyme cofactor with antioxidant and iron chelator properties and has many known effects. ALA has neuroprotective effects on PD. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we established PD models induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to explore the neuroprotective ability of ALA and its underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that ALA could provide significant protection from 6-OHDA-induced cell damage in vitro by decreasing the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and iron. ALA significantly promoted the survival of the dopaminergic neuron in the 6-OHDA-induced PD rat model and remarkably ameliorated motor deficits by dramatically inhibiting the decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase expression and superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra. Interestingly, ALA attenuated 6-OHDA-induced iron accumulation both in vivo and in vitro by antagonizing the 6-OHDA-induced upregulation of iron regulatory protein 2 and divalent metal transporter 1. These results indicated that the neuroprotective mechanism of ALA against neurological injury induced by 6-OHDA may be related to the regulation of iron homeostasis and reduced oxidative stress levels. Therefore, ALA may provide neuroprotective therapy for PD and other diseases related to iron metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Tai
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Suzhen Zhai
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lizhu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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28
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Lee NJ, Ha SK, Sati P, Absinta M, Nair G, Luciano NJ, Leibovitch EC, Yen CC, Rouault TA, Silva AC, Jacobson S, Reich DS. Potential role of iron in repair of inflammatory demyelinating lesions. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4365-4376. [PMID: 31498148 DOI: 10.1172/jci126809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory destruction of iron-rich myelin is characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although iron is needed for oligodendrocytes to produce myelin during development, its deposition has also been linked to neurodegeneration and inflammation, including in MS. We report perivascular iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions that was mirrored in 72 lesions from 13 marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Iron accumulated mainly inside microglia/macrophages from 6 weeks after demyelination. Consistently, expression of transferrin receptor, the brain's main iron-influx protein, increased as lesions aged. Iron was uncorrelated with inflammation and postdated initial demyelination, suggesting that iron is not directly pathogenic. Iron homeostasis was at least partially restored in remyelinated, but not persistently demyelinated, lesions. Taken together, our results suggest that iron accumulation in the weeks after inflammatory demyelination may contribute to lesion repair rather than inflammatory demyelination per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael J Lee
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J Luciano
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily C Leibovitch
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecil C Yen
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Section on Human Iron Metabolism, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Cooper
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Parkville, Australia
| | - Teresa Zhao
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Parkville, Australia
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30
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Maio N, Ghosh MC, Costain G, Carnevale A, Si Y, Yoon G, Rouault TA. Reply: IREB2-associated neurodegeneration. Brain 2020; 142:e41. [PMID: 31243430 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Carnevale
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yue Si
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Grace Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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31
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Costain G, Ghosh MC, Maio N, Carnevale A, Si YC, Rouault TA, Yoon G. Absence of iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 causes a novel neurodegenerative syndrome. Brain 2020; 142:1195-1202. [PMID: 30915432 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cellular iron homeostasis can contribute to neurodegeneration. In mammals, two iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs) shape the expression of the iron metabolism proteome. Targeted deletion of Ireb2 in a mouse model causes profoundly disordered iron metabolism, leading to functional iron deficiency, anemia, erythropoietic protoporphyria, and a neurodegenerative movement disorder. Using exome sequencing, we identified the first human with bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in the gene IREB2 leading to an absence of IRP2. This 16-year-old male had neurological and haematological features that emulate those of Ireb2 knockout mice, including neurodegeneration and a treatment-resistant choreoathetoid movement disorder. Cellular phenotyping at the RNA and protein level was performed using patient and control lymphoblastoid cell lines, and established experimental assays. Our studies revealed functional iron deficiency, altered post-transcriptional regulation of iron metabolism genes, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as observed in the mouse model. The patient's cellular abnormalities were reversed by lentiviral-mediated restoration of IRP2 expression. These results confirm that IRP2 is essential for regulation of iron metabolism in humans, and reveal a previously unrecognized subclass of neurodegenerative disease. Greater understanding of how the IRPs mediate cellular iron distribution may ultimately provide new insights into common and rare neurodegenerative processes, and could result in novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nunziata Maio
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Carnevale
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tracey A Rouault
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Ci YZ, Li H, You LH, Jin Y, Zhou R, Gao G, Hoi MPM, Wang C, Chang YZ, Yu P. Iron overload induced by IRP2 gene knockout aggravates symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 134:104657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Mazumdar P, Pratama H, Lau SE, Teo CH, Harikrishna JA. Biology, phytochemical profile and prospects for snake fruit: An antioxidant-rich fruit of South East Asia. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Multi-copper ferroxidase deficiency leads to iron accumulation and oxidative damage in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9437. [PMID: 31263155 PMCID: PMC6603037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of iron has been associated with the pathobiology of various disorders of the central nervous system. Our previous work has shown that hephaestin (Heph) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) double knockout (KO) mice induced iron accumulation in multiple brain regions and that this was paralleled by increased oxidative damage and deficits in cognition and memory. In this study, we enriched astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from the cerebral cortex of neonatal wild-type (WT), Heph KO and Cp KO mice. We demonstrated that Heph is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes, while Cp is mainly expressed in astrocytes. Iron efflux was impaired in Cp KO astrocytes and Heph KO oligodendrocytes and was associated with increased oxidative stress. The expression of Heph, Cp, and other iron-related genes was examined in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes both with and without iron treatment. Interestingly, we found that the expression of the mRNA encoding ferroportin 1, a transmembrane protein that cooperates with CP and HEPH to export iron from cells, was positively correlated with Cp expression in astrocytes, and with Heph expression in oligodendrocytes. Our findings collectively demonstrate that HEPH and CP are important for the prevention of glial iron accumulation and thus may be protective against oxidative damage.
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35
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Iron regulatory protein 2 modulates the switch from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9871-9876. [PMID: 31040213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the role of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) in mitochondrial iron homeostasis and function has been raised. To understand how an IRP affects mitochondrial function, we used globally Irp2-depleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and found that Irp2 ablation significantly induced the expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor subunits, Hif1α and Hif2α. The increase of Hif1α up-regulated its targeted genes, enhancing glycolysis, and the increase of Hif2α down-regulated the expression of iron-sulfur cluster (Fe-S) biogenesis-related and electron transport chain (ETC)-related genes, weakening mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of Hif1α by genetic knockdown or a specific inhibitor prevented Hif1α-targeted gene expression, leading to decreased aerobic glycolysis. Inhibition of Hif2α by genetic knockdown or selective disruption of the heterodimerization of Hif2α and Hif1β restored the mitochondrial ETC and coupled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by enhancing Fe-S biogenesis and increasing ETC-related gene expression. Our results indicate that Irp2 modulates the metabolic switch from aerobic glycolysis to OXPHOS that is mediated by Hif1α and Hif2α in MEFs.
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36
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Möller HE, Bossoni L, Connor JR, Crichton RR, Does MD, Ward RJ, Zecca L, Zucca FA, Ronen I. Iron, Myelin, and the Brain: Neuroimaging Meets Neurobiology. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:384-401. [PMID: 31047721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although iron is crucial for neuronal functioning, many aspects of cerebral iron biology await clarification. The ability to quantify specific iron forms in the living brain would open new avenues for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and understanding pathogenesis of diseases. A modality that allows assessment of brain tissue composition in vivo, in particular of iron deposits or myelin content on a submillimeter spatial scale, is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multimodal strategies combining MRI with complementary analytical techniques ex vivo have emerged, which may lead to improved specificity. Interdisciplinary collaborations will be key to advance beyond simple correlative analyses in the biological interpretation of MRI data and to gain deeper insights into key factors leading to iron accumulation and/or redistribution associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lucia Bossoni
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Rouault TA. The indispensable role of mammalian iron sulfur proteins in function and regulation of multiple diverse metabolic pathways. Biometals 2019; 32:343-353. [PMID: 30923992 PMCID: PMC6584224 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, iron sulfur (Fe–S) proteins have been identified as key players in mammalian metabolism, ranging from long-known roles in the respiratory complexes and the citric acid cycle, to more recently recognized roles in RNA and DNA metabolism. Fe–S cofactors have often been missed because of their intrinsic lability and oxygen sensitivity. More Fe–S proteins have now been identified owing to detection of their direct interactions with components of the Fe–S biogenesis machinery, and through use of informatics to detect a motif that binds the co-chaperone responsible for transferring nascent Fe–S clusters to domains of recipient proteins. Dissection of the molecular steps involved in Fe–S transfer to Fe–S proteins has revealed that direct and shielded transfer occurs through highly conserved pathways that operate in parallel in the mitochondrial matrix and in the cytosolic/nuclear compartments of eukaryotic cells. Because Fe–S clusters have the unusual ability to accept or donate single electrons in chemical reactions, their presence renders complex chemical reactions possible. In addition, Fe–S clusters may function as sensors that interconnect activity of metabolic pathways with cellular redox status. Presence in pathways that control growth and division may enable cells to regulate their growth according to sufficiency of energy stores represented by redox capacity, and oxidation of such proteins could diminish anabolic activities to give cells an opportunity to restore energy supplies. This review will discuss mechanisms of Fe–S biogenesis and delivery, and methods that will likely reveal important roles of Fe–S proteins in proteins not yet recognized as Fe–S proteins.
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Abstract
With the development of research, more and more evidences suggested that mutations in the genes associated with brain iron metabolism induced diseases in the brain. Brain iron metabolism disorders might be one cause of neurodegenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the normal process of iron entry into the brain across the blood-brain barrier, and the distribution and transportation of iron among neurons and glial cells, as well as the underlying regulation mechanisms. To understand the mechanisms of iron metabolism in the brain will provide theoretical basis to prevent and cure brain diseases related to iron metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
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39
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Ghosh MC, Zhang DL, Ollivierre H, Eckhaus MA, Rouault TA. Translational repression of HIF2α expression in mice with Chuvash polycythemia reverses polycythemia. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1317-1325. [PMID: 29480820 DOI: 10.1172/jci97684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chuvash polycythemia is an inherited disease caused by a homozygous germline VHLR200W mutation, which leads to impaired degradation of HIF2α, elevated levels of serum erythropoietin, and erythrocytosis/polycythemia. This phenotype is recapitulated by a mouse model bearing a homozygous VhlR200W mutation. We previously showed that iron-regulatory protein 1-knockout (Irp1-knockout) mice developed erythrocytosis/polycythemia through translational derepression of Hif2α, suggesting that IRP1 could be a therapeutic target to treat Chuvash polycythemia. Here, we fed VhlR200W mice supplemented with Tempol, a small, stable nitroxide molecule and observed that Tempol decreased erythropoietin production, corrected splenomegaly, normalized hematocrit levels, and increased the lifespans of these mice. We attribute the reversal of erythrocytosis/polycythemia to translational repression of Hif2α expression by Tempol-mediated increases in the IRE-binding activity of Irp1, as reversal of polycythemia was abrogated in VhlR200W mice in which Irp1 was genetically ablated. Thus, a new approach to the treatment of patients with Chuvash polycythemia may include dietary supplementation of Tempol, which decreased Hif2α expression and markedly reduced life-threatening erythrocytosis/polycythemia in the VhlR200W mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik C Ghosh
- Metals Biology and Molecular Medicine Group, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and
| | - De-Liang Zhang
- Metals Biology and Molecular Medicine Group, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and
| | - Hayden Ollivierre
- Metals Biology and Molecular Medicine Group, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and
| | | | - Tracey A Rouault
- Metals Biology and Molecular Medicine Group, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and
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Holmes-Hampton GP, Ghosh MC, Rouault TA. Methods for Studying Iron Regulatory Protein 1: An Important Protein in Human Iron Metabolism. Methods Enzymol 2017; 599:139-155. [PMID: 29746238 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) are two cytosolic proteins that maintain cellular iron homeostasis by regulating the expression of genes involved in iron metabolism. IRPs respond to cellular iron deficiency by binding to iron-responsive elements (IREs) found in the mRNAs of iron metabolism transcripts, enhancing iron import, and reducing iron storage, utilization, and export. IRP1, a bifunctional protein, exists in equilibrium between a [Fe4S4] cluster containing cytosolic aconitase, and an apoprotein that binds to IREs. At high cellular iron levels, this equilibrium is shifted more toward iron-sulfur cluster containing aconitase, whereas IRP2 undergoes proteasomal degradation by an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that contains an F-box protein, FBXL5. Irp1-/- mice develop polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension, whereas Irp2-/- mice develop microcytic anemia and progressive neurodegeneration, indicating that Irp1 has important functions in the erythropoietic and pulmonary systems, and Irp2 has essential roles in supporting erythropoiesis and nervous system functions. Mice lacking both Irp1 and Irp2 die during embryogenesis, suggesting that functions of Irp1 and Irp2 are redundant. In this review, we will focus on the methods for studying IRP1 activities and function in cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Holmes-Hampton
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analyses of Iron Response Element (IRE)-mRNA Binding to Iron Regulatory Protein, IRP1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8532. [PMID: 28819260 PMCID: PMC5561112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of kinetic and thermodynamic properties of IRP1 (iron regulatory protein1) binding to FRT (ferritin) and ACO2 (aconitase2) IRE-RNAs, with or without Mn2+, revealed differences specific to each IRE-RNA. Conserved among animal mRNAs, IRE-RNA structures are noncoding and bind Fe2+ to regulate biosynthesis rates of the encoded, iron homeostatic proteins. IRP1 protein binds IRE-RNA, inhibiting mRNA activity; Fe2+ decreases IRE-mRNA/IRP1 binding, increasing encoded protein synthesis. Here, we observed heat, 5 °C to 30 °C, increased IRP1 binding to IRE-RNA 4-fold (FRT IRE-RNA) or 3-fold (ACO2 IRE-RNA), which was enthalpy driven and entropy favorable. Mn2+ (50 µM, 25 °C) increased IRE-RNA/IRP1 binding (Kd) 12-fold (FRT IRE-RNA) or 6-fold (ACO2 IRE-RNA); enthalpic contributions decreased ~61% (FRT) or ~32% (ACO2), and entropic contributions increased ~39% (FRT) or ~68% (ACO2). IRE-RNA/IRP1 binding changed activation energies: FRT IRE-RNA 47.0 ± 2.5 kJ/mol, ACO2 IRE-RNA 35.0 ± 2.0 kJ/mol. Mn2+ (50 µM) decreased the activation energy of RNA-IRP1 binding for both IRE-RNAs. The observations suggest decreased RNA hydrogen bonding and changed RNA conformation upon IRP1 binding and illustrate how small, conserved, sequence differences among IRE-mRNAs selectively influence thermodynamic and kinetic selectivity of the protein/RNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Parkinson's Disease: The Mitochondria-Iron Link. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:7049108. [PMID: 27293957 PMCID: PMC4886095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7049108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage are conditions often found in damaged brain areas of Parkinson's disease. We propose that a causal link exists between these three events. Mitochondrial dysfunction results not only in increased reactive oxygen species production but also in decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and unorthodox activation of Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1), a key regulator of cell iron homeostasis. In turn, IRP1 activation results in iron accumulation and hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. These three occurrences-mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage-generate a positive feedback loop of increased iron accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we review the evidence that points to a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation as early events in the development of sporadic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease. Finally, an attempt is done to contextualize the possible relationship between mitochondria dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis. Based on published evidence, we propose that iron chelation-by decreasing iron-associated oxidative damage and by inducing cell survival and cell-rescue pathways-is a viable therapy for retarding this cycle.
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Rouault TA. Mitochondrial iron overload: causes and consequences. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:31-37. [PMID: 27026139 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathological overload of iron in the mitochondrial matrix has been observed in numerous diseases, including sideroblastic anemias, which have many causes, and in genetic diseases that affect iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, heme synthesis, and mitochondrial protein translation and its products. Although high expression of the mitochondrial iron importer, mitoferrin, appears to be an underlying common feature, it is unclear what drives high mitoferrin expression and what other proteins are involved in trapping excess toxic iron in the mitochondrial matrix. Numerous examples of human diseases and model systems suggest that mitochondrial iron homeostasis is coordinated through transcriptional remodeling. A cytosolic/nuclear molecule may affect a transcriptional factor to coordinate the events that lead to iron accumulation, but no candidates for this role have yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Rouault
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Xu H, Perreau VM, Dent KA, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA. Iron Regulates Apolipoprotein E Expression and Secretion in Neurons and Astrocytes. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:471-87. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Victoria M. Perreau
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krista A. Dent
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ruiz-Laguna J, Vélez JM, Pueyo C, Abril N. Global gene expression profiling using heterologous DNA microarrays to analyze alterations in the transcriptome of Mus spretus mice living in a heavily polluted environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5853-5867. [PMID: 26590064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microarray platforms are a good approach for assessing biological responses to pollution as they enable the simultaneous analyses of changes in the expression of thousands of genes. As an omic and non-targeted methodology, this technique is open to unforeseen responses under particular environmental conditions. In this study, we successfully apply a commercial oligonucleotide microarray containing Mus musculus whole-genome probes to compare and assess the biological effects of living in a heavily polluted settlement, the Domingo Rubio stream (DRS), at the Huelva Estuary (SW Spain), on inhabitant free-living Mus spretus mice. Our microarray results show that mice living in DRS suffer dramatic changes in gene and protein expression compared with reference specimens. DRS mice showed alteration in the oxidative status of hepatocytes, with activation of both the innate and the acquired immune responses and the induction of chronic inflammation, accompanied by metabolic alterations that imply the accumulation of lipids in the liver (hepatic steatosis). The identified deregulated genes may be useful as biomarkers of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ruiz-Laguna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M Vélez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Pueyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nieves Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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