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Maddocks GM, Eisenstein M, Soh HT. Biosensors for Parkinson's Disease: Where Are We Now, and Where Do We Need to Go? ACS Sens 2024; 9:4307-4327. [PMID: 39189973 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease is the second most common neurological disease in the United States, yet there is no cure, no pinpointed cause, and no definitive diagnostic procedure. Parkinson's is typically diagnosed when patients present with motor symptoms such as slowness of movement and tremors. However, none of these are specific to Parkinson's, and a confident diagnosis of Parkinson's is typically only achieved when 60-80% of dopaminergic neurons are no longer functioning, at which point much of the damage to the brain is irreversible. This Perspective details ongoing efforts and accomplishments in biosensor research with the goal of overcoming these issues for Parkinson's diagnosis and care, with a focus on the potential impact of early diagnosis and associated opportunities to pinpoint a cause and a cure. We critically analyze the strengths and shortcomings of current technologies and discuss the ideal characteristics of a diagnostic technology toolbox to guide future research decisions in this space. Finally, we assess what role biosensors can play in facilitating precision medicine for Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Maddocks
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - M Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - H Tom Soh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Wang X, Zheng Y, Cai H, Kou W, Yang C, Li S, Zhu B, Wu J, Zhang N, Feng T, Li X, Xiao F, Yu Z. α-Synuclein species in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for iRBD. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024. [PMID: 39291779 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is considered as the strongest predictor of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reliable and accurate biomarkers for iRBD detection and the prediction of phenoconversion are in urgent need. This study aimed to investigate whether α-Synuclein (α-Syn) species in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) could differentiate between iRBD patients and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Nanoscale flow cytometry was used to detect α-Syn-containing NDEVs in plasma. RESULTS A total of 54 iRBD patients and 53 HCs were recruited. The concentrations of total α-Syn, α-Syn aggregates, and phosphorylated α-Syn at Ser129 (pS129)-containing NDEVs in plasma of iRBD individuals were significantly higher than those in HCs (p < 0.0001 for all). In distinguishing between iRBD and HCs, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for an integrative model incorporating the levels of α-Syn, pS129, and α-Syn aggregate-containing NDEVs in plasma was 0.965. This model achieved a sensitivity of 94.3% and a specificity of 88.9%. In iRBD group, the concentrations of α-Syn aggregate-containing NDEVs exhibited a negative correlation with Sniffin' Sticks olfactory scores (r = -0.351, p = 0.039). Smokers with iRBD exhibited lower levels of α-Syn aggregates and pS129-containing NDEVs in plasma compared to nonsmokers (pα-Syn aggregates = 0.014; ppS129 = 0.003). INTERPRETATION The current study demonstrated that the levels of total α-Syn, α-Syn aggregates, and pS129-containing NDEVs in the plasma of individuals with iRBD were significantly higher compared to HCs. The levels of α-Syn species-containing NDEVs in plasma may serve as biomarkers for iRBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchu Zheng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Cai
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Kou
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Li
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingxu Zhu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Municipal Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fulong Xiao
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Takata T, Inoue S, Kunii K, Masauji T, Miyazawa K. Slot Blot- and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry/Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry-Based Novel Analysis Methods for the Identification and Quantification of Advanced Glycation End-Products in the Urine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9632. [PMID: 39273579 PMCID: PMC11395049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins, saccharides, and low molecular organic compounds in the blood, urine, and saliva could potentially serve as biomarkers for diseases related to diet, lifestyle, and the use of illegal drugs. Lifestyle-related diseases (LSRDs) such as diabetes mellitus (DM), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, kidney disease, and osteoporosis could develop into life-threatening conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop biomarkers for their early diagnosis. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are associated with LSRDs and may induce/promote LSRDs. The presence of AGEs in body fluids could represent a biomarker of LSRDs. Urine samples could potentially be used for detecting AGEs, as urine collection is convenient and non-invasive. However, the detection and identification of AGE-modified proteins in the urine could be challenging, as their concentrations in the urine might be extremely low. To address this issue, we propose a new analytical approach. This strategy employs a method previously introduced by us, which combines slot blotting, our unique lysis buffer named Takata's lysis buffer, and a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, in conjunction with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI)/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). This novel strategy could be used to detect AGE-modified proteins, AGE-modified peptides, and free-type AGEs in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Takata
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Biology, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
- Inoue Iin Clinic, Kusatsu 525-0034, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Kunii
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Togen Masauji
- Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Miyazawa
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
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4
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Apaydın BB, Çamoğlu T, Canbek Özdil ZC, Gezen-Ak D, Ege D, Gülsoy M. Chitosan-enhanced sensitivity of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA)- capped gold nanorod based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor for detection of alpha-synuclein oligomer biomarker in parkinson's disease. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39228174 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein oligomers play a crucial role in the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, a mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA)-capped gold nanorod (GNR)-coated and chitosan (CH)-immobilized fiber optic probe has shown considerable sensitivity of its detection. The proposed U-shaped fiber optic biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was applied to detect α-syn oligomer (OA) biomarker. By analyzing OA concentrations, the biosensor achieved a limit of detection of (LOD) 11 pM within the concentration range of 10-100 pM and the sensitivity value was found as 502.69 Δλ/RIU. Upon analysis of the CV% (coefficient of variation) and accuracy/recovery values, it is revealed that the sensor successfully fulfilled the criteria for success, displaying accuracy/recovery values within the range of 80%-120% and CV% values below 20%. This sensor presents significant advantages, including high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect very low concentrations of OA. In conclusion, the suggested U-shaped fiber optic biosensor has the potential to be valuable in the early detection of PD from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tugay Çamoğlu
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Ege
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Gülsoy
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Tanaka MT, Miki Y, Mori F, Kon T, Furukawa T, Shimoyama S, Tatara Y, Ozaki T, Bettencourt C, Warner TT, Wakabayashi K. Intranasal administration of trehalose reduces α-synuclein oligomers and accelerates α-synuclein aggregation. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae193. [PMID: 39165481 PMCID: PMC11334933 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal α-synuclein (αSyn), including an oligomeric form of αSyn, accumulates and causes neuronal dysfunction in the brains of patients with multiple system atrophy. Neuroprotective drugs that target abnormal αSyn aggregation have not been developed for the treatment of multiple system atrophy. In addition, treating diseases at an early stage is crucial to halting the progress of neuronal damage in neurodegeneration. In this study, using early-stage multiple system atrophy mouse model and in vitro kinetic analysis, we investigated how intranasal and oral administration of trehalose can improve multiple system atrophy pathology and clinical symptoms. The multiple system atrophy model showed memory impairment at least four weeks after αSyn induction. Behavioural and physiological analyses showed that intranasal and oral administration of trehalose reversed memory impairments to near-normal levels. Notably, trehalose treatment reduced the amount of toxic αSyn and increased the aggregated form of αSyn in the multiple system atrophy model brain. In vitro kinetic analysis confirmed that trehalose accelerated the aggregate formation of αSyn. Based on our findings, we propose a novel strategy whereby accelerated αSyn aggregate formation leads to reduced exposure to toxic αSyn oligomers, particularly during the early phase of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto T Tanaka
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kon
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Taku Ozaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Conceição Bettencourt
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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6
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Nielsen J, Lauritsen J, Pedersen JN, Nowak JS, Bendtsen MK, Kleijwegt G, Lusser K, Pitarch LC, Moreno JV, Schneider MM, Krainer G, Goksøyr L, Khalifé P, Kaalund SS, Aznar S, Kjærgaard M, Sereikaité V, Strømgaard K, Knowles TPJ, Nielsen MA, Sander AF, Romero-Ramos M, Otzen DE. Molecular properties and diagnostic potential of monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic α-synuclein oligomers. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:139. [PMID: 39075088 PMCID: PMC11286781 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) accumulates as insoluble amyloid but also forms soluble α-syn oligomers (αSOs), thought to be even more cytotoxic than fibrils. To detect and block the unwanted activities of these αSOs, we have raised 30 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different forms of αSOs, ranging from unmodified αSOs to species stabilized by lipid peroxidation products and polyphenols, αSOs formed by C-terminally truncated α-syn, and multivalent display of α-syn on capsid virus-like particles (cVLPs). While the mAbs generally show a preference for αSOs, they also bind fibrils, but to variable extents. Overall, we observe great diversity in the mAbs' relative affinities for monomers and αSOs, varied requirements for the C-terminal extension of α-syn, and only a modest effect on α-syn fibrillation. Several mAbs show several orders of magnitude preference for αSOs over monomers in in-solution studies, while the commercial antibody MJF14 only bound 10-fold more strongly to αSOs than monomeric α-syn. Gratifyingly, seven mAbs almost completely block αSO permeabilization of membrane vesicles. Five selected mAbs identified α-syn-related pathologies like Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy Neurites, as well as Glial Cytoplasmic Inclusions in postmortem brains from people diagnosed for PD, dementia with LBs or multiple system atrophy, although to different extents. Three mAbs were particularly useful for pathological evaluation of postmortem brain human tissue, including early stages of PD. Although there was no straightforward connection between the mAbs' biophysical and immunohistochemical properties, it is encouraging that this comprehensive collection of mAbs able to recognize different aggregated α-syn species in vitro also holds diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johanne Lauritsen
- DANDRITE & Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jannik N Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan S Nowak
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Malthe K Bendtsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giulia Kleijwegt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kaija Lusser
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laia C Pitarch
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Julián V Moreno
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Krainer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Louise Goksøyr
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Khalifé
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Simone Kaalund
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Kjærgaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vita Sereikaité
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Morten Agertoug Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam F Sander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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7
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Balsamo J, Zhou K, Kammarchedu V, Ebrahimi A, Bess EN. Mechanistic Insight into Intestinal α-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease Using a Laser-Printed Electrochemical Sensor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2623-2632. [PMID: 38959406 PMCID: PMC11258680 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregated deposits of the protein α-synuclein and depleting levels of dopamine in the brain correlate with Parkinson's disease development. Treatments often focus on replenishing dopamine in the brain; however, the brain might not be the only site requiring attention. Aggregates of α-synuclein appear to accumulate in the gut years prior to the onset of any motor symptoms. Enteroendocrine cells (specialized gut epithelial cells) may be the source of intestinal α-synuclein, as they natively express this protein. Enteroendocrine cells are constantly exposed to gut bacteria and their metabolites because they border the gut lumen. These cells also express the dopamine metabolic pathway and form synapses with vagal neurons, which innervate the gut and brain. Through this connection, Parkinson's disease pathology may originate in the gut and spread to the brain over time. Effective therapeutics to prevent this disease progression are lacking due to a limited understanding of the mechanisms by which α-synuclein aggregation occurs in the gut. We previously proposed a gut bacterial metabolic pathway responsible for the initiation of α-synuclein aggregation that is dependent on the oxidation of dopamine. Here, we develop a new tool, a laser-induced graphene-based electrochemical sensor chip, to track α-synuclein aggregation and dopamine level over time. Using these sensor chips, we evaluated diet-derived catechols dihydrocaffeic acid and caffeic acid as potential inhibitors of α-synuclein aggregation. Our results suggest that these molecules inhibit dopamine oxidation. We also found that these dietary catechols inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in STC-1 enteroendocrine cells. These findings are critical next steps to reveal new avenues for targeted therapeutics to treat Parkinson's disease, specifically in the context of functional foods that may be used to reshape the gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia
M. Balsamo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Keren Zhou
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vinay Kammarchedu
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Elizabeth N. Bess
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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8
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Schreiber CS, Wiesweg I, Stanelle-Bertram S, Beck S, Kouassi NM, Schaumburg B, Gabriel G, Richter F, Käufer C. Sex-specific biphasic alpha-synuclein response and alterations of interneurons in a COVID-19 hamster model. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105191. [PMID: 38865747 PMCID: PMC11293593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently leads to neurological complications after recovery from acute infection, with higher prevalence in women. However, mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 disrupts brain function remain unclear and treatment strategies are lacking. We previously demonstrated neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of intranasally infected hamsters, followed by alpha-synuclein and tau accumulation in cortex, thus mirroring pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. METHODS To uncover the sex-specific spatiotemporal profiles of neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction following intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection, we quantified microglia cell density, alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity and inhibitory interneurons in cortical regions, limbic system and basal ganglia at acute and late post-recovery time points. FINDINGS Unexpectedly, microglia cell density and alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity decreased at 6 days post-infection, then rebounded to overt accumulation at 21 days post-infection. This biphasic response was most pronounced in amygdala and striatum, regions affected early in Parkinson's disease. Several brain regions showed altered densities of parvalbumin and calretinin interneurons which are involved in cognition and motor control. Of note, females appeared more affected. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 profoundly disrupts brain homeostasis without neuroinvasion, via neuroinflammatory and protein regulation mechanisms that persist beyond viral clearance. The regional patterns and sex differences are in line with neurological deficits observed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. FUNDING Federal Ministry of Health, Germany (BMG; ZMV I 1-2520COR501 to G.G.), Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF; 03COV06B to G.G.), Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony in Germany (14-76403-184, to G.G. and F.R.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Sophie Schreiber
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Germany
| | - Ivo Wiesweg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Beck
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Mounogou Kouassi
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berfin Schaumburg
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Germany.
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Germany.
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9
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Holfeld A, Schuster D, Sesterhenn F, Gillingham AK, Stalder P, Haenseler W, Barrio-Hernandez I, Ghosh D, Vowles J, Cowley SA, Nagel L, Khanppnavar B, Serdiuk T, Beltrao P, Korkhov VM, Munro S, Riek R, de Souza N, Picotti P. Systematic identification of structure-specific protein-protein interactions. Mol Syst Biol 2024; 20:651-675. [PMID: 38702390 PMCID: PMC11148107 DOI: 10.1038/s44320-024-00037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical interactome of a protein can be altered upon perturbation, modulating cell physiology and contributing to disease. Identifying interactome differences of normal and disease states of proteins could help understand disease mechanisms, but current methods do not pinpoint structure-specific PPIs and interaction interfaces proteome-wide. We used limited proteolysis-mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) to screen for structure-specific PPIs by probing for protease susceptibility changes of proteins in cellular extracts upon treatment with specific structural states of a protein. We first demonstrated that LiP-MS detects well-characterized PPIs, including antibody-target protein interactions and interactions with membrane proteins, and that it pinpoints interfaces, including epitopes. We then applied the approach to study conformation-specific interactors of the Parkinson's disease hallmark protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn). We identified known interactors of aSyn monomer and amyloid fibrils and provide a resource of novel putative conformation-specific aSyn interactors for validation in further studies. We also used our approach on GDP- and GTP-bound forms of two Rab GTPases, showing detection of differential candidate interactors of conformationally similar proteins. This approach is applicable to screen for structure-specific interactomes of any protein, including posttranslationally modified and unmodified, or metabolite-bound and unbound protein states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Holfeld
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dina Schuster
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Sesterhenn
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Stalder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walther Haenseler
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program AdaBD (Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inigo Barrio-Hernandez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jane Vowles
- James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luise Nagel
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tetiana Serdiuk
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie de Souza
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Kannarkat GT, Zack R, Skrinak RT, Morley JF, Davila-Rivera R, Arezoumandan S, Dorfmann K, Luk K, Wolk DA, Weintraub D, Tropea TF, Lee EB, Xie SX, Chandrasekaran G, Lee VMY, Irwin D, Akhtar RS, Chen-Plotkin AS. α-Synuclein Conformations in Plasma Distinguish Parkinson's Disease from Dementia with Lewy Bodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.593056. [PMID: 38765963 PMCID: PMC11100683 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.593056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Spread and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (aSyn) within the brain is the pathologic hallmark of Lewy body diseases (LBD), including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). While evidence exists for multiple aSyn protein conformations, often termed "strains" for their distinct biological properties, it is unclear whether PD and DLB result from aSyn strain differences, and biomarkers that differentiate PD and DLB are lacking. Moreover, while pathological forms of aSyn have been detected outside the brain ( e.g., in skin, gut, blood), the functional significance of these peripheral aSyn species is unclear. Here, we developed assays using monoclonal antibodies selective for two different aSyn species generated in vitro - termed Strain A and Strain B - and used them to evaluate human brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma, through immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and immunoblotting. Surprisingly, we found that plasma aSyn species detected by these antibodies differentiated individuals with PD vs. DLB in a discovery cohort (UPenn, n=235, AUC 0.83) and a multi-site replication cohort (Parkinson's Disease Biomarker Program, or PDBP, n=200, AUC 0.72). aSyn plasma species detected by the Strain A antibody also predicted rate of cognitive decline in PD. We found no evidence for aSyn strains in CSF, and ability to template aSyn fibrillization differed for species isolated from plasma vs. brain, and in PD vs. DLB. Taken together, our findings suggest that aSyn conformational differences may impact clinical presentation and cortical spread of pathological aSyn. Moreover, the enrichment of these aSyn strains in plasma implicates a non-central nervous system source.
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11
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Zheng H, Sun H, Cai Q, Tai HC. The Enigma of Tau Protein Aggregation: Mechanistic Insights and Future Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4969. [PMID: 38732197 PMCID: PMC11084794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tau protein misfolding and aggregation are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and over twenty neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of tau aggregation in vivo remain incompletely understood. There are two types of tau aggregates in the brain: soluble aggregates (oligomers and protofibrils) and insoluble filaments (fibrils). Compared to filamentous aggregates, soluble aggregates are more toxic and exhibit prion-like transmission, providing seeds for templated misfolding. Curiously, in its native state, tau is a highly soluble, heat-stable protein that does not form fibrils by itself, not even when hyperphosphorylated. In vitro studies have found that negatively charged molecules such as heparin, RNA, or arachidonic acid are generally required to induce tau aggregation. Two recent breakthroughs have provided new insights into tau aggregation mechanisms. First, as an intrinsically disordered protein, tau is found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) both in vitro and inside cells. Second, cryo-electron microscopy has revealed diverse fibrillar tau conformations associated with different neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, only the fibrillar core is structurally resolved, and the remainder of the protein appears as a "fuzzy coat". From this review, it appears that further studies are required (1) to clarify the role of LLPS in tau aggregation; (2) to unveil the structural features of soluble tau aggregates; (3) to understand the involvement of fuzzy coat regions in oligomer and fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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12
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Laferrière F, Sabatier L, Claverol S, De Giorgi F, Ichas F. Biases in α-synuclein immuno-quantitation: a core problem for basic and ancillary studies of Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:15. [PMID: 38528639 PMCID: PMC10962071 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - François Ichas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- DiSTeBA, Univ. Salento, Anatomia Umana, Lecce, Italy
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13
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Tóth Š, Kulcsárová K, Maretta M, Kunová A, Mechírová E, Gdovinová Z, Feketeová E, Ribeiro Ventosa J, Baloghová J, Bekeová M, Christová P, Mrázová S, Muránska S, Zeidan D, Škorvánek M. α-synuclein antibody 5G4 identifies idiopathic REM-sleep behavior disorder in abdominal skin biopsies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 120:105956. [PMID: 38217955 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic REM-sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is considered the most specific prodromal marker of Parkinson's disease (PD). With the need to improve early detection of prodromal α-synucleinopathies, several methods to identify peripheral α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology have been exploited in manifest and prodromal PD with varying diagnostic accuracy. Recently, a disease specific 5G4 antibody has been evaluated in skin biopsies of manifest PD patients. The aim of our study was to analyze the 5G4 α-syn immunoreactivity in skin biopsies of deeply phenotyped subjects with iRBD and controls. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 28 patients with PD, 24 subjects with iRBD and 27 healthy controls, recruited from the CEGEMOD, PDBIOM and PARCAS cohorts. All subjects were deeply phenotyped and assessed for prodromal PD (pPD) probability based on MDS research criteria. Abdominal skin punch biopsies were processed and stained using a conformation specific 5G4 α-syn antibody as well as axonal markers SMI-31 and S100. RESULTS 5G4-positivity was identified in 23/28 PD patients, 20/24 iRBD subjects and 8/27 healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, sensitivity and specificity reached 83.33 % and 70.37 % for iRBD; and 82.14 % and 70.37 % for PD, respectively. 5G4-positivity rate in our study was irrespective of the calculated pPD probability of iRBD subjects. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes the diagnostic yield of conformation specific 5G4 α-syn antibody testing in skin biopsies of subjects with pPD, specifically iRBD. The diagnostic accuracy for this method seems to be similar for both manifest and prodromal PD and is not dependent on the pPD probability ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Tóth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Kristína Kulcsárová
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Scientific Park MEDIPARK, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Maretta
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Kunová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Mechírová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Gdovinová
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Feketeová
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Joaquim Ribeiro Ventosa
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Scientific Park MEDIPARK, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Janette Baloghová
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatovenerology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Bekeová
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Petronela Christová
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Mrázová
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Muránska
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dema Zeidan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Matej Škorvánek
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovak Republic
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14
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Rinauro DJ, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M, Limbocker R. Misfolded protein oligomers: mechanisms of formation, cytotoxic effects, and pharmacological approaches against protein misfolding diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:20. [PMID: 38378578 PMCID: PMC10877934 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The conversion of native peptides and proteins into amyloid aggregates is a hallmark of over 50 human disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Increasing evidence implicates misfolded protein oligomers produced during the amyloid formation process as the primary cytotoxic agents in many of these devastating conditions. In this review, we analyze the processes by which oligomers are formed, their structures, physicochemical properties, population dynamics, and the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity. We then focus on drug discovery strategies that target the formation of oligomers and their ability to disrupt cell physiology and trigger degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Rinauro
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ryan Limbocker
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA.
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15
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Xing V, Biggar K, Ferguson SSG, Hayley S. In vitro modulation of mTOR and mGlur5 influence α-synuclein accumulation. Mol Brain 2024; 17:9. [PMID: 38360671 PMCID: PMC10870503 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) is abnormal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation which forms the main component of intracellular Lewy body inclusions. This short report used preformed α-syn fibrils, as well as an A53T mutant α-syn adenovirus to mimic conditions of pathological protein aggregation in dopaminergic human derived SH-SY5Y neural cells. Since there is evidence that the mTOR pathway and glutamatergic signaling each influence protein aggregation, we also assessed the impact of the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin and the mGluR5 allosteric modulator, CTEP. We found that both rapamycin and CTEP induced a significant reduction of α-syn fibrils in SH-SY5Y cells and this effect was associated with a reduction in mTOR signaling and enhancement in autophagic pathway factors. These data support the possibility that CTEP (or rapamycin) might be a useful pharmacological approach to target abnormal α-syn accumulation by promoting intracellular degradation or enhanced clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kyle Biggar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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16
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Otzen DE. Antibodies and α-synuclein: What to target against Parkinson's Disease? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:140943. [PMID: 37783321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is strongly linked to the aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn), an intrinsically disordered protein. However, strategies to combat PD by targeting the aggregation of α-syn are challenged by the multiple types of aggregates formed both in vivo and in vitro, the potential influence of chemical modifications and the as yet unresolved question of which aggregate types (oligomeric or fibrillar) are most cytotoxic. Here I briefly review the social history of α-syn, the many efforts to raise antibodies against α-syn and the disappointing results of clinical trials based on such antibodies. Ultimately a thorough understanding of the molecular and mechanistic properties of mAbs towards aggregated species of α-syn is an essential prerequisite for any clinical trial, but this is missing in most cases. I highlight new microfluidic techniques which may address this need and call for a more concerted effort to standardize antibody studies as the basis to allow us to link molecular insights to clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK - 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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17
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Gilboa T, Swank Z, Thakur R, Gould RA, Ooi KH, Norman M, Flynn EA, Deveney BT, Chen A, Borberg E, Kuzkina A, Ndayisaba A, Khurana V, Weitz DA, Walt DR. Toward the quantification of α-synuclein aggregates with digital seed amplification assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312031121. [PMID: 38194461 PMCID: PMC10801878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312031121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The quantification and characterization of aggregated α-synuclein in clinical samples offer immense potential toward diagnosing, treating, and better understanding neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. Here, we developed digital seed amplification assays to detect single α-synuclein aggregates by partitioning the reaction into microcompartments. Using pre-formed α-synuclein fibrils as reaction seeds, we measured aggregate concentrations as low as 4 pg/mL. To improve our sensitivity, we captured aggregates on antibody-coated magnetic beads before running the amplification reaction. By first characterizing the pre-formed fibrils with transmission electron microscopy and size exclusion chromatography, we determined the specific aggregates targeted by each assay platform. Using brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from patients with Parkinson's Disease and multiple system atrophy, we demonstrated that the assay can detect endogenous pathological α-synuclein aggregates. Furthermore, as another application for these assays, we studied the inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation in the presence of small-molecule inhibitors and used a custom image analysis pipeline to quantify changes in aggregate growth and filament morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gilboa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zoe Swank
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Rohan Thakur
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Russell A. Gould
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kean Hean Ooi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Maia Norman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Physician Scientist Training Program, Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Residency in Adult Psychiatry, Boston, MA02114
| | - Elizabeth A. Flynn
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Brendan T. Deveney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Anqi Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ella Borberg
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Anastasia Kuzkina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Alain Ndayisaba
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Vikram Khurana
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA02138
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02142
| | - David A. Weitz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - David R. Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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18
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Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, Chiki A, Lashuel HA, Dal Peraro M. Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1504-1515. [PMID: 38112538 PMCID: PMC10795472 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role in countless biological processes, profoundly modulating protein properties on both spatial and temporal scales. Protein PTMs have also emerged as reliable biomarkers for several diseases. However, only a handful of techniques are available to accurately measure their levels, capture their complexity at a single molecule level, and characterize their multifaceted roles in health and disease. Nanopore sensing provides high sensitivity for the detection of low-abundance proteins, holding the potential to impact single-molecule proteomics and PTM detection, in particular. Here, we demonstrate the ability of a biological nanopore, the pore-forming toxin aerolysin, to detect and distinguish α-synuclein-derived peptides bearing single or multiple PTMs, namely, phosphorylation, nitration, and oxidation occurring at different positions and in various combinations. The characteristic current signatures of the α-synuclein peptide and its PTM variants could be confidently identified by using a deep learning model for signal processing. We further demonstrate that this framework can quantify α-synuclein peptides at picomolar concentrations and detect the C-terminal peptides generated by digestion of full-length α-synuclein. Collectively, our work highlights the advantage of using nanopores as a tool for simultaneous detection of multiple PTMs and facilitates their use in biomarker discovery and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Cao
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Magalhães
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lucien F. Krapp
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Juan F. Bada Juarez
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simon Finn Mayer
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Verena Rukes
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Anass Chiki
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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19
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van der Gaag BL, Deshayes NAC, Breve JJP, Bol JGJM, Jonker AJ, Hoozemans JJM, Courade JP, van de Berg WDJ. Distinct tau and alpha-synuclein molecular signatures in Alzheimer's disease with and without Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:14. [PMID: 38198008 PMCID: PMC10781859 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) pathology is present in approximately 50% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases at autopsy and might impact the age-of-onset and disease progression in AD. Here, we aimed to determine whether tau and aSyn profiles differ between AD cases with Lewy bodies (AD-LB), pure AD and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) cases using epitope-, post-translational modification- (PTM) and isoform-specific tau and aSyn antibody panels spanning from the N- to C-terminus. We included the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and amygdala (AMY) of clinically diagnosed and pathologically confirmed cases and performed dot blotting, western blotting and immunohistochemistry combined with quantitative and morphological analyses. All investigated phospho-tau (pTau) species, except pT181, were upregulated in AD-LB and AD cases compared to PDD and control cases, but no significant differences were observed between AD-LB and AD subjects. In addition, tau antibodies targeting the proline-rich regions and C-terminus showed preferential binding to AD-LB and AD brain homogenates. Antibodies targeting C-terminal aSyn epitopes and pS129 aSyn showed stronger binding to AD-LB and PDD cases compared to AD and control cases. Two pTau species (pS198 and pS396) were specifically detected in the soluble protein fractions of AD-LB and AD subjects, indicative of early involvement of these PTMs in the multimerization process of tau. Other phospho-variants for both tau (pT212/S214, pT231 and pS422) and aSyn (pS129) were only detected in the insoluble protein fraction of AD-LB/AD and AD-LB/PDD cases, respectively. aSyn load was higher in the AMY of AD-LB cases compared to PDD cases, suggesting aggravated aSyn pathology under the presence of AD pathology, while tau load was similar between AD-LB and AD cases. Co-localization of pTau and aSyn could be observed within astrocytes of AD-LB cases within the MTG. These findings highlight a unique pathological signature for AD-LB cases compared to pure AD and PDD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram L van der Gaag
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja A C Deshayes
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Breve
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allert J Jonker
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Yang L, Jasiqi Y, Lashuel H. Recombinant Full-Length TDP-43 Oligomers Retain Their Ability to Bind RNAs, Are Not Toxic, and Do Not Seed TDP-43 Aggregation in Vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:193-204. [PMID: 38116987 PMCID: PMC10767740 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein with 43 kD (TDP-43) is a partially disordered protein that misfolds and accumulates in the brains of patients affected by several neurodegenerative diseases. TDP-43 oligomers have been reported to form due to aberrant misfolding or self-assembly of TDP-43 monomers. However, very little is known about the molecular and structural basis of TDP-43 oligomerization and the toxic properties of TDP-43 oligomers due to several reasons, including the lack of conditions available for isolating native TDP-43 oligomers or producing pure TDP-43 oligomers in sufficient quantities for biophysical, cellular, and in vivo studies. To address these challenges, we developed new protocols to generate different stable forms of unmodified and small-molecule-induced TDP-43 oligomers. Our results showed that co-incubation of TDP-43 with small molecules, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), dopamine, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), increased the production yield of TDP-43 stable oligomers, which could be purified by size-exclusion chromatography. Interestingly, despite significant differences in the morphology and size distribution of the TDP-43 oligomer preparations revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), they all retained the ability to bind to nucleotide DNA. Besides, circular dichroism (CD) analysis of these oligomers did not show much difference in the secondary structure composition. Surprisingly, none of these oligomer preparations could seed the aggregation of TDP-43 core peptide 279-360. Finally, we showed that all four types of TDP-43 oligomers exert very mild cytotoxicity to primary neurons. Collectively, our results suggest that functional TDP-43 oligomers can be selectively stabilized by small-molecule compounds. This strategy may offer a new approach to halt TDP-43 aggregation in various proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular and
Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yllza Jasiqi
- Laboratory of Molecular and
Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and
Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Chen Y, Liang Z, Wang Q, Xiao L, Xie S, Yang S, Liu X, Ling D, Li F. Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Driven T1-T2 Switchable Nanoprobes for Early and Accurate Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310404. [PMID: 38149464 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The alpha-synuclein (α-syn) oligomers hold a central role in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Achieving accurate detection of α-syn oligomers in vivo presents a promising avenue for early and accurate diagnosis of PD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with non-invasion and exceptional tissue penetration, offers a potent tool for visualizing α-syn oligomers in vivo. Nonetheless, ensuring diagnostic specificity remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a novel MRI probe (ASOSN) is introduced, which encompasses highly sensitive antiferromagnetic nanoparticles functionalized with single-chain fragment variable antibodies, endowing it with the capacity for discerning recognition and binding to α-syn oligomers and triggering a switchable T1-T2 MRI signal. Significantly, ASOSN possesses the unique capability to accurately discriminate α-syn oligomers from neuroinflammation in vivo. Moreover, ASOSN facilitates the non-invasive and precise visualizing of endogenous α-syn oligomers in living systems. This innovative design heralds the development of a non-invasive visualization strategy for α-syn oligomers, marking a pivotal advancement for early and accurate diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zeyu Liang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shangzhi Xie
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shengfei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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22
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Altay MF, Kumar ST, Burtscher J, Jagannath S, Strand C, Miki Y, Parkkinen L, Holton JL, Lashuel HA. Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:161. [PMID: 38062007 PMCID: PMC10703845 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The abnormal aggregation and accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) in the brain is a defining hallmark of synucleinopathies. Various aSyn conformations and post-translationally modified forms accumulate in pathological inclusions and vary in abundance among these disorders. Relying on antibodies that have not been assessed for their ability to detect the diverse forms of aSyn may lead to inaccurate estimations of aSyn pathology in human brains or disease models. To address this challenge, we developed and characterized an expanded antibody panel that targets different sequences and post-translational modifications along the length of aSyn, and that recognizes all monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar aSyn conformations. Next, we profiled aSyn pathology across sporadic and familial Lewy body diseases (LBDs) and reveal heterogeneous forms of aSyn pathology, rich in Serine 129 phosphorylation, Tyrosine 39 nitration and N- and C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylations, scattered both to neurons and glia. In addition, we show that aSyn can become hyperphosphorylated during processes of aggregation and inclusion maturation in neuronal and animal models of aSyn seeding and spreading. The validation pipeline we describe for these antibodies paves the way for systematic investigations into aSyn pathological diversity in the human brain, peripheral tissues, as well as in cellular and animal models of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Firat Altay
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Senthil T Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Takata T, Masauji T, Motoo Y. Potential of the Novel Slot Blot Method with a PVDF Membrane for Protein Identification and Quantification in Kampo Medicines. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:896. [PMID: 38132900 PMCID: PMC10745123 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Kampo is a Japanese traditional medicine modified from traditional Chinese medicine. Kampo medicines contain various traditional crude drugs with unknown compositions due to the presence of low-molecular-weight compounds and proteins. However, the proteins are generally rare and extracted with high-polarity solvents such as water, making their identification and quantification difficult. To develop methods for identifying and quantifying the proteins in Kampo medicines, in the current study we employ previous technology (e.g., column chromatography, electrophoresis, and membrane chromatography), focusing on membrane chromatography with a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. Moreover, we consider slot blot analysis based on the principle of membrane chromatography, which is beneficial for analyzing the proteins in Kampo medicines as the volume of the samples is not limited. In this article, we assess a novel slot blot method developed in 2017 and using a PVDF membrane and special lysis buffer to quantify advanced glycation end products-modified proteins against other slot blots. We consider our slot blot analysis superior for identifying and quantifying proteins in Kampo medicines compared with other methods as the data obtained with our novel slot blot can be shown with both error bars and the statistically significant difference, and our operation step is simpler than those of other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Takata
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Biology, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Togen Masauji
- Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Yoshiharu Motoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, Wadanakacho 918-8503, Fukui, Japan
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24
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Saleeb RS, Leighton C, Lee JE, O’Shaughnessy J, Jeacock K, Chappard A, Cumberland R, Zhao T, Ball SR, Sunde M, Clarke DJ, Piché K, McPhail JA, Louwrier A, Angers R, Gandhi S, Downey P, Kunath T, Horrocks MH. Two-color coincidence single-molecule pulldown for the specific detection of disease-associated protein aggregates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7359. [PMID: 37967183 PMCID: PMC10651132 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is a characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The oligomers generated during aggregation are likely involved in disease pathogenesis and present promising biomarker candidates. However, owing to their small size and low concentration, specific tools to quantify and characterize aggregates in complex biological samples are still lacking. Here, we present single-molecule two-color aggregate pulldown (STAPull), which overcomes this challenge by probing immobilized proteins using orthogonally labeled detection antibodies. By analyzing colocalized signals, we can eliminate monomeric protein and specifically quantify aggregated proteins. Using the aggregation-prone alpha-synuclein protein as a model, we demonstrate that this approach can specifically detect aggregates with a limit of detection of 5 picomolar. Furthermore, we show that STAPull can be used in a range of samples, including human biofluids. STAPull is applicable to protein aggregates from a variety of disorders and will aid in the identification of biomarkers that are crucial in the effort to diagnose these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Saleeb
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Craig Leighton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Judi O’Shaughnessy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Kiani Jeacock
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Alexandre Chappard
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Robyn Cumberland
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Tianxiao Zhao
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah R. Ball
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - David J. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Kristin Piché
- Stressmarq Biosciences Inc., Suite 117-1537 Hillside Ave, Victoria, V8T 2C1 BC, Canada
| | - Jacob A. McPhail
- Stressmarq Biosciences Inc., Suite 117-1537 Hillside Ave, Victoria, V8T 2C1 BC, Canada
| | - Ariel Louwrier
- Stressmarq Biosciences Inc., Suite 117-1537 Hillside Ave, Victoria, V8T 2C1 BC, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | - Tilo Kunath
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Mathew H. Horrocks
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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25
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Lurette O, Martín-Jiménez R, Khan M, Sheta R, Jean S, Schofield M, Teixeira M, Rodriguez-Aller R, Perron I, Oueslati A, Hebert-Chatelain E. Aggregation of alpha-synuclein disrupts mitochondrial metabolism and induce mitophagy via cardiolipin externalization. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:729. [PMID: 37949858 PMCID: PMC10638290 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta is central in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, leading to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the manifestation of motor symptoms. Although several PD models mimic the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein after overexpression, they do not allow for controlling and monitoring its aggregation. We recently generated a new optogenetic tool by which we can spatiotemporally control the aggregation of α-synuclein using a light-induced protein aggregation system. Using this innovative tool, we aimed to characterize the impact of α-synuclein clustering on mitochondria, whose activity is crucial to maintain neuronal survival. We observed that aggregates of α-synuclein transiently and dynamically interact with mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial depolarization, lower ATP production, mitochondrial fragmentation and degradation via cardiolipin externalization-dependent mitophagy. Aggregation of α-synuclein also leads to lower mitochondrial content in human dopaminergic neurons and in mouse midbrain. Interestingly, overexpression of α-synuclein alone did not induce mitochondrial degradation. This work is among the first to clearly discriminate between the impact of α-synuclein overexpression and aggregation on mitochondria. This study thus represents a new framework to characterize the role of mitochondria in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lurette
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Rebeca Martín-Jiménez
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mehtab Khan
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Razan Sheta
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mia Schofield
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Maxime Teixeira
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Raquel Rodriguez-Aller
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Perron
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Abid Oueslati
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Hebert-Chatelain
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.
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26
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Bhopatkar AA, Kayed R. Flanking regions, amyloid cores, and polymorphism: the potential interplay underlying structural diversity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105122. [PMID: 37536631 PMCID: PMC10482755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-sheet-rich amyloid core is the defining feature of protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Recent investigations have revealed that there exist multiple examples of the same protein, with the same sequence, forming a variety of amyloid cores with distinct structural characteristics. These structural variants, termed as polymorphs, are hypothesized to influence the pathological profile and the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases, giving rise to unique phenotypic differences. Thus, identifying the origin and properties of these structural variants remain a focus of studies, as a preliminary step in the development of therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the potential role of the flanking regions of amyloid cores in inducing polymorphism. These regions, adjacent to the amyloid cores, show a preponderance for being structurally disordered, imbuing them with functional promiscuity. The dynamic nature of the flanking regions can then manifest in the form of conformational polymorphism of the aggregates. We take a closer look at the sequences flanking the amyloid cores, followed by a review of the polymorphic aggregates of the well-characterized proteins amyloid-β, α-synuclein, Tau, and TDP-43. We also consider different factors that can potentially influence aggregate structure and how these regions can be viewed as novel targets for therapeutic strategies by utilizing their unique structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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27
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Fujita K, Homma H, Jin M, Yoshioka Y, Jin X, Saito Y, Tanaka H, Okazawa H. Mutant α-synuclein propagates via the lymphatic system of the brain in the monomeric state. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112962. [PMID: 37591248 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion-like protein propagation is considered a common pathogenic mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigate the in vivo propagation pattern and aggregation state of mutant α-synuclein by injecting adeno-associated viral (AAV)-α-synuclein-A53T-EGFP into the mouse olfactory cortex. Comparison of aggregation states in various brain regions at multiple time points after injection using western blot analyses shows that the monomeric state of the mutant/misfolded protein propagates to remote brain regions by 2 weeks and that the propagated proteins aggregate in situ after being incorporated into neurons. Moreover, injection of Alexa 488-labeled α-synuclein-A53T confirms the monomeric propagation at 2 weeks. Super-resolution microscopy shows that both α-synuclein-A53T proteins propagate via the lymphatic system, penetrate perineuronal nets, and reach the surface of neurons. Electron microscopy shows that the propagated mutant/misfolded monomer forms fibrils characteristic of Parkinson's disease after its incorporation into neurons. These findings suggest a mode of propagation different from that of aggregate-dependent propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyota Fujita
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Homma
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Meihua Jin
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshioka
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Xiaocen Jin
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hikari Tanaka
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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28
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Graves NJ, Gambin Y, Sierecki E. α-Synuclein Strains and Their Relevance to Parkinson's Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12134. [PMID: 37569510 PMCID: PMC10418915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of proteinaceous aggregates in brain cells. In PD, those proteinaceous aggregates are formed by the α-synuclein (αSyn) and are considered the trademark of this neurodegenerative disease. In addition to PD, αSyn pathological aggregation is also detected in atypical Parkinsonism, including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), as well as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, some cases of traumatic brain injuries, and variants of Alzheimer's disease. Collectively, these (and other) disorders are referred to as synucleinopathies, highlighting the relation between disease type and protein misfolding/aggregation. Despite these pathological relationships, however, synucleinopathies cover a wide range of pathologies, present with a multiplicity of symptoms, and arise from dysfunctions in different neuroanatomical regions and cell populations. Strikingly, αSyn deposition occurs in different types of cells, with oligodendrocytes being mainly affected in MSA, while aggregates are found in neurons in PD. If multiple factors contribute to the development of a pathology, especially in the cases of slow-developing neurodegenerative disorders, the common presence of αSyn aggregation, as both a marker and potential driver of disease, is puzzling. In this review, we will focus on comparing PD, DLB, and MSA, from symptomatology to molecular description, highlighting the role and contribution of αSyn aggregates in each disorder. We will particularly present recent evidence for the involvement of conformational strains of αSyn aggregates and discuss the reciprocal relationship between αSyn strains and the cellular milieu. Moreover, we will highlight the need for effective methodologies for the strainotyping of aggregates to ameliorate diagnosing capabilities and therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.J.G.)
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29
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Kavungal D, Magalhães P, Kumar ST, Kolla R, Lashuel HA, Altug H. Artificial intelligence-coupled plasmonic infrared sensor for detection of structural protein biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9644. [PMID: 37436975 PMCID: PMC10337894 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease is challenging owing to the lack of tools to detect preclinical biomarkers. The misfolding of proteins into oligomeric and fibrillar aggregates plays an important role in the development and progression of NDDs, thus underscoring the need for structural biomarker-based diagnostics. We developed an immunoassay-coupled nanoplasmonic infrared metasurface sensor that detects proteins linked to NDDs, such as alpha-synuclein, with specificity and differentiates the distinct structural species using their unique absorption signatures. We augmented the sensor with an artificial neural network enabling unprecedented quantitative prediction of oligomeric and fibrillar protein aggregates in their mixture. The microfluidic integrated sensor can retrieve time-resolved absorbance fingerprints in the presence of a complex biomatrix and is capable of multiplexing for the simultaneous monitoring of multiple pathology-associated biomarkers. Thus, our sensor is a promising candidate for the clinical diagnosis of NDDs, disease monitoring, and evaluation of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthy Kavungal
- Bionanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Magalhães
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Senthil T. Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajasekhar Kolla
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Altug
- Bionanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Awasthi S, Ying C, Li J, Mayer M. Simultaneous Determination of the Size and Shape of Single α-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution. ACS NANO 2023; 17:12325-12335. [PMID: 37327131 PMCID: PMC10339783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of amyloid-forming proteins are implicated as toxic species in the context of several neurodegenerative diseases. Since the size and shape of these oligomers influence their toxicity, their biophysical characterization is essential for a better understanding of the structure-toxicity relationship. Amyloid oligomers are difficult to characterize by conventional approaches due to their heterogeneity in size and shape, their dynamic aggregation process, and their low abundance. This work demonstrates that resistive pulse measurements using polymer-coated solid-state nanopores enable single-particle-level characterization of the size and shape of individual αSyn oligomers in solution within minutes. A comparison of the resulting size distribution with single-particle analysis by transmission electron microscopy and mass photometry reveals good agreement with superior resolution by nanopore-based characterization. Moreover, nanopore-based analysis has the capability to combine rapid size analysis with an approximation of the oligomer shape. Applying this shape approximation to putatively toxic oligomeric species that range in size from 18 ± 7 aggregated monomers (10S) to 29 ± 10 aggregated monomers (15S) and in concentration from picomolar to nanomolar revealed oligomer shapes that agree well with previous estimates by cryo-EM with the added advantage that nanopore-based analysis occurs rapidly, in solution, and has the potential to become a widely accessible technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Awasthi
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiali Li
- University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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31
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Taymans JM, Fell M, Greenamyre T, Hirst WD, Mamais A, Padmanabhan S, Peter I, Rideout H, Thaler A. Perspective on the current state of the LRRK2 field. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 37393318 PMCID: PMC10314919 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades after linking LRRK2 to Parkinson's disease, a vibrant research field has developed around the study of this gene and its protein product. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular structures of LRRK2 and its complexes, and our understanding of LRRK2 has continued to grow, affirming decisions made years ago to therapeutically target this enzyme for PD. Markers of LRRK2 activity, with potential to monitor disease progression or treatment efficacy, are also under development. Interestingly, there is a growing understanding of the role of LRRK2 outside of the central nervous system in peripheral tissues such as gut and immune cells that may also contribute to LRRK2 mediated pathology. In this perspective, our goal is to take stock of LRRK2 research by discussing the current state of knowledge and critical open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Matt Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 7039, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY, 10120, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit and Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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32
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Koeglsperger T, Rumpf SL, Schließer P, Struebing FL, Brendel M, Levin J, Trenkwalder C, Höglinger GU, Herms J. Neuropathology of incidental Lewy body & prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:32. [PMID: 37173733 PMCID: PMC10182593 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Despite symptomatic therapies, there is currently no disease-modifying treatment to halt neuronal loss in PD. A major hurdle for developing and testing such curative therapies results from the fact that most DA neurons are already lost at the time of the clinical diagnosis, rendering them inaccessible to therapy. Understanding the early pathological changes that precede Lewy body pathology (LBP) and cell loss in PD will likely support the identification of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and help to differentiate LBP-dependent and -independent alterations. Several previous studies identified such specific molecular and cellular changes that occur prior to the appearance of Lewy bodies (LBs) in DA neurons, but a concise map of such early disease events is currently missing. METHODS Here, we conducted a literature review to identify and discuss the results of previous studies that investigated cases with incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD), a presumed pathological precursor of PD. RESULTS Collectively, our review demonstrates numerous cellular and molecular neuropathological changes occurring prior to the appearance of LBs in DA neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our review provides the reader with a summary of early pathological events in PD that may support the identification of novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets and aid to the development of disease-modifying strategies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koeglsperger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Svenja-Lotta Rumpf
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Schließer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix L Struebing
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Study Unit, DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
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33
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Yang Y, Garringer HJ, Shi Y, Lövestam S, Peak-Chew S, Zhang X, Kotecha A, Bacioglu M, Koto A, Takao M, Spillantini MG, Ghetti B, Vidal R, Murzin AG, Scheres SHW, Goedert M. New SNCA mutation and structures of α-synuclein filaments from juvenile-onset synucleinopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:561-572. [PMID: 36847833 PMCID: PMC10119069 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A 21-nucleotide duplication in one allele of SNCA was identified in a previously described disease with abundant α-synuclein inclusions that we now call juvenile-onset synucleinopathy (JOS). This mutation translates into the insertion of MAAAEKT after residue 22 of α-synuclein, resulting in a protein of 147 amino acids. Both wild-type and mutant proteins were present in sarkosyl-insoluble material that was extracted from frontal cortex of the individual with JOS and examined by electron cryo-microscopy. The structures of JOS filaments, comprising either a single protofilament, or a pair of protofilaments, revealed a new α-synuclein fold that differs from the folds of Lewy body diseases and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The JOS fold consists of a compact core, the sequence of which (residues 36-100 of wild-type α-synuclein) is unaffected by the mutation, and two disconnected density islands (A and B) of mixed sequences. There is a non-proteinaceous cofactor bound between the core and island A. The JOS fold resembles the common substructure of MSA Type I and Type II dimeric filaments, with its core segment approximating the C-terminal body of MSA protofilaments B and its islands mimicking the N-terminal arm of MSA protofilaments A. The partial similarity of JOS and MSA folds extends to the locations of their cofactor-binding sites. In vitro assembly of recombinant wild-type α-synuclein, its insertion mutant and their mixture yielded structures that were distinct from those of JOS filaments. Our findings provide insight into a possible mechanism of JOS fibrillation in which mutant α-synuclein of 147 amino acids forms a nucleus with the JOS fold, around which wild-type and mutant proteins assemble during elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sofia Lövestam
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sew Peak-Chew
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianjun Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mehtap Bacioglu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Atsuo Koto
- Yomiuri-Land Keiyu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Internal Medicine, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | | | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexey G Murzin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sjors H W Scheres
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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34
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Dutta S, Hornung S, Taha HB, Bitan G. Biomarkers for parkinsonian disorders in CNS-originating EVs: promise and challenges. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:515-540. [PMID: 37012443 PMCID: PMC10071251 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes, are nano-sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. EVs are released by virtually all eukaryotic cells and have been shown to contribute to intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, EVs may carry toxic, misfolded forms of amyloidogenic proteins and facilitate their spread to recipient cells in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS-originating EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream and may be found in other body fluids, including saliva, tears, and urine. EVs originating in the CNS represent an attractive source of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, because they contain cell- and cell state-specific biological materials. In recent years, multiple papers have reported the use of this strategy for identification and quantitation of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders. However, certain technical issues have yet to be standardized, such as the best surface markers for isolation of cell type-specific EVs and validating the cellular origin of the EVs. Here, we review recent research using CNS-originating EVs for biomarker studies, primarily in parkinsonian disorders, highlight technical challenges, and propose strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dutta
- International Institute of Innovation and Technology, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Simon Hornung
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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35
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Masato A, Plotegher N, Terrin F, Sandre M, Faustini G, Thor A, Adams S, Berti G, Cogo S, De Lazzari F, Fontana CM, Martinez PA, Strong R, Bandopadhyay R, Bisaglia M, Bellucci A, Greggio E, Dalla Valle L, Boassa D, Bubacco L. DOPAL initiates αSynuclein-dependent impaired proteostasis and degeneration of neuronal projections in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 36966140 PMCID: PMC10039907 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine dyshomeostasis has been acknowledged among the determinants of nigrostriatal neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies in experimental models and postmortem PD patients underlined increasing levels of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is highly reactive towards proteins. DOPAL has been shown to covalently modify the presynaptic protein αSynuclein (αSyn), whose misfolding and aggregation represent a major trait of PD pathology, triggering αSyn oligomerization in dopaminergic neurons. Here, we demonstrated that DOPAL elicits αSyn accumulation and hampers αSyn clearance in primary neurons. DOPAL-induced αSyn buildup lessens neuronal resilience, compromises synaptic integrity, and overwhelms protein quality control pathways in neurites. The progressive decline of neuronal homeostasis further leads to dopaminergic neuron loss and motor impairment, as showed in in vivo models. Finally, we developed a specific antibody which detected increased DOPAL-modified αSyn in human striatal tissues from idiopathic PD patients, corroborating the translational relevance of αSyn-DOPAL interplay in PD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Terrin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Andrea Thor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
| | - Stephen Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
| | - Giulia Berti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | | | | | - Paul Anthony Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Network, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Randy Strong
- Department of Pharmacology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Network, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA.
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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36
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Emmi A, Sandre M, Russo FP, Tombesi G, Garrì F, Campagnolo M, Carecchio M, Biundo R, Spolverato G, Macchi V, Savarino E, Farinati F, Parchi P, Porzionato A, Bubacco L, De Caro R, Kovacs GG, Antonini A. Duodenal alpha-Synuclein Pathology and Enteric Gliosis in Advanced Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023. [PMID: 36847308 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the gut-brain axis has been recently highlighted as a major contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD) physiopathology, with numerous studies investigating bidirectional transmission of pathological protein aggregates, such as α-synuclein (αSyn). However, the extent and the characteristics of pathology in the enteric nervous system have not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE We characterized αSyn alterations and glial responses in duodenum biopsies of patients with PD by employing topography-specific sampling and conformation-specific αSyn antibodies. METHODS We examined 18 patients with advanced PD who underwent Duodopa percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunal tube procedure, 4 untreated patients with early PD (disease duration <5 years), and 18 age- and -sex-matched healthy control subjects undergoing routine diagnostic endoscopy. A mean of four duodenal wall biopsies were sampled from each patient. Immunohistochemistry was performed for anti-aggregated αSyn (5G4) and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies. Morphometrical semiquantitative analysis was performed to characterize αSyn-5G4+ and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive density and size. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for aggregated α-Syn was identified in all patients with PD (early and advanced) compared with controls. αSyn-5G4+ colocalized with neuronal marker β-III-tubulin. Evaluation of enteric glial cells demonstrated an increased size and density when compared with controls, suggesting reactive gliosis. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of synuclein pathology and gliosis in the duodenum of patients with PD, including early de novo cases. Future studies are required to evaluate how early in the disease process duodenal pathology occurs and its possible contribution to levodopa effect in chronic patients. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Emmi
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Tombesi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Garrì
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Campagnolo
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Biundo
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaya Spolverato
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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So RWL, Watts JC. α-Synuclein Conformational Strains as Drivers of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Biol 2023:168011. [PMID: 36792008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The synucleinopathies, which include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, are a class of human neurodegenerative disorders unified by the presence of α-synuclein aggregates in the brain. Considerable clinical and pathological heterogeneity exists within and among the individual synucleinopathies. A potential explanation for this variability is the existence of distinct conformational strains of α-synuclein aggregates that cause different disease manifestations. Like prion strains, α-synuclein strains can be delineated based on their structural architecture, with structural differences among α-synuclein aggregates leading to unique biochemical attributes and neuropathological properties in humans and animal models. Bolstered by recent high-resolution structural data from patient brain-derived material, it has now been firmly established that there are conformational differences among α-synuclein aggregates from different human synucleinopathies. Moreover, recombinant α-synuclein can be polymerized into several structurally distinct aggregates that exhibit unique pathological properties. In this review, we outline the evidence supporting the existence of α-synuclein strains and highlight how they can act as drivers of phenotypic heterogeneity in the human synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaella W L So
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. https://twitter.com/xsakuraphie
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. https://twitter.com/JoelWattsLab
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38
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Interneuronal In Vivo Transfer of Synaptic Proteins. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040569. [PMID: 36831238 PMCID: PMC9954582 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-to-neuron transfer of pathogenic α-synuclein species is a mechanism of likely relevance to Parkinson's disease development. Experimentally, interneuronal α-synuclein spreading from the low brainstem toward higher brain regions can be reproduced by the administration of AAV vectors encoding for α-synuclein into the mouse vagus nerve. The aim of this study was to determine whether α-synuclein's spreading ability is shared by other proteins. Given α-synuclein synaptic localization, experiments involved intravagal injections of AAVs encoding for other synaptic proteins, β-synuclein, VAMP2, or SNAP25. Administration of AAV-VAMP2 or AAV-SNAP25 caused robust transduction of either of the proteins in the dorsal medulla oblongata but was not followed by interneuronal VAMP2 or SNAP25 transfer and caudo-rostral spreading. In contrast, AAV-mediated β-synuclein overexpression triggered its spreading to more frontal brain regions. The aggregate formation was investigated as a potential mechanism involved in protein spreading, and consistent with this hypothesis, results showed that overexpression of β-synuclein, but not VAMP2 or SNAP25, in the dorsal medulla oblongata was associated with pronounced protein aggregation. Data indicate that interneuronal protein transfer is not a mere consequence of increased expression or synaptic localization. It is rather promoted by structural/functional characteristics of synuclein proteins that likely include their tendency to form aggregate species.
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39
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Bagree G, Srivastava T, Mahasivam S, Sinha M, Bansal V, Ramanathan R, Priya S, Sharma SK. Differential interactions of α-synuclein conformers affect refolding and activity of proteins. J Biochem 2023; 173:107-114. [PMID: 36368019 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of protein aggregates as intracellular inclusions interferes with cellular protein homeostasis leading to protein aggregation diseases. Protein aggregation results in the formation of several protein conformers including oligomers and fibrils, where each conformer has its own structural characteristic and proteotoxic potential. The present study explores the effect of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) conformers on the activity and spontaneous refolding of firefly luciferase. Of the different conformers, α-syn monomers delayed the inactivation of luciferase under thermal stress conditions and enhanced the spontaneous refolding of luciferase. In contrast, the α-syn oligomers and fibrils adversely affected luciferase activity and refolding, where the oligomers inhibited spontaneous refolding, whereas a pronounced effect on the inactivation of native luciferase was observed in the case of fibrils. These results indicate that the oligomers and fibrils of α-syn interfere with the refolding of luciferase and promote its misfolding and aggregation. The study reveals the differential propensities of various conformers of a pathologically relevant protein in causing inactivation, structural modifications and misfolding of other proteins, consequently resulting in altered protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Bagree
- Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), RMIT University School of Science, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Tulika Srivastava
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Sanje Mahasivam
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), RMIT University School of Science, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Meetali Sinha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), RMIT University School of Science, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL), RMIT University School of Science, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Smriti Priya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Sandeep K Sharma
- Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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40
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α-Synuclein Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster Is Enhanced by the Presence of Iron: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020261. [PMID: 36829820 PMCID: PMC9952566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons and by the accumulation of intracellular inclusions mainly composed of α-synuclein (α-Syn). While the etiopathogenesis of the disorder is still elusive, recent experimental evidence supports the involvement of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death pathway, in the pathogenesis of PD. In the present work, using different ferroptosis inducers and inhibitors, we evaluated, in vivo, the involvement of iron in the α-Syn-mediated toxicity. Using a Drosophila melanogaster model of PD based on the selective over-expression of α-Syn within dopaminergic neurons, we demonstrated that the over-expression of α-Syn promotes the accumulation of protein aggregates, which is accompanied by dopaminergic neurodegeneration, locomotor impairment, and lifespan reduction. These pathological phenotypes were further exacerbated by reduced intracellular levels of glutathione or increased concentrations of iron. Coherently, both the use of an iron chelator and the presence of the antioxidant compound N-acetylcysteine exerted protective effects. Overall, our results support the involvement of ferroptosis in the α-Syn-mediated toxicity.
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41
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Lee D, Jung HG, Park D, Bang J, Hong JH, Lee SW, Roh S, Jang JW, Kim Y, Hwang KS, Lee YS, Park JY, Jung ID, Lee JH, Lee G, Yoon DS. Biomimetically Engineered Amyloid-Shelled Gold Nanocomplexes for Discovering α-Synuclein Oligomer-Degrading Drugs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2538-2551. [PMID: 36548054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of α-synuclein (αS) oligomers is recognized as the main pathological driver of synucleinopathies. While the elimination of toxic αS oligomers shows promise for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), the discovery of αS oligomer degradation drugs has been hindered by the lack of proper drug screening tools. Here, we report a drug screening platform for monitoring the efficacy of αS-oligomer-degrading drugs using amyloid-shelled gold nanocomplexes (ASGNs). We fabricate ASGNs in the presence of dopamine, mimicking the in vivo generation process of pathological αS oligomers. To test our platform, the first of its kind for PD drugs, we use αS-degrading proteases and various small molecular substances that have shown efficacy in PD treatment. We demonstrate that the ASGN-based in vitro platform has strong potential to discover effective αS-oligomer-targeting drugs, and thus it may reduce the attrition problem in drug discovery for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongtak Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Hyo Gi Jung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Dongsung Park
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, South Korea
| | - Junho Bang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Hong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Seokbeom Roh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong30019, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Jang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, South Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- ASTRION, 47, Gaeunsa-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02842, Republic of Korea
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- ASTRION, 47, Gaeunsa-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02842, Republic of Korea
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- ASTRION, 47, Gaeunsa-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, South Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong30019, South Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul02841, South Korea
- ASTRION, 47, Gaeunsa-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02842, Republic of Korea
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42
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Petersen I, Ali MI, Petrovic A, Ytterberg AJ, Staxäng K, Hodik M, Rofo F, Bondza S, Hultqvist G. Multivalent design of the monoclonal SynO2 antibody improves binding strength to soluble α-Synuclein aggregates. MAbs 2023; 15:2256668. [PMID: 37737124 PMCID: PMC10519360 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2256668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble aggregates are reported to be the most neurotoxic species of α-Synuclein (αSyn) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and hence are a promising target for diagnosis and treatment of PD. However, the predominantly intracellular location of αSyn limits its accessibility, especially for antibody-based molecules and prompts the need for exceptionally strong soluble αSyn aggregate binders to enhance their sensitivity and efficacy for targeting the extracellular αSyn pool. In this study, we have created the multivalent antibodies TetraSynO2 and HexaSynO2, derived from the αSyn oligomer-specific antibody SynO2, to increase avidity binding to soluble αSyn aggregate species through more binding sites in close proximity. The multivalency was achieved through recombinant fusion of single-chain variable fragments of SynO2 to the antibodies' original N-termini. Our ELISA results indicated a 20-fold increased binding strength of the multivalent formats to αSyn aggregates, while binding to αSyn monomers and unspecific binding to amyloid β protofibrils remained low. Kinetic analysis using LigandTracer revealed that only 80% of SynO2 bound bivalently to soluble αSyn aggregates, whereas the proportion of TetraSynO2 and HexaSynO2 binding bi- or multivalently to soluble αSyn aggregates was increased to ~ 95% and 100%, respectively. The overall improved binding strength of TetraSynO2 and HexaSynO2 implies great potential for immunotherapeutic and diagnostic applications with targets of limited accessibility, like extracellular αSyn aggregates. The ability of the multivalent antibodies to bind a wider range of αSyn aggregate species, which are not targetable by conventional bivalent antibodies, thus could allow for an earlier and more effective intervention in the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Petersen
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Alex Petrovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Jimmy Ytterberg
- Department of Pharmacy, SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Staxäng
- TEM Laboratory, BioVis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hodik
- TEM Laboratory, BioVis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fadi Rofo
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sina Bondza
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Estaun-Panzano J, Arotcarena ML, Bezard E. Monitoring α-synuclein aggregation. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105966. [PMID: 36527982 PMCID: PMC9875312 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), are characterized by the misfolding and subsequent aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) that accumulates in cytoplasmic inclusions bodies in the cells of affected brain regions. Since the seminal report of likely-aggregated α-syn presence within the Lewy bodies by Spillantini et al. in 1997, the keyword "synuclein aggregation" has appeared in over 6000 papers (Source: PubMed October 2022). Studying, observing, describing, and quantifying α-syn aggregation is therefore of paramount importance, whether it happens in tubo, in vitro, in post-mortem samples, or in vivo. The past few years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding aggregation mechanisms and identifying various polymorphs. In this context of growing complexity, it is of utmost importance to understand what tools we possess, what exact information they provide, and in what context they may be applied. Nonetheless, it is also crucial to rationalize the relevance of the information and the limitations of these methods for gauging the final result. In this review, we present the main techniques that have shaped the current views about α-syn structure and dynamics, with particular emphasis on the recent breakthroughs that may change our understanding of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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44
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Bagree G, De Silva O, Liyanage PD, Ramarathinam SH, Sharma SK, Bansal V, Ramanathan R. α-synuclein as a potential biomarker for developing diagnostic tools against neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in enteric neurons does not impact function in vitro. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22211. [PMID: 36564445 PMCID: PMC9789045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates a gut-first pathogenesis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) within a portion of PD patients, yet in vitro investigations have primarily focused on the central nervous system. Here, the preformed fibril (PFF) PD model is applied with co-administered groups of butyrate and lipopolysaccharide to model the effects of the local gut microbiome. Significant PFF uptake and retention occur in isolated rat enteric neurons compared to untreated controls resulting in increasing immunostained aggregate conformation-specific, alpha-synuclein (a-Syn) average intensity between 6 µg PFF and untreated controls. Cortical neurons significantly retain PFFs with an increase in aggregated a-Syn average intensity within all dosages. Differences in growth cone morphology but not dynamics in PFF-treated ENS cultures occur. Electrophysiological recordings via a microelectrode array (MEA) indicate no overall difference in spontaneous spike rate. However, only untreated controls respond to PD-relevant dopamine stimulus, while 1 µg PFF and control populations respond to stimulus with ENS-abundant acetylcholine. Finally, no differences in substance P levels-correlated with PD and neurodegeneration-are observed. Overall, these findings suggest the ENS retains PFF dosage absent acute loss in function, however, does experience changes in growth cone morphology and dopamine-stimulated activity.
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46
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Miki Y, Tanji K, Shinnai K, Tanaka MT, Altay F, Foti SC, Strand C, Sasaki T, Kon T, Shimoyama S, Furukawa T, Nishijima H, Yamazaki H, Asi YT, Bettencourt C, Jaunmuktane Z, Tada M, Mori F, Mizukami H, Tomiyama M, Lashuel HA, Lashley T, Kakita A, Ling H, Lees AJ, Holton JL, Warner TT, Wakabayashi K. Pathological substrate of memory impairment in multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12844. [PMID: 35906771 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is caused by propagation of pathogenic α-synuclein between neurons. Previously, in multiple system atrophy (MSA), pathologically characterised by ectopic deposition of abnormal α-synuclein predominantly in oligodendrocytes, we demonstrated that the occurrence of memory impairment was associated with the number of α-synuclein-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) in the hippocampus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate how abnormal α-synuclein in the hippocampus can lead to memory impairment. METHODS We performed pathological and biochemical analyses using a mouse model of adult-onset MSA and human cases (MSA, N = 25; Parkinson's disease, N = 3; Alzheimer's disease, N = 2; normal controls, N = 11). In addition, the MSA model mice were examined behaviourally and physiologically. RESULTS In the MSA model, inducible human α-synuclein was first expressed in oligodendrocytes and subsequently accumulated in the cytoplasm of excitatory hippocampal neurons (NCI-like structures) and their presynaptic nerve terminals with the development of memory impairment. α-Synuclein oligomers increased simultaneously in the hippocampus of the MSA model. Hippocampal dendritic spines also decreased in number, followed by suppression of long-term potentiation. Consistent with these findings obtained in the MSA model, post-mortem analysis of human MSA brain tissues showed that cases of MSA with memory impairment developed more NCIs in excitatory hippocampal neurons along with α-synuclein oligomers than those without. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights into the role of α-synuclein oligomers as a possible pathological cause of memory impairment in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kana Shinnai
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Makoto T Tanaka
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Firat Altay
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine C Foti
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Takanori Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kon
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Haruo Nishijima
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasmine T Asi
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Conceição Bettencourt
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Helen Ling
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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47
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Kulenkampff K, Emin D, Staats R, Zhang YP, Sakhnini L, Kouli A, Rimon O, Lobanova E, Williams-Gray CH, Aprile FA, Sormanni P, Klenerman D, Vendruscolo M. An antibody scanning method for the detection of α-synuclein oligomers in the serum of Parkinson's disease patients. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13815-13828. [PMID: 36544716 PMCID: PMC9710209 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded α-synuclein oligomers are closely implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. The elusive nature of these aberrant assemblies makes it challenging to develop quantitative methods to detect them and modify their behavior. Existing detection methods use antibodies to bind α-synuclein aggregates in biofluids, although it remains challenging to raise antibodies against α-synuclein oligomers. To address this problem, we used an antibody scanning approach in which we designed a panel of 9 single-domain epitope-specific antibodies against α-synuclein. We screened these antibodies for their ability to inhibit the aggregation process of α-synuclein, finding that they affected the generation of α-synuclein oligomers to different extents. We then used these antibodies to investigate the size distribution and morphology of soluble α-synuclein aggregates in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from Parkinson's disease patients. Our results indicate that the approach that we present offers a promising route for the development of antibodies to characterize soluble α-synuclein aggregates in biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kulenkampff
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Derya Emin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0XY UK
| | - Roxine Staats
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Yu P Zhang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Laila Sakhnini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Antonina Kouli
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge UK
| | - Oded Rimon
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Evgeniia Lobanova
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0XY UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge UK
| | - Francesco A Aprile
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0XY UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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48
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Reimer L, Gram H, Jensen NM, Betzer C, Yang L, Jin L, Shi M, Boudeffa D, Fusco G, De Simone A, Kirik D, Lashuel HA, Zhang J, Jensen PH. Protein kinase R dependent phosphorylation of α-synuclein regulates its membrane binding and aggregation. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac259. [PMID: 36712380 PMCID: PMC9802061 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulates in the neuronal Lewy body (LB) inclusions in Parkinson's disease (PD) and LB dementia. Yet, under nonpathological conditions, monomeric α-syn is hypothesized to exist in an equilibrium between disordered cytosolic- and partially α-helical lipid-bound states: a feature presumably important in synaptic vesicle release machinery. The exact underlying role of α-syn in these processes, and the mechanisms regulating membrane-binding of α-syn remains poorly understood. Herein we demonstrate that Protein kinase R (PKR) can phosphorylate α-syn at several Ser/Thr residues located in the membrane-binding region that is essential for α-syn's vesicle-interactions. α-Syn phosphorylated by PKR or α-syn isolated from PKR overexpressing cells, exhibit decreased binding to lipid membranes. Phosphorylation of Thr64 and Thr72 appears as the major contributor to this effect, as the phosphomimetic Thr64Glu/Thr72Glu-α-syn mutant displays reduced overall attachment to brain vesicles due to a decrease in vesicle-affinity of the last two thirds of α-syn's membrane binding region. This allows enhancement of the "double-anchor" vesicle-binding mechanism that tethers two vesicles and thus promote the clustering of presynaptic vesicles in vitro. Furthermore, phosphomimetic Thr64Glu/Thr72Glu-α-syn inhibits α-syn oligomerization and completely abolishes nucleation, elongation, and seeding of α-syn fibrillation in vitro and in cells, and prevents trans-synaptic spreading of aggregated α-syn pathology in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Overall, our findings demonstrate that normal and abnormal functions of α-syn, like membrane-binding, synaptic vesicle clustering and aggregation can be regulated by phosphorylation, e.g., via PKR. Mechanisms that could potentially be modulated for the benefit of patients suffering from α-syn aggregate-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hjalte Gram
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nanna Møller Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cristine Betzer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Lorrain Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Driss Boudeffa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences Brain Mind Institute, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuliana Fusco
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences Brain Mind Institute, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195, USA,Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the First Affiliated Hospital, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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49
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Altay MF, Liu AKL, Holton JL, Parkkinen L, Lashuel HA. Prominent astrocytic alpha-synuclein pathology with unique post-translational modification signatures unveiled across Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:163. [PMID: 36371251 PMCID: PMC9652889 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a pre-synaptic monomeric protein that can form aggregates in neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although aSyn in astrocytes has previously been described in PD, PDD and DLB, the biochemical properties and topographical distribution of astrocytic aSyn have not been studied in detail. Here, we present a systematic investigation of aSyn astrocytic pathology using an expanded antibody toolset covering the entire sequence and key post-translational modifications (PTMs) of aSyn in Lewy body disorders (LBDs) and in MSA. Astrocytic aSyn was detected in the limbic cortical regions of LBDs but were absent in main pathological regions of MSA. The astrocytic aSyn was revealed only with antibodies against the mid N-terminal and non-amyloid component (NAC) regions covering aSyn residues 34-99. The astroglial accumulations were negative to canonical aSyn aggregation markers, including p62, ubiquitin and aSyn pS129, but positive for phosphorylated and nitrated forms of aSyn at Tyrosine 39 (Y39), and not resistant to proteinase K. Our findings suggest that astrocytic aSyn accumulations represent a major part of aSyn pathology in LBDs and possess a distinct sequence and PTM signature that is characterized by both N- and C-terminal truncations and modifications at Y39. This is the first description that aSyn accumulations are made solely from N- and C-terminally cleaved aSyn species and the first report demonstrating that astrocytic aSyn is a mixture of Y39 phosphorylated and nitrated species. These observations underscore the importance of systematic characterization of aSyn accumulations in different cell types to capture the aSyn pathological diversity in the brain. Our findings combined with further studies on the role of astrocytic pathology in the progression of LBDs can pave the way towards identifying novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Firat Altay
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan King Lun Liu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, West Wing, Level 6, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, West Wing, Level 6, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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50
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Lashuel HA, Mahul-Mellier AL, Novello S, Hegde RN, Jasiqi Y, Altay MF, Donzelli S, DeGuire SM, Burai R, Magalhães P, Chiki A, Ricci J, Boussouf M, Sadek A, Stoops E, Iseli C, Guex N. Revisiting the specificity and ability of phospho-S129 antibodies to capture alpha-synuclein biochemical and pathological diversity. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:136. [PMID: 36266318 PMCID: PMC9584898 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against phosphorylated alpha-synuclein (aSyn) at S129 have emerged as the primary tools to investigate, monitor, and quantify aSyn pathology in the brain and peripheral tissues of patients with Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we demonstrate that the co-occurrence of multiple pathology-associated C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) (e.g., phosphorylation at Tyrosine 125 or truncation at residue 133 or 135) differentially influences the detection of pS129-aSyn species by pS129-aSyn antibodies. These observations prompted us to systematically reassess the specificity of the most commonly used pS129 antibodies against monomeric and aggregated forms of pS129-aSyn in mouse brain slices, primary neurons, mammalian cells and seeding models of aSyn pathology formation. We identified two antibodies that are insensitive to pS129 neighboring PTMs. Although most pS129 antibodies showed good performance in detecting aSyn aggregates in cells, neurons and mouse brain tissue containing abundant aSyn pathology, they also showed cross-reactivity towards other proteins and often detected non-specific low and high molecular weight bands in aSyn knock-out samples that could be easily mistaken for monomeric or high molecular weight aSyn species. Our observations suggest that not all pS129 antibodies capture the biochemical and morphological diversity of aSyn pathology, and all should be used with the appropriate protein standards and controls when investigating aSyn under physiological conditions. Finally, our work underscores the need for more pS129 antibodies that are not sensitive to neighboring PTMs and more thorough characterization and validation of existing and new antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Laure Mahul-Mellier
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Novello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ramanath Narayana Hegde
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yllza Jasiqi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melek Firat Altay
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Donzelli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean M DeGuire
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ritwik Burai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Magalhães
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anass Chiki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Ricci
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manel Boussouf
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Sadek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erik Stoops
- ADx NeuroSciences, Technologiepark 94, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Iseli
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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