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Tian X, Russo SJ, Li L. Behavioral Animal Models and Neural-Circuit Framework of Depressive Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01270-7. [PMID: 39120643 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorder is a chronic, recurring, and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the global population suffering from depression is experiencing a significant annual increase. Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on people, little is known about its pathogenesis. One major reason is the scarcity of reliable animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression. Furthermore, the neural circuit mechanism of depression induced by various factors is particularly complex. Considering the variability in depressive behavior patterns and neurobiological mechanisms among different animal models of depression, a comparison between the neural circuits of depression induced by various factors is essential for its treatment. In this review, we mainly summarize the most widely used behavioral animal models and neural circuits under different triggers of depression, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for depression prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Scott J Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Sex Differences in Anxiety and Depression: What Can (and Cannot) Preclinical Studies Tell Us? SEXES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the gender perspective in scientific research and sex differences in biological studies on emotional disorders have become increasingly important. However, sex bias in basic research on anxiety and depression is still far from being covered. This review addresses the study of sex differences in the field of anxiety and depression using animal models that consider this issue so far. What can preclinical studies tell us and what are their main limitations? First, we describe the behavioral tests most frequently used in preclinical research to assess depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. Then, we analyze the main findings, strengths, and weaknesses of rodent models of anxiety and depression, dividing them into three main categories: sex chromosome complement-biased sex differences; gonadal hormone-biased sex differences; environmental-biased sex differences. Regardless of the animal model used, none can reproduce all the characteristics of such complex and multifactorial pathologies as anxiety and depressive disorders; however, each animal model contributes to elucidating the bases that underlie these disorders. The importance is highlighted of considering sex differences in the responses that emerge from each model.
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Bruns B, Daub R, Schmitz T, Hamze-Sinno M, Spaich S, Dewenter M, Schwale C, Gass P, Vogt M, Katus H, Herzog W, Friederich HC, Frey N, Schultz JH, Backs J. Forebrain corticosteroid receptors promote post-myocardial infarction depression and mortality. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:44. [PMID: 36068417 PMCID: PMC9448693 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) with subsequent depression is associated with increased cardiac mortality. Impaired central mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) equilibrium has been suggested as a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of human depression. Here, we investigate if deficient central MR/GR signaling is causative for a poor outcome after MI in mice. Mice with an inducible forebrain-specific MR/GR knockout (MR/GR-KO) underwent baseline and follow-up echocardiography every 2 weeks after MI or sham operation. Behavioral testing at 4 weeks confirmed significant depressive-like behavior and, strikingly, a higher mortality after MI, while cardiac function and myocardial damage remained unaffected. Telemetry revealed cardiac autonomic imbalance with marked bradycardia and ventricular tachycardia (VT) upon MI in MR/GR-KO. Mechanistically, we found a higher responsiveness to atropine, pointing to impaired parasympathetic tone of 'depressive' mice after MI. Serum corticosterone levels were increased but-in line with the higher vagal tone-plasma and cardiac catecholamines were decreased. MR/GR deficiency in the forebrain led to significant depressive-like behavior and a higher mortality after MI. This was accompanied by increased vagal tone, depleted catecholaminergic compensatory capacity and VTs. Thus, limbic MR/GR disequilibrium may contribute to the impaired outcome of depressive patients after MI and possibly explain the lack of anti-depressive treatment benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bruns
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Daub
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Hamze-Sinno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spaich
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Dewenter
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chrysovalandis Schwale
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Miriam Vogt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jobst-Hendrik Schultz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zimath PL, Dalmagro AP, Mota da Silva L, Malheiros A, Maria de Souza M. Myrsinoic acid B from Myrsine coriacea reverses depressive-like behavior and brain oxidative stress in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 347:109603. [PMID: 34352274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 322 million people worldwide and is a common comorbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). A possible pathophysiological mechanism correlating both diseases is the increased oxidative stress in brain regions due to hyperglycemia. Myrsine coriacea (Primulaceae) is popularly known as "capororoca" and studies have been shown that this plant exhibits several pharmacological properties attributed to myrsinoic acid A (MAA) and B (MAB). Indeed, previous results have been shown its effects on the central nervous system, leading us to explore possible psychotropic effects. MAIN METHODS The effects of treatment with hydroalcoholic extract of the barks from Myrsine coriacea (HEBMC, 150 mg/kg, o.g.), MAA (5 mg/kg, o.g.), and MAB (3 mg/kg, o.g.) were evaluated in streptozotocin (75 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced diabetic female rats. After 28 days of treatments, rats were submitted to the forced swim test (FST) and open field test (OFT). Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) levels were evaluated in the hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of these rats. KEY FINDINGS The treatment with MAA or MAB increased the latency of first immobility in diabetic rats, and the HEBMC administration decreased the immobility time, and increase the climbing in FST. However, only MAB treatment reduces the immobility time, increases the climbing, and swimming in FST, and increases the crossing of diabetic animals in the OFT. Besides, this behavioral improvement promoted by MAB administration was accompanied by reducing in oxidative stress in the HIP and PFC, but not reducing hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that MAB's antioxidant effect in the HIP of diabetic animals may be essential to its antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Laiz Zimath
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, CCS, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai 458, Centro, CEP: 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Dalmagro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, CCS, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai 458, Centro, CEP: 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mota da Silva
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, CCS, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai 458, Centro, CEP: 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Angela Malheiros
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, CCS, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai 458, Centro, CEP: 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria de Souza
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, CCS, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai 458, Centro, CEP: 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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Demin KA, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Strekalova T, Galstyan DS, Kolesnikova TO, De Abreu MS, Galyamina AG, Bashirzade A, Kalueff AV. CNS genomic profiling in the mouse chronic social stress model implicates a novel category of candidate genes integrating affective pathogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110086. [PMID: 32889031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite high prevalence, medical impact and societal burden, anxiety, depression and other affective disorders remain poorly understood and treated. Clinical complexity and polygenic nature complicate their analyses, often revealing genetic overlap and cross-disorder heritability. However, the interplay or overlaps between disordered phenotypes can also be based on shared molecular pathways and 'crosstalk' mechanisms, which themselves may be genetically determined. We have earlier predicted (Kalueff et al., 2014) a new class of 'interlinking' brain genes that do not affect the disordered phenotypes per se, but can instead specifically determine their interrelatedness. To test this hypothesis experimentally, here we applied a well-established rodent chronic social defeat stress model, known to progress in C57BL/6J mice from the Anxiety-like stage on Day 10 to Depression-like stage on Day 20. The present study analyzed mouse whole-genome expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the Day 10, the Transitional (Day 15) and Day 20 stages in this model. Our main question here was whether a putative the Transitional stage (Day 15) would reveal distinct characteristic genomic responses from Days 10 and 20 of the model, thus reflecting unique molecular events underlining the transformation or switch from anxiety to depression pathogenesis. Overall, while in the Day 10 (Anxiety) group both brain regions showed major genomic alterations in various neurotransmitter signaling pathways, the Day 15 (Transitional) group revealed uniquely downregulated astrocyte-related genes, and the Day 20 (Depression) group demonstrated multiple downregulated genes of cell adhesion, inflammation and ion transport pathways. Together, these results reveal a complex temporal dynamics of mouse affective phenotypes as they develop. Our genomic profiling findings provide first experimental support to the idea that novel brain genes (activated here only during the Transitional stage) may uniquely integrate anxiety and depression pathogenesis and, hence, determine the progression from one pathological state to another. This concept can potentially be extended to other brain conditions as well. This preclinical study also further implicates cilial and astrocytal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Smagin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana Strekalova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alim Bashirzade
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
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Becker M, Pinhasov A, Ornoy A. Animal Models of Depression: What Can They Teach Us about the Human Disease? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:123. [PMID: 33466814 PMCID: PMC7830961 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression are still poorly understood. Hence, as for most human diseases, animal models can help us understand the pathogenesis of depression and, more importantly, may facilitate the search for therapy. In this review we first describe the more common tests used for the evaluation of depressive-like symptoms in rodents. Then we describe different models of depression and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. These models can be divided into several categories: genetic models, models induced by mental acute and chronic stressful situations caused by environmental manipulations (i.e., learned helplessness in rats/mice), models induced by changes in brain neuro-transmitters or by specific brain injuries and models induced by pharmacological tools. In spite of the fact that none of the models completely resembles human depression, most animal models are relevant since they mimic many of the features observed in the human situation and may serve as a powerful tool for the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of depression, especially since only few patients respond to acute treatment. Relevance increases by the fact that human depression also has different facets and many possible etiologies and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Becker
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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7
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Song Z, Wang JH. miRNA and mRNA Profiles in Ventral Tegmental Area From Juvenile Mice With Companion Communication of Improving CUMS-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:634933. [PMID: 33868052 PMCID: PMC8044319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Under chronic stress, the appearance of depression-like behaviors may be related to the decline of the brain's reward circuit function which caused by long-term lack of reward. However, the effect of reward treatment on depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic stress and its molecular mechanism in the brain remain poorly understood. Here, accompanying with companion was used to imitate a reward to study the effect of reward on depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS), and high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the miRNA and mRNA profiles in ventral tegmental area (VTA) harvested from depression-like and resilient behaviors mice. We observed that CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors were ameliorated by accompanying with companion in mice, and 202 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be associated with depression-like behaviors, 27 DEGs associated with resilience, 159 DEGs associated with accompanying with companion. Importantly, we also obtained 228 differentially expressed miRNAs that associated with accompanying with companion. Furthermore, the miRNA-mRNA network associated with companion was established in ventral tegmental area, based on the miRNA and mRNA profiles. Altogether, our results uncover a new way to ameliorate depression-like behavior, as well as many potential drug targets to prevent or treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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microRNA and mRNA profiles in the amygdala are associated with stress-induced depression and resilience in juvenile mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2119-2142. [PMID: 30900007 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major depressive disorder characterized as recurrent negative mood is one of the prevalent psychiatric diseases. Chronic stress plus lack of reward may induce long-term imbalance between reward and penalty circuits in the brain, leading to persistent negative mood. Numerous individuals demonstrate resilience to chronic mild stress. Molecular mechanisms for major depression and resilience in the brain remain unclear. METHODS After juvenile mice were treated by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks, they were screened by sucrose preference, Y-maze and forced swimming tests to examine whether their behaviors were depression-like or not. mRNA and miRNA profiles were quantified by high-throughput sequencing in amygdala tissues harvested from control, CUMS-susceptible, and CUMS-resilience mice. RESULTS 1.5-fold ratio in reads per kilo-base per million reads was set to be the threshold to judge the involvement of mRNAs and miRNAs in the CUMS, major depression, or resilience. In the amygdala from CUMS-susceptible mice, the expression of genes relevant to GABAergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic synapses was changed, as well as the expression of genes that encoded signal pathways of PI3K-Akt, calcium, cAMP, MAPK, and drug addiction was imbalanced. The expression of these genes in the amygdala form CUMS-resilience mice was less changed. CONCLUSIONS The downregulation of genes relevant to synaptic functions and the imbalance of intra-signaling pathway in the amygdala are associated with major depression. Consistent results through sequencing mRNA and miRNA and using different methods validate our finding and conclusion.
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Ablation of glucocorticoid receptor in the hindbrain of the mouse provides a novel model to investigate stress disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3250. [PMID: 30824750 PMCID: PMC6397323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates responses to internal and external stressors. Many patients diagnosed with conditions such as depression or anxiety also have hyperactivity of the HPA axis. Hyper-stimulation of the HPA axis results in sustained elevated levels of glucocorticoids which impair neuronal function and can ultimately result in a psychiatric disorder. Studies investigating Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR/NR3C1) in the brain have primarily focused on the forebrain, however in recent years, the hindbrain has become a region of interest for research into the development of anxiety and depression, though the role of GR signalling in the hindbrain remains poorly characterised. To determine the role of glucocorticoid signalling in the hindbrain we have developed a novel mouse model that specifically ablates hindbrain GR to ascertain its role in behaviour, HPA-axis regulation and adrenal structure. Our study highlights that ablation of GR in the hindbrain results in excessive barbering, obsessive compulsive digging and lack of cage exploration. These mice also develop kyphosis, elevated circulating corticosterone and severe adrenal cortex disruption. Together, this data demonstrates a role for hindbrain GR signalling in regulating stress-related behaviour and identifies a novel mouse model to allow further investigation into the pathways impacting stress and anxiety.
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Golub Y, Schildbach EM, Touma C, Kratz O, Moll GH, von Hörsten S, Canneva F. Role of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation in the stress-resilient phenotype of DPP4-deficient rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:243-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Caraci F, Calabrese F, Molteni R, Bartova L, Dold M, Leggio GM, Fabbri C, Mendlewicz J, Racagni G, Kasper S, Riva MA, Drago F. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CIV: The Neurobiology of Treatment-resistant Depression: From Antidepressant Classifications to Novel Pharmacological Targets. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:475-504. [PMID: 29884653 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illnesses and a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Currently available antidepressants are effective for most patients, although around 30% are considered treatment resistant (TRD), a condition that is associated with a significant impairment of cognitive function and poor quality of life. In this respect, the identification of the molecular mechanisms contributing to TRD represents an essential step for the design of novel and more efficacious drugs able to modify the clinical course of this disorder and increase remission rates in clinical practice. New insights into the neurobiology of TRD have shed light on the role of a number of different mechanisms, including the glutamatergic system, immune/inflammatory systems, neurotrophin function, and epigenetics. Advances in drug discovery processes in TRD have also influenced the classification of antidepressant drugs and novel classifications are available, such as the neuroscience-based nomenclature that can incorporate such advances in drug development for TRD. This review aims to provide an up-to-date description of key mechanisms in TRD and describe current therapeutic strategies for TRD before examining novel approaches that may ultimately address important neurobiological mechanisms not targeted by currently available antidepressants. All in all, we suggest that drug targeting different neurobiological systems should be able to restore normal function but must also promote resilience to reduce the long-term vulnerability to recurrent depressive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caraci
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - F Calabrese
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - R Molteni
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - L Bartova
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - M Dold
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - G M Leggio
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - C Fabbri
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - J Mendlewicz
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - G Racagni
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - S Kasper
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - M A Riva
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - F Drago
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
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12
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de Abreu MS, Friend AJ, Demin KA, Amstislavskaya TG, Bao W, Kalueff AV. Zebrafish models: do we have valid paradigms for depression? J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 94:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Si Y, Song Z, Sun X, Wang J. microRNA and mRNA profiles in nucleus accumbens underlying depression versus resilience in response to chronic stress. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:563-579. [PMID: 30105773 PMCID: PMC6175222 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Major depression in negative mood is presumably induced by chronic stress with lack of reward. However, most individuals who experience chronic stress demonstrate resilience. Molecular mechanisms underlying stress- induced depression versus resilience remain unknown, which are investigated in brain reward circuits. Mice were treated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks. The tests of sucrose preference, Y-maze, and forced swimming were used to identify depression-like emotion behavior or resilience. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze mRNA and miRNA quantity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) harvested from the mice in the groups of control, CUMS-induced depression (CUMS-MDD), and CUMS-resistance to identify molecular profiles of CUMS-MDD versus CUMS-resilience. In data analyses and comparison among three groups, 1.5-fold ratio in reads per kilo-base per million reads (RPKM) was set to judge involvements of mRNA and miRNA in CUMS, MDD, or resilience. The downregulations of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses, MAPK/calcium signaling pathways, and morphine addiction as well as the upregulations of cAMP/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and amino acid metabolism are associated with CUMS-MDD. The downregulations of chemokine signaling pathway, synaptic vesicle cycle, and nicotine addiction as well as the upregulations of calcium signaling pathway and tyrosine metabolism are associated with CUMS-resilience. The impairments of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses and PI3K-Akt/MAPK signaling pathways in the NAc are associated with depression. The upregulation of these entities is associated with resilience. Consistent results from analyzing mRNA/miRNA and using different methods validate our finding and conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Si
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdao, Shandong266021China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdao, Shandong266021China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdao, Shandong266021China,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Jin‐Hui Wang
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdao, Shandong266021China,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
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14
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Sun X, Song Z, Si Y, Wang JH. microRNA and mRNA profiles in ventral tegmental area relevant to stress-induced depression and resilience. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 86:150-165. [PMID: 29864451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress with lack of reward presumably may impair brain reward circuit, leading to major depressive disorder (MDD). Most individuals experiencing chronic stress do not suffer from MDD, i.e., resilience, implying the presence of endogenous anti-depression in the brain. Molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced depression versus resilience were investigated. Mice were treated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for four weeks. Their mood state was assessed by behavioral tasks, such as sucrose preference, Y-maze and forced swimming testes. To reveal comprehensive molecular profiles of major depression versus resilience, mRNA and microRNA profiles were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) harvested from control, CUMS-susceptible and CUMS-resilience mice. In data analyses of control versus CUMS-susceptible mice as well as control versus CUMS-resilience mice, 1.5 fold ratio in reads per kilo-base per million reads was set as the threshold to judge the involvement of mRNAs and microRNAs in the CUMS, depression or resilience. The downregulation of synaptic vesicle cycle, neurotrophin, GABAergic synapse and morphine addiction as well as the upregulation of transmitter release, calcium signal and cAMP-dependent response element binding are associated to CUMS-susceptibility. The downregulation of tyrosine metabolism and protein process in endoplasmic reticulum as well as the upregulation of amino acid biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and dopaminergic synapse are associated to CUMS-resilience. Therefore, the impairment of neurons and GABA/dopaminergic synapses in the VTA is associated with major depression. The upregulation of these entities is associated with resilience. Consistent results obtained from analyzing mRNAs and microRNAs as well as using different approaches strengthen our finding and conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China.
| | - Yawei Si
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing 100101, China.
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15
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Yi LT, Mu RH, Dong SQ, Wang SS, Li CF, Geng D, Liu Q. miR-124 antagonizes the antidepressant-like effects of standardized gypenosides in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:458-468. [PMID: 29484897 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118758304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that gypenosides produced antidepressant-like effects in mice exposed to chronic mild stress in a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent manner. However, whether other mechanisms are involved in the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides is not clear. miR-124 is one of the most abundant microRNAs in the hippocampus, and its dysregulation is related to the pathophysiology of depression. The glucocorticoid receptor is dysfunctional in depression, and it is a direct target of miR-124. Therefore, the present study used corticosterone-induced mice as a model to evaluate the role of miR-124 on the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides. miR-124 agomir was intracerebrally injected prior to administration of gypenosides and corticosterone injection. Sucrose preference and forced swimming tests were performed 21 days later. Proteins related to glucocorticoid receptors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tyrosine receptor kinase B signaling in the hippocampus were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that gypenosides reversed the chronic corticosterone injection-induced decreased sucrose preference and increased immobility time. In contrast, this effect was antagonized by miR-124 injection. In addition, gypenosides increased glucocorticoid receptor and tyrosine receptor kinase B expression in the hippocampus, which activated brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. miR-124 also blocked these effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a reduction in miR-124 was required for the antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides induced by chronic corticosterone injection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tao Yi
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Hao Mu
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qi Dong
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- 4 Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Geng
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- 1 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ma L, Demin KA, Kolesnikova TO, Kharsko SL, Zhu X, Yuan X, Song C, Meshalkina DA, Leonard BE, Tian L, Kalueff AV. Animal inflammation-based models of depression and their application to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:995-1009. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1362385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Xiaokang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Darya A. Meshalkina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Brian E. Leonard
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Technologies, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
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17
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Vogt MA, Pfeiffer N, Le Guisquet AM, Brandwein C, Brizard B, Gass P, Belzung C, Chourbaji S. May the use of different background strains 'strain' the stress-related phenotype of GR +/- mice? Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:71-79. [PMID: 28782590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetically altered mice are available on different background strains. While respective backcrosses are often performed for pragmatic reasons, e.g. references, comparability, or existing protocols, the interaction between the mutations per se and the background strain often remains a neglected factor. The heterozygous mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR) represents a well-examined model for depressive-like behavior in mice. To address the question in how far a robust depressive-like phenotype on a distinct background strain may allow a generalized conclusion, we analyzed respective phenotypes in two commonly used inbred strains: i.) C57BL/6N and ii.) BALB/c. Beside the use of different genetic models, we also extended our approach by applying two alternative paradigms to induce a depressive-like phenotype. Our study therefore comprised the model of 'unpredictable chronic mild stress' (UCMS) for four weeks and 'learned helplessness' (LH), which were used to study the role of GR, a key player in the development of depression. In the course of the experiment two cohorts of male GR+/- mice on either C57BL/6N or BALB/c background strain underwent a behavioral test battery to assess basal and depressive-like features. While both stress paradigms were functional in inducing depressive-like changes, the results were strictly strain-dependent. The genetic consequences became even more obvious under non-stress conditions with significant effects detected in BALB/c mice, which indicates a different basal stress predisposition due to differences in the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Vogt
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Marie Le Guisquet
- Brain & Imaging (INSERM - UMR 930), Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bruno Brizard
- Brain & Imaging (INSERM - UMR 930), Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catherine Belzung
- Brain & Imaging (INSERM - UMR 930), Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sabine Chourbaji
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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McArthur RA. Aligning physiology with psychology: Translational neuroscience in neuropsychiatric drug discovery. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:4-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Syed SA, Nemeroff CB. Early Life Stress, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2017; 1:2470547017694461. [PMID: 28649671 PMCID: PMC5482282 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017694461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress has been shown to exert profound short- and long-term effects on human physiology both in the central nervous system and peripherally. Early life stress has demonstrated clear association with many psychiatric disorders including major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistics Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic categorical system has served as a necessary framework for clinical service, delivery, and research, however has not been completely matching the neurobiological research perspective. Early life stress presents a complex dynamic featuring a wide spectrum of physiologic alterations: from epigenetic alterations, inflammatory changes, to dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis and has further added to the challenge of identifying biomarkers associated with psychiatric disorders. The National Institute of Mental Health's proposed Research Domain Criteria initiative incorporates a dimensional approach to assess discrete domains and constructs of behavioral function that are subserved by identifiable neural circuits. The current neurobiology of early life stress is reviewed in accordance with dimensional organization of Research Domain Criteria matrix and how the findings as a whole fit within the Research Domain Criteria frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariful A. Syed
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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20
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de Haan P, Klein HC, 't Hart BA. Autoimmune Aspects of Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases: A Template for Innovative Therapy. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28421005 PMCID: PMC5378775 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases (NPDs) are today's most important group of diseases, surpassing both atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancer in morbidity incidence. Although NPDs have a dramatic impact on our society because of their high incidence, mortality, and severe debilitating character, remarkably few effective interventions have become available. The current treatments, if available, comprise the lifelong intake of general immunosuppressants to delay disease progression or neurotransmitter antagonists/agonists to dampen undesired behaviors. The long-term usage of such medication, however, coincides with often severe adverse side effects. There is, therefore, an urgent need for safe and effective treatments for these diseases. Here, we discuss that many NPDs coincide with subtle chronic or flaring brain inflammation sometimes escalating with infiltrations of lymphocytes in the inflamed brain parts causing mild to severe or even lethal brain damage. Thus, NPDs show all features of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we postulate that NPDs resemble autoimmune-driven inflammatory diseases in many aspects and may belong to the same disease spectrum. Just like in autoimmune diseases, NPD symptoms basically are manifestations of a chronic self-sustaining inflammatory process with detrimental consequences for the patient. Specific inhibition of the destructive immune responses in the brain, leaving the patient's immune system intact, would be the ultimate solution to cure patients from the disease. To reach this goal, the primary targets, e.g., the primary self-antigens (pSAgs) of the patient's chronic (auto)immune response, need to be identified. For a few major NPDs, immunological studies led to the identification of the pSAgs involved in the autoimmune damage of specific brain parts. However, further research is needed to complete the list of pSAgs for all NPDs. Such immunological studies will not only provide crucial insights into NPD pathogenesis but also ultimately enable the development of a new generation of safe and effective immunotherapies for NPDs. Interventions that will dramatically improve the life expectancy and quality of life of individual patients and, moreover, will significantly reduce the health-care costs of the society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans C Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Imaging Centre, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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21
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Schmidt M, Lapert F, Brandwein C, Deuschle M, Kasperk C, Grimsley JM, Gass P. Prenatal stress changes courtship vocalizations and bone mineral density in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 75:203-212. [PMID: 27838514 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress during the prenatal period has various effects on social and sexual behavior in both human and animal offspring. The present study examines the effects of chronic restraint stress in the second vs third trimester in pregnancy and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) heterozygous mutation on C57BL/6N male offspring's vocal courtship behavior in adulthood by applying a novel analyzing method. Finally, corticosterone and testosterone levels as well as bone mineral density were measured. Prenatal stress in the third, but not in the second trimester caused a significant qualitative change in males' courtship vocalizations, independent of their GR genotype. Bone mineral density was decreased also by prenatal stress exclusively in the third trimester in GR mutant and wildtype mice and - in contrast to corticosterone and testosterone - highly correlated with courtship vocalizations. In Gr+/- males corticosterone serum levels were significantly increased in animals that had experienced prenatal stress in the third trimester. Testosterone serum levels were overall increased in Gr+/- males in comparison to wildtypes as a tendency - whereas prenatal stress had no influence. Prenatal stress alters adult males' courtship vocalizations exclusively when applied in the third trimester, with closely related changes in bone mineral density. Bone mineral density seems to reflect best the complex neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the production of courtship vocalizations. Besides, we demonstrated for the first time elevated basal corticosterone levels in Gr+/- males after prenatal stress which suggests that the Gr+/- mouse model of depression might also serve as a model of prenatal stress in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schmidt
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (ZI), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Florian Lapert
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (ZI), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (ZI), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Deuschle
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (ZI), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Kasperk
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmine M Grimsley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (ZI), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
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22
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Ma K, Guo L, Xu A, Cui S, Wang JH. Molecular Mechanism for Stress-Induced Depression Assessed by Sequencing miRNA and mRNA in Medial Prefrontal Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159093. [PMID: 27427907 PMCID: PMC4948880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depression is a prevalent mood disorder. Chronic stress is presumably main etiology that leads to the neuron and synapse atrophies in the limbic system. However, the intermediate molecules from stresses to neuronal atrophy remain elusive, which we have studied in the medial prefrontal cortices from depression mice. Methods and Results The mice were treated by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) until they expressed depression-like behaviors confirmed by the tests of sucrose preference, forced swimming and Y-maze. High-throughput sequencings of microRNA and mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortices were performed in CUMS-induced depression mice versus control mice to demonstrate the molecular profiles of major depression. In the medial prefrontal cortices of depression-like mice, the levels of mRNAs that translated the proteins for the GABAergic synapses, dopaminergic synapses, myelination, synaptic vesicle cycle and neuronal growth were downregulated. miRNAs of regulating these mRNAs are upregulated. Conclusion The deteriorations of GABAergic and dopaminergic synapses as well as axonal growth are associated with CUMS-induced depression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics
- Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/analysis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Xu
- College of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shan Cui
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Cattaneo A, Riva MA. Stress-induced mechanisms in mental illness: A role for glucocorticoid signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:169-74. [PMID: 26241031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress represents the main environmental risk factor for mental illness. Exposure to stressful events, particularly early in life, has been associated with increased incidence and susceptibility of major depressive disorders as well as of other psychiatric illnesses. Among the key players in these events are glucocorticoid receptors. Dysfunctional glucocorticoid signalling may indeed contribute to psychopathology through a number of mechanisms that regulate the response to acute or chronic stress and that affect the function of genes and systems known to be relevant for mood disorders. Indeed, exposure to chronic stress early in life as well as in adulthood has been shown to reduce the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), also through epigenetic mechanisms, and to up-regulate the expression of the co-chaperone gene FKBP5, which restrains GR activity by limiting the translocation of the receptor complex to the nucleus. Another mechanism that contributes to changes in GR responsiveness is the state of receptor phosphorylation that controls activation, subcellular localization as well as its transcriptional activity. Moreover, GR phosphorylation may represent an important mechanism for the cross talk between neurotrophic signalling and GR-dependent transcription, bridging two important players for mood disorders. One gene that lies downstream from GR and may contribute to stress-related changes is serum glucocorticoid kinase-1 (SGK1). We have demonstrated that the expression of SGK1 is significantly increased after exposure to chronic stress in rodents as well as in the blood of drug-free depressed patients. We have also shown that SGK1 up-regulation may ultimately reduce hippocampal neurogenesis and contribute to the structural abnormalities that have been reported to occur in depressed patients. In summary, GR signalling may represent a point of convergence as well as of divergence for defects associated with pathologic conditions characterized by heightened vulnerability to stress. The characterization of these abnormalities is crucial to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention that may counteract more effectively stress-induced neurobiological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cattaneo
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, Brescia, Italy
| | - M A Riva
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Kronenberg G, Mosienko V, Gertz K, Alenina N, Hellweg R, Klempin F. Increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein concentrations in mice lacking brain serotonin. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:281-4. [PMID: 26100147 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between BDNF signaling and the serotonergic system remains incompletely understood. Using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we studied BDNF concentrations in hippocampus and cortex of two mouse models of altered serotonin signaling: tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph)2-deficient (Tph2 (-/-)) mice lacking brain serotonin and serotonin transporter (SERT)-deficient (SERT(-/-)) mice lacking serotonin re-uptake. Surprisingly, hippocampal BDNF was significantly elevated in Tph2 (-/-) mice, whereas no significant changes were observed in SERT(-/-) mice. Furthermore, BDNF levels were increased in the prefrontal cortex of Tph2 (-/-) but not of SERT(-/-) mice. Our results emphasize the interaction between serotonin signaling and BDNF. Complete lack of brain serotonin induces BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golo Kronenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Research Team 'Cardiovascular Hormones and Peptides', Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen Gertz
- Department of Neurology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Research Team 'Cardiovascular Hormones and Peptides', Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Klempin
- Research Team 'Cardiovascular Hormones and Peptides', Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Minocycline does not evoke anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 301:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Schmidt M, Brandwein C, Luoni A, Sandrini P, Calzoni T, Deuschle M, Cirulli F, Riva M, Gass P. Morc1 knockout evokes a depression-like phenotype in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 296:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Ketcha Wanda GJM, Ngitedem SG, Njamen D. Botanicals for mood disorders with a focus on epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:319-28. [PMID: 26409901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders are among the major health problems that exist worldwide. They are highly prevalent in the general population and cause significant disturbance of life quality and social functioning of the affected persons. The two major classes of mood disorders are bipolar disorders and depression. The latter is assumed to be the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy. Studies published during the second half of the 20th century recognized that certain patients with epilepsy present a depressed mood. Synthesized pharmaceuticals have been in use for decades to treat both mood disorders and epilepsy, but despite their efficiency, their use is limited by numerous side effects. On the other hand, animal models have been developed to deeply study potential botanicals which have an effect on mood disorders. Studies to investigate the potential effects of medicinal plants acting on the nervous system and used to treat seizures and anxiety are increasingly growing. However, these studies discuss the two conditions separately without association. In this review, we present animal models of depression and investigative models (methods of assessing depression) of depression and anxiety in animals. Other classical test models for prediction of clinical antidepressant activity are presented. Finally, this review also highlights antidepressant activities of herbals focusing specially on depression-like behaviors associated with epilepsy. The pharmacological properties and active principles of cited medicinal plants are emphasized. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the work done on botanicals for mood disorders, potential mechanisms of action of botanicals, and the major compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Guemnang Ngitedem
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
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28
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Role of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside in the antidepressant effect of ketamine in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1848-52. [PMID: 26138155 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine may represent an efficient alternative antidepressant with rapid therapeutic onset; however, the clinical use of ketamine is hampered by psychosis-like side-effects. Recent studies suggest that the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) prevents psychosis-like abnormalities triggered by ketamine or another NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP) in rats. SNP was shown to elicit antipsychotic effects also in humans. Considering the tight interrelation between NMDAR activation and neuronal NO synthesis, we evaluated the effect of pre-treatment with SNP on the antidepressant action of ketamine. We found that SNP (0.5-1mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter the antidepressant effect of ketamine (30 mg/kg) in the Porsolt Forced Swim Test (FST) in mice. Additionally, SNP by itself produced no effect in the FST or in the openfield. This suggests indirectly a differential involvement of the nitrinergic system in the antidepressant vs. psychotomimetic effect of ketamine, although an influence of species-specific differences cannot be excluded in this interpretation.
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29
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Lerch S, Dormann C, Brandwein C, Gass P, Chourbaji S. The scent of stress: environmental challenge in the peripartum environment of mice affects emotional behaviours of the adult offspring in a sex-specific manner. Lab Anim 2015; 50:167-78. [PMID: 26408077 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215603260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse experiences are known to influence the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later. To shed further light on the development of laboratory mice, we systematically examined the influence of a prenatal or postnatal olfactory stressor, namely unfamiliar male mouse faeces, presented to pregnant or nursing mouse dams. Maternal and offspring behaviours were then examined. Maternal behaviours relative to controls revealed changes in nest building by the pregnant dams exposed to the unfamiliar faeces. There were no differences among groups on pup retrieval or exploration by the dams. Behavioural phenotyping of male and female offspring as adults included measures of exploration, anxiety, social and depressive-like behaviours. Additionally, serum corticosterone was assessed as a marker of physiological stress response. Group differences were dependent on the sex of the adult offspring. Males raised by dams that were stressed during pregnancy presented elevated emotionality as indicated by increased numbers of faecal boluses in the open field paradigm. Consistent with the effects of prenatal stress on the males only the prenatally stressed females had higher body weights than their respective controls. Indeed, males in both experimental groups had higher circulating corticosterone levels. By contrast, female offspring of dams exposed to the olfactory stressor after parturition were more anxious in the O-maze as indicated by increased latencies in entering the exposed areas of the maze. These findings emphasize the necessity for researchers to consider the pre- and postnatal environments, even of mice with almost identical genetic backgrounds, in designing experiments and interpreting their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lerch
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI) Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Dormann
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI) Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Brandwein
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI) Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Gass
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI) Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Chourbaji
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI) Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Handa J, Sekiguchi M, Krupkova O, Konno SI. The effect of serotonin–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor duloxetine on the intervertebral disk-related radiculopathy in rats. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:877-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Lerch S, Brandwein C, Dormann C, Gass P, Chourbaji S. Mice age - Does the age of the mother predict offspring behaviour? Physiol Behav 2015; 147:157-62. [PMID: 25914174 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing paternal age is known to be associated with a great variety of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or autism. Hence the factor "age" may be taken as strategic tool to analyse specific scientific hypotheses. Additionally, this finding also needs to be addressed in rather pragmatically performed breeding protocols of model organisms, since otherwise artefacts may challenge the validity of the results. Our study was performed to investigate influences of advanced age of mouse dams (30 vs. 16weeks) on maternal- and offspring behaviour. Adult offspring of both sexes was analysed in a test battery comprising paradigms for exploration, anxiety and depressive-like behaviours. Final blood sampling was conducted for stressphysiological analysis. Interestingly, advanced age of the mothers was associated with increased nest-building quality while maternal activity was unaffected. Moreover "maternal (mice) age" (MA) affected emotionality in the offspring, which became apparent in the dark-light box and the social recognition paradigm. These findings not only emphasize MA to model a potent risk factor with regard to emotional stability, but also underscore the vast necessity to include information about breeding protocols into the methods section of any animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lerch
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Dormann
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Chourbaji
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Vogt MA, Inta D, Luoni A, Elkin H, Pfeiffer N, Riva MA, Gass P. Inducible forebrain-specific ablation of the transcription factor Creb during adulthood induces anxiety but no spatial/contextual learning deficits. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:407. [PMID: 25505876 PMCID: PMC4245921 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) is an activity-dependent transcription factor playing a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and emotional behavior. However, the impact of Creb ablation on rodent behavior is vague as e.g., memory performance of different Creb mutant mice depends on the specific type of mutation per se but additionally on the background and learning protocol differences. Here we present the first targeted ablation of CREB induced during adulthood selectively in principal forebrain neurons in a pure background strain of C57BL/6 mice. All hippocampal principal neurons exhibited lack of CREB expression. Mutant mice showed a severe anxiety phenotype in the openfield and novel object exploration test as well as in the Dark-Light Box Test, but unaltered hippocampus-dependent long-term memory in the Morris water maze and in context dependent fear conditioning. On the molecular level, CREB ablation led to CREM up regulation in the hippocampus and frontal cortex which may at least in part compensate for the loss of CREB. BDNF, a postulated CREB target gene, was down regulated in the frontal lobe but not in the hippocampus; neurogenesis remained unaltered. Our data indicate that in the adult mouse forebrain the late onset of CREB ablation can, in case of memory functionality, be compensated for and is not essential for memory consolidation and retrieval during adulthood. In contrast, the presence of CREB protein during adulthood seems to be pivotal for the regulation of emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alessia Luoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hasan Elkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
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Solich J, Kolasa M, Kusmider M, Faron-Gorecka A, Pabian P, Zurawek D, Szafran-Pilch K, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Norepinephrine transporter knock-out alters expression of the genes connected with antidepressant drugs action. Brain Res 2014; 1594:284-92. [PMID: 25451113 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine transporter knock-out mice (NET-KO) exhibit depression-resistant phenotypes. They manifest significantly shorter immobility times in both the forced swim test and the tail suspension test. Moreover, biochemical studies have revealed the up-regulation of other monoamine transporters (dopamine and serotonin) in the brains of NET-KO mice, similar to the phenomenon observed after the chronic pharmacological blockade of norepinephrine transporter by desipramine in wild-type (WT) animals. NET-KO mice are also resistant to stress, as we demonstrated previously by measuring plasma corticosterone concentration. In the present study, we used a microdissection technique to separate target brain regions and the TaqMan Low Density Array approach to test the expression of a group of genes in the NET-KO mice compared with WT animals. A group of genes with altered expression were identified in four brain structures (frontal and cingulate cortices, dentate gyrus of hippocampus and basal-lateral amygdala) of NET-KO mice compared with WT mice. These genes are known to be altered by antidepressant drugs administration. The most interesting gene is Crh-bp, which modulates the activity of corticotrophin--releasing hormone (CRH) and several CRH-family members. Generally, genetic disturbances within noradrenergic neurons result in biological changes, such as in signal transduction and intercellular communication, and may be linked to changes in noradrenaline levels in the brains of NET-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Kusmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Gorecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Zurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Szafran-Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Impact of adolescent GluA1 AMPA receptor ablation in forebrain excitatory neurons on behavioural correlates of mood disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:625-9. [PMID: 24895223 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysfunctions have recently been postulated to play a considerable role in mood disorders. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have been poorly deciphered. Previous work demonstrated the contribution of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (AMPAR) to a depression-like and anxiety-like phenotype. Here we investigated the effect of temporally and spatially restricted gene manipulation of GluA1 on behavioural correlates of mood disorders in mice. Here we show that tamoxifen-induced GluA1 deletion restricted to forebrain glutamatergic neurons of post-adolescent mice does not induce depression- and anxiety-like changes. This differs from the phenotype of mice with global AMPAR deletion suggesting that for mood regulation AMPAR may be particularly important on inhibitory interneurons or already early in development.
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Abelaira HM, Réus GZ, Quevedo J. Animal models as tools to study the pathophysiology of depression. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 35 Suppl 2:S112-20. [PMID: 24271223 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of depressive illness is high worldwide, and the inadequacy of currently available drug treatments contributes to the significant health burden associated with depression. A basic understanding of the underlying disease processes in depression is lacking; therefore, recreating the disease in animal models is not possible. Popular current models of depression creatively merge ethologically valid behavioral assays with the latest technological advances in molecular biology. Within this context, this study aims to evaluate animal models of depression and determine which has the best face, construct, and predictive validity. These models differ in the degree to which they produce features that resemble a depressive-like state, and models that include stress exposure are widely used. Paradigms that employ acute or sub-chronic stress exposure include learned helplessness, the forced swimming test, the tail suspension test, maternal deprivation, chronic mild stress, and sleep deprivation, to name but a few, all of which employ relatively short-term exposure to inescapable or uncontrollable stress and can reliably detect antidepressant drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Abelaira
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, CriciúmaSC, Brazil
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Vrijsen JN, van Oostrom I, Arias-Vásquez A, Franke B, Becker ES, Speckens A. Association between genes, stressful childhood events and processing bias in depression vulnerable individuals. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - I. van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A. Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B. Franke
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - E. S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A. Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Selvakumar GP, Janakiraman U, Essa MM, Justin Thenmozhi A, Manivasagam T. Escin attenuates behavioral impairments, oxidative stress and inflammation in a chronic MPTP/probenecid mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2014; 1585:23-36. [PMID: 24657313 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results mainly due to the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), and subsequently has an effect on one's motor function and coordination. The current investigation explored the neuroprotective potential of escin, a natural triterpene-saponin on chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/p) induced mouse model of PD. Administration of MPTP led to the depleted striatal dopamine content, impaired patterns of behavior, enhanced oxidative stress and diminished expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2). The expressions of interleukin-6 and -10, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (IBA-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in SN were also enhanced. Oral treatment of escin significantly attenuated MPTP/p induced dopaminergic markers depletion, physiological abnormalities, oxidative stress and inhibit neuroinflammatory cytokine expressions in SN. The result of our study confirmed that escin mediated its protection against experimental PD through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udaiyappan Janakiraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
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Macchi F, Homberg JR, Calabrese F, Zecchillo C, Racagni G, Riva MA, Molteni R. Altered inflammatory responsiveness in serotonin transporter mutant rats. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:116. [PMID: 24050835 PMCID: PMC3848577 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that alterations of the inflammatory/immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of depression. Indeed, depressed patients exhibit increased levels of inflammatory markers in both the periphery and the brain, and high comorbidity exists between major depression and diseases associated with inflammatory alterations. In order to characterize the link between depression and inflammation, we aimed to investigate whether an altered inflammatory system is present in a genetic model of vulnerability for depression, namely rats with partial or total deletion of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene. Methods Wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous SERT rats were analyzed under basal condition or following a challenge with an acute injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and killed 24 h or 5 days later. Results We found that SERT mutant rats show altered cytokine expression in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus at basal conditions, and they also display an exacerbated cytokine response to the LPS challenge. Moreover, mutant rats exhibit differences in the expression of markers for microglia activation. Conclusion Based on these data, we suggest that basal or functional alterations of immune/inflammatory systems might contribute to the phenotype of SERT rats and to their heightened susceptibility to depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Gass P, Wotjak C. Rodent models of psychiatric disorders—practical considerations. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Leading compounds for the validation of animal models of psychopathology. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:309-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Cpe(fat/fat) mice have a point mutation in carboxypeptidase E (Cpe), an exopeptidase that removes C-terminal basic amino acids from intermediates to produce bioactive peptides. The mutation renders the enzyme inactive and unstable. The absence of Cpe activity in these mutants leads to abnormal processing of many peptides, with elevated levels of intermediates and greatly reduced levels of the mature peptides. Cpe(fat/fat) mice develop obesity, diabetes and infertility in adulthood. We examined whether anxiety- and/or depressive-like behaviours are also present. Anxiety-like responses are not evident in young Cpe(fat/fat) mice (∼60 d), but appear in older animals (>90 d). These behaviours are reversed by acute treatment with diazepam or fluoxetine. In contrast, increased immobilities in forced swim and tail suspension are evident in all age groups examined. These behaviours are reversed by acute administration of reboxetine. In comparison acute treatments with fluoxetine or bupropion are ineffective; however, immobility times are normalized with 2 wk treatment. These data demonstrate that Cpe(fat/fat) mice display depressive-like responses aged ∼60 d, whereas anxiety-like behaviours emerge ∼1 month later. In tail suspension, the reboxetine findings show that noradrenergic actions of antidepressants are intact in Cpe(fat/fat) mice. The ability of acute fluoxetine treatment to rescue anxiety-like while leaving depressive-like responses unaffected suggests that serotonin mechanisms underlying these behaviours are different. Since depressive-like responses in the Cpe(fat/fat) mice are rescued by 2 wk, but not acute, treatment with fluoxetine or bupropion, these mice may serve as a useful model that resembles human depression.
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Du X, Pang TYC, Hannan AJ. A Tale of Two Maladies? Pathogenesis of Depression with and without the Huntington's Disease Gene Mutation. Front Neurol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23847583 PMCID: PMC3705171 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a tandem repeat expansion encoding an expanded tract of glutamines in the huntingtin protein. HD is progressive and manifests as psychiatric symptoms (including depression), cognitive deficits (culminating in dementia), and motor abnormalities (including chorea). Having reached the twentieth anniversary of the discovery of the “genetic stutter” which causes HD, we still lack sophisticated insight into why so many HD patients exhibit affective disorders such as depression at very early stages, prior to overt appearance of motor deficits. In this review, we will focus on depression as the major psychiatric manifestation of HD, discuss potential mechanisms of pathogenesis identified from animal models, and compare depression in HD patients with that of the wider gene-negative population. The discovery of depressive-like behaviors as well as cellular and molecular correlates of depression in transgenic HD mice has added strong support to the hypothesis that the HD mutation adds significantly to the genetic load for depression. A key question is whether HD-associated depression differs from that in the general population. Whilst preclinical studies, clinical data, and treatment responses suggest striking similarities, there are also some apparent differences. We discuss various molecular and cellular mechanisms which may contribute to depression in HD, and whether they may generalize to other depressive disorders. The autosomal dominant nature of HD and the existence of models with excellent construct validity provide a unique opportunity to understand the pathogenesis of depression and associated gene-environment interactions. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of depression in HD may not only facilitate tailored therapeutic approaches for HD sufferers, but may also translate to the clinical depression which devastates the lives of so many people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
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Learned helplessness: unique features and translational value of a cognitive depression model. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:171-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Inta D, Vogt MA, Pfeiffer N, Köhr G, Gass P. Dichotomy in the anxiolytic versus antidepressant effect of C-terminal truncation of the GluN2A subunit of NMDA receptors. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:227-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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O'Leary OF, Cryan JF. Towards translational rodent models of depression. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:141-53. [PMID: 23525777 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of depression have been developed in an effort to identify novel antidepressant compounds and to further our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression. Various rodent models of depression and antidepressant-like behaviour are currently used but, clearly, none of these current models fully recapitulate all features of depression. Moreover, these models have not resulted in the development of novel non-monoaminergic-based antidepressants with clinical efficacy. Thus, a refinement of the current models of depression is required. The present review outlines the most commonly used models of depression and antidepressant drug-like activity and suggests several factors that should be considered when refining these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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Hypothermia-dependent and -independent effects of forced swim on the phosphorylation states of signaling molecules in mouse hippocampus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gąska M, Kuśmider M, Solich J, Faron-Górecka A, Krawczyk MJ, Kułakowski K, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Analysis of region-specific changes in gene expression upon treatment with citalopram and desipramine reveals temporal dynamics in response to antidepressant drugs at the transcriptome level. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:281-97. [PMID: 22547330 PMCID: PMC3438400 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The notion that the onset of action of antidepressant drugs (ADs) takes weeks is widely accepted; however, the sequence of events necessary for therapeutic effects still remains obscure. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate a time-course of ADs-induced alterations in the expression of 95 selected genes in 4 regions of the rat brain: the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and the amygdala. METHODS We employed RT-PCR array to evaluate changes during a time-course (1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days) of treatments with desipramine (DMI) and citalopram (CIT). In addition to repeated treatment, we also conducted acute treatment (a single dose of drug followed by the same time intervals as the repeated doses). RESULTS Time-dependent and structure-specific changes in gene expression patterns allowed us to identify spatiotemporal differences in the molecular action of two ADs. Singular value decomposition analysis revealed differences in the global gene expression profiles between treatment types. The numbers of characteristic modes were generally smaller after CIT treatment than after DMI treatment. Analysis of the dynamics of gene expression revealed that the most significant changes concerned immediate early genes, whose expression was also visualized by in situ hybridization. Transcription factor binding site analysis revealed an over-representation of serum response factor binding sites in the promoters of genes that changed upon treatment with both ADs. CONCLUSIONS The observed gene expression patterns were highly dynamic, with oscillations and peaks at various time points of treatment. Our study also revealed novel potential targets of antidepressant action, i.e., Dbp and Id1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gąska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Effects of diphenyl diselenide on depressive-like behavior in ovariectomized mice submitted to subchronic stress: involvement of the serotonergic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:709-19. [PMID: 22451092 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The transition to menopause is associated with an increased risk of depressed mood. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate whether diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)₂] treatment could reduce the effects of postmenopausal depression-like behavior in ovariectomized female mice submitted to subchronic stress exposure. METHODS Mice were divided into four groups: sham, (PhSe)₂, ovariectomy (OVX), and OVX + (PhSe)₂. Animals were ovariectomized/sham-operated and subjected to stress session once a day for 7 days from the fifth to the 11th day after OVX. The behavioral tests (open field, tail suspension (TST), and forced swimming (FST)) were performed on the 14th day after OVX. Mice were treated orally once a day with vehicle (canola oil, 10 ml/kg) or (PhSe)₂ (10 mg/kg; 10 ml/kg) 30 min before being exposed to subchronic stress, or from the 11th to the 14th day. Paroxetine (8 mg/kg i.p.) and pargyline (30 mg/kg i.p.) were used as positive controls. The involvement of serotonergic receptor subtypes in the antidepressant-like effect of (PhSe)₂ was assessed in the FST using WAY 100635 (0.1 mg/kg s.c.), ritanserin (1 mg/kg i.p.), and ondansetron (1 mg/kg i.p.) as serotonergic antagonists. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activities were also determined. RESULTS The prolongation of immobility time in TST and FST in OVX mice submitted to subchronic stress was prevented by (PhSe)₂ treatment. Ritanserin and ondansetron blocked the antidepressive-like effect of (PhSe)₂, suggesting the involvement of 5-HT(2A/2C) and 5-HT₃ receptor subtypes. Both paroxetine and pargyline were effective in reducing the immobility time of stressed OVX mice in the FST. No alterations in locomotor activity were observed. Although (PhSe)₂ had inhibited in vitro MAO-A and MAO-B activities, none of the groups presented alterations neither in ex vivo MAO-A nor in MAO-B activity. CONCLUSIONS (PhSe)₂ treatment could influence mood and behavior, indicating a promising role of this organoselenium compound in the management of postmenopausal depressive symptoms.
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Andrus BM, Blizinsky K, Vedell PT, Dennis K, Shukla PK, Schaffer DJ, Radulovic J, Churchill GA, Redei EE. Gene expression patterns in the hippocampus and amygdala of endogenous depression and chronic stress models. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:49-61. [PMID: 21079605 PMCID: PMC3117129 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of depression is still poorly understood, but two major causative hypotheses have been put forth: the monoamine deficiency and the stress hypotheses of depression. We evaluate these hypotheses using animal models of endogenous depression and chronic stress. The endogenously depressed rat and its control strain were developed by bidirectional selective breeding from the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, an accepted model of major depressive disorder (MDD). The WKY More Immobile (WMI) substrain shows high immobility/despair-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST), while the control substrain, WKY Less Immobile (WLI), shows no depressive behavior in the FST. Chronic stress responses were investigated by using Brown Norway, Fischer 344, Lewis and WKY, genetically and behaviorally distinct strains of rats. Animals were either not stressed (NS) or exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Genome-wide microarray analyses identified differentially expressed genes in hippocampi and amygdalae of the endogenous depression and the chronic stress models. No significant difference was observed in the expression of monoaminergic transmission-related genes in either model. Furthermore, very few genes showed overlapping changes in the WMI vs WLI and CRS vs NS comparisons, strongly suggesting divergence between endogenous depressive behavior- and chronic stress-related molecular mechanisms. Taken together, these results posit that although chronic stress may induce depressive behavior, its molecular underpinnings differ from those of endogenous depression in animals and possibly in humans, suggesting the need for different treatments. The identification of novel endogenous depression-related and chronic stress response genes suggests that unexplored molecular mechanisms could be targeted for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Andrus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Blizinsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P T Vedell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - K Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P K Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D J Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - E E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Quinn CR, Dobson-Stone C, Outhred T, Harris A, Kemp AH. The contribution of BDNF and 5-HTT polymorphisms and early life stress to the heterogeneity of major depressive disorder: a preliminary study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012; 46:55-63. [PMID: 22247094 DOI: 10.1177/0004867411430878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two reported genetic polymorphisms related to the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) and reuptake by the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) appear to contribute to depression in combination with stressful life events. The aim of the current study was to investigate the contribution of early life stress (ELS), BDNF (Val versus Met alleles) and 5-HTT polymorphisms (L versus S alleles) to melancholic (n = 65) and non-melancholic depression (n = 59). METHODS A mediation approach ((G × G) × E mediation model) was employed to confirm the indirect effects of ELS on the relationship between 5-HTTPLR × BDNF polymorphism combinations and depression subtype. A series of binary logistic regressions were then conducted to determine whether genotype, ELS, and their interaction were able to predict depression subtype. RESULTS Key findings indicated that BDNF and 5-HTT polymorphisms in combination with ELS contributed to the development of non-melancholic depression. An interaction between BDNF and ELS increased the risk of non-melancholia by 3.327, whereas the interaction between 5-HTT and ELS increased risk by 2.406. CONCLUSION The results support a role for genetic factors in the development of non-melancholia. The lack of findings in melancholia indicates that other mechanisms may underlie the subtype. Alternatively, null findings may reflect a Type II error associated with a small sample size. Future studies should consider further examination of differential gene-environment interactions for melancholia versus non-melancholia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice R Quinn
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
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