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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Sun J, Cai R, Huang R, Wang P, Tian S, Sun H, Xia W, Wang S. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Intimately Involved in Dyslipidemia-Related Susceptibility to Cognitive Deficits in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:175-84. [PMID: 27497473 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is involved in diabetic dyslipidemia. OBJECTIVE We aim to test the hypothesis that CETP might be of importance in mediating dyslipidemia-related susceptibility to cognitive deficits in diabetic patients. METHODS We recruited 190 type 2 diabetic patients and divided them into two groups according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. The association between CETP and cognitive decline was analyzed with logistic regression and stratification. RESULTS There were 110 diabetic patients with mild cognition impairment (MCI) and 80 healthy cognition subjects as controls. Dyslipidemia is more common among diabetic patients with MCI; they had a significant increase of serum CETP concentrations, which was negatively correlated with MoCA (r = -0.638; p < 0.001). Negative correlations were also found between the serum CETP concentration with the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (r = -0.266; p = 0.008), indicating memory deficit. Logistic regression analysis revealed that CETP concentration was an independent factor of diabetic MCI (p < 0.001). Further stratification study showed that high serum levels of CETP was an independent risk factor of MCI in diabetic patients with a low density lipoproteins level ≥2.59 mmol/L, or high density lipoproteins level ≤1.0 mmol/L for men and ≤1.3 mmol/L for women, or TG level ≥1.7 mmol/L, after adjusting for age, sex, education, and glucose control (all ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CETP was intimately involved in dyslipidemia-related susceptibility to cognitive decline, especially memory function in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Haixia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
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Jeenduang N, Porntadavity S, Nuinoon M, Horpet D, Thepkwan N, Thaworn P, Theanmontri S. Studies of the CETP TaqIB and ApoE Polymorphisms in Southern Thai Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome. Biochem Genet 2015; 53:184-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen JJ, Li YM, Zou WY, Fu JL. Relationships Between CETP Genetic Polymorphisms and Alzheimer's Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:807-15. [PMID: 25105518 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ying Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Li Q, Huang P, He QC, Lin QZ, Wu J, Yin RX. Association between the CETP polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, carotid atherosclerosis, longevity, and the efficacy of statin therapy. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1513.e13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Association studies of several cholesterol-related genes (ABCA1, CETP and LIPC) with serum lipids and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lipids Health Dis 2012. [PMID: 23181436 PMCID: PMC3532092 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Accumulating evidence suggested that dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis might be a major etiologic factor in initiating and promoting neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), hepatic lipase (HL, coding genes named LIPC) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) are important components of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) implicated in atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we will investigate the possible association of several common polymorphisms (ABCA1R219K, CETPTaqIB and LIPC-250 G/A) with susceptibility to AD and plasma lipid levels. Methods Case–control study of 208 Han Chinese (104 AD patients and 104 non-demented controls) from Changsha area in Hunan Province was performed using the PCR-RFLP analysis. Cognitive decline was assessed using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a standardized method. Additionally, fasting lipid profile and the cognitive testing scores including Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were recorded. Results and conclusions We found significant differences among the genotype distributions of these three genes in AD patients when compared with controls. But after adjusting other factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed only ABCA1R219K (B = −0.903, P = 0.005, OR = 0.405, 95%CI:0.217-0.758) and LIPC-250 G/A variants(B = −0.905, P = 0.018, OR = 0.405, 95%CI:0.191-0.858) were associated with decreased AD risk. There were significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoproteinA-I in the carriers of KK genotype and K allele (P < 0.05), and B2B2 genotype of CETP Taq1B showed significant association with higher HDL-C levels than other genotypes (F = 5.598, P = 0.004), while -250 G/A polymorphisms had no significant effect on HDL-C. In total population, subjects carrying ABCA1219K allele or LIPC-250A allele obtained higher MMSE or WMS scores than non-carriers, however, no significant association was observed in AD group or controls. Therefore, this preliminary study showed that the gene variants of ABCA1R219K and LIPC-250 G/A might influence AD susceptibility in South Chinese Han population, but the polymorphism of CETPTaq1B didn't show any association in despite of being a significant determinant of HDL-C.
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Yu L, Shulman JM, Chibnik L, Leurgans S, Schneider JA, De Jager PL, Bennett DA. The CETP I405V polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2012; 11:228-33. [PMID: 22122979 PMCID: PMC3306495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene plays an essential role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and is a candidate susceptibility gene for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent finding suggests that the CETP I405V polymorphism (rs5882) is associated with a slower rate of memory decline and a lower risk of incident dementia. Using data from two ongoing epidemiologic clinical-pathologic cohort studies of aging and dementia in the United States, the Religious Order Study and the Memory and Aging Project, we evaluated the association of the CETP I405V polymorphism (rs5882) with cognitive decline and risk of incident AD in more than 1300 participants of European ancestry. Our results suggest that the CETP I405V polymorphism was associated with a faster rather than a slower rate of decline in cognition over time, and an increased risk of incident AD. This finding is consistent with data showing that the CETP I405V is associated with increased neuritic plaque density at autopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurological Science, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) genotype and cognitive function in persons aged 35 years or older. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1851.e7-16. [PMID: 22464147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Common polymorphisms of the Cholestryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) gene may predict lower risk of cognitive decline. We investigated the association of cognitive function with CETP genotype in a population-based cohort of 4135 persons aged 35-82 years. Cognitive function was measured with the Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT; worst score, 0 points; best score, 175 points) and CETP I405V and Taq1B genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RFFT score was not associated with I405V genotype in persons aged 35-64 years. Remarkably, beyond age 65, homozygous valine carriers had higher RFFT scores than heterozygous carriers and noncarriers: RFFT (SD), 52 (21), 49 (18), and 47 (17) points, respectively (p = 0.005). There also was a statistically significant interaction between I405V genotype and age. Beyond age 65, the difference between homozygous valine carriers and noncarriers increased by 0.11 point per year (p = 0.005). RFFT score was not associated with Taq1B genotype. In conclusion, CETP I405V valine homozygosity was associated with better cognitive function in persons aged 65 years or older.
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Oliveira HCF, de Faria EC. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: The controversial relation to atherosclerosis and emerging new biological roles. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:248-57. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Rubenstein JLR. Chromosome 8p as a potential hub for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for schizophrenia, autism and cancer. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:563-89. [PMID: 19204725 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in genetic and developmental processes are thought to contribute susceptibility to autism and schizophrenia. Presumably, owing to etiological complexity identifying susceptibility genes and abnormalities in the development has been difficult. However, the importance of genes within chromosomal 8p region for neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer is well established. There are 484 annotated genes located on 8p; many are most likely oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Molecular genetics and developmental studies have identified 21 genes in this region (ADRA1A, ARHGEF10, CHRNA2, CHRNA6, CHRNB3, DKK4, DPYSL2, EGR3, FGF17, FGF20, FGFR1, FZD3, LDL, NAT2, NEF3, NRG1, PCM1, PLAT, PPP3CC, SFRP1 and VMAT1/SLC18A1) that are most likely to contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder and depression), neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) and cancer. Furthermore, at least seven nonprotein-coding RNAs (microRNAs) are located at 8p. Structural variants on 8p, such as copy number variants, microdeletions or microduplications, might also contribute to autism, schizophrenia and other human diseases including cancer. In this review, we consider the current state of evidence from cytogenetic, linkage, association, gene expression and endophenotyping studies for the role of these 8p genes in neuropsychiatric disease. We also describe how a mutation in an 8p gene (Fgf17) results in a mouse with deficits in specific components of social behavior and a reduction in its dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We finish by discussing the biological connections of 8p with respect to neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer, despite the shortcomings of this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, CIBER-SAM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Qureischie H, Heun R, Popp J, Jessen F, Maier W, Schmitz S, Hentschel F, Kelemen P, Kölsch H. Association of CETP polymorphisms with the risk of vascular dementia and white matter lesions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:467-72. [PMID: 19184337 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a component of the high density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a central role in reverse cholesterol transport. We investigated the association of two putative functional CETP polymorphisms (C-629A and I405V) with the risk of vascular dementia (VD) and tested if this association is influenced by the presence of APOE4 allele. Our study included 163 VD patients (mean age: 74.25 +/- 7.9 years) and 452 cognitively healthy probands (mean age: 70.81 +/- 7.9 years). As a biological correlate, the association of CETP gene variants with white matter lesion (WML) load was investigated. Neither the C-629A (P = 0.169) nor the I405V (P = 0.840) polymorphism was associated with VD risk in the whole sample. However, in non-carriers of the APOE4 allele, homozygote carriers of the CETP C-629A A allele presented with an increased risk of VD (P = 0.01). Whereas in APOE4 carriers, no association of CETP polymorphisms with VD risk was detected. In addition, carriers of the CETP C-629A AA genotype presented with decreased WML load in the frontal brain (P = 0.009). Our results suggest that CETP gene polymorphisms might influence WML load and the risk of VD, the latter in non-carriers of the APOE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Qureischie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
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CETP polymorphisms influence cholesterol metabolism but not Alzheimer's disease risk. Brain Res 2008; 1232:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Srivastava N, Achyut BR, Prakash J, Agarwal CG, Pant DC, Mittal B. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (TaqIB) and apolipoprotein E (HhaI) gene variants with obesity. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 314:171-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein polymorphism D442G associated with a potential decreased risk for Alzheimer's disease as a modifier for APOE ε4 in Chinese. Brain Res 2008; 1187:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arias-Vásquez A, Isaacs A, Aulchenko YS, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Breteler M, van Duijn CM. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurogenetics 2007; 8:189-93. [PMID: 17503098 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-007-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Like the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the most common genetic determinant for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is involved in lipid metabolism. We studied the I405V polymorphism of the CETP gene in relation to AD. We genotyped 544 AD cases and 5,404 controls from the Rotterdam study, using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Odds ratios (ORs) for AD were estimated using logistic regression analysis. CETP VV carriers showed significantly increased high-density lipoprotein levels compared to the IV and II carriers. In the overall analysis of AD, the risk of disease for the VV carriers of the CETP polymorphism was non-significantly increased compared to II carriers OR(VV) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96-1.90 p = 0.08). In those without the APOE*4 allele, the risk of AD for VV carriers was increased 1.67-fold (95% CI 1.11-2.52, p = 0.01). The difference in the relationship between CETP and AD between APOE*4 carriers and APOE*4 non-carriers was statistically significant (p for interaction = 0.04). Our results suggest that the VV genotype of the I405V polymorphism of the CETP gene increases the risk of AD in the absence of the APOE*4 allele, probably through a cholesterol metabolism pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein are involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Conceivably, manipulation of either transfer protein could impact atherosclerosis and other lipid-driven diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Cholesteryl ester transfer protein mediates direct HDL cholesteryl ester delivery to the liver cells; adipose tissue-specific overexpression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in mice reduces the plasma HDL cholesterol concentration and adipocyte size; cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB polymorphism is associated with HDL cholesterol plasma levels and the risk of coronary heart disease. In apolipoprotein B transgenic mice, phospholipid transfer protein deficiency enhances reactive oxygen species-dependent degradation of newly synthesized apolipoprotein B via a post-endoplasmic reticulum process, as well as improving the antiinflammatory properties of HDL in mice. Activity of this transfer protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease is profoundly decreased and exogenous phospholipid transfer protein induces apolipoprotein E secretion by primary human astrocytes in vitro. SUMMARY Understanding the relationship between lipid transfer proteins and lipoprotein metabolism is expected to be an important frontier in the search for a therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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Rodríguez E, Mateo I, Infante J, Llorca J, Berciano J, Combarros O. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphism modifies the Alzheimer's disease risk associated with APOE ε4 allele. J Neurol 2005; 253:181-5. [PMID: 16096813 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates the production of amyloid beta (Abeta), which is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with high cellular cholesterol promoting and low cellular cholesterol reducing Abeta in vitro and in vivo. High density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a central role in the removal of excess cholesterol from cells, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a crucial protein involved in the regulation of HDL levels. Two common polymorphisms in the promoter region (C-629A) and exon 14 I405V of the CETP gene are associated with CETP activity and HDL levels. To investigate if these sequence variants in CETP might be of importance in mediating susceptibility to AD, independently or in concert with apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele, we studied a sample of 286 Spanish AD patients and 315 healthy controls. In APOE epsilon4 carriers, homozygous for the CETP (-629) A allele had approximately a three times lower risk of developing AD (odds ratio 2.33, 95% CI 1.01-5.37), than homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the CETP (-629) C allele (odds ratio 7.12, 95% CI 4.51-11.24, P for APOE epsilon4/CETP (-629) AA genotype interaction < 0.001). Our data suggest that CETP behaves as a modifier gene of the AD risk associated with the APOE epsilon4 allele, possibly through modulation of brain cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Dixit M, Bhattacharya S, Mittal B. Association of CETP TaqI and APOE polymorphisms with type II diabetes mellitus in North Indians: a case control study. BMC Endocr Disord 2005; 5:7. [PMID: 15992403 PMCID: PMC1187885 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants of proteins involved in lipid metabolism may play an important role in determining the susceptibility for complications associated with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Goal of the present study was to determine the association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqI B, D442G, and APOE Hha I polymorphisms with T2DM and its complications. METHODS Study subjects were 136 patients and 264 healthy controls. All polymorphisms were detected using PCR-RFLP and statistical analysis done with chi2 test and ANOVA. RESULTS Although CETP TaqI B polymorphism was not associated with the T2DM, yet B1B2 genotype was significantly (p = 0.028) associated with high risk of hypertension in diabetic patients (OR = 3.068, 95% CI 1.183-7.958). In North Indians D442G variation in CETP gene was found to be absent. Frequency of APOE HhaI polymorphism was also not different between patients and controls. In diabetic patients having neuropathy and retinopathy significantly different levels of total-cholesterol [(p = 0.001) and (p = 0.029) respectively] and LDL-cholesterol [(p = 0.001) and (p = 0.001) respectively] were observed when compared to patients with T2DM only. However, lipid levels did not show any correlation with the CETP TaqI B and APOE Hha I genetic polymorphisms. CONCLUSION CETP TaqI B and APOE HhaI polymorphism may not be associated with type II diabetes mellitus in North Indian population, however CETP TaqI B polymorphism may be associated with hypertension along with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Dixit
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014 India
| | - Sandeep Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014 India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014 India
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Zhu H, Gopalraj RK, Kelly JF, Bennett DA, Estus S. Lack of genetic association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein polymorphisms with late onset Alzheimers disease. Neurosci Lett 2005; 381:36-41. [PMID: 15882786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis may be associated with the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and Alzheimers disease (AD). Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) were associated with altered plasma CETP concentrations, cholesterol concentrations and CAD. Hence, these CETP SNPs represent excellent candidates for evaluating association with AD. To date, one study has evaluated the association between a single CETP SNP and AD. In this study, we examined three CETP SNPs to evaluate the genetic association of CETP with late onset AD on two study cohorts: the Religious Orders Study (ROS) series, including 85 AD and 70 non-AD individuals, and the University of Kentucky (UKY) series, including 78 AD and 84 non-AD individuals. Significant association between CETP genotypes or haplotypes and late onset AD was not detected in these two study cohorts. Moreover, the CETP genotypes and haplotypes were not significantly associated with AD when the populations were stratified for the presence or absence of apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4). In summary, CETP genetic variants were not associated with AD in two series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
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Cacabelos R. Genomic characterization of Alzheimer’s disease and genotype-related phenotypic analysis of biological markers in dementia. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5:1049-105. [PMID: 15584876 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.5.8.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 180 genes distributed across the human genome are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The AD population shows a higher genetic variation rate than the control population. Significant differences in allelic distribution and frequency exist when AD-related polygenic clusters are compared with other forms of dementia, indicating that the genetic component in neurodegenerative dementia differs from that of other CNS disorders. The characterization of AD genotype-related phenotypic profiles reveals substantial differences in biological markers among AD clusters associated with different genes and/or allelic combinations. AD and dementia with vascular component (DVC) are the most prevalent forms of dementia. Both clinical entities share many similarities, but they differ in their major phenotypic and genotypic profiles, as revealed by structural and functional genomics studies. Comparative phenotypic studies have identified significant differences in 25% of more than 100 parametric variables, including anthropometric values, cardiovascular function, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, uric acid metabolism, peripheral calcium homeostasis, liver function, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, red and white blood cells, regional brain atrophy, and brain blood flow velocity. Functional genomic studies incorporating apolipoprotein E (APOE)-related changes in biological markers extended the difference between AD and DVC by up to 57%. Structural genomic studies with AD-related genes, including APP, MAPT, APOE, PS1, PS2, A2M, ACE, AGT, cFOS, and PRNP, demonstrate different genetic profiles in AD and DVC, with an absolute genetic variation rate in the range of 30–80%, depending upon genes and genetic clusters. The relative polymorphic variation in genetic clusters integrated by two, three or four genes associated with AD ranges from 1 to 3%. The main phenotypic differences in AD are genotype dependent, indicating a powerful influence of polygenic factors on the AD phenotypic profile. All these genotypic and phenotypic variations bring about important consequences for the pharmacogenomics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology & Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.
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