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Selvaraj UM, Zuurbier KR, Whoolery CW, Plautz EJ, Chambliss KL, Kong X, Zhang S, Kim SH, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Stowe AM. Selective Nonnuclear Estrogen Receptor Activation Decreases Stroke Severity and Promotes Functional Recovery in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3848-3859. [PMID: 30256928 PMCID: PMC6203892 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens provide neuroprotection in animal models of stroke, but uterotrophic effects and cancer risk limit translation. Classic estrogen receptors (ERs) serve as transcription factors, whereas nonnuclear ERs govern numerous cell processes and exert beneficial cardiometabolic effects without uterine or breast cancer growth in mice. Here, we determined how nonnuclear ER stimulation with pathway-preferential estrogen (PaPE)-1 affects stroke outcome in mice. Ovariectomized female mice received vehicle, estradiol (E2), or PaPE-1 before and after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Lesion severity was assessed with MRI, and poststroke motor function was evaluated through 2 weeks after tMCAo. Circulating, spleen, and brain leukocyte subpopulations were quantified 3 days after tMCAo by flow cytometry, and neurogenesis and angiogenesis were evaluated histologically 2 weeks after tMCAo. Compared with vehicle, E2 and PaPE-1 reduced infarct volumes at 3 days after tMCAo, though only PaPE-1 reduced leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic brain. Unlike E2, PaPE-1 had no uterotrophic effect. Both interventions had negligible effect on long-term poststroke neuronal or vascular plasticity. All mice displayed a decline in motor performance at 2 days after tMCAo, and vehicle-treated mice did not improve thereafter. In contrast, E2 and PaPE-1 treatment afforded functional recovery at 6 days after tMCAo and beyond. Thus, the selective activation of nonnuclear ER by PaPE-1 decreased stroke severity and improved functional recovery in mice without undesirable uterotrophic effects. The beneficial effects of PaPE-1 are also associated with attenuated neuroinflammation in the brain. PaPE-1 and similar molecules may warrant consideration as efficacious ER modulators providing neuroprotection without detrimental effects on the uterus or cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kielen R Zuurbier
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Cody W Whoolery
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Erik J Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ken L Chambliss
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: Philip W. Shaul, MD, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. ; or Ann M. Stowe, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: Philip W. Shaul, MD, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. ; or Ann M. Stowe, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
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Danesh N, Navaee Sedighi Z, Beigoli S, Sharifi-Rad A, Saberi MR, Chamani J. Determining the binding site and binding affinity of estradiol to human serum albumin and holo-transferrin: fluorescence spectroscopic, isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular modeling approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1747-1763. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1333460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Danesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Navaee Sedighi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Beigoli
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Neyshabour Branch, Islamic Azad University , Neyshabour, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saberi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshidkhan Chamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University , Mashhad, Iran
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Stoop W, De Geyter D, Verachtert S, Brouwers S, Verdood P, De Keyser J, Kooijman R. Post-stroke treatment with 17β-estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 2017; 348:335-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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YAN YICHAO, LI GUANGYING, TIAN XIAOFENG, YE YINGJIANG, GAO ZHIDONG, YAO JIHONG, ZHANG FENG, WANG SHAN. Ischemic preconditioning increases GSK-3β/β-catenin levels and ameliorates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1625-32. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Estradiol attenuates down-regulation of PEA-15 and its two phosphorylated forms in ischemic brain injury. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:40-5. [PMID: 25806082 PMCID: PMC4371476 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol exerts a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemic injury through the inhibition of apoptotic signals. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA-15) is mainly expressed in brain that perform anti-apoptotic functions. This study investigated whether estradiol modulates the expression of PEA-15 and two phosphorylated forms of PEA-15 (Ser 104 and Ser 116) in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced injury and glutamate exposure-induced neuronal cell death. Adult female rats were ovariectomized to remove endogenous estradiol and treated with vehicle or estradiol prior to MCAO. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by MCAO and cerebral cortices were collected 24 h after MCAO. Western blot analysis indicated that estradiol prevents the MCAO-induced decrease in PEA-15, phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 104), phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 116). Glutamate exposure induced a reduction in PEA-15, phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 104), phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 116) in cultured neurons, whereas estradiol treatment attenuated the glutamate toxicity-induced decrease in the expression of these proteins. It has been known that phosphorylation of PEA-15 is an important step in carrying out its anti-apoptotic function. Thus, these findings suggest that the regulation of PEA-15 phosphorylation by estradiol contributes to the neuroprotective function of estradiol in ischemic brain injury.
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Martins AH, Hu J, Xu Z, Mu C, Alvarez P, Ford BD, El Sayed K, Eterovic VA, Ferchmin PA, Hao J. Neuroprotective activity of (1S,2E,4R,6R,-7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (4R) in vitro and in vivo in rodent models of brain ischemia. Neuroscience 2015; 291:250-259. [PMID: 25677097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
(1S,2E,4R,6R,-7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (4R) is a precursor to key flavor ingredients in leaves of Nicotiana species. The present study shows 4R decreased brain damage in rodent ischemic stroke models. The 4R-pretreated mice had lower infarct volumes (26.2±9.7 mm3) than those in control groups (untreated: 63.4±4.2 mm3, DMSO: 60.2±14.2 mm3). The 4R-posttreated rats also had less infarct volumes (120±65 mm3) than those in the rats of the DMSO group (291±95 mm3). The results from in vitro experiments indicate that 4R decreased neuro2a cell (neuroblastoma cells) apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and improved the population spikes' (PSs) recovery in rat acute hippocampal slices under OGD; a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin, abolished the effect of 4R on PSs recovery. Furthermore, 4R also inhibited monocyte adhesion to murine brain-derived endothelial (bEND5) cells and upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) induced by OGD/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and restored the p-Akt level to pre-OGD/R values in bEND5 cells. In conclusion, the present study indicates that 4R has a protective effect in rodent ischemic stroke models. Inhibition of ICAM-1 expression and restoration of Akt phosphorylation are the possible mechanisms involved in cellular protection by 4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio H Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe. Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, 00956
| | - Jing Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Chaofeng Mu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Paloma Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe. Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, 00956
| | - Byron D Ford
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Khalid El Sayed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe. 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201
| | - Vesna A Eterovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe. Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, 00956
| | - Pedro A Ferchmin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe. Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, 00956
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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Estradiol alleviates the ischemic brain injury-induced decrease of neuronal calcium sensor protein hippocalcin. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Estradiol ameliorates the reduction in parvalbumin expression induced by ischemic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2014; 574:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ström JO, Ingberg E. Impact of methodology on estrogens' effects on cerebral ischemia in rats: an updated meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:22. [PMID: 24495535 PMCID: PMC3975994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although most animal stroke studies have demonstrated potent neuroprotective effects of estrogens, there are a number of articles reporting the opposite. In 2009, we made the case that this dichotomy was related to administered estrogen dose. Several other suggestions for the discordant results have also been propagated, including the age of the experimental animals and the length of hypoestrogenicity prior to estrogen administration. These two suggestions have gained much popularity, probably because of their kinship with the window of opportunity hypothesis, which is commonly used to explain the analogous dichotomy among human studies. We were therefore encouraged to perform an updated meta-analysis, and to improve it by including all relevant variables in a large multiple regression model, where the impact of confounders could be controlled for. Results The multiple regression model revealed an indisputable impact of estrogen administration mode on the effects of estrogens in ischemic stroke. Subcutaneous slow-release pellets differed from the injection and silastic capsule treatments in terms of impact of estrogens on ischemic stroke, showing that the first mentioned were more prone to render estrogens damaging. Neither the use of elderly animals nor the adoption of longer wash-out periods influenced estrogens’ effects on experimental ischemic stroke in rats. Conclusions We conclude that the discordant results regarding estrogens’ effects in rat models of ischemic stroke are a consequence of differences in estrogen administration modes. These results are not only of importance for the ongoing debate regarding menopausal hormone therapy, but also have an important bearing on experimental stroke methodology and the apparent translational roadblock for suggested stroke interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro SE-703 62, Sweden.
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Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Maza MDC, Anton M, Ordoñez L, Wandosell F. Post-ischemic estradiol treatment reduced glial response and triggers distinct cortical and hippocampal signaling in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:157. [PMID: 22747981 PMCID: PMC3414748 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estradiol has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative conditions, including cerebral ischemia. The presence of this hormone prior to ischemia attenuates the damage associated with such events in a rodent model (middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)), although its therapeutic value when administered post-ischemia has not been assessed. Hence, we evaluated the effects of estradiol treatment after permanent MCAO (pMCAO) was induced in rats, studying the PI3K/AKT/GSK3/β-catenin survival pathway and the activation of SAPK-JNK in two brain areas differently affected by pMCAO: the cortex and hippocampus. In addition, we analyzed the effect of estradiol on the glial response to injury. METHODS Male rats were subjected to pMCAO and estradiol (0.04 mg/kg) was administered 6, 24, and 48 h after surgery. The animals were sacrificed 6 h after the last treatment, and brain damage was evaluated by immunohistochemical quantification of 'reactive gliosis' using antibodies against GFAP and Iba1. In addition, Akt, phospho-Akt(Ser473), phospho-Akt(Thr308), GSK3, phospho-GSK3(Ser21/9), β-catenin, SAPK-JNK, and pSAPK-JNK(Thr183/Tyr185) levels were determined in western blots of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and regional differences in neuronal phospho-Akt expression were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The increases in the percentage of GFAP- (5.25-fold) and Iba1- (1.8-fold) labeled cells in the cortex and hippocampus indicate that pMCAO induced 'reactive gliosis'. This effect was prevented by post-ischemic estradiol treatment; diminished the number of these cells to those comparable with control animals. pMCAO down-regulated the PI3K/AkT/GSK3/β-catenin survival pathway to different extents in the cortex and hippocampus, the activity of which was restored by estradiol treatment more efficiently in the cerebral cortex (the most affected region) than in the hippocampus. No changes in the phosphorylation of SAPK-JNK were observed 54 h after inducing pMCAO, whereas pMCAO did significantly decrease the phospho-Akt(Ser473) in neurons, an effect that was reversed by estradiol. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that post-pMCAO estradiol treatment attenuates ischemic injury in both neurons and glia, events in which the PI3K/AKT/GSK3/β-catenin pathway is at least partly involved. These findings indicate that estradiol is a potentially useful treatment to enhance recovery after human ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Pérez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Maza
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Anton
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CIBERNED-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, C/Nicolás Cabrera n° 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Xia YX, Lu L, Wu ZS, Pu LY, Sun BC, Wang XH. Inhibition of GSK-3beta ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway in mice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:278-84. [PMID: 22672822 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta/beta-catenin signaling regulates ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced apoptosis and proliferation, and inhibition of GSK-3beta has beneficial effects on I/R injury in the heart and the central nervous system. However, the role of this signaling in hepatic I/R injury remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling in hepatic I/R injury. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice (weighing 22-25 g) were pretreated with either SB216763, an inhibitor of GSK-3beta, or vehicle. These mice were subjected to partial hepatic I/R. Blood was collected for test of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and liver specimen for assays of phosphorylation at the Ser9 residue of GSK-3beta, GSK-3beta activity, axin 2 and the anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and survivin, as well as the proliferative factors cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and apoptotic index (TUNEL). Real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used. RESULTS SB216763 increased phospho-GSK-3beta levels and suppressed GSK-3beta activity (1880+/-229 vs 3280+/-272 cpm, P<0.01). ALT peaked at 6 hours after reperfusion. Compared with control, SB216763 decreased ALT after 6 hours of reperfusion (4451+/-424 vs 7868+/-845 IU/L, P<0.01), and alleviated hepatocyte necrosis and vacuolization. GSK-3beta inhibition led to the accumulation of beta-catenin in the cytosol (0.40+/-0.05 vs 1.31+/-0.11, P<0.05) and nucleus (0.62+/-0.14 vs 1.73+/-0.12, P<0.05), beta-catenin further upregulated the expression of axin 2. Upregulation of GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling increased Bcl-2, survivin and cyclin D1. Serological and histological analyses showed that SB216763 alleviated hepatic I/R-induced injury by reducing apoptosis (1.4+/-0.2% vs 3.6+/-0.4%, P<0.05) and enhanced liver proliferation (56+/-8% vs 19+/-4%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Inhibition of GSK-3beta ameliorates hepatic I/R injury through the GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Xia
- Liver Transplantation Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Habauzit D, Flouriot G, Pakdel F, Saligaut C. Effects of estrogens and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on cell differentiation-survival-proliferation in brain: contributions of neuronal cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:300-327. [PMID: 21790314 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogen receptors (ER) are key actors in the control of differentiation and survival and act on extrareproductive tissues such as brain. Thus, estrogens may display neuritogenic effects during development and neuroprotective effects in the pathophysiological context of brain ischemia and neurodegenerative pathologies like Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Some of these effects require classical transcriptional "genomic" mechanisms through ER, whereas other effects appear to rely clearly on "membrane-initiated mechanisms" through cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways. Disturbances of these mechanisms by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) may exert adverse effects on brain. Some EDC may act via ER-independent mechanisms but might cross-react with endogenous estrogen. Other EDC may act through ER-dependent mechanisms and display agonistic/antagonistic estrogenic properties. Because of these potential effects of EDC, it is necessary to establish sensitive cell-based assays to determine EDC effects on brain. In the present review, some effects of estrogens and EDC are described with focus on ER-mediated effects in neuronal cells. Particular attention is given to PC12 cells, an interesting model to study the mechanisms underlying ER-mediated differentiating and neuroprotective effects of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Habauzit
- UMR CNRS 6026 (Interactions Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Equipe RED), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Strom JO, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Dose-related neuroprotective versus neurodamaging effects of estrogens in rat cerebral ischemia: a systematic analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1359-72. [PMID: 19458604 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies of the effects of estrogens for stroke prevention have yielded conflicting results in human and animal studies alike. We present a systematical analysis of study design and methodological differences between 66 studies where estrogens' impact on ischemic brain damage in rat models has been investigated, providing evidence that the differences in results may be explained by high estrogen doses produced by slow-release pellets. These pellets have been used in all studies showing increased neurologic damage because of estrogens. Our data indicate that the increased neurologic damage is related to the pellets' plasma concentration profile with an early, prolonged, supraphysiological peak. Neither the method of inducing the ischemic brain lesions, the choice of variables for measuring outcome, the measured plasma concentrations of estrogens at the time of ischemia nor rat population attributes (sex, strain, age, and diseases) are factors contributing to the discrepancies in results. This suggests that the effects of estrogens for stroke prevention are concentration related with a complex dose-response curve, and underscores the importance of carefully validating the experimental methods used. Future studies of hormone-replacement therapy in women may have to take dosage and administration regimens into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Strom
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institution of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Campos-Esparza MR, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Matute C. Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by two natural antioxidant polyphenols. Cell Calcium 2009; 45:358-68. [PMID: 19201465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of glutamate receptors, or excitotoxicity, contributes to acute and chronic neurological disorders including stroke. We previously showed that two natural polyphenol antioxidants, mangiferin and morin, are neuroprotective in a model of ischemic brain damage. In this study, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection by mangiferin and morin in an in vitro model of excitotoxic neuronal death involving NMDA receptor overactivation. We observed that both polyphenols reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species, activate the enzymatic antioxidant system, and restore the mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, both antioxidants inhibit glutamate-induced activation of calpains, normalize the levels of phosphorylated Akt kinase and Erk1/2, as well as of cytosolic Bax, inhibit AIF release from mitochondria, and regulate the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Each of these effects contributes to the substantial reduction of apoptotic neuronal death induced by glutamate. These results demonstrate that mangiferin and morin exhibit excellent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties, supporting their clinical application as trial neuroprotectors in pathologies involving excitotoxic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosario Campos-Esparza
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología. Universidad del País Vasco, and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain
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Sanz A, Carrero P, Pernía O, Garcia-Segura LM. Pubertal maturation modifies the regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling by estradiol in the rat prefrontal cortex. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:1018-28. [PMID: 18446778 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is accompanied by substantial plastic modifications in the cerebral cortex, including changes in the growth and retraction of neuronal processes and in the rate of synaptic formation and neuronal loss. Some of these plastic changes are prevented in female rats by prepubertal ovariectomy. The ovarian hormone estradiol modulates neuronal differentiation and survival and these effects are in part mediated by the interaction with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). In this study, we have explored whether the activation by estradiol of some components of IGF-I receptor signaling is altered in the prefrontal cortex during puberty. Estradiol administration to rats ovariectomized after puberty resulted, 24 h after the hormonal administration, in a sustained phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in the prefrontal cortex. However, this hormonal effect was not observed in animals ovariectomized before puberty. These findings suggest that during pubertal maturation there is a programming by ovarian hormones of the future regulatory actions of estradiol on IGF-I receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex. The modification in the regulation of IGF-I receptor signaling by estradiol during pubertal maturation may have implications for the developmental changes occurring in the prefrontal cortex in the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Sanz
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
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Koh PO, Cho JH, Won CK, Lee HJ, Sung JH, Kim MO. Estradiol attenuates the focal cerebral ischemic injury through mTOR/p70S6 kinase signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2008; 436:62-6. [PMID: 18378082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that estradiol prevents neuronal cell death through the activation of Akt and its downstream targets Bad and FKHR. This study investigated whether estradiol modulates the survival pathway through other downstream targets of Akt, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70S6 kinase. It is known that mTOR is a downstream target of Akt and a central regulator of protein synthesis, cell growth, and cell cycle progression. Adult female rats were ovariectomied and treated with estradiol prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brains were collected 24h after MCAO and infarct volumes were analyzed. We confirmed that estradiol significantly reduces infarct volume and decreases the number of positive cells for TUNEL staining in the cerebral cortex. Brain injury-induced a decrease in phospho-mTOR and phospho-p70S6 kinase. Estradiol prevented the injury-induced decrease in Akt activation and phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6 kinases, and the subsequent decrease in S6 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that estradiol plays a potent protective role against brain injury by preventing the injury-induced decrease of mTOR and p70S6 kinase phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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Abstract
Apoptosis mediates the precise and programmed natural death of neurons and is a physiologically important process in neurogenesis during maturation of the central nervous system. However, premature apoptosis and/or an aberration in apoptosis regulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, a multifaceted process that leads to various chronic disease states, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's (HD) diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and diabetic encephalopathy. The current review focuses on two major areas (a) the fundamentals of apoptosis, which includes elements of the apoptotic machinery, apoptosis inducers, and emerging concepts in apoptosis research, and (b) apoptotic involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotective treatment strategies/modalities, and the mechanisms of, and signaling in, neuronal apoptosis. Current and new experimental models for apoptosis research in neurodegenerative diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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