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Ahmed N, Gandhi D, Melhem ER, Frenkel V. MRI Guided Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Delivery of Therapeutic Cells to the Brain: A Review of the State-of-the-Art Methodology and Future Applications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:669449. [PMID: 34220679 PMCID: PMC8248790 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.669449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell and immune cell therapies are being investigated as a potential therapeutic modality for CNS disorders, performing functions such as targeted drug or growth factor delivery, tumor cell destruction, or inflammatory regulation. Despite promising preclinical studies, delivery routes for maximizing cell engraftment, such as stereotactic or intrathecal injection, are invasive and carry risks of hemorrhage and infection. Recent developments in MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) technology have significant implications for treating focal CNS pathologies including neurodegenerative, vascular and malignant processes. MRgFUS is currently employed in the clinic for treating essential tremor and Parkinson's Disease by producing precise, incisionless, transcranial lesions. This non-invasive technology can also be modified for non-destructive applications to safely and transiently open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver a range of therapeutics, including cells. This review is meant to familiarize the neuro-interventionalist with this topic and discusses the use of MRgFUS for facilitating cellular delivery to the brain. A detailed and comprehensive description is provided on routes of cell administration, imaging strategies for targeting and tracking cellular delivery and engraftment, biophysical mechanisms of BBB enhanced permeability, supportive proof-of-concept studies, and potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabid Ahmed
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Department of Neuroradiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Department of Neuroradiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elias R Melhem
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Department of Neuroradiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Victor Frenkel
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Department of Neuroradiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhong M, Zhao P, Guo C, Xu H, Wang T, Gao H. Brain Targeting and Aβ Binding Bifunctional Nanoparticles Inhibit Amyloid Protein Aggregation in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2110-2121. [PMID: 34042421 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious and progressive neurodegenerative disease with few disease-modifying treatments. A variety of peptide/protein drugs have neuroprotective effects, which brings new hope for the treatment of AD. However, the application of these drugs is limited because of their low specificity and difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier. Herein, using the phage display technology, we identified the Aβ oligomer binding peptide (KH) and the brain targeting peptide (IS). We combined these peptides to develop a bifunctional nanoparticle (IS@NP/KH) for the delivery of Aβ1-42 oligomer binding peptide into the brain. Intranasal administration of IS@NP/KH significantly attenuated the cognitive and behavioral deficits and reduced the Aβ deposition in the brain of an AD animal model (APPswe/PS 1d9 double-transgenic mice). Our results suggest that intranasal IS@NP/KH administration could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - You Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Manli Zhong
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110819, China
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D'Souza A, Dave KM, Stetler RA, S. Manickam D. Targeting the blood-brain barrier for the delivery of stroke therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:332-351. [PMID: 33497734 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A variety of neuroprotectants have shown promise in treating ischemic stroke, yet their delivery to the brain remains a challenge. The endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are emerging as a dynamic factor in the response to neurological injury and disease, and the endothelial-neuronal matrix coupling is fundamentally neuroprotective. In this review, we discuss approaches that target the endothelium for drug delivery both across the BBB and to the BBB as a viable strategy to facilitate neuroprotective effects, using the example of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We highlight the advances in cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) used for CNS targeting and drug delivery. We also discuss the potential of engineered EVs as a potent strategy to deliver BDNF or other drug candidates to the ischemic brain, particularly when coupled with internal components like mitochondria that may increase cellular energetics in injured endothelial cells.
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Okuma Y, Aoki T, Miyara SJ, Hayashida K, Nishikimi M, Takegawa R, Yin T, Kim J, Becker LB, Shinozaki K. The evaluation of pituitary damage associated with cardiac arrest: An experimental rodent model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:629. [PMID: 33436714 PMCID: PMC7804952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland plays an important endocrinal role, however its damage after cardiac arrest (CA) has not been well elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine a pituitary gland damage induced by CA. Rats were subjected to 10-min asphyxia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays were used to evaluate the pituitary damage and endocrine function. Samples were collected at pre-CA, and 30 and 120 min after cardio pulmonary resuscitation. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining demonstrated the expansion of the pituitary damage over time. There was phenotypic validity between the pars distalis and nervosa. Both CT-proAVP (pars nervosa hormone) and GH/IGF-1 (pars distalis hormone) decreased over time, and a different expression pattern corresponding to the damaged areas was noted (CT-proAVP, 30.2 ± 6.2, 31.5 ± 5.9, and 16.3 ± 7.6 pg/mg protein, p < 0.01; GH/IGF-1, 2.63 ± 0.61, 0.62 ± 0.36, and 2.01 ± 0.41 ng/mg protein, p < 0.01 respectively). Similarly, the expression pattern between these hormones in the end-organ systems showed phenotypic validity. Plasma CT-proAVP (r = 0.771, p = 0.025) and IGF-1 (r = −0.775, p = 0.024) demonstrated a strong correlation with TTC staining area. Our data suggested that CA induces pathological and functional damage to the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Okuma
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tomoaki Aoki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Kei Hayashida
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Mitsuaki Nishikimi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takegawa
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tai Yin
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Junhwan Kim
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Lance B Becker
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Koichiro Shinozaki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Usefulness of an alternative option for evacuation of acute subdural hematoma: The toothbrush curettage method. Neurochirurgie 2020; 67:404-406. [PMID: 33053403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Choi C, Kim HM, Shon J, Park J, Kim HT, Kang SH, Oh SH, Kim NK, Kim OJ. The combination of mannitol and temozolomide increases the effectiveness of stem cell treatment in a chronic stroke model. Cytotherapy 2019; 20:820-829. [PMID: 29776835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a significant challenge to the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells in chronic stroke. Various methods have been developed to increase BBB permeability, but these are associated with adverse effects and are, therefore, not clinically applicable. We recently identified that combination drug treatment of mannitol and temozolomide improved BBB permeability in vitro. Here, we investigated whether this combination could increase the effectiveness of stem cell treatment in an animal model of chronic ischemic stroke. METHODS Chronic stroke was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). After then, rats were administered human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hUC-MSCs) by intravenous injection with or without combination drug treatment of mannitol and temozolomide. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, behavioral and immunohistochemical tests were performed, and the differences among control, stem cell only, combination drug only and stem cell with combination drug treatment were analyzed. RESULTS Although no hUC-MSCs were detected in any group, treatment with stem cells and combination drug of mannitol and temozolomide increased the intracerebral delivery of hCD63-positive microvesicles compared with stem cell only treatment. Furthermore, treatment with stem cells and drug combination ameliorated behavioral deficits and increased bromodeoxyuridine-, doublecortin- and Reca-1-positive cells in the perilesional area as compared with other groups. DISCUSSION The combination drug treatment of mannitol and temozolomide allowed for the efficient delivery of hUC-MSC-derived microvesicles into the brain in a chronic stroke rat model. This attenuated behavioral deficits, likely by improving neural regeneration and angiogenesis. Thus, combination drug treatment of mannitol and temozolomide could be a novel therapeutic option for patients with chronic ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunggab Choi
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeheun Shon
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiae Park
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Taek Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Oh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Keun Kim
- Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Okuma Y, Wake H, Teshigawara K, Takahashi Y, Hishikawa T, Yasuhara T, Mori S, Takahashi HK, Date I, Nishibori M. Anti–High Mobility Group Box 1 Antibody Therapy May Prevent Cognitive Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 122:e864-e871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Czupryna P, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Grygorczuk S, Pancewicz S, Dunaj J, Król M, Borawski K, Zajkowska J. Effect of a single dose of mannitol on hydration status and electrolyte concentrations in patients with tick-borne encephalitis. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:5083-5089. [PMID: 30124371 PMCID: PMC6300936 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518790175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the effect of a single dose of 15% mannitol on the hydration status and electrolyte balance in patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). METHODS Forty-one patients with TBE were treated with 0.25 g/kg of 15% mannitol. The electrolyte concentrations (Na, K, and Cl), creatinine concentration, and hydration status were measured before and after mannitol infusion. RESULTS After mannitol administration, 7 patients had hyponatremia, 3 had hypokalemia, 1 had hyperkalemia, and 17 had hypochloremia. The total body water volume (TBW) changed by 0.44% ± 0.55%, the external body water volume (EBW) changed by 0.12% ± 0.15%, and the internal body water volume (IBW) changed by 0.19% ± 0.40%. The mean ECW/ICW ratio was 0.7694 ± 0.07 before treatment and 0.7699 ± 0.07 after treatment. Age was correlated with the TBW change in men (R = 0.42, p < 0.05) and with the potassium change in women (R = 0.66, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with TBE should receive mannitol two to four times daily depending on the clinical manifestation. Administration of a single dose of mannitol (0.25 g/kg) requires at least 300 mL of fluid supplementation. Bioimpedance might be useful for individual evaluation of dehydration. Additionally, patients require monitoring for potential hyponatremia. Older men may be more prone to dehydration after receiving mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Król
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Borawski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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He Q, Liu J, Liang J, Liu X, Li W, Liu Z, Ding Z, Tuo D. Towards Improvements for Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier-Recent Progress from a Material and Pharmaceutical Perspective. Cells 2018; 7:cells7040024. [PMID: 29570659 PMCID: PMC5946101 DOI: 10.3390/cells7040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical biological structure that prevents damage to the brain and maintains its bathing microenvironment. However, this barrier is also the obstacle to deliver beneficial drugs to treat CNS (central nervous system) diseases. Many efforts have been made for improvement of delivering drugs across the BBB in recent years to treat CNS diseases. In this review, the anatomical and functional structure of the BBB is comprehensively discussed. The mechanisms of BBB penetration are summarized, and the methods and effects on increasing BBB permeability are investigated in detail. It also elaborates on the physical, chemical, biological and nanocarrier aspects to improve drug delivery penetration to the brain and introduces some specific drug delivery effects on BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanguo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jing Liang
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Ziyu Ding
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Du Tuo
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
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Aoyagi H, Yamashiro K, Hirata‐Yoshihara C, Ideguchi H, Yamasaki M, Kawamura M, Yamamoto T, Kochi S, Wake H, Nishibori M, Takashiba S. HMGB1‐induced inflammatory response promotes bone healing in murine tooth extraction socket. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5481-5490. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Aoyagi
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Keisuke Yamashiro
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Chiaki Hirata‐Yoshihara
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Hidetaka Ideguchi
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Mutsuyo Yamasaki
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Mari Kawamura
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Shinsuke Kochi
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of PharmacologyOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmacological SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of PharmacologyOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmacological SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
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Additional increased effects of mannitol-temozolomide combined treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:769-775. [PMID: 29462622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is major obstacle in drug or stem cell treatment in chronic stroke. We hypothesized that adding mannitol to temozolomide (TMZ) is a practically applicable method for resolving the low efficacy of intravenous mannitol therapy. In this study, we investigated whether BBB permeability could be increased by this combined treatment. First, we established a chronic ischemic stroke rat model and examined changes in leakage of Evans blue dye within a lesion site, and in expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs), by this combined treatment. Additionally, in an in vitro BBB model using trans-wells, we analyzed changes in diffusion of a fluorescent tracer and in expression of TJPs. Mannitol-TMZ combined treatment not only increased the amount of Evans blue dye within the stroke lesion site, but also reduced occludin expression in rat brain microvessels. The in vitro study also showed that combined treatment increased the permeability for two different-sized fluorescent tracers, especially large size, and decreased expression of TJPs, such as occludin and ZO-1. Increased BBB permeability effects were more prominent with combined than with single treatments. Mannitol-TMZ combined treatment induced a decrease of TJPs with a consequent increase in BBB permeability. This combined treatment is clinically useful and might provide new therapeutic options by enabling efficient intracerebral delivery of various drugs that could not otherwise be used to treat many CNS diseases due to their inability to penetrate the BBB.
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12
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Hasan A, Deeb G, Rahal R, Atwi K, Mondello S, Marei HE, Gali A, Sleiman E. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28265255 PMCID: PMC5316525 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. The primary insult to the brain initiates secondary injury cascades consisting of multiple complex biochemical responses of the brain that significantly influence the overall severity of the brain damage and clinical sequelae. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers huge potential for application in the treatment of TBI. MSCs have immunosuppressive properties that reduce inflammation in injured tissue. As such, they could be used to modulate the secondary mechanisms of injury and halt the progression of the secondary insult in the brain after injury. Particularly, MSCs are capable of secreting growth factors that facilitate the regrowth of neurons in the brain. The relative abundance of harvest sources of MSCs also makes them particularly appealing. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the effects of infusion of MSCs into animal models of TBI. The results have shown significant improvement in the motor function of the damaged brain tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI. The review starts with a brief introduction of the pathophysiology of TBI, followed by the biology of MSCs, and the application of MSCs in TBI treatment. The challenges associated with the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI and strategies to address those challenges in the future have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - George Deeb
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Rahaf Rahal
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Khairallah Atwi
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | | | - Amr Gali
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Eliana Sleiman
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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Abstract
CNS disorders are on the rise despite advancements in our understanding of their pathophysiological mechanisms. A major hurdle to the treatment of these disorders is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which serves as an arduous janitor to protect the brain. Many drugs are being discovered for CNS disorders, which, however fail to enter the market because of their inability to cross the BBB. This is a pronounced challenge for the pharmaceutical fraternity. Hence, in addition to the discovery of novel entities and drug candidates, scientists are also developing new formulations of existing drugs for brain targeting. Several approaches have been investigated to allow therapeutics to cross the BBB. As the molecular structure of the BBB is better elucidated, several key approaches for brain targeting include physiological transport mechanisms such as adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, inhibition of active efflux pumps, receptor-mediated transport, cell-mediated endocytosis, and the use of peptide vectors. Drug-delivery approaches comprise delivery from microspheres, biodegradable wafers, and colloidal drug-carrier systems (e.g., liposomes, nanoparticles, nanogels, dendrimers, micelles, nanoemulsions, polymersomes, exosomes, and quantum dots). The current review discusses the latest advancements in these approaches, with a major focus on articles published in 2015 and 2016. In addition, we also cover the alternative delivery routes, such as intranasal and convection-enhanced diffusion methods, and disruption of the BBB for brain targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
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14
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Concepts, technologies, and practices for drug delivery past the blood–brain barrier to the central nervous system. J Control Release 2016; 240:251-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Darkazalli A, Ismail AAO, Abad N, Grant SC, Levenson CW. Use of human mesenchymal stem cell treatment to prevent anhedonia in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:433-41. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darkazalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Abdol Aziz Ould Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nastaren Abad
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Cathy W. Levenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Intra-Arterially Delivered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Not Detected in the Brain Parenchyma in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155912. [PMID: 27203695 PMCID: PMC4874686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a promising role as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Prior studies suggested that intra-arterially administered MSCs are engrafted into the brain in stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models. However, a controversial standpoint exists in terms of the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in transgenic AD mice. The primary goal of this study was to explore the feasibility of delivering human umbilical cord-blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) into the brains of non-transgenic WT (C3H/C57) and transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice through the intra-arterial (IA) route. Through two experiments, mice were infused with hUCB-MSCs via the right internal carotid artery and were sacrificed at two different time points: 6 hours (experiment 1) or 5 minutes (experiment 2) after infusion. In both experiments, no cells were detected in the brain parenchyma while MSCs were detected in the cerebrovasculature in experiment 2. The results from this study highlight that intra-arterial delivery of MSCs is not the most favorable route to be implemented as a potential therapeutic approach for AD.
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Tajiri N, Lee JY, Acosta S, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. Breaking the Blood-Brain Barrier With Mannitol to Aid Stem Cell Therapeutics in the Chronic Stroke Brain. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1453-60. [PMID: 26883984 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilizers, such as mannitol, can facilitate peripherally delivered stem cells to exert therapeutic benefits on the stroke brain. Although this BBB permeation-aided stem cell therapy has been demonstrated in the acute stage of stroke, such BBB permeation in the chronic stage of the disease remains to be examined. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats initially received sham surgery or experimental stroke via the 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model. At 1 month after the MCAo surgery, stroke animals were randomly assigned to receive human umbilical cord stem cells only (2 million viable cells), mannitol only (1.1 mol/L mannitol at 4°C), combined human umbilical cord stem cells (200,000 viable cells) and mannitol (1.1 mol/L mannitol at 4°C), and vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) only. Stroke animals that received human umbilical cord blood cells alone or combined human umbilical cord stem cells and mannitol exhibited significantly improved motor performance and significantly better brain cell survival in the peri-infarct area compared to stroke animals that received vehicle or mannitol alone, with mannitol treatment reducing the stem cell dose necessary to afford functional outcomes. Enhanced neurogenesis in the subventricular zone accompanied the combined treatment of human umbilical cord stem cells and mannitol. We showed that BBB permeation facilitates the therapeutic effects of a low dose of peripherally transplanted stem cells to effectively cause functional improvement and increase neurogenesis in chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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18
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Abstract
Therapeutic peptides represent a largely untapped resource in medicine today, especially in the central nervous system. Despite their ease of design and remarkably high target specificity, it is difficult to deliver them beyond the blood-brain barrier or into the required intracellular compartments. In addition, the instability of these peptides in vivo precludes their use to combat the symptoms of numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. In this review, we aim to characterize recent advances in the delivery of therapeutic peptides to the central nervous system past the blood-brain barrier and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the examined methods as well as explore new potential directions.
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Gennai S, Monsel A, Hao Q, Liu J, Gudapati V, Barbier EL, Lee JW. Cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:203-12. [PMID: 26170348 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a major economic burden to hospitals in terms of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and utilization of intensive care units. Current guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injuries are primarily supportive, with an emphasis on surveillance (i.e. intracranial pressure) and preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality. There are no direct effective therapies available. Over the last fifteen years, pre-clinical studies in regenerative medicine utilizing cell-based therapy have generated enthusiasm as a possible treatment option for traumatic brain injury. In these studies, stem cells and progenitor cells were shown to migrate into the injured brain and proliferate, exerting protective effects through possible cell replacement, gene and protein transfer, and release of anti-inflammatory and growth factors. In this work, we reviewed the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic brain injury, the biological rationale for using stem cells and progenitor cells, and the results of clinical trials using cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. Although the benefits of cell-based therapy have been clearly demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, some questions remain regarding the biological mechanisms of repair and safety, dose, route and timing of cell delivery, which ultimately will determine its optimal clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gennai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - A Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Q Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - V Gudapati
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - E L Barbier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Unité Inserm U 836, La Tronche, France
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Cerri S, Greco R, Levandis G, Ghezzi C, Mangione AS, Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Bonizzi A, Avanzini MA, Maccario R, Blandini F. Intracarotid Infusion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease, Focusing on Cell Distribution and Neuroprotective and Behavioral Effects. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015. [PMID: 26198165 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for Parkinson's disease (PD) and systemic administration of these cells has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. However, no information on survival and actual capacity of MSCs to reach the brain has been provided. In this study, we evaluated homing of intraarterially infused rat MSCs (rMSCs) in the brain of rats bearing a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal tract, to establish whether the toxin-induced damage is sufficient to grant MSC passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or if a transient BBB disruption is necessary. The rMSC distribution in peripheral organs and the effects of cell infusion on neurodegenerative process and motor deficits were also investigated. rMSCs were infused 14 days after 6-OHDA injection. A hyperosmolar solution of mannitol was used to transiently permeabilize the BBB. Behavioral impairment was assessed by adjusting step test and response to apomorphine. Animals were sacrificed 7 and 28 days after cell infusion. Our work shows that appreciable delivery of rMSCs to the brain of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals can be obtained only after mannitol pretreatment. A notable percentage of infused cells accumulated in peripheral organs. Infusion of rMSCs did not modify the progression of 6-OHDA-induced damage or the motor impairment at the stepping test, but induced progressive normalization of the pathological response (contralateral turning) to apomorphine administration. These findings suggest that many aspects should be further investigated before considering any translation of MSC systemic administration into the clinical setting for PD treatment. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that mesenchymal stem cells infused through the carotid artery do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier in rats with a Parkinson's disease-like degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons, unless a permeabilizing agent (e.g., mannitol) is used. The infusion did not reduce the neuronal damage and associated motor impairment, but abolished the motor abnormalities these animals typically show when challenged with a dopaminergic agonist. Therefore, although arterially infused mesenchymal stem cells did not show neurorestorative effects in this study's Parkinson's disease model, they appeared to normalize the pathological responsiveness of striatal neurons to dopaminergic stimulation. This capability should be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonina Stefania Mangione
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marie-Therese Fuzzati-Armentero
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita Maccario
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Intra-Arterial Transplantation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mounts Neuroprotective Effects in a Transient Ischemic Stroke Model in Rats: Analyses of Therapeutic Time Window and Its Mechanisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127302. [PMID: 26075717 PMCID: PMC4468176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intra-arterial stem cell transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects for ischemic stroke. However, the optimal therapeutic time window and mechanisms have not been completely understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the timing of intra-arterial transplantation of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ischemic stroke model in rats and its efficacy in acute phase. Methods Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250g received right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 minutes. MSCs (1×106cells/ 1ml PBS) were intra-arterially injected at either 1, 6, 24, or 48 hours (1, 6, 24, 48h group) after MCAO. PBS (1ml) was intra-arterially injected to control rats at 1 hour after MCAO. Behavioral test was performed immediately after reperfusion, and at 3, 7 days after MCAO using the Modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS). Rats were euthanized at 7 days after MCAO for evaluation of infarct volumes and the migration of MSCs. In order to explore potential mechanisms of action, the upregulation of neurotrophic factor and chemotactic cytokine (bFGF, SDF-1α) induced by cell transplantation was examined in another cohort of rats that received intra-arterial transplantation at 24 hours after recanalization then euthanized at 7 days after MCAO for protein assays. Results Behavioral test at 3 and 7 days after transplantation revealed that stroke rats in 24h group displayed the most robust significant improvements in mNSS compared to stroke rats in all other groups (p’s<0.05). Similarly, the infarct volumes of stroke rats in 24h group were much significantly decreased compared to those in all other groups (p’s<0.05). These observed behavioral and histological effects were accompanied by MSC survival and migration, with the highest number of integrated MSCs detected in the 24h group. Moreover, bFGF and SDF-1α levels of the infarcted cortex were highly elevated in the 24h group compared to control group (p’s<0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that intra-arterial allogeneic transplantation of MSCs provides post-stroke functional recovery and reduction of infarct volumes in ischemic stroke model of rats. The upregulation of bFGF and SDF-1α likely played a key mechanistic role in enabling MSC to afford functional effects in stroke. MSC transplantation at 24 hours after recanalization appears to be the optimal timing for ischemic stroke model, which should guide the design of clinical trials of cell transplantation for stroke patients.
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23
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Li J, Zhu H, Chen Y, Deng W, Li Q, Lu S, Xu Y, Huang L, Ma C, Zhao C, Wang R, Qin C. The distribution of transplanted human mesenchymal stem cells in the CNS of young Macaca fascicularis. Brain Res 2014; 1579:1-9. [PMID: 25050543 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have generated much hope and promise as a potential source of cells for cell-based therapeutic strategies in pediatric degenerative diseases. However, the distribution and migratory routes of MSCs are unknown. Here, real-time PCR and microscopy were used to observe the migration and distribution of labeled human MSCs (hMSCs) transplanted into the striatum of young Macaca fascicularis. Moreover, the differentiation of hMSCs was also detected using immunofluorescence. We found that hMSCs were mainly located near the injection site in the brain and in the anterior brain after 2 weeks. After 4 weeks, the hMSCs had dispersed and could be detected in each brain slice and were more uniformly distributed than after 2 weeks. The hMSCs showed a preference for migration towards blood vessels, which may be one of the migratory routes used by hMSCs. Additionally, hMSCs could be observed to give rise to NeuN- and GFAP-positive cells. Transplanted hMSCs also increased the expression levels of N-cadherin in the host brain tissue, which may be one factor that drives the migration and differentiation of hMSCs after transplantation. These results provide preclinical evidence that MSC-based therapies may represent an efficacious alternative to more conventional treatment regimens for a variety of pediatric neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Li
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China; Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yunxin Chen
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qin Li
- Motac Collaborative Laboratory, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing 100005, China.
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