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Velázquez-Flores MÁ, Sánchez-Chávez G, Morales-Lázaro SL, Ruiz Esparza-Garrido R, Canizales-Ontiveros A, Salceda R. Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Showed a Differential Glycine Receptor Expression in the Spinal Cord: A GlyR Role in Diabetic Neuropathy. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:684-691. [PMID: 38017313 PMCID: PMC10884118 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, attenuation of the inhibitory action of glycine is related to an increase in both inflammatory and diabetic neuropathic pain; however, the glycine receptor involvement in diabetic neuropathy has not been reported. We determined the expression of the glycine receptor subunits (α1-α3 and β) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Long-Evans rats by qPCR and Western blot. The total mRNA and protein expression (whole spinal cord homogenate) of the α1, α3, and β subunits did not change during diabetes; however, the α2 subunit mRNA, but not the protein, was overexpressed 45 days after diabetes induction. By contrast, the synaptic expression of the α1 and α2 subunits decreased in all the studied stages of diabetes, but that of the α3 subunit increased on day 45 after diabetes induction. Intradermal capsaicin produced higher paw-licking behavior in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats than in the control animals. In addition, the nocifensive response was higher at 45 days than at 20 days. During diabetes, the expression of the glycine receptor was altered in the spinal cord, which strongly suggests its involvement in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Velázquez-Flores
- Noncoding RNAs Laboratory, Unit of Medical Research on Human Genetics, Children's Hospital "Silvestre Frenk Freund", National Medical Center Century XXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Sánchez-Chávez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Ruiz Esparza-Garrido
- Unit of Medical Research on Human Genetics, Children's Hospital "Silvestre Frenk Freund", National Medical Center Century XXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Canizales-Ontiveros
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Salceda
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Natale CA, Christie MJ, Aubrey KR. Spinal glycinergic currents are reduced in a rat model of neuropathic pain following partial nerve ligation but not chronic constriction injury. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:333-341. [PMID: 36541621 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00451.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have consistently indicated that central sensitization and the development of chronic neuropathic pain are linked to changes to inhibitory signaling in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. However, replication of data investigating the cellular mechanisms that underlie these changes remains a challenge and there is still a lack of understanding about what aspects of spinal inhibitory transmission most strongly contribute to the disease. Here, we compared the effect of two different sciatic nerve injuries commonly used to generate rodent models of neuropathic pain on spinal glycinergic signaling. Using whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in spinal slices, we recorded from neurons in the lamina II of the dorsal horn and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents with a stimulator in lamina III, where glycinergic cell bodies are concentrated. We found that glycine inputs onto radial neurons were reduced following partial nerve ligation (PNL) of the sciatic nerve, consistent with a previous report. However, this finding was not replicated in animals that underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the same nerve region. To limit the between-experiment variability, we kept the rat species, sex, and age consistent and had a single investigator carry out the surgeries. These data show that PNL and CCI cause divergent spinal signaling outcomes in the cord and add to the body of evidence suggesting that treatments for neuropathic pain should be triaged according to nerve injury or cellular dysfunction rather than the symptoms of the disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuropathic pain models are used in preclinical research to investigate the mechanisms underlying allodynia, a common symptom of neuropathic pain, and to test, develop, and validate therapies for persistent pain. We demonstrate that a glycinergic dysfunction is consistently associated with partial nerve ligation but not the chronic constriction injury model. This suggests that the cellular effects produced by each injury are distinct and that data from different neuropathic pain models should be considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Natale
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karin R Aubrey
- Pain Management Research, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Kim H, Lee HJ, Zuo G, Hwang SH, Park JS, Hong JS, Kim KH, Soto Montero S, Yi D, Lee JT, Suh H, Lim SS. Antinociceptive activity of the Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. ethanolic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2381-2389. [PMID: 35844922 PMCID: PMC9281943 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. (CE) is native to the Mexico and multiple effects have been observed from several plants belonging to the same family. CE was subjected to extraction with 95% ethanol, and the components were isolated through column chromatography. The structure of the compound was elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data, electron ionization-mass (EI-MS) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass (LC-MS) spectroscopy. In vivo antinociceptive studies were conducted using writhing, 5% formalin, tail-flick, hot-plate, and von Frey filament tests. The ethanolic extract showed a significant effect in the acetic acid-induced pain model and nociceptive behavior in the formalin model (second phase). In hot-plate test and tail-flick test, the results showed no difference compared to the control group. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract may act peripherally to reduce pain. In the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pain model, the ethanolic extract showed significant effect in the von Frey test model. The n-Hex (Hexane) and MC (Methylene chloride) fractions and isolated compounds, ellagic acid and agathisflavone, showed increased effect. Based on these results, we confirmed that the CE ethanolic extract and their compounds, ellagic acid and agathisflavone, have antinociceptive effect on diabetes mellitus-induced pain. Furthermore, the results of this study might be valuable for identifying compounds with antinociceptive activity from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Yong Kim
- Department of Food Science and NutritionCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of MedicineHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Guanglei Zuo
- Department of Food Science and NutritionCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Seung Hwan Hwang
- Department of Food Science and NutritionCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Jeong Seok Park
- Department of Physical EducationCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Jae Seung Hong
- Department of Physical EducationCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Kang Hyuk Kim
- Department of Food Science and NutritionCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Silvia Soto Montero
- Bioprospecting Research UnitNational Biodiversity InstituteHerediaCosta Rica
| | - Dong‐Keun Yi
- International Biological Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied ChemistryHallym UniversityChuncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hong‐Won Suh
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of MedicineHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and NutritionCollege of Natural SciencesHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
- Institute of Korean NutritionHallym UniversityChuncheonRepublic of Korea
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San Martín VP, Sazo A, Utreras E, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptor Subtypes and Their Roles in Nociception and Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:848642. [PMID: 35401105 PMCID: PMC8984470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.848642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the inhibitory control provided by the glycinergic system is one of the major mechanisms underlying chronic pain. In line with this concept, recent studies have provided robust proof that pharmacological intervention of glycine receptors (GlyRs) restores the inhibitory function and exerts anti-nociceptive effects on preclinical models of chronic pain. A targeted regulation of the glycinergic system requires the identification of the GlyR subtypes involved in chronic pain states. Nevertheless, the roles of individual GlyR subunits in nociception and in chronic pain are yet not well defined. This review aims to provide a systematic outline on the contribution of GlyR subtypes in chronic pain mechanisms, with a particular focus on molecular pathways of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition mediated by post-translational modifications at the receptor level. The current experimental evidence has shown that phosphorylation of synaptic α1β and α3β GlyRs are involved in processes of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition triggered by chronic inflammatory pain. On the other hand, the participation of α2-containing GlyRs and of β subunits in pain signaling have been less studied and remain undefined. Although many questions in the field are still unresolved, future progress in GlyR research may soon open new exciting avenues into understanding and controlling chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo E. Yévenes,
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Ohashi N, Uta D, Ohashi M, Baba H. Norepinephrine restores inhibitory tone of spinal lamina X circuitry, thus contributing to analgesia against inflammatory pain. Neuroscience 2022; 490:224-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Inhibition of Glycine Re-Uptake: A Potential Approach for Treating Pain by Augmenting Glycine-Mediated Spinal Neurotransmission and Blunting Central Nociceptive Signaling. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060864. [PMID: 34200954 PMCID: PMC8230656 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the myriad of cellular and molecular processes identified as contributing to pathological pain, disinhibition of spinal cord nociceptive signaling to higher cortical centers plays a critical role. Importantly, evidence suggests that impaired glycinergic neurotransmission develops in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models and is a key maladaptive mechanism causing mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. Thus, it has been hypothesized that pharmacological agents capable of augmenting glycinergic tone within the dorsal horn may be able to blunt or block aberrant nociceptor signaling to the brain and serve as a novel class of analgesics for various pathological pain states. Indeed, drugs that enhance dysfunctional glycinergic transmission, and in particular inhibitors of the glycine transporters (GlyT1 and GlyT2), are generating widespread interest as a potential class of novel analgesics. The GlyTs are Na+/Cl−-dependent transporters of the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family and it has been proposed that the inhibition of them presents a possible mechanism by which to increase spinal extracellular glycine concentrations and enhance GlyR-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission in the dorsal horn. Various inhibitors of both GlyT1 and GlyT2 have demonstrated broad analgesic efficacy in several preclinical models of acute and chronic pain, providing promise for the approach to deliver a first-in-class non-opioid analgesic with a mechanism of action differentiated from current standard of care. This review will highlight the therapeutic potential of GlyT inhibitors as a novel class of analgesics, present recent advances reported for the field, and discuss the key challenges associated with the development of a GlyT inhibitor into a safe and effective agent to treat pain.
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Nna VU, Bakar ABA, Ahmad A, Mohamed M. Diabetes-induced testicular oxidative stress, inflammation, and caspase-dependent apoptosis: the protective role of metformin. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:377-388. [PMID: 30513216 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1543329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Context: Metformin's effect on glycaemic control is well documented, but its effect on diabetes-induced testicular impairment has been scarcely reported.Objective: To investigate the effects of metformin on testicular oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which largely contribute to fertility decline in diabetic state.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 6/group) namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), and metformin (300 mg/kg b.w./d)-treated diabetic groups. Metformin was administrated for 4 weeks.Results: Decreased mRNA expressions and activities of antioxidant enzymes were seen in the testes of DC group. mRNA and protein expressions of pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic markers increased, while interleukin-10 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) decreased in the testes of DC group. Treatment with metformin up-regulated antioxidant enzymes, down-regulated inflammation, and apoptosis and increased PCNA immunoexpression in the testes.Conclusions: Metformin protects the testes from diabetes-induced impairment and may improve male reproductive health in diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Udo Nna
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ainul Bahiyah Abu Bakar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Ahmad
- Basic Science and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mahaneem Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Integrative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Cannabidiol attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via serotonergic system activation through 5-HT1A receptors. Brain Res 2019; 1715:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Chen L, Zhang J, Li C, Wang Z, Li J, Zhao D, Wang S, Zhang H, Huang Y, Guo X. Glycine Transporter-1 and glycine receptor mediate the antioxidant effect of glycine in diabetic rat islets and INS-1 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 123:53-61. [PMID: 29753073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the main inducer of β-cell damage, which underlies the pathogenesis of diabetes. Evidence suggests that glycine, a recognized antioxidant, may improve β-cell function; however, its mechanism in protecting diabetic β-cells against oxidative stress has not been directly investigated. Using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, we evaluated whether glycine can attenuate diabetic β-cell damage induced by oxidative stress. In diabetic rats, glycine stimulated insulin secretion; enhanced plasma glutathione (GSH), catalase and superoxide dismutase levels; reduced plasma 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine and islet p22phox levels; and improved islet β-cell mitochondrial degeneration and insulin granule degranulation. In INS-1 cells, glycine reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and inhibited apoptosis induced by high glucose or H2O2. Glycine transporter-1 inhibitor blocked the antioxidative effect of glycine by reducing the intracellular GSH content, and glycine receptor inhibitor reversed the glycine antioxidative effect by blocking p22phox. Collectively, our findings reveal a mechanism by which glycine protects diabetic β-cells against damage caused by oxidative stress by increasing glycine transporter-1-mediated synthesis of GSH and by reducing glycine receptor-mediated ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
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Zhao JY, Yang L, Bai HH, Liu JP, Suo ZW, Yang X, Hu XD. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in spinal cord dorsal horn of rats attenuated diabetic neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cioffi CL. Modulation of Glycine-Mediated Spinal Neurotransmission for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Med Chem 2017; 61:2652-2679. [PMID: 28876062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain constitutes a significant and expanding worldwide health crisis. Currently available analgesics poorly serve individuals suffering from chronic pain, and new therapeutic agents that are more effective, safer, and devoid of abuse liabilities are desperately needed. Among the myriad of cellular and molecular processes contributing to chronic pain, spinal disinhibition of pain signaling to higher cortical centers plays a critical role. Accumulating evidence shows that glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn gates nociceptive signaling, is essential in maintaining physiological pain sensitivity, and is diminished in pathological pain states. Thus, it is hypothesized that agents capable of enhancing glycinergic tone within the dorsal horn could obtund nociceptor signaling to the brain and serve as analgesics for persistent pain. This Perspective highlights the potential that pharmacotherapies capable of increasing inhibitory spinal glycinergic neurotransmission hold in providing new and transformative analgesic therapies for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Cioffi
- Departments of Basic and Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , 106 New Scotland Avenue , Albany , New York 12208 United States
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