Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents cerebral and cerebellar injury induced by obstructive jaundice in rats via inducing expression of TIPE-2

Suppression of Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Persuaded Increased Monoamine Oxidase Activity by Taurine Promotes Significant Neuroprotection in Zebrafish Brain

Neuropsychiatric upshots following chronic exposure to unpredictable adverse stressors have been well documented in the literature. Considering the significant impact of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), the literature is elusive regarding the neuroprotective efficacy of taurine against CUS-induced oxidative stress and chromatin condensation in the zebrafish brain. In this study, to ameliorate CUS-persuaded neurological outcomes, waterborne treatment of taurine as a prophylactic intervention was undertaken. Further, our approach also focused on the gross neurobehavioral response of zebrafish, oxidative stress indices and neuromorphology of the zebrafish brain following CUS exposure with taurine treatment. Because taurine provides significant neuroprotection against oxidative insult, the cytosolic level of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the zebrafish brain following CUS exposure is worth investigating. Further, as heightened MAO activity is associated with augmented oxidative and chromatin condensation, the focus of this study was on whether taurine provides neuroprotection by downregulating MAO levels in the brain. Our findings show that CUS-persuaded altered neurobehavioral response was significantly rescued by taurine. Moreover, our findings firmly support the hypothesis that taurine acts as a radical neuroprotector by restoring glutathione biosynthesis in the zebrafish brain subsequent to CUS exposure. Additionally, the rising level of brain MAO following chronic exposure to CUS is ameliorated by taurine treatment. These findings strongly advocate the role of taurine as a natural MAO inhibitor through the neuroprotection it provides against CUS-instigated oxidative stress in zebrafish. However, the fundamental neuroprotective mechanism of such natural compounds needs to be elucidated to determine their neuroprotective efficacy against stress regimens.

Correlation of serum levels and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 with Parkinson disease severity

Different immune-mediated mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD) as a neurodegenerative and inflammatory disease. According to our knowledge, there is no report evaluating Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 (TIPE2), a cytokine maintaining immune homeostasis, in PD. We analyzed the correlation of the serum levels and circulatory gene expression of TIPE2 with severity of PD. In this case-control study, 43 patients with PD and 40 healthy subjects were enrolled. The diagnosis of PD was performed byclinical diagnostic criteria of the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank. The severity of PD was evaluated by modified Hoehn and Yahr (H and Y) scale. Serum levels and gene expression of TIPE2 were assessed by Elisa and real time PCR, respectively. The mean serum levels and gene expression of TIPE2 in patients with PD did not have significant difference compared to healthy subjects. Linear multiple regression analysis showed that increased serum levels of TIPE2 are positively related to age and severity of PD (P ≤ 0.0001). In addition, the gene expression of TIPE2 was found to be associated with age (P < 0.0001). Our study showed that the serum levels of TIPE2 and its gene expression might be important prognostic biomarkers of PD.