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Hoang H, Lacadie C, Hwang J, Lam K, Elshafie A, Rosenberg SB, Watt C, Sinha R, Constable RT, Savoye M, Seo D, Belfort-DeAguiar R. Low-calorie diet-induced weight loss is associated with altered brain connectivity and food desire in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1362-1372. [PMID: 38831482 PMCID: PMC11211061 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to better understand the effects of diet-induced weight loss on brain connectivity in response to changes in glucose levels in individuals with obesity. METHODS A total of 25 individuals with obesity, among whom 9 had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after an 8-week low-calorie diet. We used a two-step hypereuglycemia clamp approach to mimic the changes in glucose levels observed in the postprandial period in combination with task-mediated fMRI intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD) analysis. RESULTS After the diet, participants lost an average of 3.3% body weight. Diet-induced weight loss led to a decrease in leptin levels, an increase in hunger and food intake, and greater brain connectivity in the parahippocampus, right hippocampus, and temporal cortex (limbic-temporal network). Group differences (with vs. without type 2 diabetes) were noted in several brain networks. Connectivity in the limbic-temporal and frontal-parietal brain clusters inversely correlated with hunger. CONCLUSIONS A short-term low-calorie diet led to a multifaceted body response in patients with obesity, with an increase in connectivity in the limbic-temporal network (emotion and memory) and hormone and eating behavior changes that may be important for recovering the weight lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hoang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janice Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC
| | - Katherine Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmed Elshafie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Samuel B Rosenberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles Watt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R. Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Savoye
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Huang J, Chen Z, van Zijl PCM, Law LH, Pemmasani Prabakaran RS, Park SW, Xu J, Chan KWY. Effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI in mouse brain. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:57-68. [PMID: 38308151 PMCID: PMC11055662 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI in mouse brain tissue and CSF at 3 T. METHODS DGE data of brain tissue and CSF from mice under normoxia or hyperoxia were acquired in independent and interleaved experiments using on-resonance variable delay multi-pulse (onVDMP) MRI. A bolus of 0.15 mL filtered 50% D-glucose was injected through the tail vein over 1 min during DGE acquisition. MRS was acquired before and after DGE experiments to confirm the presence of D-glucose. RESULTS A significantly higher DGE effect under normoxia than under hyperoxia was observed in brain tissue (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 for independent and interleaved experiments, respectively), but not in CSF (p > 0.3). This difference is attributed to the increased baseline MR tissue signal under hyperoxia induced by a shortened T1 and an increased BOLD effect. When switching from hyperoxia to normoxia without glucose injection, a signal change of ˜3.0% was found in brain tissue and a signal change of ˜1.5% was found in CSF. CONCLUSIONS DGE signal was significantly lower under hyperoxia than that under normoxia in brain tissue, but not in CSF. The reason is that DGE effect size of brain tissue is affected by the baseline signal, which could be influenced by T1 change and BOLD effect. Therefore, DGE experiments in which the oxygenation level is changed from baseline need to be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpan Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter CM van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lok Hin Law
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rohith Saai Pemmasani Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Se Weon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kannie WY Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Tung Biomedical Science Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Satake T, Taki A, Ouchi K, Kasahara K, Tsurugizawa T. Increased functional connectivity following ingestion of dried bonito soup. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1354245. [PMID: 38633605 PMCID: PMC11021645 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1354245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Soup, including dried bonito broth, is customarily consumed as an umami taste during meals in Japan. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated neuronal activation following human exposure to carbohydrates and umami substances. However, neuronal activity following ingestion of dried bonito soup has not been investigated. Additionally, recent progress in fMRI has enabled us to investigate the functional connectivity between two anatomically separated regions, such as the default mode network. In this study, we first investigated the altered functional connectivity after ingesting dried bonito soup in healthy volunteers. Functional connectivity in several brain regions, including the connection between the vermis, part of the cerebellum, and bilateral central opercular cortex, was markedly increased after ingesting dried bonito soup, compared to the ingestion of hot water. Physiological scaling showed that satiety was substantially increased by ingesting hot water rather than dried bonito soup. These results indicate that increased functional connectivity reflects the post-ingestive information pathway of dried bonito soup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Satake
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ai Taki
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ouchi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasahara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Campos A, Marek T, Calderon G, Ghusn W, Cifuentes L, Sim LA, Camilleri M, Dayyeh BA, Port JD, Acosta A. Neurohormonal response patterns to hunger, satiation, and postprandial fullness in normal weight, anorexia nervosa, and obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14695. [PMID: 37926943 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food intake is regulated by homeostatic and hedonic systems that interact in a complex neuro-hormonal network. Dysregulation in energy intake can lead to obesity (OB) or anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about the neurohormonal response patterns to food intake in normal weight (NW), OB, and AN. MATERIAL & METHODS During an ad libitum nutrient drink (Ensure®) test (NDT), participants underwent three pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI scans. The first scan was performed before starting the NDT after a > 12 h overnight fast (Hunger), the second after reaching maximal fullness (Satiation), and the third 30-min after satiation (postprandial fullness). We measured blood levels of ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) with every pCASL-MRI scan. Semiquantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps in mL/100 gr brain/min were calculated and normalized (nCBF) with the CBF in the frontoparietal white matter. The hypothalamus (HT), nucleus accumbens [NAc] and dorsal striatum [DS] were selected as regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS A total of 53 participants, 7 with AN, 17 with NW (body-mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ), and 29 with OB (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) completed the study. The NW group had a progressive decrease in all five ROIs during the three stages of food intake (hunger, satiation, and post-prandial fullness). In contrast, participants with OB showed a minimal change from hunger to postprandial fullness in all five ROIs. The AN group had a sustained nCBF in the HT and DS, from hunger to satiation, with a subsequent decrease in nCBF from satiation to postprandial fullness. All three groups had similar hormonal response patterns with a decrease in ghrelin, an increase in GLP-1 and PYY, and no change in CCK. CONCLUSION Conditions of regulated (NW) and dysregulated (OB and AN) energy intake are associated with distinctive neurohormonal activity patterns in response to hunger, satiation, and postprandial fullness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Campos
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tomas Marek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerardo Calderon
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wissam Ghusn
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Leslie A Sim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Barham Abu Dayyeh
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John D Port
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Manuel J, Halbe E, Ewald AC, Hoff A, Jordan J, Tank J, Heusser K, Gerlach DA. Glucose-sensitive hypothalamic nuclei traced through functional magnetic resonance imaging. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1297197. [PMID: 38146542 PMCID: PMC10749345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1297197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypothalamic glucose-sensitive neural circuits, which regulate energy metabolism and can contribute to diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, have been difficult to study in humans. We developed an approach to assess hypothalamic functional connectivity changes during glucose loading using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods To do so, we conducted oral glucose tolerance tests while acquiring functional images before, and 10 and 45 min after glucose ingestion in a healthy male and cross-sectionally in 20 healthy participants on two different diets. Results At group level, 39 fMRI sessions were not sufficient to detect glucose-mediated connectivity changes. However, 10 repeated sessions in a single subject revealed significant intrinsic functional connectivity increases 45 min after glucose intake in the arcuate, paraventricular, and dorsomedial nuclei, as well as in the posterior hypothalamic area, median eminence, and mammillary bodies. Discussion Our methodology allowed to outline glucose-sensitive hypothalamic pathways in a single human being and holds promise in delineating individual pathophysiology mechanisms in patients with dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Manuel
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Eva Halbe
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ann Charlotte Ewald
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alex Hoff
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Heusser
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Darius A. Gerlach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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Yunker AG, Chakravartti SP, Kullmann S, Veit R, Angelo B, Jann K, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Sweet taste preference is associated with greater hypothalamic response to glucose and longitudinal weight gain. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114292. [PMID: 37442357 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has an abundant expression of sweet taste receptors that play a role in glucose sensing and energy homeostasis. Evidence suggests that liking "sweets" can be associated with weight gain, but the relationship between sweet taste preference and hypothalamic regulation of appetite is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that sweet taste preference is associated with increased hypothalamic activation in response to glucose (a purported neural marker for weight gain risk) and greater longitudinal increases in body mass index (BMI). Fifty-four adults aged 18-35 years with a mean (± SD) BMI of 27.99 ± 5.32 kg/m2 completed the study. Height and weight were measured at baseline and 6-12 months later in a subset of 36 participants. Sweet taste preference was assessed via the Monell 2-series, forced-choice tracking procedure. Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after oral glucose ingestion to determine hypothalamic blood flow response to glucose. Linear models were used to examine relationships between sweet taste preference and the hypothalamic response to glucose and longitudinal changes in BMI, adjusting for age, sex, and baseline BMI. Sweet taste preference was positively associated with glucose-linked hypothalamic blood flow (beta = 0.017, p = 0.043), adjusted for age, sex and BMI. We also observed a positive association between sweet taste preference and longitudinal change in BMI (beta = 0.088, p = 0.015), adjusted for age, sex and baseline BMI. These findings suggest that heightened sweet taste preference is associated with glucose-linked hypothalamic activation and may be linked to increased susceptibility for weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Yunker
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandhya P Chakravartti
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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7
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Simon JJ, Lang PM, Rommerskirchen L, Bendszus M, Friederich HC. Hypothalamic Reactivity and Connectivity following Intravenous Glucose Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087370. [PMID: 37108533 PMCID: PMC10139105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional glucose sensing in homeostatic brain regions such as the hypothalamus is interlinked with the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the physiology and pathophysiology of glucose sensing and neuronal homeostatic regulation remain insufficiently understood. To provide a better understanding of glucose signaling to the brain, we assessed the responsivity of the hypothalamus (i.e., the core region of homeostatic control) and its interaction with mesocorticolimbic brain regions in 31 normal-weight, healthy participants. We employed a single-blind, randomized, crossover design of the intravenous infusion of glucose and saline during fMRI. This approach allows to investigate glucose signaling independent of digestive processes. Hypothalamic reactivity and connectivity were assessed using a pseudo-pharmacological design and a glycemia-dependent functional connectivity analysis, respectively. In line with previous studies, we observed a hypothalamic response to glucose infusion which was negatively related to fasting insulin levels. The observed effect size was smaller than in previous studies employing oral or intragastric administration of glucose, demonstrating the important role of the digestive process in homeostatic signaling. Finally, we were able to observe hypothalamic connectivity with reward-related brain regions. Given the small amount of glucose employed, this points toward a high responsiveness of these regions to even a small energy stimulus in healthy individuals. Our study highlights the intricate relationship between homeostatic and reward-related systems and their pronounced sensitivity to subtle changes in glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pia M Lang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Rommerskirchen
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ogawa A, Osada T, Tanaka M, Suda A, Nakajima K, Oka S, Kamagata K, Aoki S, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Hattori N, Konishi S. Hypothalamic interaction with reward-related regions during subjective evaluation of foods. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119744. [PMID: 36368500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reward system implemented in the midbrain, ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex evaluates and compares various types of rewards given to the organisms. It has been suggested that autonomic factors influence reward-related processing via the hypothalamus, but how the hypothalamus modulates the reward system remains elusive. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, the hypothalamus was parcellated into individual hypothalamic nuclei performing different autonomic functions using boundary mapping parcellation analyses. The effective interaction during subjective evaluation of foods in a reward task was then investigated between the human hypothalamic nuclei and the reward-related regions. We found significant brain activity decrease in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) and lateral nucleus in the hypothalamus in food evaluation compared with monetary evaluation. A psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed dual interactions between the PVH and (1) midbrain region and (2) ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with the former correlated with the stronger tendency of participants toward food-seeking. A dynamic causal modeling analysis further revealed unidirectional interactions from the PVH to the midbrain and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that the PVH in the human hypothalamus interacts with the reward-related regions in the cerebral cortex via multiple pathways (i.e., the midbrain pathway and ventromedial prefrontal pathway) to evaluate rewards for subsequent decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Suda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Nakajima
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Stamataki NS, Mckie S, Scott C, Bosscher D, Elliott R, McLaughlin JT. Mapping the Homeostatic and Hedonic Brain Responses to Stevia Compared to Caloric Sweeteners and Water: A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:4172. [PMID: 36235824 PMCID: PMC9570671 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners have potential effects on brain function. We investigated neural correlates of responses to beverages differing in sweetness and calories. Healthy participants completed 4 randomised sessions: water vs. water with stevia, glucose, or maltodextrin. Blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast was monitored for 30 min post-ingestion by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A food visual probe task at baseline was repeated at 30 min. A significant interaction of taste-by-calories-by-time was demonstrated mainly in motor, frontal, and insula cortices. Consumption of the stevia-sweetened beverage resulted in greater BOLD decrease, especially in the 20-30 min period, compared to other beverages. There was a significant interaction of taste-by-time in BOLD response in gustatory and reward areas; sweet beverages induced greater reduction in BOLD compared to non-sweet. The interaction calories-by-time showed significantly greater incremental area under the curve in thalamic, visual, frontal, and parietal areas for glucose and maltodextrin 10-20 min post-consumption only, compared to water. In the visual cue task, the water demonstrated an increased response in the visual cortex to food images post-consumption; however, no difference was observed for the three sweet/caloric beverages. In conclusion, both sweet taste and calories exert modulatory effects, but stevia showed a more robust and prolonged effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta S. Stamataki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shane Mckie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Research and Innovation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Corey Scott
- Cargill R&D Center North America, Minneapolis, MN 55447, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John T. McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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10
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Kung PH, Soriano-Mas C, Steward T. The influence of the subcortex and brain stem on overeating: How advances in functional neuroimaging can be applied to expand neurobiological models to beyond the cortex. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:719-731. [PMID: 35380355 PMCID: PMC9307542 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging has become a widely used tool in obesity and eating disorder research to explore the alterations in neurobiology that underlie overeating and binge eating behaviors. Current and traditional neurobiological models underscore the importance of impairments in brain systems supporting reward, cognitive control, attention, and emotion regulation as primary drivers for overeating. Due to the technical limitations of standard field strength functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanners, human neuroimaging research to date has focused largely on cortical and basal ganglia effects on appetitive behaviors. The present review draws on animal and human research to highlight how neural signaling encoding energy regulation, reward-learning, and habit formation converge on hypothalamic, brainstem, thalamic, and striatal regions to contribute to overeating in humans. We also consider the role of regions such as the mediodorsal thalamus, ventral striatum, lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus in supporting habit formation, inhibitory control of food craving, and attentional biases. Through these discussions, we present proposals on how the neurobiology underlying these processes could be examined using functional neuroimaging and highlight how ultra-high field 7-Tesla (7 T) fMRI may be leveraged to elucidate the potential functional alterations in subcortical networks. Focus is given to how interactions of these regions with peripheral endocannabinoids and neuropeptides, such as orexin, could be explored. Technical and methodological aspects regarding the use of ultra-high field 7 T fMRI to study eating behaviors are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Kung
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Neuroscience Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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Painelli VDS, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221098120. [PMID: 35615525 PMCID: PMC9125602 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse
may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects
likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the
exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO
solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may
potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible
solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth
rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the
exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally
potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance.
Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state,
somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in
exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and
temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the
variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state.
Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as
an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider
methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper
familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo
designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth
rinse as an ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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12
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Althubeati S, Avery A, Tench CR, Lobo DN, Salter A, Eldeghaidy S. Mapping brain activity of gut-brain signaling to appetite and satiety in healthy adults: A systematic review and functional neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104603. [PMID: 35276299 PMCID: PMC9096878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how neurohormonal gut-brain signaling regulates appetite and satiety is vital for the development of therapies for obesity and altered eating behavior. However, reported brain areas associated with appetite or satiety regulators show inconsistency across functional neuroimaging studies. The aim of this study was to systematically assess the convergence of brain regions modulated by appetite and satiety regulators. Twenty-five studies were considered for qualitative synthesis, and 14 independent studies (20-experiments) found eligible for coordinate-based neuroimaging meta-analyses across 212 participants and 123 foci. We employed two different meta-analysis approaches. The results from the systematic review revealed the modulation of insula, amygdala, hippocampus, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with appetite regulators, where satiety regulators were more associated with caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex in addition to the insula and OFC. The two neuroimaging meta-analyses methods identified the caudate nucleus as a key area associated with satiety regulators. Our results provide quantitative brain activation maps of neurohormonal gut-brain signaling in heathy-weight adults that can be used to define alterations with eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Althubeati
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda Avery
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christopher R Tench
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dileep N Lobo
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew Salter
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sally Eldeghaidy
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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13
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Roger C, Lasbleiz A, Guye M, Dutour A, Gaborit B, Ranjeva JP. The Role of the Human Hypothalamus in Food Intake Networks: An MRI Perspective. Front Nutr 2022; 8:760914. [PMID: 35047539 PMCID: PMC8762294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus (HT), this small structure often perceived through the prism of neuroimaging as morphologically and functionally homogeneous, plays a key role in the primitive act of feeding. The current paper aims at reviewing the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of the role of the HT in food intake regulation. It focuses on the different MRI techniques that have been used to describe structurally and functionally the Human HT. The latest advances in HT parcellation as well as perspectives in this field are presented. The value of MRI in the study of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen Roger
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Adèle Lasbleiz
- Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Dutour
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Bénédicte Gaborit
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
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14
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Ge BB, Jann K, Luo S, Yunker AG, Jones S, Angelo B, Alves JM, Defendis A, Monterosso JR, Xiang AH, Page KA. Brain responses to glucose ingestion are greater in children than adults and are associated with overweight and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:2081-2088. [PMID: 34724360 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake respond differently to glucose ingestion in children and adults and the relationship between brain responses and weight status. METHODS Data included 87 children (ages 7-11 years) and 94 adults (ages 18-35 years) from two cohorts. Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity were defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Brain responses to glucose were determined by measuring cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging in brain regions involved in the regulation of eating behavior. RESULTS Children showed significantly larger increases in brain responses to glucose than adults in the dorsal striatum (p < 0.01), insula (p < 0.01), hippocampus (p < 0.01), and dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01). Responses to glucose in the dorsal striatum (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52, 95% CI 1.05-2.20; p = 0.03), hippocampus (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.02-2.22; p = 0.04), insula (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.11-2.42; p = 0.01), and orbitofrontal cortex (OR = 1.63 95% CI: 1.12-2.39; p = 0.01) were positively associated with overweight or obesity, independent of age group. CONCLUSIONS Children have greater brain responses to glucose ingestion than adults in regions involved in eating behavior, and these responses are associated with weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B Ge
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra G Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jasmin M Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexis Defendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Meyer-Gerspach AC, Wingrove JO, Beglinger C, Rehfeld JF, Le Roux CW, Peterli R, Dupont P, O'Daly O, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK. Erythritol and xylitol differentially impact brain networks involved in appetite regulation in healthy volunteers. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2344-2358. [PMID: 34404339 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1965787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing consensus that sugar consumption should be reduced and the naturally occurring, low-calorie sweeteners xylitol and erythritol are gaining popularity as substitutes, but their effect on brain circuitry regulating appetite is unknown. AIM The study's objective was to examine the effects of the two sweeteners on cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and resting functional connectivity in brain networks involved in appetite regulation, and test whether these effects are related to gut hormone release. METHODS The study was performed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Twenty volunteers received intragastric (ig) loads of 50g xylitol, 75g erythritol, 75g glucose dissolved in 300mL tap water or 300mL tap water. Resting perfusion and blood oxygenation level-dependent data were acquired to assess rCBF and functional connectivity. Blood samples were collected for determination of CCK, PYY, insulin and glucose. RESULTS We found: (i) xylitol, but not erythritol, increased rCBF in the hypothalamus, whereas glucose had the opposite effect; (ii) graph analysis of resting functional connectivity revealed a complex pattern of similarities and differences in brain network properties following xylitol, erythritol, and glucose; (iii) erythritol and xylitol induced a rise in CCK and PYY, (iv) erythritol had no and xylitol only minimal effects on glucose and insulin. CONCLUSION Xylitol and erythritol have a unique combination of properties: no calories, virtually no effect on glucose and insulin while promoting the release of gut hormones, and impacting appetite-regulating neurocircuitry consisting of both similarities and differences with glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jed O Wingrove
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carel W Le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab (CANlab), Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bettina K Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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van Oosterhout WPJ, van Opstal AM, Schoonman GG, van der Grond J, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD, Kruit MC. Hypothalamic functional MRI activity in the initiation phase of spontaneous and glyceryl trinitrate-induced migraine attacks. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5189-5202. [PMID: 34197660 PMCID: PMC8457240 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has been suggested to be important in the initiation cascade of migraine attacks based on clinical and biochemical observations. Previous imaging studies could not disentangle the changes due to the attack and those due to the trigger compound. With a novel approach, we assessed hypothalamic neuronal activity in early premonitory phases of glyceryl‐trinitrate (GTN)‐induced and spontaneous migraine attacks. We measured the hypothalamic blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) response to oral glucose ingestion with 3T‐functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 27 women, 16 with migraine without aura and 11 controls group matched for age and body mass index (BMI), on 1 day without prior GTN administration and on a second day after GTN administration (to coincide with the premonitory phase of an induced attack). Interestingly, subgroups of patients with and without GTN‐triggered attacks could be compared. Additionally, five migraineurs were investigated in a spontaneous premonitory phase. Linear mixed models were used to study between‐ and within‐group effects. Without prior GTN infusion, the BOLD response to glucose was similar in migraine participants and controls (P = .41). After prior GTN infusion, recovery occurred steeper and faster in migraineurs (versus Day 1; P < .0001) and in those who developed an attack versus those who did not (P < .0001). Prior GTN infusion did not alter the glucose‐induced response in controls (versus baseline; P = .71). Just before spontaneous attacks, the BOLD‐response recovery was also faster (P < .0001). In this study, we found new and direct evidence of altered hypothalamic neuronal function in the immediate preclinical phase of both GTN‐provoked and spontaneous migraine attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willebrordus P J van Oosterhout
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Zaans Medical Center, Zaandam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M van Opstal
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guus G Schoonman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, ETZ Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Kruit
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Gavel EH, Hawke KV, Bentley DJ, Logan-Sprenger HM. Menthol Mouth Rinsing Is More Than Just a Mouth Wash-Swilling of Menthol to Improve Physiological Performance. Front Nutr 2021; 8:691695. [PMID: 34307438 PMCID: PMC8292615 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.691695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventions that solely act on the central nervous system (CNS) are gaining considerable interest, particularly products consumed through the oral cavity. The oropharyngeal cavity contains a wide array of receptors that respond to sweet, bitter, and cold tastants, all of which have been shown to improve physiological performance. Of late, the ergogenic benefits of carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsings (MRs) have been widely studied; however, less is known about menthol (MEN). That the physiological state and environmental conditions impact the response each product has is increasingly recognized. While the effects of CHO and CAF MRs have been thoroughly studied in both hot and thermoneutral conditions, less is known about MEN as it has only been studied in hot environments. As such, this review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the MEN MR and exercise modality, frequency of the mouth rinse, and mouth rinse duration and compares two different types of study designs: time trials vs. time to exhaustion (TTE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kierstyn V Hawke
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - David J Bentley
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Mohr AA, Garcia-Serrano AM, Vieira JP, Skoug C, Davidsson H, Duarte JM. A glucose-stimulated BOLD fMRI study of hypothalamic dysfunction in mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1734-1743. [PMID: 32757742 PMCID: PMC8217889 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20942397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the central regulator of energy homeostasis. Hypothalamic neuronal circuits are disrupted upon overfeeding, and play a role in the development of metabolic disorders. While mouse models have been extensively employed for understanding the mechanisms of hypothalamic dysfunction, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on hypothalamic nuclei has been challenging. We implemented a robust glucose-induced fMRI paradigm that allows to repeatedly investigate hypothalamic responses to glucose. This approach was used to test the hypothesis that hypothalamic nuclei functioning is impaired in mice exposed to a high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) for seven days. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal was measured from brains of mice under light isoflurane anaesthesia, during which a 2.6 g/kg glucose load was administered. The mouse hypothalamus responded to glucose but not saline administration with a biphasic BOLD fMRI signal reduction. Relative to controls, HFHSD-fed mice showed attenuated or blunted responses in arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus and dorsomedial nucleus, but not in paraventricular nucleus. In sum, we have developed an fMRI paradigm that is able to determine dysfunction of glucose-sensing neuronal circuits within the mouse hypothalamus in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde A Mohr
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João Pp Vieira
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Davidsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João Mn Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Rollo I, Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, van Loon LJC, Williams C. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise. Sports Med 2021; 50:1863-1871. [PMID: 32936440 PMCID: PMC8159838 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from 'mouth to mitochondria' culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion. After digestion, the secondary stage is the transport of monosaccharides from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The passage of these monosaccharides is facilitated by the presence of various transport proteins. The intestinal mucosa has carbohydrate sensors that stimulate the release of two 'incretin' hormones (GIP and GLP-1) whose actions range from the secretion of insulin to appetite regulation. Most of the ingested carbohydrate is taken up by the liver resulting in a transient inhibition of hepatic glucose release in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the subsequent increased hepatic glucose (and lactate) output can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates by 40-50%. The recognition and successful distribution of carbohydrate to the brain and skeletal muscles to maintain carbohydrate oxidation as well as prevent hypoglycaemia underpins the mechanisms to improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, UK. .,School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | | | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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20
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Kang J, Cao L, Yuan T, Jin L, Shi Y, Ma G, Qiao N, Li C, Zhang Y, Zuo Z, Gui S. Predicting the location of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic region by visualizing the thermoregulatory center on fMRI in craniopharyngioma using cold and warm stimuli. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10087-10098. [PMID: 33818420 PMCID: PMC8064226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic nuclei in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic region (POAH) are critically involved in thermoregulation and neuroendocrine regulation and can be displaced by craniopharyngiomas (CPs). We aimed to locate the POAH by visualizing hypothalamic thermoregulation through task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to guide hypothalamus protection intraoperatively. Nine adult healthy volunteers (HVs) and thirty-two adult primary CP patients underwent task-related fMRI for POAH localization by warm (60° C) and cold (0° C) cutaneous thermoreceptor stimulation. Approach selection and intraoperative POAH protection were performed based on preoperative POAH localization. In all HVs and patients, significant single positive blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes were located in the POAH. The BOLD activity was significantly greater for cold (P=0.03) and warm (P=0.03) stimuli in patients than in HVs. Gross total resection and near-total resection were achieved in 28 (87.5%) and 4 (12.5%) patients, respectively. New-onset diabetes insipidus and new-onset hypopituitarism occurred in 6 patients (18.8%) and 10 patients (31.3%), respectively. Our findings suggest that cutaneous thermoreceptor stimulation could accurately activate the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center and allow POAH localization through task-related fMRI. Preoperative POAH localization could help neurosurgeons protect hypothalamic function intraoperatively. The CP patients were more sensitive to thermal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Taoyang Yuan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guofo Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songbai Gui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Moran GW, Thapaliya G. The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Role in Controlling Eating Behavior in Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030981. [PMID: 33803651 PMCID: PMC8003054 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition represents a major problem in the clinical management of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Presently, our understanding of the cross-link between eating behavior and intestinal inflammation is still in its infancy. Crohn's disease patients with active disease exhibit strong hedonic desires for food and emotional eating patterns possibly to ameliorate feelings of low mood, anxiety, and depression. Impulsivity traits seen in IBD patients may predispose them to palatable food intake as an immediate reward rather than concerns for future health. The upregulation of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) peptide response to food intake has been described in ileal inflammation, which may lead to alterations in gut-brain signaling with implications for appetite and eating behavior. In summary, a complex interplay of gut peptides, psychological, cognitive factors, disease-related symptoms, and inflammatory burden may ultimately govern eating behavior in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon William Moran
- National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
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22
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Menthol Mouth Rinsing and Cycling Performance in Females Under Heat Stress. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1014-1020. [PMID: 33662928 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of menthol (MEN) mouth rinse (MR) on performance, physiological, and perceptual variables in female cyclists during a 30-km independent time trial (ITT) were tested. METHODS The participants (n = 9) cycled for 30 km in hot conditions (30°C [0.6°C], 70% [1%] relative humidity, 12 [1] km/h wind speed) on 2 test occasions: with a placebo MR and with MEN MR. Handgrip and a 5-second sprint were measured before, following the first MR, and after the ITT. Ratings of perceived exertion Borg 6 to 20, thermal sensation, and thermal pleasantness were recorded every 5 km. Core temperature and heart rate were recorded throughout. RESULTS The ITT performance significantly improved with MEN MR by 2.3% (2.7%) relative to the placebo (62.6 [5.7] vs 64.0 [4.9] min P = .034; d = 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 2.8 min). The average power output was significantly higher in the MEN trial (P = .031; d = 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 15.0 W). No significant interaction of time and MR for handgrip (P = .581, η2 = .04) or sprint was observed (P = .365, η2 = .103). Core temperature, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and thermal sensation did not significantly differ between trials at set distances (P > .05). Pleasantness significantly differed between the placebo and MEN only at 5 km, with no differences at other TT distances. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a nonthermal cooling agent can improve 30-km ITT performance in female cyclists, although the improved performance with MEN MR is not due to altered thermal perception.
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23
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Simon JJ, Stopyra MA, Mönning E, Sailer S, Lavandier N, Kihm LP, Bendszus M, Preissl H, Herzog W, Friederich HC. Neuroimaging of hypothalamic mechanisms related to glucose metabolism in anorexia nervosa and obesity. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4094-4103. [PMID: 32315289 DOI: 10.1172/jci136782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDGiven the heightened tolerance to self-starvation in anorexia nervosa (AN), a hypothalamic dysregulation of energy and glucose homeostasis has been hypothesized. Therefore, we investigated whether hypothalamic reactivity to glucose metabolism is impaired in AN.METHODSTwenty-four participants with AN, 28 normal-weight participants, and 24 healthy participants with obesity underwent 2 MRI sessions in a single-blind, randomized, case-controlled crossover study. We used an intragastric infusion of glucose and water to bypass the cephalic phase of food intake. The responsivity of the hypothalamus and the crosstalk of the hypothalamus with reward-related brain regions were investigated using high-resolution MRI.RESULTSNormal-weight control participants displayed the expected glucose-induced deactivation of hypothalamic activation, whereas patients with AN and participants with obesity showed blunted hypothalamic reactivity. Furthermore, patients with AN displayed blunted reactivity in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Compared with the normal-weight participants and control participants with obesity, the patients with AN failed to show functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the reward-related brain regions during water infusion relative to glucose infusion. Finally, the patients with AN displayed typical baseline levels of peripheral appetite hormones during a negative energy balance.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that blunted hypothalamic glucose reactivity might be related to the pathophysiology of AN. This study provides insights for future research, as it is an extended perspective of the traditional primary nonhomeostatic understanding of the disease.FUNDINGThis study was supported by a grant from the DFG (SI 2087/2-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion A Stopyra
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Mönning
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sailer
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nora Lavandier
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars P Kihm
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, and
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- fMEG Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich (IDM) at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Centre, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Communication pathways of the hypothalamus with other brain regions and the periphery are critical to successfully control key physiological and psychological processes. With advanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques, it is possible to target hypothalamic function and infer discrete hypothalamus networks. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a promising tool to study the functional organization of the brain and may act as a marker of individual differences and dysfunctions. Based on recent fMRI findings, the hypothalamus is mostly connected to parts of the striatum, midbrain, thalamus, insula, frontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices and the cerebellum. There is a strong interplay of the hypothalamus with these regions in response to different metabolic, hormonal, and nutritional states. In a state of hunger, hypothalamus RSFC increases with a strong shift to reward-related brain regions, especially in person with excessive weight. Nutrient signals and hormones, as insulin, act on these same connections conveying reward and internal signals to regulate homeostatic control. Moreover, dysfunctional hypothalamus communication has been documented in persons with neurological and psychiatric diseases. The results implicate that patients with depression, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases show mostly a reduction in hypothalamus RSFC, whereas patients with migraine and headache display predominantly increased hypothalamus RSFC. The extent of these changes and regions affected depend on the disorder and symptom severity. Whether hypothalamus RSFC can serve as a marker for disease states or is a prodromal neurobiological feature still needs to be investigated.
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25
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Kerem L, Holsen L, Fazeli P, Bredella MA, Mancuso C, Resulaj M, Holmes TM, Klibanski A, Lawson EA. Modulation of neural fMRI responses to visual food cues by overeating and fasting interventions: A preliminary study. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14639. [PMID: 33369272 PMCID: PMC7758977 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural processing of visual food stimuli is perturbated at extremes of weight. Human fMRI studies investigating diet effects on neural processing of food cues could aid in understanding altered brain activation in conditions of under- and overnutrition. In this preliminary study, we examined brain activity changes in response to 10 days of high-calorie-diet (HCD), followed by 10 days of fasting, hypothesizing that HCD would decrease activation in homeostatic and reward regions, while fasting would increase activation in homeostatic/reward regions and decrease activation of self-control regions. Seven adults completed fMRI scanning during a food-cue paradigm (high- and low-calorie food images and nonfood objects), pre- and post-10-day HCD. Six adults completed fMRI scanning pre- and post-10-day fasting. BOLD response changes for contrasts of interest pre- versus post-intervention in regions of interest were examined (peak-level significance set at p(FWE)<0.05). BMI increased by 6.8% and decreased by 8.1% following HCD and fasting, respectively. Following HCD, BOLD response in the hypothalamus (homeostatic control), was attenuated at trend level in response to high- versus low-calorie foods. Following fasting, BOLD response to food versus objects in inhibitory-control areas (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) was reduced, whereas the activation of homeostatic (hypothalamus), gustatory, and reward brain areas (anterior insula and orbitofrontal cortex) increased. Overfeeding and fasting for 10 days modulate brain activity in response to food stimuli, suggesting that in healthy adults, changes in energy balance affect saliency and reward value of food cues. Future studies are required to understand this interaction in states of unhealthy weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Kerem
- Neuroendocrine UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Pediatric EndocrinologyMassachusetts General Hospital for ChildrenBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Laura Holsen
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Women’s HealthDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Pouneh Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Miriam A. Bredella
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Christopher Mancuso
- Neuroendocrine UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Megi Resulaj
- Neuroendocrine UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Tara M. Holmes
- Translational and Clinical Research CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawson
- Neuroendocrine UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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26
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Abstract
Energy balance is centrally regulated by the brain through several interacting neuronal systems involving external, peripheral, and central factors within the brain. The hypothalamus integrates these factors and is the key brain area in the regulation of energy balance. In this review, we will explain the structure of the hypothalamus and its role in the regulation of energy balance. An important part of energy balance regulation is the sensing of nutrient status and availability. This review will focus on the sensing of the two main sources of energy by the hypothalamus: glucose and fat. As many common health problems and chronic diseases can be traced back to a disrupted hypothalamic function, we will also discuss hypothalamic sensing of glucose and fats in these pathologies. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge and discuss how this may be applied clinically and for future research perspectives.
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27
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Romei A, Voigt K, Verdejo-Garcia A. A Perspective on Candidate Neural Underpinnings of Binge Eating Disorder: Reward and Homeostatic Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2327-2333. [PMID: 32148192 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200309152321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
People with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) exhibit heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli and elevated activity in reward-related brain regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventral striatum (VS) and insula, during food-cue exposure. BED has also been associated with altered patterns of functional connectivity during resting-state. Investigating neural connectivity in the absence of task stimuli provides knowledge about baseline communication patterns that may influence the behavioural and cognitive manifestation of BED. Elevated resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between reward-related brain regions may contribute to uncontrolled eating bouts observed in BED, through heightened food-cue sensitivity and food-craving. The impact of homeostatic state on rsFC of the reward system has not yet been investigated in people with BED. Homeostatic dysfunction is a key driver of excessive food consumption in obesity, whereby rsFC between rewardrelated brain regions does not attenuate during satiety. Future studies should investigate BED related differences in rsFC within the reward system during hunger and satiety, in order to determine whether individuals with BED display an abnormal neural response to changes in homeostatic state. This knowledge would further enhance current understandings of the mechanisms contributing to BED, potentially implicating both reward and homeostatic dysfunctions as drivers of BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Romei
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katharina Voigt
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Ogawa A, Osada T, Tanaka M, Kamagata K, Aoki S, Konishi S. Connectivity-based localization of human hypothalamic nuclei in functional images of standard voxel size. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117205. [PMID: 32735999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their critical roles in autonomic functions, individual hypothalamic nuclei have not been extensively investigated in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging, partly due to the difficulty in resolving individual nuclei contained in the small structure of the hypothalamus. Areal parcellation analyses enable discrimination of individual hypothalamic nuclei but require a higher spatial resolution, which necessitates long scanning time or large amounts of data to compensate for the low signal-to-noise ratio in 3T or 1.5T scanners. In this study, we present analytic procedures to estimate likely locations of individual nuclei in the standard 2-mm resolution based on our higher resolution dataset. The spatial profiles of functional connectivity with the cerebral cortex for each nucleus in the medial hypothalamus were calculated using our higher resolution dataset. Voxels in the hypothalamus in standard resolution images from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) database that predominantly shared connectivity profiles with the same nucleus were subsequently identified. Voxels representing individual nuclei, as identified with the analytic procedures, were reproducible across 20 HCP datasets of 20 subjects each. Furthermore, the identified voxels were spatially separate. These results suggest that these analytic procedures are capable of refining voxels that represent individual hypothalamic nuclei in standard resolution. Our results highlight the potential utility of these procedures in various settings such as patient studies, where lengthy scans are infeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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29
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Impacts of Acute Sucralose and Glucose on Brain Activity during Food Decisions in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113283. [PMID: 33120899 PMCID: PMC7692777 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not known how acute sucralose and glucose alter signaling within the brain when individuals make decisions about available food. Here we examine this using Food Bid Task in which participants bid on visually depicted food items, while simultaneously undergoing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Twenty-eight participants completed three sessions after overnight fast, distinguished only by the consumption at the start of the session of 300 mL cherry flavored water with either 75 g glucose, 0.24 g sucralose, or no other ingredient. There was a marginally significant (p = 0.05) effect of condition on bids, with 13.0% lower bids after glucose and 16.6% lower bids after sucralose (both relative to water). Across conditions, greater activity within regions a priori linked to food cue reactivity predicted higher bids, as did greater activity within the medial orbitofrontal cortex and bilateral frontal pole. There was a significant attenuation within the a priori region of interest (ROI) after sucralose compared to water (p < 0.05). Activity after glucose did not differ significantly from either of the other conditions in the ROI, but an attenuation in signal was observed in the parietal cortex, relative to the water condition. Taken together, these data suggest attenuation of central nervous system (CNS) signaling associated with food valuation after glucose and sucralose.
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30
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Skowron K, Kurnik-Łucka M, Dadański E, Bętkowska-Korpała B, Gil K. Backstage of Eating Disorder-About the Biological Mechanisms behind the Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2604. [PMID: 32867089 PMCID: PMC7551451 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) represents a disorder with the highest mortality rate among all psychiatric diseases, yet our understanding of its pathophysiological components continues to be fragmentary. This article reviews the current concepts regarding AN pathomechanisms that focus on the main biological aspects involving central and peripheral neurohormonal pathways, endocrine function, as well as the microbiome-gut-brain axis. It emerged from the unique complexity of constantly accumulating new discoveries, which hamper the ability to look at the disease in a more comprehensive way. The emphasis is placed on the mechanisms underlying the main symptoms and potential new directions that require further investigation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skowron
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (M.K.-Ł.); (E.D.)
| | - Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (M.K.-Ł.); (E.D.)
| | - Emil Dadański
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (M.K.-Ł.); (E.D.)
| | - Barbara Bętkowska-Korpała
- Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Institute of Medical Psychology, Jakubowskiego St 2, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (M.K.-Ł.); (E.D.)
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31
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Al-Zubaidi A, Iglesias S, Stephan KE, Buades-Rotger M, Heldmann M, Nolde JM, Kirchner H, Mertins A, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Effects of hunger, satiety and oral glucose on effective connectivity between hypothalamus and insular cortex. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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32
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Effects of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Sweet Taste Processing and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Eating Behavior. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 9:278-289. [PMID: 32588329 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly used as a replacement for nutritive sugars as means to quench the desire for "sweets" while contributing few or no dietary calories. However, there is concern that NNS may uncouple the evolved relationship between sweet taste and post-ingestive neuroendocrine signaling. In this review, we examine the effects of NNS exposure on neural and peripheral systems in humans. RECENT FINDINGS NNS exposure during early development may influence sweet taste preferences, and NNS consumption might increase motivation for sweet foods. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence that NNS elicit differential neuronal responsivity in areas related to reward and satiation, compared with caloric sweeteners. Findings are heterogenous regarding whether NNS affect physiological responses. Additional studies are warranted regarding the consequences of NNS on metabolic outcomes and neuroendocrine pathways. Given the widespread popularity of NNS, future studies are essential to establish their role in long-term health.
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Peters R, White DJ, Scholey A. Resting state fMRI reveals differential effects of glucose administration on central appetite signalling in young and old adults. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:304-314. [PMID: 31909672 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119894540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy aging has been associated with reduced appetite and lower energy intake, which can lead to loss of bodyweight, undernutrition and related health problems. The causes for the decline in caloric intake are multifactorial, involving physiological and non-physiological processes. AIMS Here we examined the effect of glucose on brain function in healthy adults as well as age-related, physiological changes in brain responses associated with macronutrient intake. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, balanced cross-over design, younger (n = 16, aged 21-30) and older (n = 16, aged 55-78) adults received a drink containing glucose and a taste-matched placebo after an overnight fast. Blood glucose and hunger were assessed at baseline and 20 min post-ingestion, after which participants underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Frequency-dependent changes associated with glucose administration in slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) and slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal were investigated within the young healthy adults, and then extended to the older age group. Consistent with previous reports, glucose decreased amplitude in slow-5 fALFF within the left orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex in the young adults. We observed a significant interaction in slow-5 ALFF and fALFF in the left insula, such that younger participants showed a decrease in BOLD amplitude, whereas older participants showed an increase, after glucose administration. We further observed an interaction in slow-4 ALFF in the occipital region and precuneus, with older participants showing an increase in magnitude of slow-4 ALFF and younger participants showing a decrease in the same measure. CONCLUSION These age-related, frequency-dependent changes in the magnitude of the BOLD signal in the insula, a key region related to energy homeostasis following feeding, may point to a change in satiety or homeostatic signalling contributing to behavioural changes in energy intake during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Fine LG, Riera CE. Sense of Smell as the Central Driver of Pavlovian Appetite Behavior in Mammals. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1151. [PMID: 31620009 PMCID: PMC6759725 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal experiments of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov set the stage for an understanding of the physiological concomitants of appetite and feeding behavior. His findings, from careful and creative experimentation, have been uncontested for over a century. One of Pavlov's most fundamental observations was that activation of salivary, gastric and pancreatic secretions during feeding and sham-feeding, precedes entry of food into the mouth, generating signals to the brain from various sensory pathways. Pavlov referred to this as the "psychic" phase of digestion. However, quite surprisingly, he did not attempt to isolate any single sensory system as the main driver of this phenomenon. Herein we revisit Pavlov's findings and hypothesize that the evolutionarily-important sense of smell is the pathway most-likely determinant of feeding behavior in mammals. Substantial understandings of olfactory receptors and their neural pathways in the central nervous system have emerged over the past decade. Neurogenic signals, working in concert with hormonal inputs are described, illustrating the ways in which sense of smell determines food-seeking and food-preference. Additionally, we describe how sense of smell affects metabolic pathways relevant to energy metabolism, hunger and satiety as well as a broad range of human behaviors, thereby reinforcing its central biological role in mammals. Intriguing possibilities for future research, based upon this hypothesis, are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Fine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Program in the History of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Celine E Riera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Lizarbe B, Fernández-Pérez A, Caz V, Largo C, Vallejo M, López-Larrubia P, Cerdán S. Systemic Glucose Administration Alters Water Diffusion and Microvascular Blood Flow in Mouse Hypothalamic Nuclei - An fMRI Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:921. [PMID: 31551685 PMCID: PMC6733885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the principal regulator of global energy balance, enclosing additionally essential neuronal centers for glucose-sensing and osmoregulation. Disturbances in these tightly regulated neuronal networks are thought to underlie the development of severe pandemic syndromes, including obesity and diabetes. In this work, we investigate in vivo the response of individual hypothalamic nuclei to the i.p. administration of glucose or vehicle solutions, using two groups of adult male C57BL6/J fasted mice and a combination of non-invasive T2∗-weighted and diffusion-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approaches. MRI parameters were assessed in both groups of animals before, during and in a post-stimulus phase, following the administration of glucose or vehicle solutions. Hypothalamic nuclei depicted different patterns of activation characterized by: (i) generalized glucose-induced increases of neuronal activation and perfusion-markers in the lateral hypothalamus, arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, (ii) cellular shrinking events and decreases in microvascular blood flow in the dorsomedial, ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus, following the administration of vehicle solutions and (iii) increased neuronal activity markers and decreased microperfusion parameters in the ARC nuclei of vehicle-administered animals. Immunohistochemical studies performed after the post-stimulus phase confirmed the presence of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) from both animal groups, with significantly higher numbers in the glucose-treated animals. Together, our results reveal that fMRI methods are able to detect in vivo diverse patterns of glucose or vehicle-induced effects in the different hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Caz
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Largo
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Effect of flavor on neuronal responses of the hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11250. [PMID: 31375749 PMCID: PMC6677894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that food intake is affected by the palatability of food, the actual effect of flavoring on regulation of energy-homeostasis and reward perception by the brain, remains unclear. We investigated the effect of ethyl-butyrate (EB), a common non-caloric food flavoring, on the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in the hypothalamus (important in regulating energy homeostasis) and ventral tegmental area (VTA; important in reward processes). The 16 study participants (18-25 years, BMI 20-23 kg/m2) drank four study stimuli on separate visits using a crossover design during an fMRI setup in a randomized order. The stimuli were; plain water, water with EB, glucose solution (50gram/300 ml) and glucose solution with EB. BOLD responses to ingestion of the stimuli were determined in the hypothalamus and VTA as a measure of changes in neuronal activity after ingestion. In the hypothalamus and VTA, glucose had a significant effect on the BOLD response but EB flavoring did not. Glucose with and without EB led to similar decrease in hypothalamic BOLD response and glucose with EB resulted in a decrease in VTA BOLD response. Our results suggest that the changes in neuronal activity in the hypothalamus are mainly driven by energy ingestion and EB does not influence the hypothalamic response. Significant changes in VTA neuronal activity are elicited by energy combined with flavor.
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Page KA, Luo S, Wang X, Chow T, Alves J, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. Children Exposed to Maternal Obesity or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus During Early Fetal Development Have Hypothalamic Alterations That Predict Future Weight Gain. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1473-1480. [PMID: 31332028 PMCID: PMC6647040 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure in utero to maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to a high risk for obesity in offspring. Animal studies suggest that these exposures disrupt the development of the hypothalamus, a brain region that regulates body weight, predisposing offspring to develop obesity. This study tested the hypothesis in humans that in utero exposure to maternal obesity and/or GDM is associated with alterations in the hypothalamic response to glucose and the altered hypothalamic response would predict greater increases in child adiposity 1 year later. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 91 children aged 7-11 years with and without in utero exposure to GDM. Maternal prepregnancy BMI and GDM exposures were determined from electronic medical records. Arterial spin labeling MRI was used to determine the child's hypothalamic blood flow response to oral glucose. Anthropometric measures were acquired in all children at their initial visit and again 1 year later in a subset of 44 children. RESULTS Children exposed to GDM diagnosed at ≤26 weeks' gestation had increased hypothalamic blood flow (a marker of hypothalamic activation) in response to glucose when compared with unexposed children, and results remained after adjustments for child age, sex, BMI, and maternal prepregnancy BMI. Maternal prepregnancy BMI was positively associated with the child's hypothalamic response to glucose. Greater hypothalamic response to glucose predicted greater increases in child's BMI 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS Increased glucose-linked hypothalamic activation during childhood represents a possible mechanism by which exposure to maternal metabolic disorders during fetal development increases future risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA .,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Jasmin Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
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Frank-Podlech S, Heinze JM, Machann J, Scheffler K, Camps G, Fritsche A, Rosenberger M, Hinrichs J, Veit R, Preissl H. Functional Connectivity Within the Gustatory Network Is Altered by Fat Content and Oral Fat Sensitivity - A Pilot Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:725. [PMID: 31354424 PMCID: PMC6636204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The amount of fat in ingested food dictates specific activation patterns in the brain, particularly in homeostatic and reward-related areas. Taste-specific brain activation changes have also been shown and the sensitivity to the oral perception of fat is associated with differential eating behavior and physiological parameters. The association between oral fat sensitivity and neuronal network functions has, however, not yet been defined. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between fat-dependent neuronal functional connectivity patterns and oral fat sensitivity. Design: To investigate the underlying changes in network dynamics caused by fat intake, we measured resting-state functional connectivity in 11 normal-weight male participants before and after a high- vs. a low-fat meal on two separate study days. Oral fat sensitivity was also measured on both days. We used a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence to measure any connectivity changes in networks with the seed in the brainstem (nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS), in homeostatic (hypothalamus) and in reward regions (ventral and dorsal striatum). Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) maps were analyzed using factorial analyses and correlation analyses with oral fat sensitivity were also performed. Results: Regardless of fat content, FC between NTS and reward and gustatory areas was lower after ingestion. Oral fat sensitivity was positively correlated with FC between homeostatic regions and limbic areas in the high-fat condition, but negatively correlated with FC between the dorsal striatum and somatosensory regions in the low-fat condition. Conclusion: Our results show the interaction of oral fat sensitivity with the network based neuronal processing of high- vs. low-fat meals. Variations in neuronal connectivity network patterns might therefore be a possible moderator of the association of oral fat sensitivity and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frank-Podlech
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jaana M. Heinze
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Camps
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Rosenberger
- Department Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Hinrichs
- Department Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Van Opstal AM, Hafkemeijer A, van den Berg-Huysmans AA, Hoeksma M, Mulder TPJ, Pijl H, Rombouts SARB, van der Grond J. Brain activity and connectivity changes in response to nutritive natural sugars, non-nutritive natural sugar replacements and artificial sweeteners. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:395-405. [PMID: 31288630 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1639306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain plays an important regulatory role in directing energy homeostasis and eating behavior. The increased ingestion of sugars and sweeteners over the last decades makes investigating the effects of these substances on the regulatory function of the brain of particular interest. We investigated whole brain functional response to the ingestion of nutrient shakes sweetened with either the nutritive natural sugars glucose and fructose, the low- nutritive natural sugar replacement allulose or the non-nutritive artificial sweetener sucralose. METHODS Twenty healthy, normal weight, adult males underwent functional MRI on four separate visits. In a double-blind randomized study setup, participants received shakes sweetened with glucose, fructose, allulose or sucralose. Resting state functional MRI was performed before and after ingestion. Changes in Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal, functional network connectivity and voxel based connectivity by Eigenvector Centrality Mapping (ECM) were measured. RESULTS Glucose and fructose led to significant decreased BOLD signal in the cingulate cortex, insula and the basal ganglia. Glucose led to a significant increase in eigen vector centrality throughout the brain and a significant decrease in eigen vector centrality in the midbrain. Sucralose and allulose had no effect on BOLD signal or network connectivity but sucralose did lead to a significant increase in eigen vector centrality values in the cingulate cortex, central gyri and temporal lobe. DISCUSSION Taken together our findings show that even in a shake containing fat and protein, the type of sweetener can affect brain responses and might thus affect reward and satiety responses and feeding behavior. The sweet taste without the corresponding energy content of the non-nutritive sweeteners appeared to have only small effects on the brain. Indicating that the while ingestion of nutritive sugars could have a strong effect on feeding behavior, both in a satiety aspect as well as rewarding aspects, non-nutritive sweeteners appear to not have these effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov under number NCT02745730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Van Opstal
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Hafkemeijer
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Hoeksma
- Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo P J Mulder
- Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Section Endocrinology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lundqvist MH, Almby K, Abrahamsson N, Eriksson JW. Is the Brain a Key Player in Glucose Regulation and Development of Type 2 Diabetes? Front Physiol 2019; 10:457. [PMID: 31133864 PMCID: PMC6524713 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since Claude Bernards discovery in the mid 19th-century that a lesion in the floor of the third ventricle in dogs led to altered systemic glucose levels, a role of the CNS in whole-body glucose regulation has been acknowledged. However, this finding was later overshadowed by the isolation of pancreatic hormones in the 20th century. Since then, the understanding of glucose homeostasis and pathology has primarily evolved around peripheral mechanism. Due to scientific advances over these last few decades, however, increasing attention has been given to the possibility of the brain as a key player in glucose regulation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Studies of animals have enabled detailed neuroanatomical mapping of CNS structures involved in glucose regulation and key neuronal circuits and intracellular pathways have been identified. Furthermore, the development of neuroimaging techniques has provided methods to measure changes of activity in specific CNS regions upon diverse metabolic challenges in humans. In this narrative review, we discuss the available evidence on the topic. We conclude that there is much evidence in favor of active CNS involvement in glucose homeostasis but the relative importance of central vs. peripheral mechanisms remains to be elucidated. An increased understanding of this field may lead to new CNS-focusing pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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van Opstal A, Kaal I, van den Berg-Huysmans A, Hoeksma M, Blonk C, Pijl H, Rombouts S, van der Grond J. Dietary sugars and non-caloric sweeteners elicit different homeostatic and hedonic responses in the brain. Nutrition 2019; 60:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yang J, Zhang LJ, Wang F, Hong T, Liu Z. Molecular imaging of diabetes and diabetic complications: Beyond pancreatic β-cell targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:32-50. [PMID: 30529307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide. Diabetic patients are at a high risk of various complications, such as cardiovascular, renal, and other diseases. The pathogenesis of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) is associated with a functional impairment of pancreatic β-cells. Consequently, most efforts to manage and prevent diabetes have focused on preserving β-cells and their function. Advances in imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon-emission computed tomography, have enabled noninvasive and quantitative detection and characterization of the population and function of β-cells in vivo. These advantages aid in defining and monitoring the progress of diabetes and determining the efficacy of anti-diabetic therapies. Beyond β-cell targeting, molecular imaging of biomarkers associated with the development of diabetes, e.g., lymphocyte infiltration, insulitis, and metabolic changes, may also be a promising strategy for early detection of diabetes, monitoring its progression, and occurrence of complications, as well as facilitating exploration of new therapeutic interventions. Moreover, molecular imaging of glucose uptake, production and excretion in specified tissues is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of diabetes. In the current review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in noninvasive imaging technologies for imaging of biomarkers beyond β-cells for early diagnosis of diabetes, investigation of glucose metabolism, and precise diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic complications for better management of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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Malagelada C, Pribic T, Ciccantelli B, Cañellas N, Gomez J, Amigo N, Accarino A, Correig X, Azpiroz F. Metabolomic signature of the postprandial experience. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13447. [PMID: 30101554 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of a meal up to maximal tolerance induces unpleasant fullness sensation and changes in circulating metabolites. Our aim was to evaluate the relation between postprandial sensations and the metabolomic responses to a comfort meal. METHODS In 32 non-obese healthy men, homeostatic sensations (hunger/satiety, fullness), hedonic sensations (digestive well-being, mood), and the metabolomic profile in plasma (low-molecular weight metabolites and lipoprotein profiles) were measured before and 20 minutes after a comfort meal (warm ham and cheese sandwich and juice; total 300 mL; 425 kcal). Perception was measured on 10 cm scales and the metabolomic response by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. KEY RESULTS The comfort meal induced homeostatic sensations (satiety and fullness) associated with a positive hedonic reward (enhanced digestive well-being and mood) and a clear change in the metabolomic profile with a sharp discrimination between the pre and postprandial state by a non-supervised principal component analysis. The change in circulating metabolites correlated with the postprandial sensations: the increase in alanine correlated with the increase in fullness (R = 0.50; P = 0.004) and well-being (R = 0.50; P = 0.004); the increase in glucose correlated with the sensation of fullness (R = 0.40; P = 0.023) and enhanced mood (R = 0.41; P = 0.020). CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES Metabolomic changes in the response to a meal may provide an objective index of the postprandial experience, which may have clinical implications in the management of patients with poor meal tolerance or meal-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Malagelada
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teodora Pribic
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Barbara Ciccantelli
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nicolau Cañellas
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (Ciberdem), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Gomez
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (Ciberdem), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nuria Amigo
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (Ciberdem), Tarragona, Spain.,Biosfer Teslab S.L, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Accarino
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (Ciberdem), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Meyer-Gerspach AC, Ly HG, Borgwardt S, Dupont P, Beglinger C, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK. Endogenous GLP-1 alters postprandial functional connectivity between homeostatic and reward-related brain regions involved in regulation of appetite in healthy lean males: A pilotstudy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2330-2338. [PMID: 29790260 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Peripheral infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) can affect brain activity in areas involved in the regulation of appetite, including hypothalamic and reward-related brain regions. In contrast, the physiological role of endogenous GLP-1 in the central regulation of appetite has hardly been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, cross-over trial that involved 12 healthy volunteers who received an intragastric (ig) glucose (gluc) load, with or without intravenous (iv) exendin9-39 (ex9-39; specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effect of endogenous GLP-1 on resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) between homeostatic and reward-related brain regions. Visual analogue scales were used to rate appetite-related sensations. Blood samples were collected for GI hormone measurements. RESULTS Administration of iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc induced a significantly higher rsFC, relative to ig-gluc administration, between the hypothalamus and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as well as the left amygdala (P ≤ .001, respectively). Administration of iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc induced a significantly higher rsFC, relative to ig-gluc administration, between the right nucleus accumbens and the right lateral OFC (P < .001). Administration of iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc induced a significantly lower rsFC, relative to ig-gluc administration, between the midbrain and the right caudate nucleus (P = .001). Administration of ig-gluc significantly decreased prospective food consumption and increased sensations of fullness compared to pre-infusion baseline (P = .028 and P = .019, respectively); these effects were not present in the iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc condition. CONCLUSIONS This pilot trial provides preliminary experimental evidence that glucose-induced endogenous GLP-1 affects central regulation of appetite by modulating rsFC in homeostatic and reward-related brain regions in healthy lean male participants in a GLP-1 receptor-mediated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huynh Giao Ly
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bettina K Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Pozo M, Claret M. Hypothalamic Control of Systemic Glucose Homeostasis: The Pancreas Connection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:581-594. [PMID: 29866501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis is mandatory for organismal survival. It is accomplished by complex and coordinated interplay between glucose detection mechanisms and multiple effector systems. The brain, in particular homeostatic regions such as the hypothalamus, plays a crucial role in orchestrating such a highly integral response. We review here current understanding of how the hypothalamus senses glucose availability and participates in systemic glucose homeostasis. We provide an update of the relevant signaling pathways and neuronal subsets involved, as well as of the mechanisms modulating metabolic processes in peripheral tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle, fat, and especially the pancreas. We also discuss the relevance of these networks in human biology and prevalent metabolic conditions such as diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Pozo
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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van Opstal AM, Hafkemeijer A, van den Berg-Huysmans AA, Hoeksma M, Blonk C, Pijl H, Rombouts SARB, van der Grond J. Brain activity and connectivity changes in response to glucose ingestion. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:110-117. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1477538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. van Opstal
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A. Hafkemeijer
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - M. Hoeksma
- Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - C. Blonk
- Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - H. Pijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - S. A. R. B. Rombouts
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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47
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Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Influences of Hunger, Satiety and Oral Glucose on Functional Brain Connectivity: A Multimethod Resting-State fMRI Study. Neuroscience 2018; 382:80-92. [PMID: 29723574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major regulatory task of the organism is to keep brain functions relatively constant in spite of metabolic changes (e.g., hunger vs. satiety) or availability of energy (e.g., glucose administration). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) can reveal resulting changes in brain function but previous studies have focused mostly on the hypothalamus. Therefore, we took a whole-brain approach and examined 24 healthy normal-weight men once after 36 h of fasting and once in a satiated state (six meals over the course of 36 h). At the end of each treatment, rs-fMRI was recorded before and after the oral administration of 75 g of glucose. We calculated local connectivity (regional homogeneity [ReHo]), global connectivity (degree of centrality [DC]), and amplitude (fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation [fALFF]) maps from the rs-fMRI data. We found that glucose administration reduced all measures selectively in the left supplementary motor area and increased ReHo and fALFF in the right middle and superior frontal gyri. For fALFF, we observed a significant interaction between metabolic states and glucose in the left thalamus. This interaction was driven by a fALFF increase after glucose treatment in the hunger relative to the satiety condition. Our results indicate that fALFF analysis is the most sensitive measure to detect effects of metabolic states on resting-state brain activity. Moreover, we show that multimethod rs-fMRI provides an unbiased approach to identify spontaneous brain activity associated with changes in homeostasis and caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F Münte
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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48
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van Opstal AM, van den Berg-Huysmans AA, Hoeksma M, Blonk C, Pijl H, Rombouts SARB, van der Grond J. The effect of consumption temperature on the homeostatic and hedonic responses to glucose ingestion in the hypothalamus and the reward system. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:20-25. [PMID: 29381802 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been associated with obesity and related diseases. SSBs are often consumed cold, and both the energy content and temperature might influence the consumption behavior for SSBs. Objective The main aim of this study was to elucidate whether consumption temperature and energy (i.e., glucose) content modulate homeostatic (hypothalamus) and reward [ventral tegmental area (VTA)] responses. Design Sixteen healthy men participated in our study [aged 18-25 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 20-23]. High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected after ingestion of 4 different study stimuli: plain tap water at room temperature (22°C), plain tap water at 0°C, a glucose-containing beverage (75 g glucose dissolved in 300 mL water) at 22°C, and a similar glucose drink at 0°C. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) changes from baseline (7 min preingestion) were analyzed over time in the hypothalamus and VTA for individual stimulus effects and for effects between stimuli. Results In the hypothalamus, water at 22°C led to a significantly increased BOLD response; all other stimuli resulted in a direct, significant decrease in BOLD response compared with baseline. In the VTA, a significantly decreased BOLD response compared with baseline was found after the ingestion of stimuli containing glucose at 0°C and 22°C. These responses were not significantly modulated by consumption temperature. The consumption of plain water did not have a significant VTA BOLD effect. Conclusions Our data show that glucose at 22°C, glucose at 0°C, and water at 0°C lowered hypothalamic activity, which is associated with increased satiation. On the contrary, the consumption of water at room temperature increased activity. All stimuli led to a similar VTA response, which suggests that all drinks elicited a similar hedonic response. Our results indicate that, in addition to glucose, the low temperature at which SSBs are often consumed also leads to a response from the hypothalamus and might strengthen the response of the VTA. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03181217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M van Opstal
- Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annette A van den Berg-Huysmans
- Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marco Hoeksma
- Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - Cor Blonk
- Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands.,Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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49
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Pearce AL, Mackey E, Cherry JBC, Olson A, You X, Magge SN, Mietus-Snyder M, Nadler EP, Vaidya CJ. Effect of Adolescent Bariatric Surgery on the Brain and Cognition: A Pilot Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1852-1860. [PMID: 29086502 PMCID: PMC5679722 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocognitive deficits in pediatric obesity relate to poor developmental outcomes. We sought preliminary evidence for changes in brain and cognitive functioning relevant to obesogenic behavior following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in adolescents relative to wait-listed (WL) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Thirty-six adolescents underwent fMRI twice 4 months apart, during executive, reward, and episodic memory encoding, in addition to behavioral testing for reward-related decision making. RESULTS VSG adolescents lost weight, while WL gained weight and HC did not change between time points. Gains in executive and reward-related performance were larger in VSG than control groups. Group × Time interaction (P < 0.05 corrected) in left prefrontal cortex during N-back showed greater presurgical activation and postsurgical reduction comparable to HC levels but increased in WL between time points. Similarly, left striatal parametric response to reward value reduced after surgery to HC levels; WL did not change. Memory-related medial temporal activation did not change in any group. CONCLUSIONS Results provide pilot evidence for functional brain changes induced by VSG in adolescents with severe obesity. Weight loss and gain were paralleled by reduced and increased prefrontal activation, respectively, suggesting neural plasticity related to metabolic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina L Pearce
- Psychology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eleanor Mackey
- Center for Translational Sciences, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Olson
- Center for Translational Sciences, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaozhen You
- Psychology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sheela N Magge
- Center for Translational Sciences, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michele Mietus-Snyder
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan P Nadler
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Psychology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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50
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Osada T, Suzuki R, Ogawa A, Tanaka M, Hori M, Aoki S, Tamura Y, Watada H, Kawamori R, Konishi S. Functional subdivisions of the hypothalamus using areal parcellation and their signal changes related to glucose metabolism. Neuroimage 2017; 162:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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