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Grassi G, Scillitani E, Cecchelli C. New horizons for obsessive-compulsive disorder drug discovery: is targeting glutamate receptors the answer? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39105546 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2387127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, glutamate has emerged as a prominent focus in the field of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) pathophysiology. A convergence of evidence from genetic, preclinical, and clinical studies points to glutamatergic dysfunction as a key feature of this condition. In light of these findings, there has been a growing interest in exploring the potential of glutamatergic agents in the treatment of OCD. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the literature on glutamate transmission in OCD. In addition, the authors examine the results of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in the treatment of OCD patients. EXPERT OPINION Along with the recognition of neuroinflammation in the brain in OCD, the evidence of glutamate dysfunction represents one of the most promising recent discoveries for understanding the mechanisms involved in OCD. The importance of this discovery lies primarily in its pharmacological implications and has led to intense research activity in the field of glutamatergic agents. While this research has not yet had a substantial clinical impact, targeting glutamate receptors remains a promising horizon for the successful treatment of OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Grassi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Firenze, Florence, Italy
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2
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Yin L, Han F, Wang Q. A biophysical model for dopamine modulating working memory through reward system in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:1895-1911. [PMID: 39104680 PMCID: PMC11297891 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates working memory in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is crucial for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the mechanism is unclear. Here we establish a biophysical model of the effect of dopamine (DA) in PFC to explain the mechanism of how high dopamine concentrations induce persistent neuronal activities with the network plunging into a deep, stable attractor state. The state develops a defect in working memory and tends to obsession and compulsion. Weakening the reuptake of dopamine acts on synaptic plasticity according to Hebbian learning rules and reward learning, which in turn affects the strength of neuronal synaptic connections, resulting in the tendency of compulsion and learned obsession. In addition, we elucidate the potential mechanisms of dopamine antagonists in OCD, indicating that dopaminergic drugs might be available for treatment, even if the abnormality is a consequence of glutamate hypermetabolism rather than dopamine. The theory highlights the significance of early intervention and behavioural therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. It potentially offers new approaches to dopaminergic pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Yin
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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3
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Hervig MES, Zühlsdorff K, Olesen SF, Phillips B, Božič T, Dalley JW, Cardinal RN, Alsiö J, Robbins TW. 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptor antagonism differentially modulate reinforcement learning and cognitive flexibility: behavioural and computational evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1631-1644. [PMID: 38594515 PMCID: PMC11269483 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cognitive flexibility, the ability to adapt behaviour in response to a changing environment, is disrupted in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. Evidence suggests that flexibility, which can be operationalised using reversal learning tasks, is modulated by serotonergic transmission. However, how exactly flexible behaviour and associated reinforcement learning (RL) processes are modulated by 5-HT action on specific receptors is unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) antagonism on flexibility and underlying RL mechanisms. METHODS Thirty-six male Lister hooded rats were trained on a touchscreen visual discrimination and reversal task. We evaluated the effects of systemic treatments with the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR antagonists M100907 and SB-242084, respectively, on reversal learning and performance on probe trials where correct and incorrect stimuli were presented with a third, probabilistically rewarded, stimulus. Computational models were fitted to task choice data to extract RL parameters, including a novel model designed specifically for this task. RESULTS 5-HT2AR antagonism impaired reversal learning only after an initial perseverative phase, during a period of random choice and then new learning. 5-HT2CR antagonism, on the other hand, impaired learning from positive feedback. RL models further differentiated these effects. 5-HT2AR antagonism decreased punishment learning rate (i.e. negative feedback) at high and low doses. The low dose also decreased reinforcement sensitivity (beta) and increased stimulus and side stickiness (i.e., the tendency to repeat a choice regardless of outcome). 5-HT2CR antagonism also decreased beta, but reduced side stickiness. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2CRs both modulate different aspects of flexibility, with 5-HT2ARs modulating learning from negative feedback as measured using RL parameters and 5-HT2CRs for learning from positive feedback assessed through conventional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El-Sayed Hervig
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Katharina Zühlsdorff
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London, NW1 2DVB, UK.
| | - Sarah F Olesen
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London, W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Benjamin Phillips
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Tadej Božič
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London, W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- Liaison Psychiatry Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 190, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Johan Alsiö
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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4
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Borba JV, Canzian J, Resmim CM, Silva RM, Duarte MCF, Mohammed KA, Schoenau W, Adedara IA, Rosemberg DB. Towards zebrafish models to unravel translational insights of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A neurobehavioral perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105715. [PMID: 38734195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and debilitating illness that has been considered a polygenic and multifactorial disorder, challenging effective therapeutic interventions. Although invaluable advances have been obtained from human and rodent studies, several molecular and mechanistic aspects of OCD etiology are still obscure. Thus, the use of non-traditional animal models may foster innovative approaches in this field, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of disease from an evolutionary perspective. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly considered a powerful organism in translational neuroscience research, especially due to the intrinsic features of the species. Here, we outline target mechanisms of OCD for translational research, and discuss how zebrafish-based models can contribute to explore neurobehavioral aspects resembling those found in OCD. We also identify possible advantages and limitations of potential zebrafish-based models, as well as highlight future directions in both etiological and therapeutic research. Lastly, we reinforce the use of zebrafish as a promising tool to unravel the biological basis of OCD, as well as novel pharmacological therapies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Borba
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio M Resmim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rossano M Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria C F Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Khadija A Mohammed
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - William Schoenau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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5
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Wakeford AGP, Nye JA, Morin EL, Mun J, Meyer JS, Goodman M, Howell LL, Sanchez MM. Alterations in adolescent brain serotonin (5HT) 1A, 5HT 2A, and dopamine (D) 2 receptor systems in a nonhuman primate model of early life adversity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1227-1235. [PMID: 38671147 PMCID: PMC11224234 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Stress affects brain serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA) function, and the effectiveness of 5HT and DA to regulate stress and emotional responses. However, our understanding of the long-term impact of early life adversity (ELA) on primate brain monoaminergic systems during adolescence is scarce and inconsistent. Filling this gap in the literature is critical, given that the emergence of psychopathology during adolescence has been related to deficits in these systems. Here, we use a translational nonhuman primate (NHP) model of ELA (infant maltreatment by the mother) to examine the long-term impact of ELA on adolescent 5HT1A, 5HT2A and D2 receptor systems. These receptor systems were chosen based on their involvement in stress/emotional control, as well as reward and reinforcement. Rates of maternal abuse, rejection, and infant's vocalizations were obtained during the first three postnatal months, and hair cortisol concentrations obtained at 6 months postnatal were examined as early predictors of binding potential (BP) values obtained during adolescence using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Maltreated animals demonstrated significantly lower 5HT1A receptor BP in prefrontal cortical areas as well as the amygdala and hippocampus, and lower 5HT2A receptor BP in striatal and prefrontal cortical areas. Maltreated animals also demonstrated significantly lower D2 BP in the amygdala. None of the behavioral and neuroendocrine measurements obtained early in life predicted any changes in BP data. Our findings suggest that early caregiving experiences regulate the development of brain 5HT and DA systems in primates, resulting in long-term effects evident during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G P Wakeford
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jonathon A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Elyse L Morin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jiyoung Mun
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 441 Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Mark Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Leonard L Howell
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mar M Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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6
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Yin L, Yu Y, Han F, Wang Q. Unveiling serotonergic dysfunction of obsessive-compulsive disorder on prefrontal network dynamics: a computational perspective. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae258. [PMID: 38904079 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) regulates working memory within the prefrontal cortex network, which is crucial for understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the mechanisms how network dynamics and serotonin interact in obsessive-compulsive disorder remain elusive. Here, we incorporate 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A) and dopamine receptors into a multistable prefrontal cortex network model, replicating the experimentally observed inverted U-curve phenomenon. We show how the two 5-HT receptors antagonize neuronal activity and modulate network multistability. Reduced binding of 5-HT1A receptors increases global firing, while reduced binding of 5-HT2A receptors deepens attractors. The obtained results suggest reward-dependent synaptic plasticity mechanisms may attenuate 5-HT related network impairments. Integrating serotonin-mediated dopamine release into circuit, we observe that decreased serotonin concentration triggers the network into a deep attractor state, expanding the domain of attraction of stable nodes with high firing rate, potentially causing aberrant reverse learning. This suggests a hypothesis wherein elevated dopamine concentrations in obsessive-compulsive disorder might result from primary deficits in serotonin levels. Findings of this work underscore the pivotal role of serotonergic dysregulation in modulating synaptic plasticity through dopamine pathways, potentially contributing to learned obsessions. Interestingly, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and antidopaminergic potentiators can counteract the over-stable state of high-firing stable points, providing new insights into obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Yin
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Ningxia Basic Science Research Center of Mathematics, Ningxia University, No. 217 Wencui North Street, Xixia District, Yinchuan 750021, China
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7
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Hatakama H, Asaoka N, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. Amelioration of obsessive-compulsive disorder by intracellular acidification of cortical neurons with a proton pump inhibitor. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:27. [PMID: 38228604 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder poorly controlled with pharmacological treatment because of the wide variation in symptom patterns. We analysed real-world data on adverse self-reports and insurance claims to identify a novel therapeutic target for OCD. We found that dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonists increased the incidence of OCD-like symptoms, which were suppressed by the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Further, OCD-like repetitive and habitual behaviours were observed in mice repeatedly injected with a D2R agonist, quinpirole. However, these abnormalities were suppressed by short-term PPI treatment. In quinpirole-treated mice, PPI inhibited pyramidal neuron hyperactivity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a region where the P-type proton pump gene Atp4a is abundantly expressed. In primary cultured cortical neurons, short-term PPI treatment lowered intracellular pH and decreased firing activity, which was mimicked by Atp4a knockdown. Our findings show that inhibition of P-type proton pumps may be a novel therapeutic strategy for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Hatakama
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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8
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Bracco L, Dusi N, Moltrasio C, Brambilla P, Delvecchio G. Structural and functional brain imaging after treatment with selective-serotonin reuptake-inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A mini review. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:141-148. [PMID: 37820957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder whose etiopathogenesis, according to various neuroimaging studies, seems to be linked to selective dysfunctions in regions within the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line therapy for OCD but their neurobiological effects on the brain is only partially understood. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight structural and functional brain imaging modifications induced by SSRIs treatment. METHODS A literature search on PubMed, Psych-Info and Embase database was performed. Studies including patients with OCD that analyzed the effect of SSRIs through structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging were selected. Seven relevant studies were considered eligible for the present review. RESULTS Overall, the results of the reviewed studies showed that SSRIs treatment seems to normalize structural, in terms of the white matter and gray matter volumes, and functional activity alterations observed in OCD patients, especially in regions within the prefrontal cortex and striatum. LIMITATIONS The poor design of the studies, the small and heterogeneous samples, differences in age, gender, illness course, comorbidities, treatment protocols and the different magnetic fields used make it difficult to generalize the results. CONCLUSIONS From the available evidence it emerged that SSRIs treatment has proven to be effective in normalizing brain structural and functional alterations observed in OCD patients. However, future neuroimaging investigations should focus on long-term effects of drugs on brain structure and function in OCD patients through longitudinal approaches in order to identify more effective treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bracco
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - N Dusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Moltrasio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Prados-Pardo Á, Martín-González E, Mora S, Martín C, Olmedo-Córdoba M, Pérez-Fernandez C, Sánchez-Santed F, Moreno-Montoya M. Reduced Expression of the Htr2a, Grin1, and Bdnf Genes and Cognitive Inflexibility in a Model of High Compulsive Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6975-6991. [PMID: 37523044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Compulsivity is a core symptom in different psychopathological disorders, characterized by excessive behaviors and behavioral inflexibility. The selection of high drinker (HD) versus low drinker (LD) rats by schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is a valid model for studying the compulsive phenotype. The compulsive HD rats showed cognitive inflexibility and reduced serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor binding levels in the frontal cortex (FC). According to that, we hypothesize that compulsive HD rats might have an alteration in the cognitive control domain regarding inflexibility, assessed by spatial memory on the Morris Water Maze (MWM), working and reference memory by the Radial Arm Maze, and behavioral deficits in stimulus processing by the Novel Object Recognition test. The possible underlying mechanisms might be linked to the brain gene expression of 5HT2A, 5HT2C, glutamate NMDA receptors, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in FC, hippocampus, and amygdala. HD rats confirmed a cognitive inflexibility profile on the reversal condition in the MWM compared to LD rats, while no differences were observed on stimulus processing, spatial, and working memory. Moreover, HD rats showed a reduced expression of the Htr2a, Grin1, and Bdnf genes in FC. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the relative expression of the Htr2a, Grin1, and Bdnf genes in FC and the level of compulsive water intake in HD rats on SIP. These data reveal that cognitive inflexibility may not be associated with a memory or stimulus processing deficit in compulsive individuals but may result by a region-specific alteration of the Htr2a, Grin1, and Bdnf gene expression in FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Prados-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-González
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Santiago Mora
- Department of Neuroscience and Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos Martín
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuela Olmedo-Córdoba
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Cristian Pérez-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Margarita Moreno-Montoya
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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10
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Tan J, Zhang G, Hao J, Cai H, Wu D, Su Z, Liu B, Wu M. Progress in the application of molecular imaging in psychiatric disorders. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad020. [PMID: 38666107 PMCID: PMC10917387 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders have always attracted a lot of attention from researchers due to the difficulties in their diagnoses and treatments. Molecular imaging, as an emerging technology, has played an important role in the researchers of various diseases. In recent years, molecular imaging techniques including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear medicine imaging, and fluorescence imaging have been widely used in the study of psychiatric disorders. This review will briefly summarize the progression of molecular imaging in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tan
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Banan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiaqi Hao
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dingping Wu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxiao Su
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Vellucci L, Ciccarelli M, Buonaguro EF, Fornaro M, D’Urso G, De Simone G, Iasevoli F, Barone A, de Bartolomeis A. The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Psychosis, Translational Issues for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1220. [PMID: 37627285 PMCID: PMC10452784 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 25% of schizophrenia patients suffer from obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) considered a transdiagnostic clinical continuum. The presence of symptoms pertaining to both schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may complicate pharmacological treatment and could contribute to lack or poor response to the therapy. Despite the clinical relevance, no reviews have been recently published on the possible neurobiological underpinnings of this comorbidity, which is still unclear. An integrative view exploring this topic should take into account the following aspects: (i) the implication for glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmission as demonstrated by genetic findings; (ii) the growing neuroimaging evidence of the common brain regions and dysfunctional circuits involved in both diseases; (iii) the pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and glutamatergic systems as current therapeutic strategies in schizophrenia OCS; (iv) the recent discovery of midbrain dopamine neurons and dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors as orchestrating hubs in repetitive and psychotic behaviors; (v) the contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits to both psychosis and OCD neurobiology. Finally, we discuss the potential role of the postsynaptic density as a structural and functional hub for multiple molecular signaling both in schizophrenia and OCD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry University Medical School of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Pagliaccio D, Wengler K, Durham K, Fontaine M, Rueppel M, Becker H, Bilek E, Pieper S, Risdon C, Horga G, Fitzgerald KD, Marsh R. Probing midbrain dopamine function in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder via neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3075-3082. [PMID: 37198261 PMCID: PMC10189717 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an impairing psychiatric condition, which often onsets in childhood. Growing research highlights dopaminergic alterations in adult OCD, yet pediatric studies are limited by methodological constraints. This is the first study to utilize neuromelanin-sensitive MRI as a proxy for dopaminergic function among children with OCD. N = 135 youth (6-14-year-olds) completed high-resolution neuromelanin-sensitive MRI across two sites; n = 64 had an OCD diagnosis. N = 47 children with OCD completed a second scan after cognitive-behavioral therapy. Voxel-wise analyses identified that neuromelanin-MRI signal was higher among children with OCD compared to those without (483 voxels, permutation-corrected p = 0.018). Effects were significant within both the substania nigra pars compacta (p = 0.004, Cohen's d = 0.51) and ventral tegmental area (p = 0.006, d = 0.50). Follow-up analyses indicated that more severe lifetime symptoms (t = -2.72, p = 0.009) and longer illness duration (t = -2.22, p = 0.03) related to lower neuromelanin-MRI signal. Despite significant symptom reduction with therapy (p < 0.001, d = 1.44), neither baseline nor change in neuromelanin-MRI signal associated with symptom improvement. Current results provide the first demonstration of the utility of neuromelanin-MRI in pediatric psychiatry, specifically highlighting in vivo evidence for midbrain dopamine alterations in treatment-seeking youth with OCD. Neuromelanin-MRI likely indexes accumulating alterations over time, herein, implicating dopamine hyperactivity in OCD. Given evidence of increased neuromelanin signal in pediatric OCD but negative association with symptom severity, additional work is needed to parse potential longitudinal or compensatory mechanisms. Future studies should explore the utility of neuromelanin-MRI biomarkers to identify early risk prior to onset, parse OCD subtypes or symptom heterogeneity, and explore prediction of pharmacotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pagliaccio
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kenneth Wengler
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Durham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martine Fontaine
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meryl Rueppel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily Bilek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Pieper
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Risdon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guillermo Horga
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Ghanbarzehi A, Sepehrinezhad A, Hashemi N, Karimi M, Shahbazi A. Disclosing common biological signatures and predicting new therapeutic targets in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder by integrated bioinformatics analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:40. [PMID: 36641432 PMCID: PMC9840830 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental illness mainly characterized by a number of psychiatric symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting and devastating mental disorder. SCZ has high co-occurrence with OCD resulting in the emergence of a concept entitled "schizo-obsessive disorder" as a new specific clinical entity with more severe psychiatric symptoms. Many studies have been done on SCZ and OCD, but the common pathogenesis between them is not clear yet. Therefore, this study aimed to identify shared genetic basis, potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets between these two disorders. Gene sets were extracted from the Geneweaver and Harmonizome databases for each disorder. Interestingly, the combination of both sets revealed 89 common genes between SCZ and OCD, the most important of which were BDNF, SLC6A4, GAD1, HTR2A, GRIN2B, DRD2, SLC6A3, COMT, TH and DLG4. Then, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the common genes. Receptor activity as the molecular functions, neuron projection and synapse as the cellular components as well as serotonergic synapse, dopaminergic synapse and alcoholism as the pathways were the most significant commonalities in enrichment analyses. In addition, transcription factor (TFs) analysis predicted significant TFs such as HMGA1, MAPK14, HINFP and TEAD2. Hsa-miR-3121-3p and hsa-miR-495-3p were the most important microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with both disorders. Finally, our study predicted 19 existing drugs (importantly, Haloperidol, Fluoxetine and Melatonin) that may have a potential influence on this co-occurrence. To summarize, this study may help us to better understand and handle the co-occurrence of SCZ and OCD by identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhakim Ghanbarzehi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sepehrinezhad
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Hashemi
- grid.37728.390000 0001 0730 3862Department of Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Minoo Karimi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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van Roessel PJ, Grassi G, Aboujaoude EN, Menchón JM, Van Ameringen M, Rodríguez CI. Treatment-resistant OCD: Pharmacotherapies in adults. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 120:152352. [PMID: 36368186 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medications are well established as first-line pharmacotherapeutic treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, despite the excellent safety profile and demonstrated efficacy of these medications, a substantial proportion of individuals with OCD fail to attain sufficient benefit from SRIs. In this narrative review, we discuss clinical features of OCD that have been associated with poorer response to SRIs, and we present pharmacotherapeutic interventions that have been explored as augmenting or alternative treatments for treatment-resistant OCD. We additionally highlight non-SRI interventions for OCD that are currently under investigation. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions were identified via expert consensus. To assess the evidence base for individual pharmacotherapies, targeted searches for relevant English-language publications were performed on standard biomedical research databases, including MEDLINE. Information relevant to ongoing registered clinical trials in OCD was obtained by search of ClinicalTrials.gov. Pharmacotherapies are grouped for review in accordance with the general principles of Neuroscience-based Nomenclature (NbN). Clinical features of OCD that may suggest poorer response to SRI treatment include early age of onset, severity of illness, duration of untreated illness, and the presence of symmetry/ordering or hoarding-related symptoms. Based on evolving pathophysiologic models of OCD, diverse agents engaging serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and anti-inflammatory pathways have been explored as alternative or adjunctive therapies for treatment-resistant OCD and have at least preliminary evidence of efficacy. Medications with dopamine antagonist activity remain the most robustly evidence-based of augmenting interventions, yet dopamine antagonists benefit only a minority of those who try them and carry elevated risks of adverse effects. Interventions targeting glutamatergic and anti-inflammatory pathways are less well evidenced, but may offer more favorable benefit to risk profiles. Ongoing research should explore whether specific interventions may benefit individuals with particular features of treatment-resistant OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J van Roessel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | | | - Elias N Aboujaoude
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Cibersam, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Van Ameringen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn I Rodríguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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15
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Martín-González E, Olmedo-Córdoba M, Flores P, Moreno-Montoya M. Differential Neurobiological Markers in Phenotype-stratified Rats Modeling High or Low Vulnerability to Compulsive Behavior: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1924-1933. [PMID: 36411566 PMCID: PMC10514532 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221121091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsivity is a key manifestation of inhibitory control deficit and a cardinal symptom in different neuropsychopathological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, addiction, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), is an animal model to study compulsivity. In this procedure, rodents develop excessive and persistent drinking behavior under different food-reinforcement schedules, that are not related to homeostatic or regulatory requirements. However, there are important individual differences that support the role of high-drinker HD rats as a compulsive phenotype, characterized in different paradigms by inhibitory response deficit, cognitive inflexibility, and resistant to extinction behavior; with significant differences in response to pharmacological challenges, and relevant neurobiological alterations in comparison with the control group, the non-compulsive low drinker LD group on SIP. The purpose of this review is to collate and update the main findings on the neurobiological bases of compulsivity using the SIP model. Specifically, we reviewed preclinical studies on SIP, that have assessed the effects of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic drugs; leading to the description of the neurobiological markers, such as the key role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and glutamatergic signaling in a phenotype vulnerable to compulsivity as high drinker HD rats selected by SIP. The review of the main findings of HD rats on SIP helps in the characterization of the preclinical compulsive phenotype, disentangles the underlying neurobiological, and points toward genetic hallmarks concerning the vulnerability to compulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-González
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Manuela Olmedo-Córdoba
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Pilar Flores
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Margarita Moreno-Montoya
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
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16
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Fu H, Rong J, Chen Z, Zhou J, Collier T, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Tracers for Serotonin Receptors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10755-10808. [PMID: 35939391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) have crucial roles in various neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, making them attractive diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive nuclear molecular imaging technique and is an essential tool in clinical diagnosis and drug discovery. In this context, numerous PET ligands have been developed for "visualizing" 5-HTRs in the brain and translated into human use to study disease mechanisms and/or support drug development. Herein, we present a comprehensive repertoire of 5-HTR PET ligands by focusing on their chemotypes and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this Perspective summarizes recent 5-HTR-focused drug discovery, including biased agonists and allosteric modulators, which would stimulate the development of more potent and subtype-selective 5-HTR PET ligands and thus further our understanding of 5-HTR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jingyin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Thomas Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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17
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Yan S, Liu H, Yu Y, Han N, Du W. Changes of Serum Homocysteine and Vitamin B12, but Not Folate Are Correlated With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:754165. [PMID: 35615448 PMCID: PMC9124900 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.754165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, is characterized by irresistible obsessive thinking and compulsive behavior. Folate is a member of water-soluble vitamins in the human body and sustains many normal daily activities (e.g., exercise, sleep, and memory). Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing non-essential amino acid, has been investigated in numerous psychiatric disorders (e.g., OCD). Vitamin B12 is a type of complex organic compound with cobalt contained. Moreover, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency and high levels of homocysteine were found to have an effect on brain functions and also lead to non-specific psychiatric symptoms. Objectives This study aimed to confirm the epidemiological evidence of OCD and investigate whether vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine have an effect on the etiology of OCD. Methods A systematic search was conducted on eight databases (i.e., PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database), and the retrieval time was up to March 2021. The available articles involving patients with OCD with/without abnormal serum levels of vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine were comprehensively reviewed and analyzed. Results A total of 5 studies involving 309 patients were included in this meta-analysis, including 172 cases in the experimental group and 137 in the control group. The content of folate in the OCD group was not significantly different from that in the control group (SMD = -0.089, 95%CI -0.755 to 0.577, p = 0.794). And serum homocysteine was significantly higher in the patients with OCD (SMD = 1.132, 95%CI 0.486 to 1.778, p = 0.001). Vitamin B12 was significantly lower in patients with OCD (SMD = -0.583, 95%CI -0.938 to -0.229, p = 0.001). Conclusions This meta-analysis shows serum high levels of homocysteine, low levels of vitamin B12, and normal folate level are closely correlated with OCD. However, high-quality case-control studies should be further conducted to explore the correlation between serum levels of vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine, and OCD. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021262161; PROSPERO (Number CRD#42021262161).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wenzhi Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
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18
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Chohan MO, Kopelman JM, Yueh H, Fazlali Z, Greene N, Harris AZ, Balsam PD, Leonardo ED, Kramer ER, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Ahmari SE. Developmental impact of glutamate transporter overexpression on dopaminergic neuron activity and stereotypic behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1515-1526. [PMID: 35058566 PMCID: PMC9106836 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition that often begins in childhood. Genetic studies in OCD have pointed to SLC1A1, which encodes the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3, with evidence suggesting that increased expression contributes to risk. In mice, midbrain Slc1a1 expression supports repetitive behavior in response to dopaminergic agonists, aligning with neuroimaging and pharmacologic challenge studies that have implicated the dopaminergic system in OCD. These findings suggest that Slc1a1 may contribute to compulsive behavior through altered dopaminergic transmission; however, this theory has not been mechanistically tested. To examine the developmental impact of Slc1a1 overexpression on compulsive-like behaviors, we, therefore, generated a novel mouse model to perform targeted, reversible overexpression of Slc1a1 in dopaminergic neurons. Mice with life-long overexpression of Slc1a1 showed a significant increase in amphetamine (AMPH)-induced stereotypy and hyperlocomotion. Single-unit recordings demonstrated that Slc1a1 overexpression was associated with increased firing of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, dLight1.1 fiber photometry showed that these behavioral abnormalities were associated with increased dorsal striatum dopamine release. In contrast, no impact of overexpression was observed on anxiety-like behaviors or SKF-38393-induced grooming. Importantly, overexpression solely in adulthood failed to recapitulate these behavioral phenotypes, suggesting that overexpression during development is necessary to generate AMPH-induced phenotypes. However, doxycycline-induced reversal of Slc1a1/EAAT3 overexpression in adulthood normalized both the increased dopaminergic firing and AMPH-induced responses. These data indicate that the pathologic effects of Slc1a1/EAAT3 overexpression on dopaminergic neurotransmission and AMPH-induced stereotyped behavior are developmentally mediated, and support normalization of EAAT3 activity as a potential treatment target for basal ganglia-mediated repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad O Chohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared M Kopelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Yueh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab Fazlali
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Greene
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter D Balsam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edgar R Kramer
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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19
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Poli A, Pozza A, Orrù G, Conversano C, Ciacchini R, Pugi D, Angelo NL, Angeletti LL, Miccoli M, Gemignani A. Neurobiological outcomes of cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1063116. [PMID: 36569616 PMCID: PMC9780289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1063116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent distressing thoughts and repetitive behaviors, or mental rituals performed to reduce anxiety. Recent neurobiological techniques have been particularly convincing in suggesting that cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortico (CSTC) circuits, including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum regions (caudate nucleus and putamen), are responsible for mediation of OCD symptoms. However, it is still unclear how these regions are affected by OCD treatments in adult patients. To address this yet open question, we conducted a systematic review of all studies examining neurobiological changes before and after first-line psychological OCD treatment, i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). METHODS Studies were included if they were conducted in adults with OCD and they assessed the neurobiological effects of CBT before and after treatment. Two databases were searched: PsycINFO and PubMed for the time frame up to May 2022. RESULTS We obtained 26 pre-post CBT treatment studies performed using different neurobiological techniques, namely functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Positron emission tomography (PET), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 5-HT concentration, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), Electroencephalography (EEG). Neurobiological data show the following after CBT intervention: (i) reduced activations in OFC across fMRI, EEG, and rCBF; (ii) decreased activity in striatum regions across fMRI, rCBF, PET, and MRI; (iii) increased activations in cerebellum (CER) across fMRI and MRI; (iv) enhanced neurochemical concentrations in MRS studies in OFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and striatum regions. Most of these neurobiological changes are also accompanied by an improvement in symptom severity as assessed by a reduction in the Y-BOCS scores. CONCLUSION Cognitive-behavioral therapy seems to be able to restructure, modify, and transform the neurobiological component of OCD, in addition to the clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to frame the OCD spectrum in a dimensional way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pozza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Graziella Orrù
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ciacchini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Pugi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicole Loren Angelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Ahmari SE, Rauch SL. The prefrontal cortex and OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:211-224. [PMID: 34400778 PMCID: PMC8617188 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and severe neuropsychiatric disorder, with an incidence of 1.5-3% worldwide. However, despite the clear public health burden of OCD and relatively well-defined symptom criteria, effective treatments are still limited, spotlighting the need for investigation of the neural substrates of the disorder. Human neuroimaging studies have consistently highlighted abnormal activity patterns in prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions and connected circuits in OCD during both symptom provocation and performance of neurocognitive tasks. Because of recent technical advances, these findings can now be leveraged to develop novel targeted interventions. Here we will highlight current theories regarding the role of the prefrontal cortex in the generation of OCD symptoms, discuss ways in which this knowledge can be used to improve treatments for this often disabling illness, and lay out challenges in the field for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Ahmari
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Scott L Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Repetitive and Inflexible Active Coping and Addiction-like Neuroplasticity in Stressed Mice of a Helplessness-Resistant Inbred Strain. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11120174. [PMID: 34940109 PMCID: PMC8698352 DOI: 10.3390/bs11120174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional coping styles are involved in the development, persistence, and relapse of psychiatric diseases. Passive coping with stress challenges (helplessness) is most commonly used in animal models of dysfunctional coping, although active coping strategies are associated with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic, and phobias as well as obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper analyzes the development of dysfunctional active coping strategies of mice of the helplessness–resistant DBA/2J (D2) inbred strain, submitted to temporary reduction in food availability in an uncontrollable and unavoidable condition. The results indicate that food-restricted D2 mice developed a stereotyped form of food anticipatory activity and dysfunctional reactive coping in novel aversive contexts and acquired inflexible and perseverant escape strategies in novel stressful situations. The evaluation of FosB/DeltaFosB immunostaining in different brain areas of food-restricted D2 mice revealed a pattern of expression typically associated with behavioral sensitization to addictive drugs and compulsivity. These results support the conclusion that an active coping style represents an endophenotype of mental disturbances characterized by perseverant and inflexible behavior.
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22
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Chellappa SL, Aeschbach D. Sleep and anxiety: From mechanisms to interventions. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 61:101583. [PMID: 34979437 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is the most common mental health problem worldwide. Epidemiological studies show that sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, affect ∼50% of individuals with anxiety, and that insufficient sleep can instigate or further exacerbate it. This review outlines brain mechanisms underlying sleep and anxiety, by addressing recent human functional/structural imaging studies on brain networks underlying the anxiogenic impact of sleep loss, and the beneficial effect of sleep on these brain networks. We discuss recent developments from human molecular imaging studies that highlight the role of specific brain neurotransmitter mechanisms, such as the adenosinergic receptor system, on anxiety, arousal, and sleep. This review further discusses frontline sleep interventions aimed at enhancing sleep in individuals experiencing anxiety, such as nonbenzodiazepines/antidepressants, lifestyle and sleep interventions and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Notwithstanding therapeutic success, up to ∼30% of individuals with anxiety can be nonresponsive to frontline treatments. Thus, we address novel non-invasive brain stimulation techniques that can enhance electroencephalographic slow waves, and might help alleviate sleep and anxiety symptoms. Collectively, these findings contribute to an emerging biological framework that elucidates the interrelationship between sleep and anxiety, and highlight the prospect of slow wave sleep as a potential therapeutic target for reducing anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Chellappa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Aeschbach
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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23
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Thomas J, Anitha P, Thomas T, Thomas N. Electrocatalytic sensing of dopamine: How the Co content in porous LaNixCoxO3 perovskite influences sensitivity? Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Axelsson SFA, Horst NK, Horiguchi N, Roberts AC, Robbins TW. Flexible versus Fixed Spatial Self-Ordered Response Sequencing: Effects of Inactivation and Neurochemical Modulation of Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7246-7258. [PMID: 34261701 PMCID: PMC8387118 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0227-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, studies using human neuroimaging and excitotoxic lesions in non-human primate have demonstrated an important role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in higher order cognitive functions such as cognitive flexibility and the planning of behavioral sequences. In the present experiments, we tested effects on performance of temporary inactivation (using GABA receptor agonists) and dopamine (DA) D2 and 5-HT2A-receptor (R) blockade of vlPFC via local intracerebral infusions in the marmoset. We trained common marmosets to perform spatial self-ordered sequencing tasks in which one cohort of animals performed two and three response sequences on a continuously varying spatial array of response options on a touch-sensitive screen. Inactivation of vlPFC produced a marked disruption of accuracy of sequencing which also exhibited significant error perseveration. There were somewhat contrasting effects of D2 and 5-HT2A-R blockade, with the former producing error perseveration on incorrect trials, though not significantly impairing accuracy overall, and the latter significantly impairing accuracy but not error perseveration. A second cohort of marmosets were directly compared on performance of fixed versus variable spatial arrays. Inactivation of vlPFC again impaired self-ordered sequencing, but only with varying, and not fixed spatial arrays, the latter leading to the consistent use of fewer, preferred sequences. These findings add to evidence that vlPFC is implicated in goal-directed behavior that requires higher-order response heuristics that can be applied flexibly over different (variable), as compared with fixed stimulus exemplars. They also show that dopaminergic and serotonergic chemomodulation has distinctive effects on such performance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This investigation employing local intracerebral infusions to inactivate the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the New World marmoset reveals the important role of this region in self-ordered response sequencing in variable but not fixed spatial arrays. These novel findings emphasize the higher order functions of this region, contributing to cognitive flexibility and planning of goal directed behavior. The investigation also reports for the first time somewhat contrasting neuromodulatory deficits produced by infusions of dopamine (DA) D2 and 5-HT2A receptor (R) antagonists into the same region, of possible significance for understanding cognitive deficits produced by anti-psychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F A Axelsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - N K Horst
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Naotaka Horiguchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - A C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - T W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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25
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Disruption of prepulse inhibition is associated with compulsive behavior severity and nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor changes in Sapap3 knockout mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9442. [PMID: 33941812 PMCID: PMC8093235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with disruption of sensorimotor gating, which may contribute to difficulties inhibiting intrusive thoughts and compulsive rituals. Neural mechanisms underlying these disturbances are unclear; however, striatal dopamine is implicated in regulation of sensorimotor gating and OCD pathophysiology. The goal of this study was to examine the relationships between sensorimotor gating, compulsive behavior, and striatal dopamine receptor levels in Sapap3 knockout mice (KOs), a widely used preclinical model system for OCD research. We found a trend for disruption of sensorimotor gating in Sapap3-KOs using the translational measure prepulse inhibition (PPI); however, there was significant heterogeneity in both PPI and compulsive grooming in KOs. Disruption of PPI was significantly correlated with a more severe compulsive phenotype. In addition, PPI disruption and compulsive grooming severity were associated with reduced dopamine D1 and D2/3 receptor density in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC). Compulsive grooming progressively worsened in Sapap3-KOs tested longitudinally, but PPI disruption was first detected in high-grooming KOs at 7 months of age. Through detailed characterization of individual differences in OCD-relevant behavioral and neurochemical measures, our findings suggest that NAcC dopamine receptor changes may be involved in disruption of sensorimotor gating and compulsive behavior relevant to OCD.
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Abstract
Effective pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments are well established for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are first-line treatment and are of benefit to about half of patients. Augmentation of SRI treatment with low-dose neuroleptics is an evidence-based second-line strategy. Specialty psychotherapy is also used as both first-line and second-line treatment and can benefit many. However, a substantial number of patients do not respond to these treatments. New alternatives are urgently needed. This review summarizes evidence for these established pharmacotherapeutic strategies, and for others that have been investigated in refractory disease but are not supported by the same level of evidence. We focus on three neurotransmitter systems in the brain: serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. We summarize evidence from genetic, neuroimaging, animal model, and other lines of investigation that probe these three systems in patients with OCD. We also review recent work on predictors of response to current treatments. While many studies suggest abnormalities that may provide insight into the pathophysiology of the disorder, most studies have been small, and non-replication of reported findings has been common. Nevertheless, the gradual accrual of evidence for neurotransmitter dysregulation may in time lead the way to new pharmacological strategies.
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Biria M, Cantonas LM, Banca P. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 49:231-268. [PMID: 33751502 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterised by structural and functional deficits in the cortico-striato-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuitry and abnormal neurochemical changes are thought to modulate these deficits. The hypothesis that an imbalanced concentration of the brain neurotransmitters, in particular glutamate (Glu) and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), could impair the normal functioning of the CSTC, thus leading to OCD symptoms, has been tested in humans using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET). This chapter summarises these neurochemical findings and represents an attempt to condense such scattered literature. We also discuss potential challenges in the field that may explain the inconsistent findings and suggest ways to overcome them. There is some convergent research from MRS pointing towards abnormalities in the brain concentration of neurometabolite markers of neuronal integrity, such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline (Cho). Lower NAA levels have been found in dorsal and rostral ACC of OCD patients (as compared to healthy volunteers), which increase after CBT and SSRI treatment, and higher Cho concentration has been reported in the thalamus of the OCD brain. However, findings for other neurometabolites are very inconsistent. Studies have reported abnormalities in the concentrations of creatine (Cr), GABA, glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), Ins (myo-inositol), and serotonin (5-HT), but most of the results were not replicated. The question remains whether the NAA and Cho findings are genuinely the only neurochemical abnormalities in OCD or whether the lack of consistent findings for the other neurometabolites is caused by the lower magnetic field (1-3 Tesla (T)) used by the studies conducted so far, their small sample sizes or a lack of proper control for medication effects. To answer these questions and to further inform the biological underpinning of the symptoms and the cognitive problems at the basis of OCD we need better controlled studies using clear medicated vs unmedicated groups, larger sample sizes, stronger magnetic fields (e.g. at 7 T), and more consistency in the definition of the regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Biria
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Paula Banca
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Abstract
OCD has lagged behind other psychiatric illnesses in the identification of molecular treatment targets, due in part to a lack of significant findings in genome-wide association studies. However, while progress in this area is being made, OCD's symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety can be deconstructed into distinct neural functions that can be dissected in animal models. Studies in rodents and non-human primates have highlighted the importance of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits in OCD pathophysiology, and emerging studies in human post-mortem brain tissue point to glutamatergic synapse abnormalities as a potential cellular substrate for observed dysfunctional behaviors. In addition, accumulated evidence points to a potential role for neuromodulators including serotonin and dopamine in both OCD pathology and treatment. Here, we review current efforts to use animal models for the identification of molecules, cell types, and circuits relevant to OCD pathophysiology. We start by describing features of OCD that can be modeled in animals, including circuit abnormalities and genetic findings. We then review different strategies that have been used to study OCD using animal model systems, including transgenic models, circuit manipulations, and dissection of OCD-relevant neural constructs. Finally, we discuss how these findings may ultimately help to develop new treatment strategies for OCD and other related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Dong MX, Chen GH, Hu L. Dopaminergic System Alteration in Anxiety and Compulsive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:608520. [PMID: 33343291 PMCID: PMC7744599 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.608520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The dopaminergic system is involved in many psychiatric disorders as a GABAergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic system. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to elucidate the alteration of the dopaminergic system in anxiety and compulsive disorders. Methods: The databases of Pubmed, Embase, and ScienceDirect were searched and articles reporting the involvement of the dopaminergic system in patients with anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) were recognized. The key research data were extracted from the included articles and standardized mean differences were calculated using meta-analyses if there were more than two studies with obtainable data. Sensitivity analyses were further performed to detect the stability of results, and the qualities of all the included studies were assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale. Results: Finally, we identified 8 and 11 studies associated with anxiety disorder and OCD for further analysis, respectively. Most consistently, the striatal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) of OCD patients had decreased while no significant correlation was found between striatal D2R and disease severity. The striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) had not been significantly altered in both the anxiety disorder and OCD patients. The heterogeneity values from the meta-analyses were extremely high while those results remained stable after sensitivity analyses. Inconsistent data were found in the striatal D2R of patients with anxiety disorder. Limited data had suggested that dopamine synthesis increased in most regions of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in OCD patients. Conclusions: The most convincing finding was that the D2 receptor decreased in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. The dopamine transporter may have no relationship with anxiety and compulsive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xue Dong
- Department of Neurology, Hubei General Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei General Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hubei General Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Shang X, You C, Li X, Yuan L, Jin M, Zhang X. Involvement of 5-HT2 serotonin receptors in cognitive defects induced by aristolochic acid I in mice. Toxicology 2020; 447:152624. [PMID: 33186629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a natural bioactive substance found in Chinese herbs, which are widely used for treating diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that AAs have various pharmacological function, while increasing reports indicated its toxicity. However, the role AAs in cognition remains poorly understood. This study explored the neurotoxic effect of aristolochic acid I (AAI), the most toxic component of the AAs family, on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial cognition in mice. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 5 mg/kg AAI for 4 weeks. After chronic treatment, AAI considerably increased the level of anxiety and the degree of behavioral despair in mice. Working and reference error rates were higher in the AAI exposed mice than in the control. This was further validated by the molecular docking studies, which AAI might interact with 5-HT2 serotonin receptor (5-HT2AR). Mechanism investigation indicated that AAI triggered inflammation in the hippocampus of mice through increasing the activity of Tnf-α-NF-κB-IL-6 signaling pathway. Conclusively, chronic AAI administration causes inflammation, and it possibly also serves as a potential antagonist of 5-HT2AR to influence the cognition function in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Shang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tang'shan 063210, Hebei Province, PR China.
| | - Congying You
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tang'shan 063210, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, NO. 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lu Yuan
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tang'shan 063210, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tang'shan 063210, Hebei Province, PR China.
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31
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Kwak S, Kim M, Kim T, Kwak Y, Oh S, Lho SK, Moon SY, Lee TY, Kwon JS. Defining data-driven subgroups of obsessive-compulsive disorder with different treatment responses based on resting-state functional connectivity. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:359. [PMID: 33106472 PMCID: PMC7589530 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), like other psychiatric disorders, suffers from heterogeneities in its symptoms and therapeutic responses, and identification of more homogeneous subgroups may help to resolve the heterogeneity. We aimed to identify the OCD subgroups based on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and to explore their differences in treatment responses via a multivariate approach. From the resting-state functional MRI data of 107 medication-free OCD patients and 110 healthy controls (HCs), we selected rsFC features, which discriminated OCD patients from HCs via support vector machine (SVM) analyses. With the selected brain features, we subdivided OCD patients into subgroups using hierarchical clustering analyses. We identified 35 rsFC features that achieved a high sensitivity (82.74%) and specificity (76.29%) in SVM analyses. The OCD patients were subdivided into two subgroups, which did not show significant differences in their demographic and clinical backgrounds. However, one of the OCD subgroups demonstrated more impaired rsFC that was involved either within the default mode network (DMN) or between DMN brain regions and other network regions. This subgroup also showed both lower improvements in symptom severity in the 16-week follow-up visit and lower responder percentage than the other subgroup. Our results highlight that not only abnormalities within the DMN but also aberrant rsFC between the DMN and other networks may contribute to the treatment response and support the importance of these neurobiological alterations in OCD patients. We suggest that abnormalities in these connectivity may play predictive biomarkers of treatment response, and aid to build more optimal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kwak
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwan Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoobin Kwak
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Kyungjin Lho
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Moon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Pokorny T, Duerler P, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Preller KH. LSD acutely impairs working memory, executive functions, and cognitive flexibility, but not risk-based decision-making. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2255-2264. [PMID: 31500679 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses are characterized by cognitive impairments, in particular deficits in working memory, decision-making, and executive functions including cognitive flexibility. However, the neuropharmacology of these cognitive functions is poorly understood. The serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor might be a promising candidate for the modulation of cognitive processes. However, pharmacological studies investigating the role of this receptor system in humans are rare. Recent evidence demonstrates that the effects of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are mediated via agonistic action at the 5-HT2A receptor. Yet, the effects of LSD on specific cognitive domains using standardized neuropsychological test have not been studied. METHODS We examined the acute effects of LSD (100 µg) alone and in combination with the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (40 mg) on cognition, employing a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject design in 25 healthy participants. Executive functions, cognitive flexibility, spatial working memory, and risk-based decision-making were examined by the Intra/Extra-Dimensional shift task (IED), Spatial Working Memory task (SWM), and Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. RESULTS Compared to placebo, LSD significantly impaired executive functions, cognitive flexibility, and working memory on the IED and SWM, but did not influence the quality of decision-making and risk taking on the CGT. Pretreatment with the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin normalized all LSD-induced cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS The present findings highlight the role of the 5-HT2A receptor system in executive functions and working memory and suggest that specific 5-HT2A antagonists may be relevant for improving cognitive dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pokorny
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Duerler
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz X Vollenweider
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mora S, Merchán A, Aznar S, Flores P, Moreno M. Increased amygdala and decreased hippocampus volume after schedule-induced polydipsia in high drinker compulsive rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 390:112592. [PMID: 32417273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fronto-limbic structures and serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A) have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of compulsive spectrum disorders. Schedule-Induced Polydipsia (SIP), characterized by the development of excessive drinking under intermittent food reinforcement schedules, is a valid preclinical model for studying the compulsive phenotype. In the present study, we explored the individual differences and effect of SIP in brain volume and 5-HT2A receptor binding in fronto-limbic structures in rats selected according to their compulsive drinking behavior. Rats were divided into high (HD) and low drinkers (LD) by SIP (20 sessions); later, we analyzed the brains of HD and LD selected rats, in two different conditions: non-re-exposure (NRE) or re-exposure to SIP (RE), with four groups: LD-NRE, LD-RE, HD-NRE and HD-RE. Histological analyses were carried out for volumetric (stereology) and receptor binding (autoradiography) in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex, dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. After SIP re-exposure, HD-RE showed an increased basolateral amygdala and a reduced hippocampus volume compared to HD-NRE rats, and also compared to LD-RE rats. No differences were found between HD and LD in NRE condition. Moreover, HD rats exhibit a lower 5-HT2A receptor binding in the basolateral amygdala, independently of SIP re-exposure, compared to LD rats. However, LD-RE showed a decreased 5-HT2A receptor binding in basolateral amygdala compared to LD-NRE. No differences were found in the remaining structures. These findings suggest that SIP might be differentially impacting HD and LD brains, pointing towards a possible explanation of how the latent vulnerability to compulsivity is triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mora
- Department of Psychology & Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Merchán
- Department of Psychology & Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pilar Flores
- Department of Psychology & Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Margarita Moreno
- Department of Psychology & Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
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Hervig ME, Piilgaard L, Božič T, Alsiö J, Robbins TW. Glutamatergic and Serotonergic Modulation of Rat Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex in Visual Serial Reversal Learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:438-458. [PMID: 33613854 PMCID: PMC7872199 DOI: 10.1037/pne0000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adapting behavior to a dynamic environment requires both steadiness when the environment is stable and behavioral flexibility in response to changes. Much evidence suggests that cognitive flexibility, which can be operationalized in reversal learning tasks, is mediated by cortico-striatal circuitries, with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) playing a prominent role. The OFC is a functionally heterogeneous region, and we have previously reported differential roles of lateral (lOFC) and medial (mOFC) regions in a touchscreen serial visual reversal learning task for rats using pharmacological inactivation. Here, we investigated the effects of pharmacological overactivation of these regions using a glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) inhibitor, dihydrokainate (DHK), which increases extracellular glutamate by blocking its reuptake. We also tested the impact of antagonism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), which modulates glutamate action, in the mOFC and lOFC on the same task. Overactivation induced by DHK produced dissociable effects in the mOFC and lOFC, with more prominent effects in the mOFC, specifically improving performance in the early, perseveration phase. Intra-lOFC DHK increased the number of omitted responses without affecting errors. In contrast, blocking the 5-HT2AR in the lOFC impaired reversal learning overall, while mOFC 5-HT2AR blockade had no effect. These results further support dissociable roles of the rodent mOFC and lOFC in deterministic visual reversal learning and indicate that modulating glutamate transmission through blocking the GLT-1 and the 5-HT2AR have different roles in these two structures. This study further supports dissociable roles of specific orbitofrontal subregions, as well as glutamatergic and serotonergic transmission in these subregions, in cognitive flexibility. This knowledge will add to the understanding of specific neural mechanisms underlying inflexible behaviour across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona E Hervig
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, and Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen
| | - Louise Piilgaard
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge
| | - Tadej Božič
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge
| | - Johan Alsiö
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge
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Jacobs E. A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe recent revivification of interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelics has had a particular focus on mood disorders and addiction, although there is reason to think these drugs may be effective more widely. After outlining pertinent aspects of psilocybin and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the current review summarizes the evidence indicating that there may be a role for psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, as well as highlighting a range of potential therapeutic mechanisms that reflect the action of psilocybin on brain function. Although the current evidence is limited, that multiple signals point in directions consistent with treatment potential, alongside the psychological and physiological safety of clinically administered psilocybin, support the expansion of research, both in animal models and in further randomized controlled trials, to properly investigate this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jacobs
- 1Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
- 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Radan M, Ruzic D, Antonijevic M, Djikic T, Nikolic K. In silico identification of novel 5-HT 2A antagonists supported with ligand- and target-based drug design methodologies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1819-1837. [PMID: 32141385 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1738961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of neuropsychological disorders is caused by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) malfunction. Therefore, this receptor had been frequently used as target in CNS drug research. To design novel potent 5-HT2AR antagonists, we have combined ligand-based and target-based approaches. This study was performed on wide range of structurally diverse antagonists that were divided into three different clusters: clozapine, ziprasidone, and ChEMBL240876 derivatives. By performing the 50 ns long molecular dynamic simulations with each cluster representative in complex with 5-HT2A receptor, we have obtained virtually bioactive conformations of the ligands and three different antagonist-bound, inactive, conformations of the 5-HT2AR. These three 5-HT2AR conformations were further used for docking studies and generation of the bioactive conformations of the data set ligands in each cluster. Subsequently, selected conformers were used for 3D-Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) modelling and pharmacophore analysis. The reliability and predictive power of the created model was assessed using an external test set compounds and showed reasonable external predictability. Statistically significant variables were used to define the most important structural features required for 5-HT2A antagonistic activity. Conclusions obtained from performed ligand-based (3D-QSAR) and target-based (molecular docking and molecular dynamics) methods were compiled and used as guidelines for rational drug design of novel 5-HT2AR antagonists.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Radan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Ruzic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Antonijevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Djikic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kumar P, Rai V. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene Val158Met polymorphism and obsessive compulsive disorder susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:241-251. [PMID: 31879835 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1-3% of the general population. It is characterized by disabling obsessions (intrusive unwanted thoughts) and/or compulsions (ritualized repetitive behaviors). Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme has an important role in inactivation of dopamine and higher dopamine levels may be implicated in OCD, hence COMT gene is a suitable candidate for OCD. Several case-control studies have evaluated the role of COMT Val 158Met (rs4680;472G- > A) polymorphism as a risk factor for OCD but the results remained inconclusive, hence present meta-analysis was designed to find out correct assessment. All studies that investigated the association of COMT gene Val158Met polymorphism with OCD risk, were considered in the present meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with the software program MetaAnalyst. In the current meta-analysis, 14 case-control studies with 1435 OCD cases and 2753 healthy controls were included. The results indicated significant association between COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD risk using allele contrast, homozygote and dominant models (ORA vs G = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.02-1.27; p = 0.01; ORAAvs.GG = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.09-1.62, p = 0.004; ORAA + AGvs.GG = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.0-1.32; p = 0.04). In subgroup analysis based on case gender, meta-analysis of male cases showed significant association using all five genetic models (ORAAvsGG = 1.99; 95%CI = 1.42-2.59; p = <0.001; ORAA + AGvs.GG = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.20-2.10; p = 0.001), but did not show any association between COMT Val 158Met polymorphism and OCD risk in females. In conclusion, results of present meta-analysis supports that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism is a risk factor for OCD especially for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Jaunpur, UP, India
| | - Vandana Rai
- VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Jaunpur, UP, India.
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Derksen M, Feenstra M, Willuhn I, Denys D. The serotonergic system in obsessive-compulsive disorder. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Beaurain M, Salabert AS, Ribeiro MJ, Arlicot N, Damier P, Le Jeune F, Demonet JF, Payoux P. Innovative Molecular Imaging for Clinical Research, Therapeutic Stratification, and Nosography in Neuroscience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:268. [PMID: 31828073 PMCID: PMC6890558 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, several radiotracers have been developed for neuroimaging applications, especially in PET. Because of their low steric hindrance, PET radionuclides can be used to label molecules that are small enough to cross the blood brain barrier, without modifying their biological properties. As the use of 11C is limited by its short physical half-life (20 min), there has been an increasing focus on developing tracers labeled with 18F for clinical use. The first such tracers allowed cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism to be measured, and the development of molecular imaging has since enabled to focus more closely on specific targets such as receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, and other proteins. Hence, PET and SPECT biomarkers have become indispensable for innovative clinical research. Currently, the treatment options for a number of pathologies, notably neurodegenerative diseases, remain only supportive and symptomatic. Treatments that slow down or reverse disease progression are therefore the subject of numerous studies, in which molecular imaging is proving to be a powerful tool. PET and SPECT biomarkers already make it possible to diagnose several neurological diseases in vivo and at preclinical stages, yielding topographic, and quantitative data about the target. As a result, they can be used for assessing patients' eligibility for new treatments, or for treatment follow-up. The aim of the present review was to map major innovative radiotracers used in neuroscience, and explain their contribution to clinical research. We categorized them according to their target: dopaminergic, cholinergic or serotoninergic systems, β-amyloid plaques, tau protein, neuroinflammation, glutamate or GABA receptors, or α-synuclein. Most neurological disorders, and indeed mental disorders, involve the dysfunction of one or more of these targets. Combinations of molecular imaging biomarkers can afford us a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease development over time, and contribute to early detection/screening, diagnosis, therapy delivery/monitoring, and treatment follow-up in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaurain
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Joao Ribeiro
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Damier
- Inserm U913, Neurology Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean-François Demonet
- Leenards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Payoux
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
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40
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Kim M, Kwak S, Yoon YB, Kwak YB, Kim T, Cho KIK, Lee TY, Kwon JS. Functional connectivity of the raphe nucleus as a predictor of the response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2073-2081. [PMID: 31189178 PMCID: PMC6898154 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line pharmacological agents for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, because nearly half of patients show insufficient SSRI responses, serotonergic dysfunction in heterogeneous OCD patients should be investigated for precision medicine. We aimed to determine whether functional connectivity (FC) of the raphe nucleus (RN), the major source of most serotonergic neurons, was altered in OCD patients and could predict the SSRI response. A total of 102 medication-free OCD patients and 101 matched healthy control (HC) subjects participated in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Among them, 54 OCD patients were treated with SSRIs for 16 weeks, resulting in 26 responders and 28 nonresponders. Seed-based whole brain FC with the RN as a seed region was compared between the OCD and HC groups, as well as between SSRI responders and nonresponders. FC cluster values showing significant group differences were used to investigate factors correlated with symptomatic severity before treatment and predictive of SSRI response. Compared to HCs, OCD patients exhibited significantly larger FC between the RN and temporal cortices including the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), paracingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, putamen, thalamus, and brain stem. Greater RN-left MTG FC was positively correlated with OC symptom severity at baseline. In addition, larger FC of the RN-left MTG was also found in SSRI nonresponders compared to responders, which was a significant predictor of SSRI response after 16 weeks. The FC of RN may reflect the neurobiological underpinning of OCD and could aid future precision medicine as a differential brain-based biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- 0000 0001 0302 820Xgrid.412484.fDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-no, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kwak
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Bryan Yoon
- 0000 0001 2355 7002grid.4367.6Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Yoo Bin Kwak
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwan Kim
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ik K. Cho
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Lee
- 0000 0001 0302 820Xgrid.412484.fDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-no, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Rodríguez N, Morer A, González-Navarro EA, Serra-Pages C, Boloc D, Torres T, Martinez-Pinteño A, Mas S, Lafuente A, Gassó P, Lázaro L. Altered frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:608-616. [PMID: 31344493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with an etiopathophysiology that seems to include immune alterations. Previous studies have suggested that variations in the levels of circulating T cell subpopulations may be involved in psychiatric diseases. However, the role of these cells in OCD remains unexplored. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the levels of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in patients with early-onset OCD and healthy controls. METHODS The assessment was performed in 99 children and adolescents with OCD and 46 control subjects. The percentages of circulating Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells were evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS OCD patients had significantly higher levels of Th17 cells and lower percentages of Treg cells than healthy controls (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Furthermore, levels of Th17 cells progressively increased with the duration (p = 0.005) and severity of OCD (p = 0.008), whereas the percentages of Treg cells significantly declined with the duration of the disorder (p = 1.8 × 10-5). CONCLUSIONS These results provide more evidence of the involvement of immune dysregulation, specifically an imbalance in the levels of circulating T helper and regulatory T cells, in the pathophysiology of early-onset OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Morer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
| | - E Azucena González-Navarro
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Serra-Pages
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Boloc
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Torres
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
| | - Amalia Lafuente
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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Kanen JW, Ersche KD, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, Cardinal RN. Computational modelling reveals contrasting effects on reinforcement learning and cognitive flexibility in stimulant use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: remediating effects of dopaminergic D2/3 receptor agents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2337-2358. [PMID: 31324936 PMCID: PMC6820481 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disorders of compulsivity such as stimulant use disorder (SUD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are characterised by deficits in behavioural flexibility, some of which have been captured using probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) paradigms. OBJECTIVES This study used computational modelling to characterise the reinforcement learning processes underlying patterns of PRL behaviour observed in SUD and OCD and to show how the dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist pramipexole and the D2/3 antagonist amisulpride affected these responses. METHODS We applied a hierarchical Bayesian method to PRL data across three groups: individuals with SUD, OCD, and healthy controls. Participants completed three sessions where they received placebo, pramipexole, and amisulpride, in a double-blind placebo-controlled, randomised design. We compared seven models using a bridge sampling estimate of the marginal likelihood. RESULTS Stimulus-bound perseveration, a measure of the degree to which participants responded to the same stimulus as before irrespective of outcome, was significantly increased in SUD, but decreased in OCD, compared to controls (on placebo). Individuals with SUD also exhibited reduced reward-driven learning, whilst both the SUD and OCD groups showed increased learning from punishment (nonreward). Pramipexole and amisulpride had similar effects on the control and OCD groups; both increased punishment-driven learning. These D2/3-modulating drugs affected the SUD group differently, remediating reward-driven learning and reducing aspects of perseverative behaviour, amongst other effects. CONCLUSIONS We provide a parsimonious computational account of how perseverative tendencies and reward- and punishment-driven learning differentially contribute to PRL in SUD and OCD. D2/3 agents modulated these processes and remediated deficits in SUD in particular, which may inform therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Kanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
- Department of Postgraduate Medicine, College Lane Hatfield, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Neural dynamics in co-morbid schizophrenia and OCD: A computational approach. J Theor Biol 2019; 473:80-94. [PMID: 30738051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-morbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia is higher than what would be expected by chance and the common underlying neuropathophysiology is not well understood. Repetitive stereotypes and routines can be caused by perseverative thoughts and motor sequences in both of these disorders. We extended a previously published computational model to investigate cortico-striatal network dynamics. Given the considerable overlap in symptom phenomenology and the high degree of co-morbidity between OCD and schizophrenia, we examined the dynamical consequences of functional connectivity variations in the overlapping network. This was achieved by focusing on the emergence of network oscillatory activity and examining parameter sensitivity. Opposing activity levels are present in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia and OCD. We found that with over-compensation of the primary pathology, emergence of the other disorder can occur. The oscillatory behavior is delicately modulated by connections between the OFC/ACC to the ventral and dorsal striatum and by the coupling between the ACC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Modulation on cortical self-inhibition (e.g. serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment) together with dopaminergic input to the striatum (e.g. anti-dopaminergic medication) has non-trivial complex effects on the network oscillatory behavior, with an optimal modulatory window. Additionally, there are several disruption mechanisms and compensatory processes in the cortico-striato-thalamic network which may contribute to the underlying neuropathophysiology and clinical heterogeneity in schizo-obsessive spectrum disorders. Our mechanistic model predicts that dynamic over-compensation of the primarily occuring neuropathophysiology can lead to the secondary co-morbid disease.
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Nikolaus S, Mamlins E, Hautzel H, Müller HW. Acute anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are related to different patterns of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine dysfunction. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:381-426. [PMID: 30269107 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptor and transporter dysfunctions play a major role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases including anxiety disorder (AD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) in the manic (BDman) or depressive (BDdep) state and schizophrenia (SZ). We performed a PUBMED search, which provided a total of 239 in vivo imaging studies with either positron emission tomography (PET) or single-proton emission computed tomography (SPECT). In these studies, DA transporter binding, D1 receptor (R) binding, D2R binding, DA synthesis and/or DA release in patients with the primary diagnosis of acute AD (n=310), MDD (n=754), BDman (n=15), BDdep (n=49) or SZ (n=1532) were compared to healthy individuals. A retrospective analysis revealed that AD, MDD, BDman, BDdep and SZ differed as to affected brain region(s), affected synaptic constituent(s) and extent as well as direction of dysfunction in terms of either sensitization or desensitization of transporter and/or receptor binding sites. In contrast to AD and SZ, in MDD, BDman and BDdep, neostriatal DA function was normal, whereas MDD, BDman, and BDdep were characterized by the increased availability of prefrontal and frontal DA. In contrast to AD, MDD, BDman and BDdep, DA function in SZ was impaired throughout the nigrostriatal and mesolimbocortical system with an increased availability of DA in the striatothalamocortical and a decreased availability in the mesolimbocortical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduards Mamlins
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hautzel
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Parmar A, Sharan P, Khandelwal SK, Agarwal K, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR. Brain neurochemistry in unmedicated obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and effects of 12-week escitalopram treatment: 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:386-393. [PMID: 30973183 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to examine treatment-related neurochemical changes in 28 unmedicated obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients using 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS). METHODS We included subjects diagnosed with OCD (n = 28), each with a total duration of illness of less than 5 years, as a study group and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 26). The inclusion criteria for the OCD group were right-handed individuals aged 18 years or older who had not been on any specific treatment for OCD for the last at least 8 weeks and who had no other psychiatric comorbidity. A pre-post and case-control design was employed in which OCD patients underwent 1 H-MRS at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment with escitalopram (n = 21). Clinical assessment was carried out using a semi-structured pro forma Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0 before and after treatment. Volume-localized 1 H-MRS was carried out with a 3-Tesla Philips MR scanner. RESULTS Our data suggested higher levels of myoinositol (mI), total choline (tCho), and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) in the medial thalamus at pre-assessment in OCD subjects as compared to healthy controls and a significant reduction in tCho and Glx after treatment in OCD subjects. The mI levels in the caudate nucleus and Glx levels in the anterior cingulate cortex were significantly correlated with disease severity on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. CONCLUSION Our study supports the hypothesis of a hyper-glutaminergic state (as suggested by increased Glx levels) and neurodegeneration (as suggested by increased tCho and mI in the thalamus) in cortico-striato-thalamocortical circuitry in OCD patients as suggested by previous studies using MRS as well as other functional imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Parmar
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratap Sharan
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Khushbu Agarwal
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Kerage D, Sloan EK, Mattarollo SR, McCombe PA. Interaction of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals with lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:99-111. [PMID: 30999218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals can act on lymphocytes by binding to receptors expressed by lymphocytes. This review describes lymphocyte expression of receptors for a selection of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals, the anatomical locations where lymphocytes can interact with neurotransmitters, and the effects of the neurotransmitters on lymphocyte function. Implications for health and disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerage
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Cousins Center for Neuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Pamela A McCombe
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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Robbins TW, Vaghi MM, Banca P. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Puzzles and Prospects. Neuron 2019; 102:27-47. [PMID: 30946823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder that presents several challenges for neuroscience. Recent advances in its genetic and developmental causation, as well as its neuropsychological basis, are reviewed. Hypotheses concerning an imbalance between goal-directed and habitual behavior together with neural correlates in cortico-striatal circuitry are evaluated and contrasted with metacognitive theories. Treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) tend to be of mixed efficacy but include psychological, pharmacological, and surgical approaches, the underlying mechanisms of which are still under debate. Overall, the prospects for new animal models and an integrated understanding of the pathophysiology of OCD are considered in the context of dimensional psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Matilde M Vaghi
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Paula Banca
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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Zheng H, Jia F, Han H, Wang S, Guo G, Quan D, Li G, Huang H. Combined fluvoxamine and extended-release methylphenidate improved treatment response compared to fluvoxamine alone in patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:397-404. [PMID: 30595354 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
More effective, tolerable interventions for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are needed. Preliminary findings encourage optimism that methylphenidate augmentation may be of benefit in the treatment of OCD. To test modulator methylphenidate (MPH) of extended-release formulations (MPH-ER) a safe and effective add-on therapy for refractory OCD, a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted at an outpatient, single-center academic setting. Participants included 44 adults with serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment-refractory OCD and receiving a stable fluvoxamine pharmacotherapy with Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores higher than 20. Data were analyzed in the intention-to-treat sample. All subjects were randomized into two parallel groups to receive fluvoxamine (250 mg daily) plus MPH-ER (36 mg daily) or fluvoxamine (250 mg daily) plus identical placebo tablets under double-blind conditions and followed for 8 weeks. Forty-four patients (29 [66%] men), with a mean (SD) age of 24.7 (6) years participated; with a mean (SD) duration of episode 5.7 (3) were randomized and forty-one finished the trial. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the improvement in the Y-BOCS total score and Y-BOCS obsession subscale score was more prominent in the fluvoxamine and MPH-ER group compared with those receiving placebo (P < .001). Additionally, cumulative response rates were higher in the MPH-ER vs placebo groups (59% vs 5%; P < .001). MPH-ER was well tolerated; No subjects dropped out due to side effects. In summary, combined treatment with MPH-ER demonstrated an enhanced clinical rate of response compared to placebo. Further trials should examine MPH-ER efficacy in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Zheng
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, No. 123 Huifu Xi Road, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Fujun Jia
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, No. 123 Huifu Xi Road, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hongying Han
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, No. 123 Huifu Xi Road, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guangquan Guo
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, No. 123 Huifu Xi Road, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Dongming Quan
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, No. 123 Huifu Xi Road, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, No. 123 Huifu Xi Road, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huiyan Huang
- Pharmacy Department of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Murray GK, Knolle F, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Abbott S, Shabbir SS, Fineberg NA, Suckling J, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW. Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2325-2336. [PMID: 31201476 PMCID: PMC6695357 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been found to show exaggerated error responses and prediction error learning signals in a variety of EEG and fMRI tasks, with data converging on the anterior cingulate cortex as a key locus of dysfunction. Considerable evidence has linked prediction error processing to dopaminergic function. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigate potential dopaminergic dysfunction during reward processing in the context of OCD. METHODS We studied OCD patients (n = 18) and controls (n = 18) whilst they learned probabilistic associations between abstract stimuli and monetary rewards in the fMRI scanner involving administration (on separate visits) of a dopamine receptor agonist, pramipexole 0.5 mg; a dopamine receptor antagonist, amisulpride 400 mg; and placebo. We fitted a Q-learning computational model to fMRI prediction error responses; group differences were examined in anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens regions of interest. RESULTS There were no significant group, drug, or interaction effects in the number of correct choices; computational modeling suggested a marginally significant difference in learning rates between groups (p = 0.089, partial ƞ2 = 0.1). In the imaging results, there was a significant interaction of group by drug (p = 0.013, partial ƞ2 = 0.13). OCD patients showed abnormally strong cingulate signaling of prediction errors during omission of an expected reward, with unexpected reduction by both pramipexole and amisulpride (p = 0.014, partial ƞ2 = 0.26, 1-β error probability = 0.94). Exaggerated cingulate prediction error signaling to omitted reward in placebo was related to trait subjective difficulty in self-regulating behavior in OCD. CONCLUSIONS Our data support cingulate dysfunction during reward processing in OCD, and bidirectional remediation by dopaminergic modulation, suggesting that exaggerated cingulate error signals in OCD may be of dopaminergic origin. The results help to illuminate the mechanisms through which dopamine receptor antagonists achieve therapeutic benefit in OCD. Further research is needed to disentangle the different functions of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists during bidirectional modulation of cingulate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Franziska Knolle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK. .,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK.
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK
| | - Kevin J. Craig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK
| | - Sanja Abbott
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK ,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK ,European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Shaila S. Shabbir
- GlaxoSmithKline, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area Unit, Stevenage, UK
| | - Naomi A. Fineberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK ,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN UK
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Hazari N, Narayanaswamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G. Neuroimaging findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative review to elucidate neurobiological underpinnings. Indian J Psychiatry 2019; 61:S9-S29. [PMID: 30745673 PMCID: PMC6343409 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_525_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric illness and significant research has been ongoing to understand its neurobiological basis. Neuroimaging studies right from the 1980s have revealed significant differences between OCD patients and healthy controls. Initial imaging findings showing hyperactivity in the prefrontal cortex (mainly orbitofrontal cortex), anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus led to the postulation of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) model for the neurobiology of OCD. However, in the last two decades emerging evidence suggests the involvement of widespread associative networks, including regions of the parietal cortex, limbic areas (including amygdala) and cerebellum. This narrative review discusses findings from structural [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging(DTI)], functional [(functional MRI (fMRI), Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), Positron emission tomography (PET), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)], combined structural and functional imaging studies and meta-analyses. Subsequently, we collate these findings to describe the neurobiology of OCD including CSTC circuit, limbic system, parietal cortex, cerebellum, default mode network and salience network. In future, neuroimaging may emerge as a valuable tool for personalised medicine in OCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Hazari
- Department of Psychiatry, Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Delhi, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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