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Lin Y, Li Q, Chen A. The causal mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning performance improvement by executive attention intervention. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3241-3253. [PMID: 36971608 PMCID: PMC10171494 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogical reasoning is important for human. We have found that a short executive attention intervention improved analogical reasoning performance in healthy young adults. Nevertheless, previous electrophysiological evidence was limited for comprehensively characterizing the neural mechanisms underlying the improvement. And although we hypothesized that the intervention improved active inhibitory control and attention shift first and then relation integration, it is still unclear whether there are two sequential cognitive neural activities were indeed changed during analogical reasoning. In the present study, we combined hypothesis with multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to explore the effects of the intervention on electrophysiology. Results showed that in the resting state after the intervention, alpha and high gamma power and the functional connectivity between the anterior and middle in the alpha band could discriminate the experimental group from the active control group, respectively. These indicated that the intervention influenced the activity of multiple bands and the interaction of frontal and parietal regions. In the analogical reasoning, alpha, theta, and gamma activities could also fulfill such discrimination, and furthermore, they were sequential (alpha first, theta, and gamma later). These results directly supported our previous hypothesis. The present study deepens our understanding about how executive attention contributes to higher-order cognition.
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Bode S, Schubert E, Hogendoorn H, Feuerriegel D. Decoding continuous variables from event-related potential (ERP) data with linear support vector regression using the Decision Decoding Toolbox (DDTBOX). Front Neurosci 2022; 16:989589. [PMID: 36408410 PMCID: PMC9669708 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.989589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivariate classification analysis for event-related potential (ERP) data is a powerful tool for predicting cognitive variables. However, classification is often restricted to categorical variables and under-utilises continuous data, such as response times, response force, or subjective ratings. An alternative approach is support vector regression (SVR), which uses single-trial data to predict continuous variables of interest. In this tutorial-style paper, we demonstrate how SVR is implemented in the Decision Decoding Toolbox (DDTBOX). To illustrate in more detail how results depend on specific toolbox settings and data features, we report results from two simulation studies resembling real EEG data, and one real ERP-data set, in which we predicted continuous variables across a range of analysis parameters. Across all studies, we demonstrate that SVR is effective for analysis windows ranging from 2 to 100 ms, and relatively unaffected by temporal averaging. Prediction is still successful when only a small number of channels encode true information, and the analysis is robust to temporal jittering of the relevant information in the signal. Our results show that SVR as implemented in DDTBOX can reliably predict continuous, more nuanced variables, which may not be well-captured by classification analysis. In sum, we demonstrate that linear SVR is a powerful tool for the investigation of single-trial EEG data in relation to continuous variables, and we provide practical guidance for users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Long C, Hu X, Qi G, Zhang L. Self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity: Evidence from multivariate pattern analysis of electroencephalography data. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108343. [PMID: 35932948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fairness is a remarkable preference for human society, involving both outcome and opportunity equity. Most previous studies have explored whether fairness itself or self-interest is intuitive during outcome (in)equity. However, intuition during outcome (in)equity can be affected by both fairness level and actual payoff. Since opportunity (in)equity is only affected by the fairness level, we explored only intuition during fairness by measuring event-related potential responses to opportunity (in)equity. Participants played a social non-competitive two-person choice game with advantage opportunity inequity (AI), opportunity equity (OE), and disadvantage opportunity inequity (DI). The behavioral results suggested an opportunity inequity bias, with greater feelings of fairness and pleasantness during OE than during AI and DI. However, multivariate pattern analysis of the event-related potential (ERP) data suggested that AI, OE, and DI can be significantly distinguished from each other in relatively early windows overlapping with early positive negativity (EPN), and AI and DI can be significantly further distinguished during a relatively late window overlapping with late positive potential (LPP). Moreover, the conventional ERP analysis found that EPN amplitudes were more negative for AI than for OE and DI, as well as for OE than for DI, suggesting a pleasure bias for increased self-interest. LPP amplitudes were greater for DI than for AI and OE, suggesting enhanced sensitivity to DI. These results suggest that self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guomei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Overhoff H, Ko YH, Feuerriegel D, Fink GR, Stahl J, Weiss PH, Bode S, Niessen E. Neural correlates of metacognition across the adult lifespan. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 108:34-46. [PMID: 34487950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metacognitive accuracy describes the degree of overlap between the subjective perception of one's decision accuracy (i.e. confidence) and objectively observed performance. With older age, the need for accurate metacognitive evaluation increases; however, error detection rates typically decrease. We investigated the effect of ageing on metacognitive accuracy using event-related potentials (ERPs) reflecting error detection and confidence: the error/correct negativity (Ne/c) and the error/correct positivity (Pe/c). Sixty-five healthy adults (20 to 76 years) completed a complex Flanker task and provided confidence ratings. We found that metacognitive accuracy declined with age beyond the expected decline in task performance, while the adaptive adjustment of behaviour was well preserved. Pe amplitudes following errors varied by confidence rating, but they did not mirror the reduction in metacognitive accuracy. Ne amplitudes decreased with age for low confidence errors. The results suggest that age-related difficulties in metacognitive evaluation could be related to an impaired integration of decision accuracy and confidence information processing. Ultimately, training the metacognitive evaluation of fundamental decisions in older adults might constitute a promising endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Overhoff
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Yiu Hong Ko
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Feuerriegel
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Niessen
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Zheng Y, Tian B, Zhang Y, Wang D. Effect of force accuracy on hemodynamic response: an fNIRS study using fine visuomotor task. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33784650 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abf399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Despite converging neuroimaging studies investigating how neural activity is modulated by various motor related factors, such as movement velocity and force magnitude, little has been devoted to identifying the effect of force accuracy. This study thus aimed to investigate the effect of task difficulty on cortical neural responses when participants performed a visuomotor task with varying demands on force accuracy.Approach. Fourteen healthy adults performed a set of force generation operations with six levels of force accuracy. The participants held a pen-shaped tool and moved the tool along a planar ring path, meanwhile producing a constant force against the plane under visual guidance. The required force accuracy was modulated by allowable tolerance of the force during the task execution. We employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy to record signals from bilateral prefrontal, sensorimotor and occipital areas, used the hemoglobin concentration as indicators of cortical activation, then calculated the effective connectivity across these regions by Granger causality.Main results.We observed overall stronger activation (oxy-hemoglobin concentration,p= 0.015) and connectivity (p< 0.05) associated with the initial increase in force accuracy, and the diminished trend in activation and connectivity when participants were exposed to excessive demands on accurate force generation. These findings suggested that the increasing task difficulty would be only beneficial for the mental investment up to a certain point, and above that point neural responses would show patterns of lower activation and connections, revealing mental overload at excessive task demands.Significance.Our results provide the first evidence for the inverted U-shaped effect of force accuracy on hemodynamic responses during fine visuomotor tasks. The insights obtained through this study also highlight the essential role of inter-region connectivity alterations for coping with task difficulty, enhance our understanding of the underlying motor neural processes, and provide the groundwork for developing adaptive neurorehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dangxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Neural patterns during anticipation predict emotion regulation success for reappraisal. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:888-900. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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