1
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Vogler NW, Chen R, Virkler A, Tu VY, Gottfried JA, Geffen MN. Direct piriform-to-auditory cortical projections shape auditory-olfactory integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.11.602976. [PMID: 39071445 PMCID: PMC11275881 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.602976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In a real-world environment, the brain must integrate information from multiple sensory modalities, including the auditory and olfactory systems. However, little is known about the neuronal circuits governing how odors influence and modulate sound processing. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying auditory-olfactory integration using anatomical, electrophysiological, and optogenetic approaches, focusing on the auditory cortex as a key locus for cross-modal integration. First, retrograde and anterograde viral tracing strategies revealed a direct projection from the piriform cortex to the auditory cortex. Next, using in vivo electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity in the auditory cortex of awake male or female mice, we found that odors modulate auditory cortical responses to sound. Finally, we used in vivo optogenetic manipulations during electrophysiology to demonstrate that olfactory modulation in auditory cortex, specifically, odor-driven enhancement of sound responses, depends on direct input from the piriform cortex. Together, our results identify a novel role of piriform-to-auditory cortical circuitry in shaping olfactory modulation in the auditory cortex, shedding new light on the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory-olfactory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Vogler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ruoyi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alister Virkler
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Violet Y. Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jay A. Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Maria N. Geffen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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2
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Zahnert F, Kleinholdermann U, Belke M, Keil B, Menzler K, Pedrosa DJ, Timmermann L, Kircher T, Nenadić I, Knake S. The connectivity-based architecture of the human piriform cortex. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120747. [PMID: 39033790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of the human piriform cortex (PC) is poorly understood. We used a bimodal connectivity-based-parcellation approach to investigate subregions of the PC and its connectional differentiation from the amygdala. One hundred (55 % female) genetically unrelated subjects from the Human Connectome Project were included. A region of interest (ROI) was delineated bilaterally covering PC and amygdala, and functional and structural connectivity of this ROI with the whole gray matter was computed. Spectral clustering was performed to obtain bilateral parcellations at granularities of k = 2-10 clusters and combined bimodal parcellations were computed. Validity of parcellations was assessed via their mean individual-to-group similarity per adjusted rand index (ARI). Individual-to-group similarity was higher than chance in both modalities and in all clustering solutions. The amygdala was clearly distinguished from PC in structural parcellations, and olfactory amygdala was connectionally more similar to amygdala than to PC. At higher granularities, an anterior and ventrotemporal and a posterior frontal cluster emerged within PC, as well as an additional temporal cluster at their boundary. Functional parcellations also showed a frontal piriform cluster, and similar temporal clusters were observed with less consistency. Results from bimodal parcellations were similar to the structural parcellations. Consistent results were obtained in a validation cohort. Distinction of the human PC from the amygdala, including its olfactory subregions, is possible based on its structural connectivity alone. The canonical fronto-temporal boundary within PC was reproduced in both modalities and with consistency. All obtained parcellations are freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zahnert
- Epilepsy Center Hesse, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
| | - U Kleinholdermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - M Belke
- Epilepsy Center Hesse, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - B Keil
- Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - K Menzler
- Epilepsy Center Hesse, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - D J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - L Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - T Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - I Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - S Knake
- Epilepsy Center Hesse, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Core Facility Brain Imaging, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
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3
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Hu Y, Badar IH, Zhang L, Yang L, Xu B. Odor and taste characteristics, transduction mechanism, and perceptual interaction in fermented foods: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39012297 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2377292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Fermentation is a critical technological process for flavor development in fermented foods. The combination of odor and taste, known as flavor, is crucial in enhancing people's perception and psychology toward fermented foods, thereby increasing their acceptance among consumers. This review summarized the determination and key flavor compound screening methods in fermented foods and analyzed the flavor perception, perceptual interactions, and evaluation methods. The flavor compounds in fermented foods could be separated, purified, and identified by instrument techniques, and a molecular sensory science approach could identify the key flavor compounds. How flavor compounds bind to their respective receptors determines flavor perception, which is influenced by their perceptual interactions, including odor-odor, taste-taste, and odor-taste. Evaluation methods of flavor perception mainly include human sensory evaluation, electronic sensors and biosensors, and neuroimaging techniques. Among them, the biosensor-based evaluation methods could facilitate the investigation of the flavor transduction mechanism and the neuroimaging technique could explain the brain's signals that relate to the perception of flavor and how they compare to signals from other senses. This review aims to elucidate the flavor profile of fermented foods and highlight the significance of comprehending the interactions between various flavor compounds, thus improving the healthiness and sensory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- State key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Jiangsu Yurun Meat Industry Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain Badar
- Department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Research Center for High Value Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Products, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Linwei Yang
- State key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Jiangsu Yurun Meat Industry Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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4
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Ye Y, Wang Y, Zhuang Y, Tan H, Zuo Z, Yun H, Yuan K, Zhou W. Decomposition of an odorant in olfactory perception and neural representation. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:1150-1162. [PMID: 38499771 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecules-the elementary units of substances-are commonly considered the units of processing in olfactory perception, giving rise to undifferentiated odour objects invariant to environmental variations. By selectively perturbing the processing of chemical substructures with adaptation ('the psychologist's microelectrode') in a series of psychophysical and neuroimaging experiments (458 participants), we show that two perceptually distinct odorants sharing part of their structural features become significantly less discernible following adaptation to a third odorant containing their non-shared structural features, in manners independent of olfactory intensity, valence, quality or general olfactory adaptation. The effect is accompanied by reorganizations of ensemble activity patterns in the posterior piriform cortex that parallel subjective odour quality changes, in addition to substructure-based neural adaptations in the anterior piriform cortex and amygdala. Central representations of odour quality and the perceptual outcome thus embed submolecular structural information and are malleable by recent olfactory encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Psychology, School of Public Affairs, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huibang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- Sino-Dannish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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5
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Pierzchajlo S, Jernsäther T, Fontana L, Almeida R, Olofsson JK. Olfactory Categorization Is Shaped by a Transmodal Cortical Network for Evaluating Perceptual Predictions. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1232232024. [PMID: 38561229 PMCID: PMC11140662 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1232-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Creating and evaluating predictions are considered important features in sensory perception. Little is known about processing differences between the senses and their cortical substrates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that olfaction, the sense of smell, would be highly dependent on (nonolfactory) object-predictive cues and involve distinct cortical processing features. We developed a novel paradigm to compare prediction error processing across senses. Participants listened to spoken word cues (e.g., "lilac") and determined whether target stimuli (odors or pictures) matched the word cue or not. In two behavioral experiments (total n = 113; 72 female), the disparity between congruent and incongruent response times was exaggerated for olfactory relative to visual targets, indicating a greater dependency on predictive verbal cues to process olfactory targets. A preregistered fMRI study (n = 30; 19 female) revealed the anterior cingulate cortex (a region central for error detection) being more activated by incongruent olfactory targets, indicating a role for olfactory predictive error processing. Additionally, both the primary olfactory and visual cortices were significantly activated for incongruent olfactory targets, suggesting olfactory prediction errors are dependent on cross-sensory processing resources, whereas visual prediction errors are not. We propose that olfaction is characterized by a strong dependency on predictive (nonolfactory) cues and that odors are evaluated in the context of such predictions by a designated transmodal cortical network. Our results indicate differences in how predictive cues are used by different senses in rapid decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Pierzchajlo
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Teodor Jernsäther
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Lara Fontana
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Rita Almeida
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
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6
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Zak JD, Reddy G, Konanur V, Murthy VN. Distinct information conveyed to the olfactory bulb by feedforward input from the nose and feedback from the cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3268. [PMID: 38627390 PMCID: PMC11021479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems are organized hierarchically, but feedback projections frequently disrupt this order. In the olfactory bulb (OB), cortical feedback projections numerically match sensory inputs. To unravel information carried by these two streams, we imaged the activity of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and cortical axons in the mouse OB using calcium indicators, multiphoton microscopy, and diverse olfactory stimuli. Here, we show that odorant mixtures of increasing complexity evoke progressively denser OSN activity, yet cortical feedback activity is of similar sparsity for all stimuli. Also, representations of complex mixtures are similar in OSNs but are decorrelated in cortical axons. While OSN responses to increasing odorant concentrations exhibit a sigmoidal relationship, cortical axonal responses are complex and nonmonotonic, which can be explained by a model with activity-dependent feedback inhibition in the cortex. Our study indicates that early-stage olfactory circuits have access to local feedforward signals and global, efficiently formatted information about odor scenes through cortical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Zak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Gautam Reddy
- Physics & Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vaibhav Konanur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University, Allston, 02134, USA
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7
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Okumura T, Kida I, Yokoi A, Nakai T, Nishimoto S, Touhara K, Okamoto M. Semantic context-dependent neural representations of odors in the human piriform cortex revealed by 7T MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26681. [PMID: 38656060 PMCID: PMC11041378 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception depends not only on olfactory inputs but also on semantic context. Although multi-voxel activity patterns of the piriform cortex, a part of the primary olfactory cortex, have been shown to represent odor perception, it remains unclear whether semantic contexts modulate odor representation in this region. Here, we investigated whether multi-voxel activity patterns in the piriform cortex change when semantic context modulates odor perception and, if so, whether the modulated areas communicate with brain regions involved in semantic and memory processing beyond the piriform cortex. We also explored regional differences within the piriform cortex, which are influenced by olfactory input and semantic context. We used 2 × 2 combinations of word labels and odorants that were perceived as congruent and measured piriform activity with a 1-mm isotropic resolution using 7T MRI. We found that identical odorants labeled with different words were perceived differently. This labeling effect was observed in multi-voxel activity patterns in the piriform cortex, as the searchlight decoding analysis distinguished identical odors with different labels for half of the examined stimulus pairs. Significant functional connectivity was observed between parts of the piriform cortex that were modulated by labels and regions associated with semantic and memory processing. While the piriform multi-voxel patterns evoked by different olfactory inputs were also distinguishable, the decoding accuracy was significant for only one stimulus pair, preventing definitive conclusions regarding the locational differences between areas influenced by word labels and olfactory inputs. These results suggest that multi-voxel patterns of piriform activity can be modulated by semantic context, possibly due to communication between the piriform cortex and the semantic and memory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
| | - Ikuhiro Kida
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Atsushi Yokoi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tomoya Nakai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
| | - Shinji Nishimoto
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI‐IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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8
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Abstract
Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing. The idea that the human olfaction has little to contribute to our experience of the world is commonplace, though with the emergence of COVID-19 there has rather been a sea change in this understanding. An ever increasing body of work has convincingly highlighted the keen capabilities of the human nose and the sophistication of the human olfactory system. Here, we provide a concise overview of the neuroscience of human olfaction spanning the last 10-15 years, with focus on the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie how odor information is processed, packaged, parceled, predicted, and perturbed to serve odor-guided behaviors. We conclude by offering some guideposts for harnessing the next decade of olfactory research in all its shapes and forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay A Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Peter MG, Darki F, Thunell E, Mårtensson G, Postma EM, Boesveldt S, Westman E, Lundström JN. Lifelong olfactory deprivation-dependent cortical reorganization restricted to orbitofrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6459-6470. [PMID: 37915233 PMCID: PMC10681638 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sensory deprivation has repeatedly been linked to cortical reorganization. We recently demonstrated that individuals with congenital anosmia (CA, complete olfactory deprivation since birth) have seemingly normal morphology in piriform (olfactory) cortex despite profound morphological deviations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a finding contradictory to both the known effects of blindness on visual cortex and to the sparse literature on brain morphology in anosmia. To establish whether these unexpected findings reflect the true brain morphology in CA, we first performed a direct replication of our previous study to determine if lack of results was due to a deviant control group, a confound in cross sectional studies. Individuals with CA (n = 30) were compared to age and sex matched controls (n = 30) using voxel- and surface-based morphometry. The replication results were near identical to the original study: bilateral clusters of group differences in the OFC, including CA atrophy around the olfactory sulci and volume increases in the medial orbital gyri. Importantly, no group differences in piriform cortex were detected. Subsequently, to assess any subtle patterns of group differences not detectable by our mass-univariate analysis, we explored the data from a multivariate perspective. Combining the newly collected data with data from the replicated study (CA = 49, control = 49), we performed support vector machine classification based on gray matter volume. In line with the mass-univariate analyses, the multivariate analysis could accurately differentiate between the groups in bilateral OFC, whereas the classification accuracy in piriform cortex was at chance level. Our results suggest that despite lifelong olfactory deprivation, piriform (olfactory) cortex is morphologically unaltered and the morphological deviations in CA are confined to the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa G. Peter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Fahimeh Darki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Evelina Thunell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Gustav Mårtensson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Elbrich M. Postma
- Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse ValleiEdethe Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging CenterStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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10
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Sagar V, Shanahan LK, Zelano CM, Gottfried JA, Kahnt T. High-precision mapping reveals the structure of odor coding in the human brain. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1595-1602. [PMID: 37620443 PMCID: PMC10726579 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Odor perception is inherently subjective. Previous work has shown that odorous molecules evoke distributed activity patterns in olfactory cortices, but how these patterns map on to subjective odor percepts remains unclear. In the present study, we collected neuroimaging responses to 160 odors from 3 individual subjects (18 h per subject) to probe the neural coding scheme underlying idiosyncratic odor perception. We found that activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the fine-grained perceptual identity of odors over and above coarsely defined percepts, whereas this difference is less pronounced in the piriform cortex (PirC) and amygdala. Furthermore, the implementation of perceptual encoding models enabled us to predict olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to new odors, revealing that the dimensionality of the encoded perceptual spaces increases from the PirC to the OFC. Whereas encoding of lower-order dimensions generalizes across subjects, encoding of higher-order dimensions is idiosyncratic. These results provide new insights into cortical mechanisms of odor coding and suggest that subjective olfactory percepts reside in the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sagar
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Christina M Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jay A Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Post S, Mol W, Abu-Wishah O, Ali S, Rahmatullah N, Goel A. Multimodal Temporal Pattern Discrimination Is Encoded in Visual Cortical Dynamics. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0047-23.2023. [PMID: 37487713 PMCID: PMC10368206 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0047-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Discriminating between temporal features in sensory stimuli is critical to complex behavior and decision-making. However, how sensory cortical circuit mechanisms contribute to discrimination between subsecond temporal components in sensory events is unclear. To elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings of timing in primary visual cortex (V1), we recorded from V1 using two-photon calcium imaging in awake-behaving mice performing a go/no-go discrimination timing task, which was composed of patterns of subsecond audiovisual stimuli. In both conditions, activity during the early stimulus period was temporally coordinated with the preferred stimulus. However, while network activity increased in the preferred condition, network activity was increasingly suppressed in the nonpreferred condition over the stimulus period. Multiple levels of analyses suggest that discrimination between subsecond intervals that are contained in rhythmic patterns can be accomplished by local neural dynamics in V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Post
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - William Mol
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Omar Abu-Wishah
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Shazia Ali
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Noorhan Rahmatullah
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Anubhuti Goel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
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12
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Spence C. 'Tasting Imagination': What Role Chemosensory Mental Imagery in Multisensory Flavour Perception? Multisens Res 2022; 36:93-109. [PMID: 36731527 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of perplexing phenomena in the area of olfactory/flavour perception may fruitfully be explained by the suggestion that chemosensory mental imagery can be triggered automatically by perceptual inputs. In particular, the disconnect between the seemingly limited ability of participants in chemosensory psychophysics studies to distinguish more than two or three odorants in mixtures and the rich and detailed flavour descriptions that are sometimes reported by wine experts; the absence of awareness of chemosensory loss in many elderly individuals; and the insensitivity of the odour-induced taste enhancement (OITE) effect to the mode of presentation of olfactory stimuli (i.e., orthonasal or retronasal). The suggestion made here is that the theory of predictive coding, developed first in the visual modality, be extended to chemosensation. This may provide a fruitful way of thinking about the interaction between mental imagery and perception in the experience of aromas and flavours. Accepting such a suggestion also raises some important questions concerning the ecological validity/meaning of much of the chemosensory psychophysics literature that has been published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, New Radcliffe House, Walton Street, Oxford, OX2 6BW, UK
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13
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Hart EE, Gardner MPH, Panayi MC, Kahnt T, Schoenbaum G. Calcium activity is a degraded estimate of spikes. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5364-5373.e4. [PMID: 36368324 PMCID: PMC9772124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recording action potentials extracellularly during behavior has led to fundamental discoveries regarding neural function-hippocampal neurons respond to locations in space,1 motor cortex neurons encode movement direction,2 and dopamine neurons signal reward prediction errors3-observations undergirding current theories of cognition,4 movement,5 and learning.6 Recently it has become possible to measure calcium flux, an internal cellular signal related to spiking. The ability to image calcium flux in anatomically7,8 or genetically9 identified neurons can extend our knowledge of neural circuit function by allowing activity to be monitored in specific cell types or projections, or in the same neurons across many days. However, while initial studies were grounded in prior unit recording work, it has become fashionable to assume that calcium is identical to spiking, even though the spike-to-fluorescence transformation is nonlinear, noisy, and unpredictable under real-world conditions.10 It remains an open question whether calcium provides a high-fidelity representation of single-unit activity in awake, behaving subjects. Here, we have addressed this question by recording both signals in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of rats during olfactory discrimination learning. Activity in the OFC during olfactory learning has been well-studied in humans,11,12,13,14 nonhuman primates,15,16 and rats,17,18,19,20,21 where it has been shown to signal information about both the sensory properties of odor cues and the rewards they predict. Our single-unit results replicated prior findings, whereas the calcium signal provided only a degraded estimate of the information available in the single-unit spiking, reflecting primarily reward value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Hart
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew PH Gardner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, CA
| | - Marios C Panayi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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14
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Fantin L, Pinzano C, Rumeau C, Hossu G, Ceyte H. Effects of Gender and Age on Self-reported Odor Imagery Ability. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Rütgen M, Sladky R, Lamm C. Effective connectivity reveals distinctive patterns in response to others' genuine affective experience of disgust. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119404. [PMID: 35750254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy is significantly influenced by the identification of others' emotions. In a recent study, we have found increased activation in the anterior insular cortex (aIns) that could be attributed to affect sharing rather than perceptual saliency, when seeing another person genuinely experiencing pain as opposed to merely acting to be in pain. In that prior study, effective connectivity between aIns and the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) was revealed to represent what another person really feels. In the present study, we used a similar paradigm to investigate the corresponding neural signatures in the domain of empathy for disgust - with participants seeing others genuinely sniffing unpleasant odors as compared to pretending to smell something disgusting (in fact the disgust expressions in both conditions were acted for reasons of experimental control). Consistent with the previous findings on pain, we found stronger activations in aIns associated with affect sharing for genuine disgust (inferred) compared with pretended disgust. However, instead of rSMG we found engagement of the olfactory cortex. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we estimated the neural dynamics of aIns and the olfactory cortex between the genuine and pretended conditions. This revealed an increased excitatory modulatory effect for genuine disgust compared to pretended disgust. For genuine disgust only, brain-to-behavior regression analyses highlighted a link between the observed modulatory effect and a few empathic traits. Altogether, the current findings complement and expand our previous work, by showing that perceptual saliency alone does not explain responses in the insular cortex. Moreover, it reveals that different brain networks are implicated in a modality-specific way when sharing the affective experiences associated with pain vs. disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhao
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Lei Zhang
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Markus Rütgen
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria; Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Ronald Sladky
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria; Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria.
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16
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Farruggia MC, Pellegrino R, Scheinost D. Functional Connectivity of the Chemosenses: A Review. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:865929. [PMID: 35813269 PMCID: PMC9257046 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.865929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity approaches have long been used in cognitive neuroscience to establish pathways of communication between and among brain regions. However, the use of these analyses to better understand how the brain processes chemosensory information remains nascent. In this review, we conduct a literature search of all functional connectivity papers of olfaction, gustation, and chemesthesis, with 103 articles discovered in total. These publications largely use approaches of seed-based functional connectivity and psychophysiological interactions, as well as effective connectivity approaches such as Granger Causality, Dynamic Causal Modeling, and Structural Equation Modeling. Regardless of modality, studies largely focus on elucidating neural correlates of stimulus qualities such as identity, pleasantness, and intensity, with task-based paradigms most frequently implemented. We call for further "model free" or data-driven approaches in predictive modeling to craft brain-behavior relationships that are free from a priori hypotheses and not solely based on potentially irreproducible literature. Moreover, we note a relative dearth of resting-state literature, which could be used to better understand chemosensory networks with less influence from motion artifacts induced via gustatory or olfactory paradigms. Finally, we note a lack of genomics data, which could clarify individual and heritable differences in chemosensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Farruggia
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Michael C. Farruggia,
| | | | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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17
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Winkelmeier L, Filosa C, Hartig R, Scheller M, Sack M, Reinwald JR, Becker R, Wolf D, Gerchen MF, Sartorius A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weber-Fahr W, Clemm von Hohenberg C, Russo E, Kelsch W. Striatal hub of dynamic and stabilized prediction coding in forebrain networks for olfactory reinforcement learning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3305. [PMID: 35676281 PMCID: PMC9177857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the circuits responsible for cognition and understanding their embedded computations is a challenge for neuroscience. We establish here a hierarchical cross-scale approach, from behavioral modeling and fMRI in task-performing mice to cellular recordings, in order to disentangle local network contributions to olfactory reinforcement learning. At mesoscale, fMRI identifies a functional olfactory-striatal network interacting dynamically with higher-order cortices. While primary olfactory cortices respectively contribute only some value components, the downstream olfactory tubercle of the ventral striatum expresses comprehensively reward prediction, its dynamic updating, and prediction error components. In the tubercle, recordings reveal two underlying neuronal populations with non-redundant reward prediction coding schemes. One population collectively produces stabilized predictions as distributed activity across neurons; in the other, neurons encode value individually and dynamically integrate the recent history of uncertain outcomes. These findings validate a cross-scale approach to mechanistic investigations of higher cognitive functions in rodents. Where and how the brain learns from experience is not fully understood. Here the authors use a hierarchical approach from behavioural modelling to systems fMRI to cellular coding reveals brain mechanisms for history informed updating of future predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Winkelmeier
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carla Filosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Renée Hartig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max Scheller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan R Reinwald
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert Becker
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Wolf
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Eleonora Russo
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Poo C, Agarwal G, Bonacchi N, Mainen ZF. Spatial maps in piriform cortex during olfactory navigation. Nature 2021; 601:595-599. [PMID: 34937941 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Odours are a fundamental part of the sensory environment used by animals to guide behaviours such as foraging and navigation1,2. Primary olfactory (piriform) cortex is thought to be the main cortical region for encoding odour identity3-8. Here, using neural ensemble recordings in freely moving rats performing an odour-cued spatial choice task, we show that posterior piriform cortex neurons carry a robust spatial representation of the environment. Piriform spatial representations have features of a learned cognitive map, being most prominent near odour ports, stable across behavioural contexts and independent of olfactory drive or reward availability. The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm. Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour-place map. Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour-place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Poo
- Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Gautam Agarwal
- W. M. Keck Science Center, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
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19
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Pang Z, O'May CB, Choksi B, VanRullen R. Predictive coding feedback results in perceived illusory contours in a recurrent neural network. Neural Netw 2021; 144:164-175. [PMID: 34500255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern feedforward convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can now solve some computer vision tasks at super-human levels. However, these networks only roughly mimic human visual perception. One difference from human vision is that they do not appear to perceive illusory contours (e.g. Kanizsa squares) in the same way humans do. Physiological evidence from visual cortex suggests that the perception of illusory contours could involve feedback connections. Would recurrent feedback neural networks perceive illusory contours like humans? In this work we equip a deep feedforward convolutional network with brain-inspired recurrent dynamics. The network was first pretrained with an unsupervised reconstruction objective on a natural image dataset, to expose it to natural object contour statistics. Then, a classification decision head was added and the model was finetuned on a form discrimination task: squares vs. randomly oriented inducer shapes (no illusory contour). Finally, the model was tested with the unfamiliar "illusory contour" configuration: inducer shapes oriented to form an illusory square. Compared with feedforward baselines, the iterative "predictive coding" feedback resulted in more illusory contours being classified as physical squares. The perception of the illusory contour was measurable in the luminance profile of the image reconstructions produced by the model, demonstrating that the model really "sees" the illusion. Ablation studies revealed that natural image pretraining and feedback error correction are both critical to the perception of the illusion. Finally we validated our conclusions in a deeper network (VGG): adding the same predictive coding feedback dynamics again leads to the perception of illusory contours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rufin VanRullen
- CerCO, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France; ANITI, Toulouse, France.
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20
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Dantec M, Mantel M, Lafraire J, Rouby C, Bensafi M. On the contribution of the senses to food emotional experience. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Brann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Sandeep Robert Datta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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22
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Donoshita Y, Choi US, Ban H, Kida I. Assessment of olfactory information in the human brain using 7-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118212. [PMID: 34082117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction could prove to be an early marker of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. To use olfaction for disease diagnosis, elucidating the standard olfactory functions in healthy humans is necessary. However, the olfactory function in the human brain is less frequently assessed because of methodological difficulties associated with olfactory-related cerebral areas. Using ultra-high fields (UHF), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with high spatial resolution and sensitivity may allow for the measurement of activation in the cerebral areas. This study aimed to apply 7-Tesla fMRI to assess olfactory function in the human brain by exposing individuals to four different odorants for 8 s. We found that olfactory stimulation mainly activated the piriform and orbitofrontal cortex in addition to the amygdala. Among these regions, univariate fMRI analysis indicated that subjective odor intensity significantly correlated with the averaged fMRI signals in the piriform cortex but not with subjective hedonic tone in any region. In contrast, multivariate fMRI analysis showed that subjective hedonic tone could be discriminated from the fMRI response patterns in the posterior orbitofrontal cortex. Thus, the piriform cortex is mainly associated with subjective odor intensity, whereas the posterior orbitofrontal cortex are involved in the discrimination of the subjective hedonic tone of the odorant. UHF-fMRI may be useful for assessing olfactory function in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Donoshita
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Daikin Industries, Ltd., Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Uk-Su Choi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ban
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Kida
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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23
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Laing DG, Epps A, Jinks AL. Chemosensory Loss during a Traumatic Brain Injury Suggests a Central Pathway for the Rehabilitation of Anosmia. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6225237. [PMID: 33893484 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no method has been developed for rehabilitating olfaction in anosmic patients following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here a method for rehabilitation is described which is based on a recent finding that the human posterior pyriform cortex (PPC) generates predictive odor "search images" in advance of an encounter with an olfactory stimulus. The search image enhances perceptual sensitivity and allows the odor it represents to be identified without input occurring from the olfactory receptors or bulbs. Furthermore, based on the finding here that anosmics with a TBI often have normal trigeminal and gustatory function, it is proposed that normality in these chemosensory systems may indicate that key cortical regions including the PPC are intact in anosmics and capable of processing olfactory information. In addition, the results of chemosensory tests of the olfactory, gustatory, and intranasal trigeminal systems of 18 patients with a TBI are given that identify which patients would most likely benefit from the rehabilitation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Laing
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of NSW Medicine, Level 3, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Adrienne Epps
- Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Anthony L Jinks
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Kingswood Campus, Second Avenue, NSW 2747, Australia
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24
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Kudryavitskaya E, Marom E, Shani-Narkiss H, Pash D, Mizrahi A. Flexible categorization in the mouse olfactory bulb. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1616-1631.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Sachdeva V, Mora T, Walczak AM, Palmer SE. Optimal prediction with resource constraints using the information bottleneck. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008743. [PMID: 33684112 PMCID: PMC7971903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to stimuli requires that organisms encode information about the external world. Not all parts of the input are important for behavior, and resource limitations demand that signals be compressed. Prediction of the future input is widely beneficial in many biological systems. We compute the trade-offs between representing the past faithfully and predicting the future using the information bottleneck approach, for input dynamics with different levels of complexity. For motion prediction, we show that, depending on the parameters in the input dynamics, velocity or position information is more useful for accurate prediction. We show which motion representations are easiest to re-use for accurate prediction in other motion contexts, and identify and quantify those with the highest transferability. For non-Markovian dynamics, we explore the role of long-term memory in shaping the internal representation. Lastly, we show that prediction in evolutionary population dynamics is linked to clustering allele frequencies into non-overlapping memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedant Sachdeva
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres University Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres University Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie E. Palmer
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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26
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Individual odor hedonic perception is coded in temporal joint network activity. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117782. [PMID: 33497777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRO The human sense of smell is highly individual and characterized by a strong variability in the perception and evaluation of olfactory stimuli, depending on cultural imprint and current physiological conditions. Since this individual perspective has often been neglected in fMRI studies on olfactory hedonic coding, this study focuses on the neuronal activity and connectivity patterns resulting from subject-specific olfactory stimulation. METHODS Thirty-one normosmic participants took part in a fMRI block designed paradigm consisting of three olfactory stimulation sessions. The most pleasant and unpleasant odors were individually specified during a pre-test for each participant and validated in the main experiment. Mean activation and functional connectivity analysis focusing on the right and left piriform cortex were performed for the predefined olfactory regions-of-interest (ROIs) and compared between the three olfactory conditions. RESULTS Individual unpleasant olfactory stimulation as compared to pleasant or neutral did not alter mean BOLD activation in the predefined olfactory ROIs but led to a change in connectivity pattern in the right piriform cortex. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the individual pleasantness of odors is not detectable by average BOLD magnitude changes in primary or secondary olfactory brain areas, but reflected in temporal patterns of joint activation that create a network between the right piriform cortex, the left insular cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the precentral gyrus. This network may serve the evolutionary defense mechanism of olfaction by preparing goal-directed action.
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27
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Gorodisky L, Livne E, Weiss T, Weissbrod A, Weissgross R, Mishor E, Furman-Haran E, Sobel N. Odor Canopy: A Method for Comfortable Odorant Delivery in MRI. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6060058. [PMID: 33388762 PMCID: PMC8286093 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become the leading method for measuring the human brain response to sensory stimuli. However, olfaction fMRI lags behind vision and audition fMRI for 2 primary reasons: First, the olfactory brain areas are particularly susceptible to imaging artifacts, and second, the olfactory stimulus is particularly difficult to control in the fMRI environment. A component of the latter is related to the odorant delivery human–machine interface, namely the point where odorants exit the dispensing apparatus to reach at the nose. Previous approaches relied on either nasal cannulas or nasal masks, each associated with particular drawbacks and discomforts. Here, we provide detailed descriptions and instructions for transforming the MRI head-coil into an olfactory microenvironment, or odor canopy, where odorants can be switched on and off in less than 150 ms without cannula or mask. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that odor canopy provides for clearly dissociable odorant presence and absence, with no nonolfactory cues. Moreover, we find that odor canopy is rated more comfortable than nasal mask, and we demonstrate that using odor canopy in the fMRI generates a typical olfactory brain response. We conclude in recommending this approach for minimized discomfort in fMRI of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Gorodisky
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ethan Livne
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tali Weiss
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aharon Weissbrod
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Reut Weissgross
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eva Mishor
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Lage-Rupprecht V, Zhou L, Bianchini G, Aghvami SS, Mueller M, Rózsa B, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Egger V. Presynaptic NMDARs cooperate with local spikes toward GABA release from the reciprocal olfactory bulb granule cell spine. eLife 2020; 9:e63737. [PMID: 33252329 PMCID: PMC7704106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the rodent olfactory bulb the smooth dendrites of the principal glutamatergic mitral cells (MCs) form reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses with large spines on GABAergic granule cells (GC), where unitary release of glutamate can trigger postsynaptic local activation of voltage-gated Na+-channels (Navs), that is a spine spike. Can such single MC input evoke reciprocal release? We find that unitary-like activation via two-photon uncaging of glutamate causes GC spines to release GABA both synchronously and asynchronously onto MC dendrites. This release indeed requires activation of Navs and high-voltage-activated Ca2+-channels (HVACCs), but also of NMDA receptors (NMDAR). Simulations show temporally overlapping HVACC- and NMDAR-mediated Ca2+-currents during the spine spike, and ultrastructural data prove NMDAR presence within the GABAergic presynapse. This cooperative action of presynaptic NMDARs allows to implement synapse-specific, activity-dependent lateral inhibition, and thus could provide an efficient solution to combinatorial percept synthesis in a sensory system with many receptor channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lage-Rupprecht
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer SCAISankt AugustinGermany
| | - Li Zhou
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Gaia Bianchini
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - S Sara Aghvami
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of TehranTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)TehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Max Mueller
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | | | - Veronica Egger
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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29
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Arabkheradmand G, Zhou G, Noto T, Yang Q, Schuele SU, Parvizi J, Gottfried JA, Wu S, Rosenow JM, Koubeissi MZ, Lane G, Zelano C. Anticipation-induced delta phase reset improves human olfactory perception. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000724. [PMID: 32453719 PMCID: PMC7250403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating an odor improves detection and perception, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of olfactory anticipation are not well understood. In this study, we used human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) to show that anticipation resets the phase of delta oscillations in piriform cortex prior to odor arrival. Anticipatory phase reset correlates with ensuing odor-evoked theta power and improvements in perceptual accuracy. These effects were consistently present in each individual subject and were not driven by potential confounds of pre-inhale motor preparation or power changes. Together, these findings suggest that states of anticipation enhance olfactory perception through phase resetting of delta oscillations in piriform cortex. Use of human intracranial electroencephalography methods, including rare direct recordings from human olfactory cortex, shows that anticipation of odor resets the phase of delta oscillations prior to the arrival of an odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Arabkheradmand
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qiaohan Yang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephan U. Schuele
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Gottfried
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shasha Wu
- University of Chicago, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Rosenow
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mohamad Z. Koubeissi
- George Washington University, Department of Neurology, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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30
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Gardner MPH, Schoenbaum G. Neuroscience: From Sensory Discrimination to Choice in Gustatory Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R444-R446. [PMID: 32428476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensory areas have been shown to be influenced by higher-order cognitive processes. Yet how do these top-down processes affect decisions? A recent study has revealed a dynamic evolution of neural activity from sensory discrimination to choice in rodent taste cortex.
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31
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Singh L, Schüpbach L, Moser DA, Wiest R, Hermans EJ, Aue T. The effect of optimistic expectancies on attention bias: Neural and behavioral correlates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6495. [PMID: 32300214 PMCID: PMC7162893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimism bias and positive attention bias are important features of healthy information processing. Recent findings suggest dynamic bidirectional optimism-attention interactions, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain to be identified. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, therefore, investigated the neural mechanisms underlying causal effects of optimistic expectancies on attention. We hypothesized that expectancies guide attention to confirmatory evidence in the environment, with enhanced salience and executive control network (SN/ECN) activity for unexpected information. Moreover, based on previous findings, we anticipated optimistic expectancies to more strongly impact attention and SN/ECN activity than pessimistic expectancies. Expectancies were induced with visual cues in 50 participants; subsequent attention to reward and punishment was assessed in a visual search task. As hypothesized, cues shortened reaction times to expected information, and unexpected information enhanced SN/ECN activity. Notably, these effects were stronger for optimistic than pessimistic expectancy cues. Our findings suggest that optimistic expectancies involve particularly strong predictions of reward, causing automatic guidance of attention to reward and great surprise about unexpected punishment. Such great surprise may be counteracted by visual avoidance of the punishing evidence, as revealed by prior evidence, thereby reducing the need to update (over)optimistic reward expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Schüpbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik A Moser
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erno J Hermans
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Aue
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Lane G, Zhou G, Noto T, Zelano C. Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113304. [PMID: 32278646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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33
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Lotter W, Kreiman G, Cox D. A neural network trained for prediction mimics diverse features of biological neurons and perception. NAT MACH INTELL 2020; 2:210-219. [PMID: 34291193 PMCID: PMC8291226 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-0170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on image recognition tasks can serve as valuable models for predicting neural responses in primate visual cortex. However, these models typically require biologically-infeasible levels of labeled training data, so this similarity must at least arise via different paths. In addition, most popular CNNs are solely feedforward, lacking a notion of time and recurrence, whereas neurons in visual cortex produce complex time-varying responses, even to static inputs. Towards addressing these inconsistencies with biology, here we study the emergent properties of a recurrent generative network that is trained to predict future video frames in a self-supervised manner. Remarkably, the resulting model is able to capture a wide variety of seemingly disparate phenomena observed in visual cortex, ranging from single-unit response dynamics to complex perceptual motion illusions, even when subjected to highly impoverished stimuli. These results suggest potentially deep connections between recurrent predictive neural network models and computations in the brain, providing new leads that can enrich both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines (CBMM), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cox
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA
- IBM Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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34
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Schienle A, Höfler C, Keck T, Wabnegger A. Neural underpinnings of perception and experience of disgust in individuals with a reduced sense of smell: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107411. [PMID: 32113920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with reduced olfactory function (anosmia, hyposmia) have reported changes in disgust perception and disgust experience compared to normosmic controls. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the neural underpinnings of the altered disgust processing. METHOD Twenty-four patients with anosmia or hyposmia and 26 normosmic controls were presented with images depicting facial expressions and scenes from the categories disgust and neutral. The disgusting scenes depicted stimuli that typically smell repulsive (spoiled food, excrements). Brain activity and structure in the primary olfactory cortex (POC) and in a region that processes affective/motivational olfactory-related information (insula, orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The anosmic/hyposmic participants were characterized by greater activation in the POC while looking at disgusting scenes. The POC can be activated by olfactory imagery and holds predictive templates of olfactory stimuli. The neural processing of the facial stimuli did not differ between the two groups. Additionally, group differences in functional connectivity and brain structure were not present or only minor. CONCLUSION The increased POC activation in anosmic/hyposmic patients might reflect a compensatory process that helps to compensate for their olfactory deficit. However, in general, this study identified only small adaptations in the neural disgust system as a consequence of reduced olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schienle
- Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
| | - Carina Höfler
- Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Tilmann Keck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wabnegger
- Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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35
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Chen J, Manyande A, Haddad R, Liu Q, Xu F. Cell-Type-Specific Whole-Brain Direct Inputs to the Anterior and Posterior Piriform Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:4. [PMID: 32116571 PMCID: PMC7019026 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The piriform cortex (PC) is a key brain area involved in both processing and coding of olfactory information. It is implicated in various brain disorders, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism. The PC consists of the anterior (APC) and posterior (PPC) parts, which are different anatomically and functionally. However, the direct input networks to specific neuronal populations within the APC and PPC remain poorly understood. Here, we mapped the whole-brain direct inputs to the two major neuronal populations, the excitatory glutamatergic principal neurons and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons within the APC and PPC using the rabies virus (RV)-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic tracing system. We found that for both types of neurons, APC and PPC share some similarities in input networks, with dominant inputs originating from the olfactory region (OLF), followed by the cortical subplate (CTXsp), isocortex, cerebral nuclei (CNU), hippocampal formation (HPF) and interbrain (IB), whereas the midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) were rarely labeled. However, APC and PPC also show distinct features in their input distribution patterns. For both types of neurons, the input proportion from the OLF to the APC was higher than that to the PPC; while the PPC received higher proportions of inputs from the HPF and CNU than the APC did. Overall, our results revealed the direct input networks of both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations of different PC subareas, providing a structural basis to analyze the diverse PC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiacheng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Rafi Haddad
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Qing Liu
- Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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36
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Seubert J, Kalpouzos G, Larsson M, Hummel T, Bäckman L, Laukka EJ. Temporolimbic cortical volume is associated with semantic odor memory performance in aging. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116600. [PMID: 32018003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory function, and specifically semantic olfactory memory (i.e., odor identification), has frequently been shown to predict cognitive functioning across multiple domains in old age. This observation suggests that olfactory function can serve as a marker for the integrity of temporolimbic cortical networks, but a clear delineation of this association is still missing. To address this issue, the present study employed voxel-based morphometry in a region of interest-based design to determine the extent to which gray matter volumes of core olfactory and memory areas are associated with olfactory memory performance in an aging population free from neurodegenerative disease. We further aimed to determine potential overlap in structural anatomical correlates, and differences in association strength, for semantic and episodic olfactory memory. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), episodic and semantic odor memory and episodic and semantic verbal memory data were collected in 422 participants from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), all aged ≥ 60 years. Controlling for age and education, semantic, but not episodic, olfactory memory was positively related to gray matter volume in a cluster extending from the anterior hippocampus and amygdala into the posterior piriform cortex. The observed associations remained even when verbal memory performance was controlled for, supporting a link between the olfactory memory domain and cortical volume over and above more generalized memory abilities. As such, our data provide evidence for distinct functional-structural associations for semantic odor memory, supporting the idea of temporolimbic integrity as a neurobiological substrate linking olfactory function to cognitive health in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Seubert
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Grégoria Kalpouzos
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman's Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika J Laukka
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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38
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Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA. Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100956. [PMID: 31479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Brai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavinia Alberi Auber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss Integrative Center of Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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39
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Bhutani S, Howard JD, Reynolds R, Zee PC, Gottfried J, Kahnt T. Olfactory connectivity mediates sleep-dependent food choices in humans. eLife 2019; 8:49053. [PMID: 31591965 PMCID: PMC6783266 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation has marked effects on food intake, shifting food choices toward energy-dense options. Here we test the hypothesis that neural processing in central olfactory circuits, in tandem with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), plays a key role in mediating this relationship. We combined a partial sleep-deprivation protocol, pattern-based olfactory neuroimaging, and ad libitum food intake to test how central olfactory mechanisms alter food intake after sleep deprivation. We found that sleep restriction increased levels of the ECS compound 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG), enhanced encoding of food odors in piriform cortex, and shifted food choices toward energy-dense food items. Importantly, the relationship between changes in 2-OG and food choices was formally mediated by odor-evoked connectivity between the piriform cortex and insula, a region involved in integrating feeding-related signals. These findings describe a potential neurobiological pathway by which state-dependent changes in the ECS may modulate chemosensory processing to regulate food choices. People who do not get enough sleep often start to favor sweet and fatty foods, which contributes to weight gain. While the exact mechanisms are still unknown, lack of sleep seems to change food preferences by influencing the levels of molecules that regulate food intake. In particular, it could have an effect on the endocannabinoid system, a complex network of molecules in the nervous system that controls biological processes such as appetite. The sense of smell is also tightly linked to how and what organisms choose to eat. Recent experiments indicate that in rodents, endocannabinoids enhance food intake by influencing the activity of the brain areas that process odors. However, it is still unclear whether the brain regions that process odors play a similar role in humans. To investigate, Bhutani et al. examined the impact of a four-hour night’s sleep on 25 healthy human volunteers. Blood analyses showed that after a short night, individuals had increased amounts of 2-oleoylglycerol, a molecule that is part of the endocannabinoid system. When sleep-deprived people were given the choice to eat whatever they wanted, those with greater levels of 2-oleoylglycerol preferred food higher in energy. Bhutani et al. also imaged the volunteers’ brains to examine whether these changes were connected to modifications in the way the brain processed smells. This revealed that, in people who did not sleep enough, an odor-processing region called the piriform cortex was encoding smells more strongly. The piriform cortex is connected to another region, the insula, which integrates information about the state of the body to control food intake. Lack of sleep altered this connection, and this was associated with a preference for high-energy food. In addition, further analysis showed that changes in the amounts of 2-oleoylglycerol were linked to modifications in the connection between the two brain areas. Taken together, these results suggest that sleep deprivation influences the endocannabinoid system, which in turn alters the connection between piriform and insular cortex, leading to a shift toward foods which are high in calories. In the United States alone, one in three people sleep less than six hours a night. Learning more about how sleep deprivation affects brain pathways and food choice may help scientists to develop new drugs or behavioral therapies for conditions like obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - James D Howard
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Rachel Reynolds
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Jay Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
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40
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Han P, Zang Y, Akshita J, Hummel T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Olfactory Dysfunction. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:987-997. [PMID: 31529172 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunctions affect a larger portion of population (up to 15% with partial olfactory loss, and 5% with complete olfactory loss) as compared to other sensory dysfunctions (e.g. auditory or visual) and have a negative impact on the life quality. The impairment of olfactory functions may happen at each stage of the olfactory system, from epithelium to cortex. Non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have advanced the understanding of the advent and progress of olfactory dysfunctions in humans. The current review summarizes recent MRI studies on human olfactory dysfunction to present an updated and comprehensive picture of the structural and functional alterations in the central olfactory system as a consequence of olfactory loss and regain. Furthermore, the review also highlights recent progress on optimizing the olfactory functional MRI as well as new approaches for data processing that are promising for future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yunpeng Zang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joshi Akshita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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41
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Odor Identification in Rats: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence of Learned Olfactory-Auditory Associations. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0102-19.2019. [PMID: 31362955 PMCID: PMC6709214 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize and identify a smell is highly dependent on multisensory context and expectation, for example, hearing the name of the odor source. Here, we develop a novel auditory-odor association task in rats, wherein the animal learns that a specific auditory tone, when associated with a specific odor, predicts reward (Go signal), whereas the same tone associated with a different odor, or vice versa, is not (No-Go signal). The tone occurs prior to the onset of the odor, allowing physiological analyses of sensory-evoked local field potential (LFP) activity to each stimulus in primary auditory cortex and anterior piriform cortex (aPCX). In trained animals that have acquired the task, both auditory and subsequent olfactory cues activate β band oscillations in both the auditory cortex and PCX, suggesting multisensory integration. Naive animals show no such multisensory responses, suggesting the response is learned. In addition to the learned multisensory evoked responses, functional connectivity between auditory cortex and PCX, as assessed with spectral coherence and phase lag index (PLI), is enhanced. Importantly, both the multi-sensory evoked responses and the functional connectivity are context-dependent. In trained animals, the same auditory stimuli presented in the home cage evoke no responses in auditory cortex or PCX, and functional connectivity between the sensory cortices is reduced. Together, the results demonstrate how learning and context shape the expression of multisensory cortical processing. Given that odor identification impairment is associated with preclinical dementia in humans, the mechanisms suggested here may help develop experimental models to assess effects of neuropathology on behavior.
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42
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Zhou G, Lane G, Cooper SL, Kahnt T, Zelano C. Characterizing functional pathways of the human olfactory system. eLife 2019; 8:47177. [PMID: 31339489 PMCID: PMC6656430 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The central processing pathways of the human olfactory system are not fully understood. The olfactory bulb projects directly to a number of cortical brain structures, but the distinct networks formed by projections from each of these structures to the rest of the brain have not been well-defined. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and k-means clustering to parcellate human primary olfactory cortex into clusters based on whole-brain functional connectivity patterns. Resulting clusters accurately corresponded to anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, and frontal and temporal piriform cortices, suggesting dissociable whole-brain networks formed by the subregions of primary olfactory cortex. This result was replicated in an independent data set. We then characterized the unique functional connectivity profiles of each subregion, producing a map of the large-scale processing pathways of the human olfactory system. These results provide insight into the functional and anatomical organization of the human olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Gregory Lane
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Shiloh L Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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43
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Speed LJ, Majid A. Grounding language in the neglected senses of touch, taste, and smell. Cogn Neuropsychol 2019; 37:363-392. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2019.1623188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Speed
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, England
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, England
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44
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Courtiol E, Buonviso N, Litaudon P. Odorant features differentially modulate beta/gamma oscillatory patterns in anterior versus posterior piriform cortex. Neuroscience 2019; 409:26-34. [PMID: 31022464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oscillatory activity is a prominent characteristic of the olfactory system. We previously demonstrated that beta and gamma oscillations occurrence in the olfactory bulb (OB) is modulated by the physical properties of the odorant. However, it remains unknown whether such odor-related modulation of oscillatory patterns is maintained in the piriform cortex (PC) and whether those patterns are similar between the anterior PC (aPC) and posterior PC (pPC). The present study was designed to analyze how different odorant molecular features can affect the local field potential (LFP) oscillatory signals in both the aPC and the pPC in anesthetized rats. As reported in the OB, three oscillatory patterns were observed: standard pattern (gamma + beta), gamma-only and beta-only patterns. These patterns occurred with significantly different probabilities in the two PC areas. We observed that odor identity has a strong influence on the probability of occurrence of LFP beta and gamma oscillatory activity in the aPC. Thus, some odor coding mechanisms observed in the OB are retained in the aPC. By contrast, probability of occurrence of different oscillatory patterns is homogeneous in the pPC with beta-only pattern being the most prevalent one for all the different odor families. Overall, our results confirmed the functional heterogeneity of the PC with its anterior part tightly coupled with the OB and mainly encoding odorant features whereas its posterior part activity is not correlated with odorant features but probably more involved in associative and multi-sensory encoding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, "Olfaction: from coding to memory" Team; CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - Université Lyon 1-Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, "Olfaction: from coding to memory" Team; CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - Université Lyon 1-Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Litaudon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, "Olfaction: from coding to memory" Team; CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - Université Lyon 1-Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
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45
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Hutchinson JB, Barrett LF. The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 28:280-291. [PMID: 31749520 DOI: 10.1177/0963721419831992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades of neuroscience research has produced a growing number of studies that suggest the various psychological phenomena are produced by predictive processes in the brain. When considered together, these studies form a coherent, neurobiologically-inspired research program for guiding psychological research about the mind and behavior. In this paper, we briefly consider the common assumptions and hypotheses that unify an emerging framework and discuss its ramifications, both for improving the replicability and robustness of psychological research and for innovating psychological theory by suggesting an alternative ontology of the human mind.
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46
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Human olfactory-auditory integration requires phase synchrony between sensory cortices. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1168. [PMID: 30858379 PMCID: PMC6411726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration is particularly important in the human olfactory system, which is highly dependent on non-olfactory cues, yet its underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we use intracranial electroencephalography techniques to record neural activity in auditory and olfactory cortices during an auditory-olfactory matching task. Spoken cues evoke phase locking between low frequency oscillations in auditory and olfactory cortices prior to odor arrival. This phase synchrony occurs only when the participant's later response is correct. Furthermore, the phase of low frequency oscillations in both auditory and olfactory cortical areas couples to the amplitude of high-frequency oscillations in olfactory cortex during correct trials. These findings suggest that phase synchrony is a fundamental mechanism for integrating cross-modal odor processing and highlight an important role for primary olfactory cortical areas in multisensory integration with the olfactory system.
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47
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Han P, Croy I, Raue C, Bensafi M, Larsson M, Cavazzana A, Hummel T. Neural processing of odor-associated words: an fMRI study in patients with acquired olfactory loss. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1164-1174. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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Modality-specific effects of aversive expectancy in the anterior insula and medial prefrontal cortex. Pain 2019; 159:1529-1542. [PMID: 29613910 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expectations modulate the subjective experience of pain by increasing sensitivity to nociceptive inputs, an effect mediated by brain regions such as the insula. However, it is still unknown whether the neural structures underlying pain expectancy hold sensory-specific information or, alternatively, code for modality-independent features (eg, unpleasantness), potentially common with other negative experiences. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural activity underlying the expectation of different, but comparably unpleasant, pain and disgust. We presented participants with visual cues predicting either a painful heat or disgusting odor, and assessed how they affected the subsequent subjective experience of stimuli from the same (within-modality) or opposite (cross-modal) modality. We found a reliable influence of expectancy on the subjective experience of stimuli whose modality matched that of the previous cue. At the brain level, this effect was mediated by the intermediate dysgranular section of the insula, whereas it was suppressed by more anterior agranular portions of the same region. Instead, no expectancy modulation was observed when the modality of the cue differed from that of the subsequent stimulus. Our data suggest that the insular cortex encodes prospective aversive events in terms of their modality-specific features, and whether they match with subsequent stimulations.
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49
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The role of the hippocampus in weighting expectations during inference under uncertainty. Cortex 2019; 115:1-14. [PMID: 30738997 PMCID: PMC6533111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Making inference under uncertainty requires an optimal weighting of prior expectations and observations. How this weighting is realized in the brain remains elusive. To investigate this, we recorded functional neuroimaging data while participants estimated a number based on noisy observations. Crucially, the prior expectation about the variability of observations (an expected variability) was manipulated. Consistent with normative models, when novel observations were characterized by higher expected or observed variability, participants' estimates relied more on expectations than novel observations and were characterized by higher stochasticity. Activity in hippocampus increased when novel evidence was characterized by higher expected or observed variability. Response in superior parietal cortex reflected a precision-weighted prediction error signal (i.e., the distance between observations and expectations) that was modulated by hippocampal activity. Our findings implicate the hippocampus during inference under uncertainty, suggesting a role in weighting prior representations over observations and in modulating responsivity of superior parietal cortex to prediction error.
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50
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Courtiol E, Neiman M, Fleming G, Teixeira CM, Wilson DA. A specific olfactory cortico-thalamic pathway contributing to sampling performance during odor reversal learning. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:961-971. [PMID: 30506279 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that olfactory information is processed within a thalamic nucleus in both rodents and humans. The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDT) receives projections from olfactory cortical areas including the piriform cortex (PCX) and is interconnected with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Using electrophysiology in freely moving rats, we recently demonstrated the representation of olfactory information in the MDT and the dynamics of functional connectivity between the PCX, MDT and OFC. Notably, PCX-MDT coupling is specifically increased during odor sampling of an odor discrimination task. However, whether this increase of coupling is functionally relevant is unknown. To decipher the importance of PCX-MDT coupling during the sampling period, we used optogenetics to specifically inactivate the PCX inputs to MDT during an odor discrimination task and its reversal in rats. We demonstrate that inactivating the PCX inputs to MDT does not affect the performance accuracy of an odor discrimination task and its reversal, however, it does impact the rats' sampling duration. Indeed, rats in which PCX inputs to MDT were inactivated during the sampling period display longer sampling duration during the odor reversal learning compared to controls-an effect not observed when inactivating OFC inputs to MDT. We demonstrate a causal link between the PCX inputs to MDT and the odor sampling performance, highlighting the importance of this specific cortico-thalamic pathway in olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, Team CMO, CNRS UMR 5292-INSERM U1028-Université Lyon 1, 50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Michelle Neiman
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Catia M Teixeira
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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