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Maksour S, Ng N, Hulme AJ, Miellet S, Engel M, Muñoz SS, Balez R, Rollo B, Finol-Urdaneta RK, Ooi L, Dottori M. REST and RCOR genes display distinct expression profiles in neurons and astrocytes using 2D and 3D human pluripotent stem cell models. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32680. [PMID: 38975076 PMCID: PMC11226837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcriptional repressor involved in neurodevelopment and neuroprotection. REST forms a complex with the REST corepressors, CoREST1, CoREST2, or CoREST3 (encoded by RCOR1, RCOR2, and RCOR3, respectively). Emerging evidence suggests that the CoREST family can target unique genes independently of REST, in various neural and glial cell types during different developmental stages. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the expression and function of the CoREST family in human neurodevelopment. To address this gap, we employed 2D and 3D human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) models to investigate REST and RCOR gene expression levels. Our study revealed a significant increase in RCOR3 expression in glutamatergic cortical and GABAergic ventral forebrain neurons, as well as mature functional NGN2-induced neurons. Additionally, a simplified astrocyte transdifferentiation protocol resulted in a significant decrease in RCOR2 expression following differentiation. REST expression was notably reduced in mature neurons and cerebral organoids. In summary, our findings provide the first insights into the cell-type-specific expression patterns of RCOR genes in human neuronal and glial differentiation. Specifically, RCOR3 expression increases in neurons, while RCOR2 levels decrease in astrocytes. The dynamic expression patterns of REST and RCOR genes during hPSC neuronal and glial differentiation underscore the potential distinct roles played by REST and CoREST proteins in regulating the development of these cell types in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maksour
- School of Medical and Indigenous Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Neville Ng
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Amy J. Hulme
- School of Medical and Indigenous Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Miellet
- School of Medical and Indigenous Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Engel
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanz Muñoz
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Rachelle Balez
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ben Rollo
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rocio K. Finol-Urdaneta
- School of Medical and Indigenous Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- School of Medical and Indigenous Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Yang D, Li J, Li Z, Zhao M, Wang D, Sun Z, Wen P, Gou F, Dai Y, Ji Y, Li W, Zhao D, Yang L. Cardiolipin externalization mediates prion protein (PrP) peptide 106-126-associated mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1163981. [PMID: 37333615 PMCID: PMC10272765 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper mitochondrial performance is imperative for the maintenance of normal neuronal function to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Persistent accumulation of damaged mitochondria plays a role in prion disease pathogenesis, which involves a chain of events that culminate in the generation of reactive oxygen species and neuronal death. Our previous studies have demonstrated that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy induced by PrP106-126 is defective and leads to an accumulation of damaged mitochondria after PrP106-126 treatment. Externalized cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, has been reported to play a role in mitophagy by directly interacting with LC3II at the outer mitochondrial membrane. The involvement of CL externalization in PrP106-126-induced mitophagy and its significance in other physiological processes of N2a cells treated with PrP106-126 remain unknown. We demonstrate that the PrP106-126 peptide caused a temporal course of mitophagy in N2a cells, which gradually increased and subsequently decreased. A similar trend in CL externalization to the mitochondrial surface was seen, resulting in a gradual decrease in CL content at the cellular level. Inhibition of CL externalization by knockdown of CL synthase, responsible for de novo synthesis of CL, or phospholipid scramblase-3 and NDPK-D, responsible for CL translocation to the mitochondrial surface, significantly decreased PrP106-126-induced mitophagy in N2a cells. Meanwhile, the inhibition of CL redistribution significantly decreased PINK1 and DRP1 recruitment in PrP106-126 treatment but had no significant decrease in Parkin recruitment. Furthermore, the inhibition of CL externalization resulted in impaired oxidative phosphorylation and severe oxidative stress, which led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results indicate that CL externalization induced by PrP106-126 on N2a cells plays a positive role in the initiation of mitophagy, leading to the stabilization of mitochondrial function.
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Shim KH, Sharma N, An SSA. Prion therapeutics: Lessons from the past. Prion 2022; 16:265-294. [PMID: 36515657 PMCID: PMC9754114 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2022.2153551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of incurable zoonotic neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) in humans and other animals caused by the prion proteins. The abnormal folding and aggregation of the soluble cellular prion proteins (PrPC) into scrapie isoform (PrPSc) in the Central nervous system (CNS) resulted in brain damage and other neurological symptoms. Different therapeutic approaches, including stalling PrPC to PrPSc conversion, increasing PrPSc removal, and PrPC stabilization, for which a spectrum of compounds, ranging from organic compounds to antibodies, have been explored. Additionally, a non-PrP targeted drug strategy using serpin inhibitors has been discussed. Despite numerous scaffolds being screened for anti-prion activity in vitro, only a few were effective in vivo and unfortunately, almost none of them proved effective in the clinical studies, most likely due to toxicity and lack of permeability. Recently, encouraging results from a prion-protein monoclonal antibody, PRN100, were presented in the first human trial on CJD patients, which gives a hope for better future for the discovery of other new molecules to treat prion diseases. In this comprehensive review, we have re-visited the history and discussed various classes of anti-prion agents, their structure, mode of action, and toxicity. Understanding pathogenesis would be vital for developing future treatments for prion diseases. Based on the outcomes of existing therapies, new anti-prion agents could be identified/synthesized/designed with reduced toxicity and increased bioavailability, which could probably be effective in treating prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Niti Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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The potential roles of excitatory-inhibitory imbalances and the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor in aging and aging-associated diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 117:103683. [PMID: 34775008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions to the central excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance are thought to be related to aging and underlie a host of neural pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease. Aging may induce an increase in excitatory signaling, causing an E/I imbalance, which has been linked to shorter lifespans in mice, flies, and worms. In humans, extended longevity correlates to greater repression of genes involved in excitatory neurotransmission. The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a master regulator in neural cells and is believed to be upregulated with senescent stimuli, whereupon it counters hyperexcitability, insulin/insulin-like signaling pathway activity, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. This review examines the putative mechanisms that distort the E/I balance with aging and neurodegeneration, and the putative roles of REST in maintaining neuronal homeostasis.
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Soga T, Nakajima S, Parhar IS. Expression of Repressor Element 1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) in Serotonin Neurons in the Adult Male Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Front Neuroanat 2021; 14:599540. [PMID: 33776659 PMCID: PMC7990894 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.599540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is highly expressed in the dorsal raphe where serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurons are located. REST works as a transcription factor for the 5-HT receptor and tryptophan hydroxylase two-gene expression. We hypothesized that REST is co-expressed in 5-HT neurons, which, if demonstrated, would be useful to understand the mechanism of 5-HT dysfunction-related disorders such as negative emotions and depression. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the expression of the REST gene in the brain (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain) of adult male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using rt-PCR. Besides, using immunocytochemistry, co-localization of the REST gene was examined in 5-HT neurons and with neuronal-/glial-cell markers. We found a high expression of the REST gene in the midbrain region of the dorsal raphe, an area of 5-HT neurons. Double-label immunocytochemistry showed neuron-specific expression of REST co-localized in 5-HT neurons in the dorsal and ventral parts of the periventricular pretectal nucleus, paraventricular organ, and dorsal and medial raphe nucleus. Since midbrain 5-HT neurons express REST, we speculate that REST may control 5-HT neuronal activity related to negative emotions, including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shingo Nakajima
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lithium alleviated spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rats via BDNF-AS/miR-9-5p axis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:301-312. [PMID: 33464390 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of paralysis, disability and even death in severe cases. Lithium has neuroprotective effects on SCI, while the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In the present study, we established a SCI rat model, which subsequently received lithium treatment. Results displayed that lithium treatment improved the locomotor function recovery and reduced apoptosis by increasing anti-apoptotic molecule expression and decreasing pro-apoptotic factor expression in SCI rats. Furthermore, lithium treatment alleviated the inflammatory response by inactivating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and inhibited the expression of lncRNA brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense (BDNF-AS) in SCI rats. Subsequent researches indicated that miR-9-5p was targeted and regulated by BDNF-AS. Lithium treatment rescued the upregulation of BDNF-AS expression and downregulation of miR-9-5p expression induced by H2O2 in SH-SY5Y cells. BDNF-AS overexpression or miR-9-5p interference attenuated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of lithium chloride in SH-SY5Y cells that was damaged by H2O2 induction, revealing that lithium might act through the BDNF-AS/miR-9-5p axis. In vivo studies showed that the injection of BDNF-AS adenovirus vector or miR-9-5p inhibitor reversed the effects of lithium on the histologic morphology of spinal cord, motor function, inflammatory reaction and apoptosis in SCI rats, which was consistent with the results of in vitro studies. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that lithium reduced SCI-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rats via the BDNF-AS/miR-9-5p axis.
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Soga T, Nakajima S, Kawaguchi M, Parhar IS. Repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor /neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) in social stress and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110053. [PMID: 32739332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extreme stress is closely linked with symptoms of depression. Chronic social stress can cause structural and functional changes in the brain. These changes are associated with dysfunction of neuroprotective signalling that is necessary for cell survival, growth, and maturation. Reduced neuronal numbers and volume of brain regions have been found in depressed patients, which may be caused by decreased cell survival and increased cell death. Elucidating the mechanism underlying the degeneration of the neuroprotective system in social stress-induced depression is important for developing neuroprotective measures. The Repressor Element 1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) also known as Neuron-Restrictive Silencing Factor (NRSF) has been reported as a neuroprotective molecule in certain neurological disorders. Decreased expression levels of REST/NRSF in the nucleus can induce death-related gene expression, leading to neuronal death. Under physiological stress conditions, REST/NRSF over expression is known to activate neuronal survival in the brain. Alterations in REST/NRSF expression in the brain has been reported in stressed animal models and in the post-mortem brain of patients with depression. Here, we highlight the neuroprotective function of REST/NRSF and discuss dysregulation of REST/NRSF and neuronal damage during social stress and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, PJ, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Shingo Nakajima
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, PJ, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Maiko Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, PJ, 47500, Malaysia.
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Song Z, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Han Y, Li X, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhao W, Qin C. Comprehensive Proteomic Profiling of Urinary Exosomes and Identification of Potential Non-invasive Early Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in 5XFAD Mouse Model. Front Genet 2020; 11:565479. [PMID: 33250918 PMCID: PMC7674956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible progressive cognitive deficits. Identification of candidate biomarkers, before amyloid-β-plaque deposition occurs, is therefore of great importance for early intervention of AD. Objective To investigate the potential non-invasive early biomarkers of AD in 5XFAD mouse model, we investigate the proteome of urinary exosomes present in 1-month-old (before amyloid-β accumulation) 5XFAD mouse models and their littermate controls. Another two groups of 2 and 6 months-old urinary samples were collected for monitoring the dynamic change of target proteins during AD progression. Methods Proteomic, bioinformatics analysis, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), western blotting (WB) or ELISA were performed for analyzing these urinary exosomes. Results A total of 316 proteins including 44 brain cell markers were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Importantly, 18 proteins were unique to the 5XFAD group. Eighty-eight proteins including 11 brain cell markers were differentially expressed. Twenty-two proteins were selected to be verified by WB. Furthermore, based on an independent set of 12 urinary exosomes samples, five in these proteins were further confirmed significant difference. Notably, Annexin 2 and Clusterin displayed significant decreased in AD model during the course detected by ELISA. AOAH, Clusterin, and Ly86 are also brain cell markers that were first reported differential expression in urinary exosomes of AD model. Conclusion Our data demonstrated that some urinary exosome proteins, especially Annexin 2 and Clusterin, as nanometer-sized particles, enable detection of differences before amyloid-β-plaque deposition in 5XFAD mouse model, which may present an ideal non-invasive source of biomarkers for prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yajin Qu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Melatonin regulates mitochondrial dynamics and alleviates neuron damage in prion diseases. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11139-11151. [PMID: 32526704 PMCID: PMC7346071 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative diseases associated with neuron damage and behavioral disorders in animals and humans. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and is used to treat a variety of diseases. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on prion-induced damage in N2a cells. N2a cells were pretreated with 10 μM melatonin for 1 hour followed by incubation with 100 μM PrP106-126 for 24 hours. Melatonin markedly alleviated PrP106-126-induced apoptosis of N2a cells, and inhibited PrP106-126-induced mitochondrial abnormality and dysfunction, including mitochondrial fragmentation and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppression of ATP, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and altered mitochondrial dynamic proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1). Our findings identify that pretreatment with melatonin prevents the deleterious effects of PrPSc on mitochondrial function and dynamics, protects synapses and alleviates neuron damage. Melatonin could be a novel and effective medication in the therapy of prion diseases.
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More than a Corepressor: The Role of CoREST Proteins in Neurodevelopment. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0337-19.2020. [PMID: 32075869 PMCID: PMC7070449 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0337-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms governing normal neurodevelopment are tightly regulated by the action of transcription factors. Repressor element 1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST) is widely documented as a regulator of neurogenesis that acts by recruiting corepressor proteins and repressing neuronal gene expression in non-neuronal cells. The REST corepressor 1 (CoREST1), CoREST2, and CoREST3 are best described for their role as part of the REST complex. However, recent evidence has shown the proteins have the ability to repress expression of distinct target genes in a REST-independent manner. These findings indicate that each CoREST paralogue may have distinct and critical roles in regulating neurodevelopment and are more than simply “REST corepressors,” whereby they act as independent repressors orchestrating biological processes during neurodevelopment.
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Garcia-Manteiga JM, D’Alessandro R, Meldolesi J. News about the Role of the Transcription Factor REST in Neurons: From Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E235. [PMID: 31905747 PMCID: PMC6982158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) (known also as NRSF) is a well-known transcription repressor whose strong decrease induces the distinction of neurons with respect to the other cells. Such distinction depends on the marked increased/decreased expression of specific genes, accompanied by parallel changes of the corresponding proteins. Many properties of REST had been identified in the past. Here we report those identified during the last 5 years. Among physiological discoveries are hundreds of genes governed directly/indirectly by REST, the mechanisms of its neuron/fibroblast conversions, and the cooperations with numerous distinct factors induced at the epigenetic level and essential for REST specific functions. New effects induced in neurons during brain diseases depend on the localization of REST, in the nucleus, where functions and toxicity occur, and in the cytoplasm. The effects of REST, including cell aggression or protection, are variable in neurodegenerative diseases in view of the distinct mechanisms of their pathology. Moreover, cooperations are among the mechanisms that govern the severity of brain cancers, glioblastomas, and medulloblastomas. Interestingly, the role in cancers is relevant also for therapeutic perspectives affecting the REST cooperations. In conclusion, part of the new REST knowledge in physiology and pathology appears promising for future developments in research and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacopo Meldolesi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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12
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A review for the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Jiang G, Pu T, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhou R, Cao X, Yu J, Wang X. Lithium affects rat hippocampal electrophysiology and epileptic seizures in a dose dependent manner. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shi Y, Li Q, Shao Z. Wnts Promote Synaptic Assembly Through T-Cell Specific Transcription Factors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:194. [PMID: 29962933 PMCID: PMC6013564 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are specialized neuronal connections essential for neuronal function. Defects in synaptic assembly or maintenance usually lead to various neurological disorders. Synaptic assembly is regulated by secreted molecules such as Wnts. Wnts are a large family of conserved glycosylated signaling molecules involved in many aspects of neural development and maintenance. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Wnts regulate synaptic assembly remain elusive due to the large number of ligands/receptors, the diversity of signaling cascades and the complexity of the nervous system. In this study, through genetic manipulation, we uncover that C. elegans Wnt-2 (CWN-2) is required for synaptic development. The CWN-2 signal is required during both embryonic and postembryonic development, in the nervous system and intestine, for promoting synaptic assembly. Furthermore, we provide genetic evidence for CWN-2 promoting synaptogenesis through the Frizzled receptor (FZD) CFZ-2, the Dishevelled (DVL) DSH-2, the β-catenin SYS-1 and the only T-cell specific transcription factor POP-1/TCF. Importantly, it is the first time to report the requirement of a TCF for presynaptic assembly. These findings expand our understanding of the synaptogenic mechanisms and may provide therapeutic insights into Wnt-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Shi
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Sabir N, Yang L. Regulation of MicroRNAs-Mediated Autophagic Flux: A New Regulatory Avenue for Neurodegenerative Diseases With Focus on Prion Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:139. [PMID: 29867448 PMCID: PMC5962651 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurological disorders affecting various mammalian species including humans. Lack of proper diagnostic tools and non-availability of therapeutic remedies are hindering the control strategies for prion diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant endogenous short non-coding essential RNA molecules that negatively regulate the target genes after transcription. Several biological processes depend on miRNAs, and altered profiles of these miRNAs are potential biomarkers for various neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases. Autophagic flux degrades the misfolded prion proteins to reduce chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhance cell survival. Recent evidence suggests that specific miRNAs target and regulate the autophagic mechanism, which is critical for alleviating cellular stress. miRNAs-mediated regulation of these specific proteins involved in the autophagy represents a new target with highly significant therapeutic prospects. Here, we will briefly describe the biology of miRNAs, the use of miRNAs as potential biomarkers with their credibility, the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in major neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and prion diseases, degradation pathways for aggregated prion proteins, the role of autophagy in prion diseases. Finally, we will discuss the miRNAs-modulated autophagic flux in neurodegenerative diseases and employ them as potential therapeutic intervention strategy in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Song Z, Yang W, Cheng G, Zhou X, Yang L, Zhao D. Prion protein is essential for the RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST)-dependent developmental switch in synaptic NMDA receptors. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 29748616 PMCID: PMC5945644 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is important that the correct amounts of GluN2 subunits are maintained, as they determine NMDAR functional properties, which are crucial to neuronal communication, synaptogenesis and cognitive function. The transcriptional repressor RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is critical for the postnatal developmental switch in NMDARs. However, the mechanisms triggering REST and the link between NMDARs and REST are unclear. Here we show a new physiological essential role for cellular prion protein (PrPC) in REST-dependent homeostasis and the developmental switch of NMDARs. REST and REST-associated proteins were overactivated in the hippocampi of Prnp knockout mice (Prnp 0/0 ) compared with wild-type Prnp (Prnp +/+ ) mice. This coincided with the disruption of the normal developmental switch from GluN2B-to-GluN2A in vivo. PrPC co-located with REST under physiological environments and mediated the translocation of REST in conditioners of NMDARs in vitro in Prnp +/+ hippocampal neurons. Regardless of whether REST was knocked down or overexpressed, deletion of PrPC not only disrupted REST-mediated distribution of mitochondria, but also prevented REST-regulated expression of GluN2B and GluN2A in Prnp 0/0 . Importantly, these effects were rescued after overexpression of full-length PrPC through restoration of NMDAR2 subunits and their distributions in dendritic processes in Prnp 0/0 . Consistently, knockdown of PrPC in Prnp +/+ had a similar effect on Prnp 0/0 . Furthermore, PrPC colocalized with both GluN2B and GluN2A in Prnp +/+ . For the first time, we demonstrate that PrPC is essential for REST-regulated NMDARs. Confirming the regulation of NMDAR-modulating mechanisms could provide novel therapeutic targets against dysfunctions of glutamatergic transmission in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Song
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Hebei Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Guangyu Cheng
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- The State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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17
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Li B, Ren J, Yang L, Li X, Sun G, Xia M. Lithium Inhibits GSK3β Activity via Two Different Signaling Pathways in Neurons After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:848-856. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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