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Nejati V, Khoshroo S, Mirikaram F. Review of spatial disability in individuals with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Toward spatial cognition theory. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:312-337. [PMID: 37192629 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231176707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial cognition is the ability to detect, process, integrate, and formulate the spatial aspects of the environment. Spatial abilities, as perceptual doorway of information processing, influence on higher cognitive functions. This systematic review aimed to explore impaired spatial ability in individuals with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD). The data from 18 empirical experiments that explored at least one factor of spatial ability in individuals with ADHD was collected in accordance with the PRISMA approach. This study discussed several determinants of impaired spatial ability, including factors, domains, tasks, and measures of spatial ability. Furthermore, the impact of age, gender, and comorbidities are discussed. Finally, a model was proposed to explain the impaired cognitive functions in children with ADHD based on spatial abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Khoshroo
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Cervantes-Henriquez ML, Acosta-López JE, Ahmad M, Sánchez-Rojas M, Jiménez-Figueroa G, Pineda-Alhucema W, Martinez-Banfi ML, Noguera-Machacón LM, Mejía-Segura E, De La Hoz M, Arcos-Holzinger M, Pineda DA, Puentes-Rozo PJ, Arcos-Burgos M, Vélez JI. ADGRL3, FGF1 and DRD4: Linkage and Association with Working Memory and Perceptual Organization Candidate Endophenotypes in ADHD. Brain Sci 2021; 11:854. [PMID: 34206913 PMCID: PMC8301925 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurobehavioral disorder that affects children worldwide, with detrimental long-term consequences in affected individuals. ADHD-affected patients display visual-motor and visuospatial abilities and skills that depart from those exhibited by non-affected individuals and struggle with perceptual organization, which might partially explain impulsive responses. Endophenotypes (quantifiable or dimensional constructs that are closely related to the root cause of the disease) might provide a more powerful and objective framework for dissecting the underlying neurobiology of ADHD than that of categories offered by the syndromic classification. In here, we explore the potential presence of the linkage and association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), harbored in genes implicated in the etiology of ADHD (ADGRL3, DRD4, and FGF1), with cognitive endophenotypes related to working memory and perceptual organization in 113 nuclear families. These families were ascertained from a geographical area of the Caribbean coast, in the north of Colombia, where the community is characterized by its ethnic diversity and differential gene pool. We found a significant association and linkage of markers ADGRL3-rs1565902, DRD4-rs916457 and FGF1-rs2282794 to neuropsychological tasks outlining working memory and perceptual organization such as performance in the digits forward and backward, arithmetic, similarities, the completion of figures and the assembly of objects. Our results provide strong support to understand ADHD as a combination of working memory and perceptual organization deficits and highlight the importance of the genetic background shaping the neurobiology, clinical complexity, and physiopathology of ADHD. Further, this study supplements new information regarding an ethnically diverse community with a vast African American contribution, where ADHD studies are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L. Cervantes-Henriquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Johan E. Acosta-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Mostapha Ahmad
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Martha L. Martinez-Banfi
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Luz M. Noguera-Machacón
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Elsy Mejía-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Moisés De La Hoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Holzinger
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Mxdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.-H.); (M.A.-B.)
| | - David A. Pineda
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia;
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Mxdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.-H.); (M.A.-B.)
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Furukawa E, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. Increased visual bias in children with developmental coordination disorder: Evidence from a visual-tactile temporal order judgment task. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 75:102743. [PMID: 33341403 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) rely heavily on vision to perform movements, which may contribute to their clumsy movements. However, few studies have objectively and quantitatively investigated the perceptual biases of children with DCD. METHODS A visual-tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) task was used to measure and compare the perceptual biases of 19 children with DCD and 19 age- and sex-matched typically developing children. The point of subjective equality, which demonstrates when "visual first" and "tactile first" judgment probabilities are equal (50%), obtained by analyzing the results of the visual-tactile TOJ task, was used as an indicator of perceptual biases. Further, variables (age and manual dexterity in all participants; motor function, autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder traits, and depressive symptoms in children with DCD) associated with perceptual biases were examined with correlation analysis. RESULTS Children with DCD had significantly stronger visual bias than typically developing children. Overall correlation analysis showed that increased visual bias was significantly correlated with poor manual dexterity. CONCLUSION Children with DCD had a strong visual bias, which was associated with poor manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya-city, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
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Visual Perceptual Skills in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Children: The Mediating Role of Comorbidities. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 96:655-663. [PMID: 31479020 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been commonly associated with alterations in visual perception. However, the individual behavior of visual perceptual skills and its relationship with different comorbidities remain unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine whether visual perceptual skills are impaired in children with ADHD, as well as to test the possible mediating role of comorbidities. METHODS Thirty-five nonmedicated ADHD (20 pure and 15 with comorbidities) and 35 age-matched controls completed the performance-based Test of Visual Perceptual Skills. RESULTS The analysis between total ADHD and controls favored the alternative hypothesis (greater values for children with ADHD) for visual memory, spatial relationships, sequential memory, and all the composite measures (Bayes factor [BF] range, 4.26 to 366.85). The analysis between pure ADHD and controls showed that data are more likely under the alternative hypothesis for spatial relationships, sequential memory, overall, basic, and sequencing (BF range, 3.82 to 21.71), whereas the comparison between ADHD with comorbidities and controls additionally favored the alternative hypothesis for visual discrimination (BF = 5.37). Lastly, data from the comparison between pure ADHD and ADHD with comorbidities were insensitive for favoring the null or alternative hypotheses in any subtest or composite scaled score (BF range, 0.33 to 0.66). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that some specific patterns of visual perception are altered in ADHD, especially for the total ADHD group. The current findings also evidence that comorbidities play an important role in the association between ADHD and visual perceptual skills. Future studies should address the mediating role of each specific type of comorbidity.
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Ha S, Lee H, Choi Y, Kang H, Jeon SJ, Ryu JH, Kim HJ, Cheong JH, Lim S, Kim BN, Lee DS. Maturational delay and asymmetric information flow of brain connectivity in SHR model of ADHD revealed by topological analysis of metabolic networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3197. [PMID: 32081992 PMCID: PMC7035354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex brain development disorder characterized by hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. A major hypothesis of ADHD is a lag of maturation, which is supported mainly by anatomical studies evaluating cortical thickness. Here, we analyzed changes of topological characteristics of whole-brain metabolic connectivity in twelve SHR rats selected as ADHD-model rats by confirming behavior abnormalities using the marble burying test, open field test, and delay discounting task and 12 Wistar Kyoto rats as the control group, across development from 4 weeks old (childhood) and 6 weeks old (entry of puberty). A topological approach based on graph filtrations revealed a lag in the strengthening of limbic-cortical/subcortical connections in ADHD-model rats. This in turn related to impaired modularization of memory and reward-motivation associated regions. Using mathematical network analysis techniques such as single linkage hierarchical clustering and volume entropy, we observed left-lateralized connectivity in the ADHD-model rats at 6 weeks old. Our findings supported the maturational delay of metabolic connectivity in the SHR model of ADHD, and also suggested the possibility of impaired and compensative reconfiguration of information flow over the brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggyun Ha
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyoung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoori Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus Global Translational Research on Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonhee Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kibby MY, Dyer SM, Vadnais SA, Jagger AC, Casher GA, Stacy M. Visual processing in reading disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its contribution to basic reading ability. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1635. [PMID: 26579020 PMCID: PMC4621384 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether visual processing deficits are common in reading disorders (RD), and related to reading ability in general, has been debated for decades. The type of visual processing affected also is debated, although visual discrimination and short-term memory (STM) may be more commonly related to reading ability. Reading disorders are frequently comorbid with ADHD, and children with ADHD often have subclinical reading problems. Hence, children with ADHD were used as a comparison group in this study. ADHD and RD may be dissociated in terms of visual processing. Whereas RD may be associated with deficits in visual discrimination and STM for order, ADHD is associated with deficits in visual-spatial processing. Thus, we hypothesized that children with RD would perform worse than controls and children with ADHD only on a measure of visual discrimination and a measure of visual STM that requires memory for order. We expected all groups would perform comparably on the measure of visual STM that does not require sequential processing. We found children with RD or ADHD were commensurate to controls on measures of visual discrimination and visual STM that do not require sequential processing. In contrast, both RD groups (RD, RD/ADHD) performed worse than controls on the measure of visual STM that requires memory for order, and children with comorbid RD/ADHD performed worse than those with ADHD. In addition, of the three visual measures, only sequential visual STM predicted reading ability. Hence, our findings suggest there is a deficit in visual sequential STM that is specific to RD and is related to basic reading ability. The source of this deficit is worthy of further research, but it may include both reduced memory for order and poorer verbal mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y. Kibby
- Department of Psychology and Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, IL, USA
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Brown FC, Roth RM, Katz LJ. Allocentric but not egocentric visual memory difficulties in adults with ADHD may represent cognitive inefficiency. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:649-58. [PMID: 26115842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has often been conceptualized as arising executive dysfunctions (e.g., inattention, defective inhibition). However, recent studies suggested that cognitive inefficiency may underlie many ADHD symptoms, according to reaction time and processing speed abnormalities. This study explored whether a non-timed measure of cognitive inefficiency would also be abnormal. A sample of 23 ADHD subjects was compared to 23 controls on a test that included both egocentric and allocentric visual memory subtests. A factor analysis was used to determine which cognitive variables contributed to allocentric visual memory. The ADHD sample performed significantly lower on the allocentric but not egocentric conditions. Allocentric visual memory was not associated with timed, working memory, visual perception, or mental rotation variables. This paper concluded by discussing how these results supported a cognitive inefficiency explanation for some ADHD symptoms, and discussed future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin C Brown
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Robert M Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Lynda J Katz
- Lynda J. Katz, Ph.D. & Associates, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Yordanova J, Kolev V, Rothenberger A. Event-related oscillations reflect functional asymmetry in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. SUPPLEMENTS TO CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2013; 62:289-301. [PMID: 24053046 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5307-8.00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that event-related theta and gamma oscillations elicited in an auditory selective attention task are deviant in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has been suggested that these deviations are associated with deficient motor inhibition in ADHD, which may lead to increased excitability of not only the motor generation networks but also the networks involved in sensory and cognitive processing of the stimulus requiring motor response. Within this suggestion, the present study used the same experimental database to compare the motor cortical activation of healthy controls and children with ADHD during the performance of the auditory selective attention task. Electroencephalography mu (8-12 Hz) activity at C3 and C4 electrodes was used as a measure of motor cortical activation. Mu power was analyzed for four stimulus conditions of the task (attended target, unattended target, attended nontarget, and unattended nontarget). It was found that motor cortical activation as reflected by mu power suppression was not overall greater in ADHD than healthy children. However, stimuli that possessed only partial target features and did not require motor responding (unattended target and attended nontarget) produced a significant reduction of mu activity in ADHD patients. These results suggest that motor cortical excitability is not generally increased in ADHD children. Rather, the co-existence of conflict features in complex stimuli induces task-irrelevant motor activation in these children. The deficient inhibition of motor cortical networks contralateral to the response may therefore be responsible for the functional asymmetry in stimulus processing in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Yordanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., B1. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Grossman I, Lithgow B. Indication of abnormal peripheral sensory processing of rotational stimulation in ADHD. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:4668-71. [PMID: 23366969 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated with motor abnormalities. Given the importance of the vestibular system in motor control, the investigation of the peripheral vestibular response is a promising area of ADHD research, which could lead to an improved understanding and management of the disorder. This study aimed to investigate the evoked peripheral vestibular response to rotational stimuli in ADHD affected adults, using Electrovestibulography (EVestG). Data was collected from 6 ADHD affected adults (2 males, 4 females) and contrasted with that of a Control group comprised of 30 individuals (10 males, 20 females). Raw data was 120 Hz high pass filtered and analyzed using the Neural Event Extraction Routine to identify local field potentials, which represent the summed activity of the components of the inner ear. The inter field potential intervals (IFPI) were calculated as the time intervals between field potentials. Analysis of the IFPI indicated that the ADHD group exhibited significantly shorter periods between field potentials generated in the right ear during left rotational acceleration than Controls (unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test assuming unequal variance, p<0.05). However there was no significant difference between groups for left ear signal during right rotational acceleration. This preliminary study provides an indication as to the possibility of lateralized, abnormal inner ear responses to kinematic stimuli in the ADHD affected population. However, further studies are required to validate and elucidate this data.
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