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Putica A, Agathos J. Reconceptualizing complex posttraumatic stress disorder: A predictive processing framework for mechanisms and intervention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105836. [PMID: 39084584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a framework for interpreting Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) through predictive processing, a neuroscience concept explaining the brain's interpretation and prediction of sensory information. While closely related to PTSD, C-PTSD encompasses additional symptom clusters marked by disturbances in self-organization (DSO), such as negative self-concept, affect dysregulation, and relational difficulties, typically resulting from prolonged traumatic stressors. Our model leverages advances in computational psychiatry and neuroscience, offering a mechanistic explanation for these symptoms by illustrating how prolonged trauma disrupts the brain's predictive processing. Specifically, altered predictive mechanisms contribute to C-PTSD's symptomatology, focusing on DSO: (1) Negative self-concept emerges from maladaptive priors that bias perception towards self-criticism, misaligning expected and actual interoceptive states; (2) Misalignment between predicted and actual interoceptive signals leads to affect dysregulation, with sensitivity to bodily cues; and (3) Relationship challenges arise from skewed social prediction errors, fostering mistrust and withdrawal. This precision-focused approach sheds light on the dynamics underpinning C-PTSD and highlights potential intervention targets aimed at recalibrating the predictive processing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Putica
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - James Agathos
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Zhu J, Yao Y, Jiang S. Vulnerability or resilience? Examining trust asymmetry from the perspective of risk sources under descriptive versus experiential decision. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1207453. [PMID: 37614493 PMCID: PMC10442566 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1207453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The investigation of trust vulnerability is important to the understanding of the potential mechanisms of trust formation and erosion. However, more effective exploration of trust vulnerability has been hindered due to the lack of consideration of risk sources and types of information. Methods This study extended the investigation of asymmetry to both social and natural risk under experiential and descriptive decisions. Using the trust game as the decision-making paradigm and money as the subject matter, the research employed experimental methods to examine how people perceive and make decisions after being positively and negatively affected by natural and social risks. A total of 286 college students were participated in our study. Study 1 (n = 138) and Study 2 (n = 148) explored asymmetry in experiential and descriptive decision separately. Results The findings indicated that when considering experiential information, negative information had a greater effect in reducing trust compared to the enhancing effect of positive information (t = -1.95, p = 0.050). Moreover, the study revealed that negative information had a stronger negative impact in the context of social risks rather than natural risks (t = -3.26, p = 0.002), suggesting that trust is vulnerable both internally and externally. Conversely, when considering descriptive information, the effect of both positive and negative information on trust was symmetrical, and the impact of negative information was less significant compared to that of natural risks, indicating that trust has a certain level of resilience (t = 2.25, p = 0.028). Discussion The study emphasizes the importance of refining risk sources and information characteristics in complex scenarios in order to improve understanding of trust enhancement and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingying Yao
- Counseling and Education Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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3
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Gottfredson RK, Becker WJ. How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1067509. [PMID: 37275697 PMCID: PMC10234103 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backed by both research and practice, the organizational psychology field has come to value emotional intelligence (EI) as being vital for leader and employee effectiveness. While this field values EI, it has paid little attention to the antecedents of emotional intelligence, leaving the EI domain without clarity on (1) why EI might vary across individuals, and (2) how to best develop EI. In this article, we rely on neuroscience and psychology research to make the case that past psychological trauma impacts later EI capabilities. Specifically, we present evidence that psychological trauma impairs the brain areas and functions that support EI. Establishing psychological trauma has valuable theoretical and practical implications that include providing an explanation of why EI might vary across individuals and providing a focus for improving EI: healing from past trauma. Further theoretical and practical implications for the field of organizational psychology are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Gottfredson
- Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - William J Becker
- Department of Management, Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Pourhassan J, Sarginson J, Hitzl W, Richter K. Cognitive function in soccer athletes determined by sleep disruption and self-reported health, yet not by decision-reinvestment. Front Neurol 2023; 13:872761. [PMID: 36814538 PMCID: PMC9939841 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.872761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep disruption (SD) increases sympathetic activity and cortisol secretion, and delays cognitive functions such as reaction-time (RT). Sympathetic activity of disturbed sleepers, is similar to those of so-called decision-reinvesters. Decision-reinvestment refers to traits in individuals with greater tendency to ruminate and reinvest in their decisions, with significant decrease in both motor-control and cognitive performance. Decision-making quality is a crucial attribute to athletic performance which relies on RT. Consequently, SD affects pitch-performance negatively, particularly in decision-reinvesters. This observational pilot-study examined the relationship between SD and cognitive function, perceived health, as well as reinvestment strategies. The hypothesis was that athletes with lower SD perceive their health better, report lower stress levels, perform better in cognitive tasks, and show lower tendency for decision-reinvestment. Methods Twenty-one football player recorded their sleep with fit-trackers for 7 nights. Participants self-reported their mental and physical health, decision-reinvestment strategy, sleep behaviour, and perceived stress levels. Athletes then performed a set of cognitive tests to examine memory function (Backwards Corsi), selective attention (STROOP), and cognitive flexibility (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST). Normality was tested with a Shapiro-Wilk test, and analysed with a Pearson's or Spearman's correlation test. Results Significant correlation appeared between extended sleep-interruptions and Backwards Corsi RT, r = 0.66, p = 0.010, as further in total sleep time and wellbeing r = 0.50, p = 0.029. A negative correlation exist in regard of pain scores and Backwards Corsi scores r = -0.57, p = 0.110. Physical health correlated with error-rates in the WCST, r = 0.69, p ≤ 0.001. Also, reinvestment negatively correlated with physical health, r = -0.80, p ≤ 0.001. Conclusion Wellbeing relies on total sleep-time. Athletes with extended sleep-interruptions are slower in recalling memory, and those with greater reported pain have lower memory scores. Participants who rate physical health greater, have more error-rates in the WCST; indicating that cognitive flexibility is enhanced in individuals with inferior perceived health. However, individuals with lower physical health scores also have greater tendency to ruminate and reinvest in decisions, suggesting interrelation between reinvestment and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pourhassan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Nuernberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany,*Correspondence: Jasmin Pourhassan ✉
| | - Jane Sarginson
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Department Research and Innovation Management (RIM), Biostatistics and Publication of Clinical Trial Studies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kneginja Richter
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Nuernberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany,Faculty for Social Work, Technical University for Applied Sciences, Nuremberg, Germany,Faculty for Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, North Macedonia,Kneginja Richter ✉
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Mouchlianitis ED, Tracy DK, Wigton R, Vanes LD, Fett AK, Shergill SS. Neuroimaging oxytocin modulation of social reward learning in schizophrenia. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e175. [PMID: 36156189 PMCID: PMC9534925 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional pharmacological approaches have limited effectiveness for schizophrenia. There is interest in the application of oxytocin, which is involved in social cognition. Clinical trials have yielded mixed results, with a gap in understanding neural mechanisms. AIMS To evaluate the behavioural impact of oxytocin administration on a social learning task in individuals with schizophrenia, and elucidate any differential neural activity produced. METHOD We recruited 20 clinically stable right-handed men diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. In a double-blind cross-over randomised controlled study, 40 IU of oxytocin or placebo were administered before functional magnetic resonance imaging of participants playing a multi-round economic exchange game of trust. Participants had the role of investors (investment trials) receiving repayment on their investments (repayment trials), playing one session against a computer and a second against a player believed to be human. RESULTS During investment trials, oxytocin increased neural signalling in the right lateral parietal cortex for both human and computer player trials, and attenuated signalling in the right insula for human player trials. For repayment trials, oxytocin elicited signal increases in left insula and left ventral caudate, and a signal decrease in right amygdala during the human player trials; conversely it resulted in right dorsal caudate activation during the computer player trials. We did not find a significant change in behavioural performance associated with oxytocin administration, or any associations with symptoms. CONCLUSIONS During a social learning task oxytocin modulates cortical and limbic substrates of the reward-processing network. These perturbations can be putatively linked to the pathoaetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias D Mouchlianitis
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; and School of Psychology, University of East London, UK
| | - Derek K Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; and West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebekah Wigton
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucy D Vanes
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Sukhi S Shergill
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; and Kent and Medway NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust, Gillingham, UK
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Luo Y, Mendoza C, Pelfrey S, Lohrenz T, Gu X, Montague PR, McAdams CJ. Elevated Neurobehavioral Responses to Negative Social Interactions in Women With Bulimia Nervosa. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:696-705. [PMID: 33561543 PMCID: PMC8342632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a complex psychiatric illness that includes binge-purge behaviors and a belief that one's value as a person depends on body shape and weight. Social pressure strongly influences the development and maintenance of BN, but how this manifests neurobiologically within an individual remains unknown. We used a computational psychiatry approach to evaluate neural mechanisms underlying social interactions in BN. METHODS Behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 24 women with BN and 26 healthy comparison women using an iterated social exchange game. Data were sorted round by round based on whether the mathematically computed social signals indicated an improving (positive reciprocity) or deteriorating (negative reciprocity) relationship for each participant. RESULTS Social interactions with negative reciprocity resulted in more negative behavioral responses and stronger neural activations in both cortical and subcortical regions in women with BN than healthy comparison women. No behavioral or neural differences were observed for interactions demonstrating positive reciprocity, suggesting a very specific form of psychopathology in BN: amplification of negative self-relevant social interactions. Cortical activations (e.g., temporoparietal junction and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) did not covary with mood symptoms, while subcortical activations (e.g., amygdala and dorsal striatum) were associated with acute psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a first step toward a mechanistic neuropsychological model of aberrant social processing in BN, demonstrating how a computational psychiatric approach can elucidate neural mechanisms for complex psychiatric illnesses. Future treatments for BN may include targeting neural regions that support these negative biases in social perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | - Sarah Pelfrey
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas
| | - Terry Lohrenz
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - P Read Montague
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia; Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, Virginia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie J McAdams
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas.
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Fateh AA, Huang W, Mo T, Wang X, Luo Y, Yang B, Smahi A, Fang D, Zhang L, Meng X, Zeng H. Abnormal Insular Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Its Relation to Social Dysfunctioning in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:890596. [PMID: 35712452 PMCID: PMC9197452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.890596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalies in large-scale cognitive control networks impacting social attention abilities are hypothesized to be the cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The precise nature of abnormal brain functional connectivity (FC) dynamics including other regions, on the other hand, is unknown. The concept that insular dynamic FC (dFC) among distinct brain regions is dysregulated in children with ADHD was evaluated using Insular subregions, and we studied how these dysregulations lead to social dysfunctioning. Data from 30 children with ADHD and 28 healthy controls (HCs) were evaluated using dynamic resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We evaluated the dFC within six subdivisions, namely both left and right dorsal anterior insula (dAI), ventral anterior insula (vAI), and posterior insula (PI). Using the insular sub-regions as seeds, we performed group comparison between the two groups. To do so, two sample t-tests were used, followed by post-hoc t-tests. Compared to the HCs, patients with ADHD exhibited decreased dFC values between right dAI and the left middle frontal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus and right of cerebellum crus, respectively. Results also showed a decreased dFC between left dAI and thalamus, left vAI and left precuneus and left PI with temporal pole. From the standpoint of the dynamic functional connectivity of insular subregions, our findings add to the growing body of evidence on brain dysfunction in ADHD. This research adds to our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms behind social functioning deficits in ADHD. Future ADHD research could benefit from merging the dFC approach with task-related fMRI and non-invasive brain stimulation, which could aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ameen Fateh
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxian Huang
- Children's Healthcare, Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Mo
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binrang Yang
- Children's Healthcare, Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Abla Smahi
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Diangang Fang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Children's Healthcare, Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianlei Meng
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwu Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Ebisch SJH, Scalabrini A, Northoff G, Mucci C, Sergi MR, Saggino A, Aquino A, Alparone FR, Perrucci MG, Gallese V, Di Plinio S. Intrinsic Shapes of Empathy: Functional Brain Network Topology Encodes Intersubjective Experience and Awareness Traits. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040477. [PMID: 35448008 PMCID: PMC9024660 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait empathy is an essential personality feature in the intricacy of typical social inclinations of individuals. Empathy is likely supported by multilevel neuronal network functioning, whereas local topological properties determine network integrity. In the present functional MRI study (N = 116), we aimed to trace empathic traits to the intrinsic brain network architecture. Empathy was conceived as composed of two dimensions within the concept of pre-reflective, intersubjective understanding. Vicarious experience consists of the tendency to resonate with the feelings of other individuals, whereas intuitive understanding refers to a natural awareness of others’ emotional states. Analyses of graph theoretical measures of centrality showed a relationship between the fronto-parietal network and psychometric measures of vicarious experience, whereas intuitive understanding was associated with sensorimotor and subcortical networks. Salience network regions could constitute hubs for information processing underlying both dimensions. The network properties related to empathy dimensions mainly concern inter-network information flow. Moreover, interaction effects implied several sex differences in the relationship between functional network organization and trait empathy. These results reveal that distinct intrinsic topological network features explain individual differences in separate dimensions of intersubjective understanding. The findings could help understand the impact of brain damage or stimulation through alterations of empathy-related network integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. H. Ebisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Georg Northoff
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- TMU Research Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Sergi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Aristide Saggino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Aquino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Francesca R. Alparone
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Mauro Gianni Perrucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Simone Di Plinio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
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Han SD, Lamar M, Fleischman D, Kim N, Bennett DA, Lewis TT, Arfanakis K, Barnes LL. Self-reported experiences of discrimination in older black adults are associated with insula functional connectivity. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1718-1727. [PMID: 32720182 PMCID: PMC7854830 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported experiences of discrimination are associated with a number of negative health outcomes. However, the neurobiological correlates of discrimination remain elusive. Recent neuroimaging work suggests that the amygdala is sensitive to forms of social adversity and the insula is involved in assessments of trust. We hypothesized that functional connectivity (FC) of these brain regions may be associated with discrimination in older Black adults. One-hundred and twenty-four nondemented older Black adults participating in the Minority Aging Research Study or the Clinical Core study of the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center completed a measure of self-reported experiences of discrimination and a 3T MRI brain scan including structural T1 and resting-state fMRI EPIBOLD sequences. The right and left amygdala and insula regions were anatomically delineated as ROIs according to the Harvard-Oxford Brain Atlas and whole-brain voxelwise FC analyses were conducted using default parameters in the CONN toolbox. In regression analyses controlling for demographics and global cognition, self-reported experiences of discrimination were associated with greater FC between the left insula and the bilateral intracalcarine cortex, weaker FC between the left insula and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and weaker FC between the right insula and the left supplementary motor area. Amygdala analyses yielded no significant findings. Greater self-reported experiences of discrimination are associated with differential insula functional connectivity in older adults. More specifically, results suggest that discrimination is associated with differential connectivity of a key region (the insula) involved in trust perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Duke Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Debra Fleischman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Namhee Kim
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Arbitration between insula and temporoparietal junction subserves framing-induced boosts in generosity during social discounting. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118211. [PMID: 34116152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Generosity toward others declines across the perceived social distance to them. Here, participants chose between selfish and costly generous options in two conditions: in the gain frame, a generous choice yielded a gain to the other; in the loss frame, it entailed preventing the loss of a previous endowment to the other. Social discounting was reduced in the loss compared to the gain frame, implying increased generosity toward strangers. Using neuroimaging tools, we found that while activity in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) was associated with generosity in the gain frame, the insular cortex was selectively recruited during generous choices in the loss frame. We provide support for a network-model according to which TPJ and insula differentially subserve generosity by modulating value signals in the VMPFC in a frame-dependent fashion. These results extend our understanding of the insula role in nudging prosocial behavior in humans.
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Weissberger GH, Mosqueda L, Nguyen AL, Axelrod J, Nguyen CP, Boyle PA, Spreng N, Han SD. Functional Connectivity Correlates of Perceived Financial Exploitation in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:583433. [PMID: 33304266 PMCID: PMC7693621 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.583433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Financial exploitation (FE) in old age is devastating and common; however, the neural correlates of FE are poorly understood. Previous studies of FE in older adults have implicated declines in decision making and social cognition as two risk factors for FE in later life. Here we examined whether functional connectivity among brain regions implicated in decision making and social cognition differed for those with an experience of FE vs. those without. Participants included 16 older adults without cognitive impairment who reported FE (Mean age = 70.5, 62.5% female, Mean education = 16.0 years) and 16 demographically and cognitively matched adults who denied a history of FE (Mean age = 65.1, 37.5% female, Mean education = 15.1 years). Measures of whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity in the hippocampus, insula, and medial frontal cortex were derived for each group. Compared to the non-FE group, FE was associated with greater functional connectivity between the right hippocampus and bilateral temporal regions, and less functional connectivity between the right hippocampus and the right cerebellum and bilateral lingual gyri. The FE group showed less connectivity between the right and left insula and cingulate cortex, and between the right insula and regions of the left lateral temporal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, the FE group showed greater functional connectivity between the medial frontal cortex and the right lateral temporal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, and less functional connectivity with the right pre- and postcentral gyri. Results suggest that perceived FE in old age is associated with whole-brain functional connectivity differences involving the hippocampus, insula, and medial frontal cortex, consistent with models implicating age-associated changes in decision making and social cognition in FE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali H. Weissberger
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Laura Mosqueda
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
- USC School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Annie L. Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
| | - Jenna Axelrod
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
| | - Caroline P. Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A. Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S. Duke Han
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
- USC School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychology, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Feng C, Zhu Z, Cui Z, Ushakov V, Dreher JC, Luo W, Gu R, Wu X, Krueger F. Prediction of trust propensity from intrinsic brain morphology and functional connectome. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:175-191. [PMID: 33001541 PMCID: PMC7721234 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trust forms the basis of virtually all interpersonal relationships. Although significant individual differences characterize trust, the driving neuropsychological signatures behind its heterogeneity remain obscure. Here, we applied a prediction framework in two independent samples of healthy participants to examine the relationship between trust propensity and multimodal brain measures. Our multivariate prediction analyses revealed that trust propensity was predicted by gray matter volume and node strength across multiple regions. The gray matter volume of identified regions further enabled the classification of individuals from an independent sample with the propensity to trust or distrust. Our modular and functional decoding analyses showed that the contributing regions were part of three large‐scale networks implicated in calculus‐based trust strategy, cost–benefit calculation, and trustworthiness inference. These findings do not only deepen our neuropsychological understanding of individual differences in trust propensity, but also provide potential biomarkers in predicting trust impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology and Educational Application of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaixu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vadim Ushakov
- National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision Making Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Bron, France
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology and Educational Application of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.,Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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13
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Affective evaluation of others' altruistic decisions under risk and ambiguity. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116996. [PMID: 32470571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gratitude arises when one is the target of an altruistic decision, particularly when this decision incurs cost to the agent. Here we examined how individuals evaluate others' altruistic decisions under risky (uncertainty with known probabilities) and ambiguous (uncertainty with unknown probabilities) costs and respond with gratitude and reciprocity. Participants played an interactive game in an fMRI scanner in which they would receive painful electric shocks. An anonymous co-player either intentionally (Human conditions) or unintentionally (Computer conditions) decided whether to help the participant reduce half of the pain by undertaking an amount of pain (i.e., cost) with varying level of uncertainty (Certain vs. Risky vs. Ambiguous). Participants could then transfer monetary points to the co-player knowing that the co-player was unaware of this transfer. Behaviorally, monetary allocation and gratitude rating increased as the uncertainty level of cost increased in Human conditions; these effects were reduced in Computer conditions. The effect of cost uncertainty on gratitude was mediated by the perceived kind intention behind the help. FMRI revealed both shared and differential neurocognitive substrates for evaluating the benefactor's altruistic decisions under risk and ambiguity: both were associated with fear- and anxiety-related processes, involving right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula; ambiguity additionally recruited mentalizing- and conflict monitoring-related processes, involving dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These findings underscore the crucial role of social uncertainty perception in the generation of gratitude.
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14
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Parthimos TP, Karavasilis E, Rankin KP, Seimenis I, Leftherioti K, Papanicolaou AC, Miller B, Papageorgiou SG, Papatriantafyllou JD. The Neural Correlates of Impaired Self-Monitoring Among Individuals With Neurodegenerative Dementias. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 31:201-209. [PMID: 30605361 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17120349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Self-monitoring is a crucial component of human empathy and necessary for the formation and repair of social relations. Several studies have brought to light possible neuronal substrates associated with self-monitoring, but the information that they have provided is inconclusive. The authors, therefore, studied a large group of patients with dementia to assess what brain structures are necessary for the self-monitoring function.Methods: Seventy-seven patients with dementia of various types were screened using voxel-based morphometry to assess possible volume reduction in the brain structures of patients with self-monitoring problems, and the decrease of socioemotional expressiveness and modification of self-presentation was estimated using the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale. Regression analysis was employed to investigate the correlation between gray matter loss and deficient self-monitoring.Results: The socioemotional expressiveness scores were associated with decreased gray matter volume in the right olfactory cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and medial temporal gyrus bilaterally. Self-presentation scores were associated with bilateral gray matter volume reduction in the olfactory cortex, insula, rectus gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, right superior temporal pole, and parahippocampal gyrus, as well as the left medial temporal gyrus and anterior superior frontal gyrus.Conclusions: These results suggest that patients with dementia present decreased ability of self-monitoring, probably due to impaired insula and orbitofrontal cortex and their disconnection from structures of the salience network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Parthimos
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Efstratios Karavasilis
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Ioannis Seimenis
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Katerina Leftherioti
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Andrew C Papanicolaou
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Bruce Miller
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
| | - John D Papatriantafyllou
- The 3rd Age Day Care Center IASIS, Glyfada, Greece (Parthimos, Leftherioti, Papatriantafyllou); the Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Karavasilis, Seimenis); the Second Department of Radiology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Karavasilis); the Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (Rankin, Miller); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (Papanicolaou); and the Second Department of Neurology, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Papageorgiou)
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15
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Xu L, Becker B, Kendrick KM. Oxytocin Facilitates Social Learning by Promoting Conformity to Trusted Individuals. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:56. [PMID: 30787864 PMCID: PMC6372972 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role of the neuropeptide oxytocin in promoting social cohesion both in terms of promoting specific social bonds and also more generally for increasing our willingness to trust others and/or to conform to their opinions. These latter findings may also be important in the context of a modulatory role for oxytocin in improving the efficacy of behavioral therapy in psychiatric disorders. However, the original landmark studies claiming an important role for oxytocin in enhancing trust in others, primarily using economic game strategies, have been questioned by subsequent meta-analytic approaches or failure to reproduce findings in different contexts. On the other hand, a growing number of studies have consistently reported that oxytocin promotes conformity to the views of groups of in-group individuals. Most recently we have found that oxytocin can increase acceptance of social advice given by individual experts without influencing their perceived trustworthiness per se, but that increased conformity in this context is associated with how much an expert is initially trusted and liked. Oxytocin can also enhance the impact of information given by experts by facilitating expectancy and placebo effects. Here we therefore propose that a key role for oxytocin is not in facilitating social trust per se but in conforming to, and learning from, trusted individuals who are either in-group members and/or perceived experts. The implications of this for social learning and use of oxytocin as an adjunct to behavioral therapy in psychiatric disorders are discussed. Interpersonal trust within social groups is of key importance for social interactions, bonds, cooperation and learning and trust between different groups can also help ensure a stable and peaceful co-existence as well as mutually beneficial co-operation and trade. Trust is generally considered to be critical for co-operation and reciprocity in social and economic interactions but importantly trust also involves risk of potential injury if misplaced or broken and we have a natural aversion to taking such risks (Hardin, 2002; Ostrom and Walker, 2003). Indeed, an important factor influencing our trust behavior is that we are strongly motivated to avoid others betraying our trust (Bohnet and Zeckhauser, 2004; Bohnet et al., 2008). Trust can potentially be influenced by our assessment of the level of risk that trusting others might have and also by increased sensitivity to physical and/or other cues for detecting trustworthiness. It is therefore of great importance to identify both behavioral and physiological factors which can act to enhance trust, particularly in situations where individuals have impaired trust and therefore find it hard to interact socially with others and learn from them and/or to benefit optimally from cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith M. Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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16
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Toward a Model of Interpersonal Trust Drawn from Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Reeve J, Lee W. A neuroscientific perspective on basic psychological needs. J Pers 2018; 87:102-114. [PMID: 29626342 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-determination theory's (SDT) most basic propositions are, first, that all people possess an inherent set of psychological needs and, second, that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are the three critical psychological satisfactions needed to maintain and promote personal growth and well-being. In this article, we identify the neural basis of the psychological needs and, in doing so, seek to advance the integration of SDT and neuroscience. METHOD We examine the neural underpinnings of SDT-based motivational states and traits for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To study motivational states, participants are exposed to situational conditions known to affect their psychological needs, and neuroscience methods (e.g., fMRI) are used to examine changes in their brain activity. To study motivational traits, participants complete self-report trait measures that are then correlated with their brain activity observed during need-satisfying activities. RESULTS For both motivational states and traits and across all three needs, intrinsic satisfaction is associated with striatum-based reward processing, anterior insula-based subjective feelings, and the integration of these subjective feelings with reward-based processing. CONCLUSIONS Psychological need satisfaction is associated with striatum activity, anterior insula activity, and the functional coactivation between these two brain areas. Given these findings, it is now clear that several opportunities exist to integrate SDT motivational constructs with neuroscientific study, so we suggest eight new questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnmarshall Reeve
- Department of Education, Brain and Motivation Research Institute, Korea University
| | - Woogul Lee
- Department of Education, Korea National University of Education
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18
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Zinchenko O, Arsalidou M. Brain responses to social norms: Meta-analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:955-970. [PMID: 29160930 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social norms have a critical role in everyday decision-making, as frequent interaction with others regulates our behavior. Neuroimaging studies show that social-based and fairness-related decision-making activates an inconsistent set of areas, which sometimes includes the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and others lateral prefrontal cortices. Social-based decision-making is complex and variability in findings may be driven by socio-cognitive activities related to social norms. To distinguish among social-cognitive activities related to social norms, we identified 36 eligible articles in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature, which we separate into two categories (a) social norm representation and (b) norm violations. The majority of original articles (>60%) used tasks associated with fairness norms and decision-making, such as ultimatum game, dictator game, or prisoner's dilemma; the rest used tasks associated to violation of moral norms, such as scenarios and sentences of moral depravity ratings. Using quantitative meta-analyses, we report common and distinct brain areas that show concordance as a function of category. Specifically, concordance in ventromedial prefrontal regions is distinct to social norm representation processing, whereas concordance in right insula, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal cingulate cortices is distinct to norm violation processing. We propose a neurocognitive model of social norms for healthy adults, which could help guide future research in social norm compliance and mechanisms of its enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zinchenko
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
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