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Schacter DL, Thakral PP. Constructive Memory and Conscious Experience. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1567-1577. [PMID: 38820556 PMCID: PMC11223725 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memory relies on constructive processes that support simulating novel future events by flexibly recombining elements of past experiences, and that can also give rise to memory errors. In recent studies, we have developed methods to characterize the cognitive and neural processes that support conscious experiences linked to this process of episodic recombination, both when people simulate novel future events and commit recombination-related memory errors. In this Perspective, we summarize recent studies that illustrate these phenomena, and discuss broader implications for characterizing the basis of conscious experiences associated with constructive memory from a cognitive neuroscience perspective.
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Pérez-Mata N, Diges M. False memories in forensic psychology: do cognition and brain activity tell the same story? Front Psychol 2024; 15:1327196. [PMID: 38827889 PMCID: PMC11141885 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1327196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important problems in forensic psychology is the impossibility of reliably discriminating between true and false memories when the only prosecution evidence comes from the memory of a witness or a victim. Unfortunately, both children and adults can be persuaded that they have been victims of past criminal acts, usually of a sexual nature. In adults, suggestion often occurs in the context of suggestive therapies based on the belief that traumatic events are repressed, while children come to believe and report events that never occurred as a result of repeated suggestive questioning. Cognitive Researchers have designed false memory paradigms (i.e., misinformation effect, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, event implantation paradigm) to first form false memories and then determine whether it is possible to reliably differentiate between false and true memories. In the present study, we review the contribution of cognitive research to the formation of false memories and the neuropsychological approaches aimed to discriminate between true and false memories. Based on these results, we analyze the applicability of the cognitive and neuropsychological evidence to the forensic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pérez-Mata
- Department of Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Liu Y, Wang H, Sha G, Cao Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Chai C, Fan Q, Xia S. The covariant structural and functional neuro-correlates of cognitive impairments in patients with end-stage renal diseases. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1374948. [PMID: 38686326 PMCID: PMC11056510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1374948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain. However, whether a joint structural and functional alteration pattern exists that is related to CI in ESRD is unclear. Methods In this study, instead of looking at brain structure and function separately, we aim to investigate the covariant characteristics of both functional and structural aspects. Specifically, we took the fusion analysis approach, namely, multimodal canonical correlation analysis and joint independent component analysis (mCCA+jICA), to jointly study the discriminative features in gray matter volume (GMV) measured by T1-weighted (T1w) MRI, fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter measured by diffusion MRI, and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) measured by blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI in 78 ESRD patients versus 64 healthy controls (HCs), followed by a mediation effect analysis to explore the relationship between neuroimaging findings, cognitive impairments and uremic toxins. Results Two joint group-discriminative independent components (ICs) were found to show covariant abnormalities across FA, GMV, and ALFF (all p < 0.05). The most dominant joint IC revealed associative patterns of alterations of GMV (in the precentral gyrus, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus), alterations of ALFF (in the precuneus, superior parietal gyrus, and superior occipital gyrus), and of white matter FA (in the corticospinal tract and inferior frontal occipital fasciculus). Another significant IC revealed associative alterations of GMV (in the dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex) and FA (in the forceps minor). Moreover, the brain changes identified by FA and GMV in the above-mentioned brain regions were found to mediate the negative correlation between serum phosphate and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores (all p < 0.05). Conclusion The mCCA+jICA method was demonstrated to be capable of revealing covariant abnormalities across neuronal features of different types in ESRD patients as contrasted to HCs, and joint brain changes may play an important role in mediating the relationship between serum toxins and CIs in ESRD. Our results show the mCCA+jICA fusion analysis approach may provide new insights into similar neurobiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanchen Sha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutong Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin, China
- Intelligent Medical Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin, China
- Intelligent Medical Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyun Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin, China
- Intelligent Medical Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Spets DS, Karanian JM, Slotnick SD. True and false memories for spatial location evoke more similar patterns of brain activity in males than females. Memory 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38527188 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2333505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
True and false memories recruit a number of shared brain regions; however, they are not completely overlapping. Extensive sex differences have been identified in the brain during true memories and, recently, we identified sex differences in the brain during false memories. In the current fMRI study, we sought to determine whether sex differences existed in the location and extent of overlap between true and false memories. True and false memories activated a number of shared brain regions. Compared to females, males produced a greater number of overlapping brain regions (8 versus 2 activations for males and females, respectively) including the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and early/late visual processing cortices (including V1) in males and prefrontal and parietal cortices in females. Males had significantly higher similarity between true and false memory activation maps, revealed by our novel multi-voxel pattern correlation analysis. Moreover, higher similarity between true and false memory activation maps was associated with higher false memory rates. The current results suggest that true and false memories are more similar in males than females. The significant brain-behavior relationship also suggests that males may be more susceptible to false memory errors due to their highly similar true memory-false memory cortical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Spets
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Karanian
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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5
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Shao X, Li A, Wang Z, Xue G, Zhu B. False recall is associated with larger caudate in males but not in females. Memory 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38416016 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2319314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
After learning semantically related words, some people are more likely than others to incorrectly recall unstudied but semantically related lures (i.e., Deese-Roediger-McDermott [DRM] false recall). Previous studies have suggested that neural activity in subcortical regions (e.g., the caudate) is involved in false memory, and that there may be sex differences in the neural basis of false memory. However, sex-specific associations between subcortical volumes and false memory are not well understood. This study investigated whether sex modulates the associations between subcortical volumes and DRM false recall in 400 healthy college students. Volumes of subcortical regions including the caudate, accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen and thalamus were obtained from structural magnetic resonance images and measured using FreeSurfer. The results showed that males had lower true and false recall but larger subcortical volumes than females. Interestingly, higher false recall was associated with a larger caudate in males, but not in females. This association was significant after controlling for age and intracranial volume. This study provides new evidence on the neural basis of false recall. It suggests that the caudate plays a role in false recall in young men, and that future studies of the neural correlates of false memory should consider sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Carpenter CM, Dennis NA. Investigating the neural basis of schematic false memories by examining schematic and lure pattern similarity. Memory 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38353993 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2316169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSchemas allow us to make assumptions about the world based upon previous experiences and aid in memory organisation and retrieval. However, a reliance on schemas may also result in increased false memories to schematically related lures. Prior neuroimaging work has linked schematic processing in memory tasks to activity in prefrontal, visual, and temporal regions. Yet, it is unclear what type of processing in these regions underlies memory errors. The current study examined where schematic lures exhibit greater neural similarity to schematic targets, leading to this memory error, as compared to neural overlap with non-schematic lures, which, like schematic lures, are novel items at retrieval. Results showed that patterns of neural activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, hippocampus, and occipital cortices exhibited greater neural pattern similarity for schematic targets and schematic lures than between schematic lures and non-schematic lures. As such, results suggest that schematic membership, and not object history, may be more critical to the neural processes underlying memory retrieval in the context of a strong schema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy A Dennis
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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7
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Carpenter CM, Dennis NA. Investigating the neural basis of schematic false memories by examining schematic and lure pattern similarity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.26.550683. [PMID: 37546996 PMCID: PMC10402068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Schemas allow us to make assumptions about the world based upon previous experiences and aid in memory organization and retrieval. However, a reliance on schemas may also result in increased false memories to schematically related lures. Prior neuroimaging work has linked schematic processing in memory tasks to activity in prefrontal, visual, and temporal regions. Yet, it is unclear what type of processing in these regions underlies memory errors. The current study examined where schematic lures exhibit greater neural similarity to schematic targets, leading to this memory error, as compared to neural overlap with non-schematic lures, which, like schematic lures, are novel items at retrieval. Results showed that patterns of neural activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, hippocampus, and occipital cortices exhibited greater neural pattern similarity for schematic targets and schematic lures than between schematic lures and non-schematic lures. As such, results suggest that schematic membership, and not object history, may be more critical to the neural processes underlying memory retrieval in the context of a strong schema.
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8
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Lentoor AG. Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying false memories: misinformation, distortion or erroneous configuration? AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:255-268. [PMID: 37841346 PMCID: PMC10567586 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Errors can affect our memory, yet even when there are gaps in our recollection of events, memory often serves us fairly well. Memory formation involves at least three different sub-processes, that are regulated by an underlying neural structure. From a cognitive neuropsychological perspective, a complex process of encoding, consolidating, and retrieval is involved in remembering an event, and it might be hindered by one's emotional state, physiological response to the event itself, and misinformation. As a result, it is very likely that one may struggle to remember specifics of what happened which can increase our susceptibility to the formation of false memories. This has major implications for everyday functioning, as in the case when you mistakenly remember you took your pills when you never did, or where errors have led to false accusations about trauma or abuse, and wrongful convictions of crimes. Memories sometimes contain biases and inaccuracies that prevent them from accurately recalling events. The review will provide an updated overview of current research advances on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying inaccurate, distorted, or false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Lentoor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
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9
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Gu L, Li A, Yang R, Yang J, Pang Y, Qu J, Mei L. Category-specific and category-general neural codes of recognition memory in the ventral visual pathway. Cortex 2023; 164:77-89. [PMID: 37207411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have identified category-specific brain regions, such as the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA) in the ventral visual pathway, which respond preferentially to one particular category of visual objects. In addition to their category-specific role in visual object identification and categorization, regions in the ventral visual pathway play critical roles in recognition memory. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether the contributions of those brain regions to recognition memory are category-specific or category-general. To address this question, the present study adopted a subsequent memory paradigm and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to explore category-specific and category-general neural codes of recognition memory in the visual pathway. The results revealed that the right FFA and the bilateral PPA showed category-specific neural patterns supporting recognition memory of faces and scenes, respectively. In contrast, the lateral occipital cortex seemed to carry category-general neural codes of recognition memory. These results provide neuroimaging evidence for category-specific and category-general neural mechanisms of recognition memory in the ventral visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala Gu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingdan Pang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Fafrowicz M, Ceglarek A, Olszewska J, Sobczak A, Bohaterewicz B, Ostrogorska M, Reuter-Lorenz P, Lewandowska K, Sikora-Wachowicz B, Oginska H, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Marek T. Dynamics of working memory process revealed by independent component analysis in an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2900. [PMID: 36808174 PMCID: PMC9938907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human memory is prone to errors in many everyday activities but also when cultivating hobbies such as traveling and/or learning a new language. For instance, while visiting foreign countries, people erroneously recall foreign language words that are meaningless to them. Our research simulated such errors in a modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm for short-term memory with phonologically related stimuli aimed at uncovering behavioral and neuronal indices of false memory formation with regard to time-of-day, a variable known to influence memory. Fifty-eight participants were tested in a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner twice. The results of an Independent Component Analysis revealed encoding-related activity of the medial visual network preceding correct recognition of positive probes and correct rejection of lure probes. The engagement of this network preceding false alarms was not observed. We also explored if diurnal rhythmicity influences working memory processes. Diurnal differences were seen in the default mode network and the medial visual network with lower deactivation in the evening hours. The GLM results showed greater activation of the right lingual gyrus, part of the visual cortex and the left cerebellum in the evening. The study offers new insight into the mechanisms associated with false memories, suggesting that deficient engagement of the medial visual network during the memorization phase of a task results in short-term memory distortions. The results shed new light on the dynamics of working memory processes by taking into account the effect of time-of-day on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Ceglarek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Olszewska
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Anna Sobczak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bohaterewicz
- grid.433893.60000 0001 2184 0541Department of Psychology of Individual Differences, Psychological Diagnosis and Psychometrics, Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostrogorska
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Chair of Radiology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patricia Reuter-Lorenz
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Koryna Lewandowska
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sikora-Wachowicz
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Halszka Oginska
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Marek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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11
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Task-dependent fractal patterns of information processing in working memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17866. [PMID: 36284105 PMCID: PMC9596406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied detrended fluctuation analysis, power spectral density, and eigenanalysis of detrended cross-correlations to investigate fMRI data representing a diurnal variation of working memory in four visual tasks: two verbal and two nonverbal. We show that the degree of fractal scaling is regionally dependent on the engagement in cognitive tasks. A particularly apparent difference was found between memorisation in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Furthermore, the detrended cross-correlations between brain areas were predominantly indicative of differences between resting state and other tasks, between memorisation and retrieval, and between verbal and nonverbal tasks. The fractal and spectral analyses presented in our study are consistent with previous research related to visuospatial and verbal information processing, working memory (encoding and retrieval), and executive functions, but they were found to be more sensitive than Pearson correlations and showed the potential to obtain other subtler results. We conclude that regionally dependent cognitive task engagement can be distinguished based on the fractal characteristics of BOLD signals and their detrended cross-correlation structure.
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12
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Shao X, Liu W, Guo Y, Zhu B. Age Effects on Neural Discriminability and Monitoring Process During Memory Retrieval for Auditory Words. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:884993. [PMID: 35928997 PMCID: PMC9343999 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.884993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After hearing a list of words (e.g., dream, awake, and bed), older adults tended to have more difficulty than younger adults in distinguishing targets (e.g., dream) from lures (e.g., sleep) and foils (e.g., pen) in a visual recognition test. Age-related reduction in neural discriminability in the visual cortex has been linked to deficits in memory discriminability of pictures. However, no study has examined age differences in auditory discrimination and prefrontal monitoring during true and false memory retrieval after hearing words. The current study used a visual recognition test following an auditory study of words and showed that older adults had lower true recognition and higher propensity for high-confidence false recognition compared to young adults. Using classification-based multivariate pattern analysis for functional neuroimaging data during memory retrieval, we found that neural activation patterns in the primary auditory cortex could be used to distinguish between auditorily-studied targets and unstudied lures in young adults, but not in older adults. Moreover, prefrontal monitoring for lures was weaker in older adults as compared to young adults. Individual differences analysis showed that neural discriminability in the primary auditory cortex was positively related to true recognition, whereas prefrontal activation for lures was negatively related to the propensity for high-confidence false recognition in young adults but not in older adults. Together, age differences in true and false memories following auditory study are associated with reduced neural discriminability in the primary auditory cortex and reduced prefrontal monitoring during retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Education, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bi Zhu
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13
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Shao X, Chen C, Loftus EF, Xue G, Zhu B. Dynamic changes in neural representations underlie the repetition effect on false memory. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119442. [PMID: 35788042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Restudying word lists (e.g., dream, awake, and bed) strengthens true memory of the studied words and reduces false memory for unstudied but semantically related lures (e.g., sleep). Yet, the neural mechanisms involved in this repetition effect on false memory remain unclear. Possible mechanisms involve item-specific and semantic neural representations at encoding, and the memory strength between encoding and retrieval. This study first replicated the behavioral results (Exp. 1) and then investigated various neural mechanisms by using slow event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and representational similarity analysis (Exp. 2). Behavioral results confirmed that restudy improved true memory and reduced false memory. The fMRI results showed that restudy induced item-specific neural representations at encoding in the left occipital pole, but reduced neural overlap between semantic representations at encoding in the left temporal pole. Individual differences in these two encoding neural mechanisms were correlated with the behavioral measure of false memory, with greater restudy-induced representational changes at encoding (item-specific neural representations and reduced neural overlap between semantic representations) being associated with lower false memory. Moreover, restudy enhanced the memory strength between encoding and retrieval in the visuoparietal cortex but reduced it in the frontal cortex. These findings suggest that dynamic changes in neural representations underlie the repetition effect on false memory, supporting a dual-coding neural framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Elizabeth F Loftus
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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14
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Dennis NA, Overman AA, Carpenter CM, Gerver CR. Understanding associative false memories in aging using multivariate analyses. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:500-525. [PMID: 35147489 PMCID: PMC9162130 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2037500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Age-related declines in associative memory are ubiquitous, with decreases in behavioral discriminability largely arising from increases in false memories for recombined lures. Using representational similarity analyses to examine the neural basis of associative false memories in aging, the current study found that neural pattern similarity between Hits and FAs and Hits and CRs differed as a function of age in occipital ROIs, such that older adults exhibited a smaller difference between the two similarity metrics than did younger adults. Additionally, greater Hit-FA representational similarity correlated with increases in associative FAs across several ROIs. Results suggest that while neural representations underlying targets may not differ across ages, greater pattern similarity between the neural representation of targets and lures may reflect reduced distinctiveness of the information encoded in memory, such that old and new items are more difficult to discriminate, leading to more false alarms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | | | - Courtney R. Gerver
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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15
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Dennis N, Koen J. Introduction to the special issue: advances in understanding the cognitive neuroscience of aging with multivariate methods. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:367-374. [PMID: 35343386 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2044447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dennis
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Koen
- Department of Psychology, Notre Dame University, Cotabato City, Philippines
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16
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Palamarchuk IS, Vaillancourt T. Integrative Brain Dynamics in Childhood Bullying Victimization: Cognitive and Emotional Convergence Associated With Stress Psychopathology. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:782154. [PMID: 35573445 PMCID: PMC9097078 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.782154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullying victimization is a form of psychological stress that is associated with poor outcomes in the areas of mental health and learning. Although the emotional maladjustment and memory impairment following interpersonal stress are well documented, the mechanisms of complex cerebral dysfunctions have neither been outlined nor studied in depth in the context of childhood bullying victimization. As a contribution to the cross-disciplinary field of developmental psychology and neuroscience, we review the neuropathophysiology of early life stress, as well as general psychological stress to synthesize the data and clarify the versatile dynamics within neuronal networks linked to bullying victimization. The stress-induced neuropsychological cascade and associated cerebral networks with a focus on cognitive and emotional convergence are described. The main findings are that stress-evoked neuroendocrine reactivity relates to neuromodulation and limbic dysregulation that hinder emotion processing and executive functioning such as semantic cognition, cognitive flexibility, and learning. Developmental aspects and interacting neural mechanisms linked to distressed cognitive and emotional processing are pinpointed and potential theory-of-mind nuances in targets of bullying are presented. The results show that childhood stress psychopathology is associated with a complex interplay where the major role belongs to, but is not limited to, the amygdala, fusiform gyrus, insula, striatum, and prefrontal cortex. This interplay contributes to the sensitivity toward facial expressions, poor cognitive reasoning, and distress that affect behavioral modulation and emotion regulation. We integrate the data on major brain dynamics in stress neuroactivity that can be associated with childhood psychopathology to help inform future studies that are focused on the treatment and prevention of psychiatric disorders and learning problems in bullied children and adolescents.
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17
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Neural spatio-temporal patterns of information processing related to cognitive conflict and correct or false recognitions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5271. [PMID: 35347195 PMCID: PMC8960838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a visual short-term memory task and employing a new methodological approach, we analyzed neural responses from the perspective of the conflict level and correctness/erroneous over a longer time window. Sixty-five participants performed the short-term memory task in the fMRI scanner. We explore neural spatio-temporal patterns of information processing in the context of correct or erroneous response and high or low level of cognitive conflict using classical fMRI analysis, surface-based cortical data, temporal analysis of interpolated mean activations, and machine learning classifiers. Our results provide evidence that information processing dynamics during the retrieval process vary depending on the correct or false recognition—for stimuli inducing a high level of cognitive conflict and erroneous response, information processing is prolonged. The observed phenomenon may be interpreted as the manifestation of the brain’s preparation for future goal-directed action.
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18
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Toglia MP, Schmuller J, Surprenant BG, Hooper KC, DeMeo NN, Wallace BL. Novel Approaches and Cognitive Neuroscience Perspectives on False Memory and Deception. Front Psychol 2022; 13:721961. [PMID: 35386904 PMCID: PMC8979290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.721961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) paradigm produces robust false memories of non-presented critical words. After studying a thematic word list (e.g., bed, rest, and pillow) participants falsely remember the critical item "sleep." We report two false memory experiments. Study One introduces a novel use of the lexical decision task (LDT) to prime critical words. Participants see two letter-strings and make timed responses indicating whether they are both words. The word pairs Night-Bed and Dream-Thweeb both prime "sleep" but only one pair contains two words. Our primary purpose is to introduce this new methodology via two pilot experiments. The results, considered preliminary, are promising as they indicate that participants were as likely to recognize critical words (false memories) and presented words (true memories) just as when studying thematic lists. Study Two actually employs the standard DRM lists so that semantic priming is in play there as well. The second study, however, uses functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure activity in the prefrontal cortex during a DRM task which includes a deception phase where participants intentionally lie about critical lures. False and true memories occurred at high levels and activated many of the same brain regions but, compared to true memories, cortical activity was higher for false memories and lies. Accuracy findings are accompanied by confidence and reaction time results. Both investigations suggest that it is difficult to distinguish accurate from inaccurate memories. We explain results in terms of activation-monitoring theory and Fuzzy Trace Theory. We provide real world implications and suggest extending the present research to varying age groups and special populations. A nagging question has not been satisfactorily answered: Could neural pathways exist that signal the presence of false memories and lies? Answering this question will require imaging experiments that focus on regions of distinction such as the anterior prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Toglia
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Joseph Schmuller
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Katherine C. Hooper
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Natasha N. DeMeo
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Brett L. Wallace
- School of Psychology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
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19
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Age-related differences in encoding-retrieval similarity and their relationship to false memory. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 113:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Memory serves critical functions in everyday life, but it is also vulnerable to error and illusion. Two decades ago, I proposed that memory errors could be classified into seven basic categories or "sins": transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence. I argued that each of the seven sins provides important insights concerning the fundamentally constructive nature of human memory, while at the same time reflecting its adaptive features. In this article I briefly summarise some key developments during the past two decades that have increased our understanding of the nature, consequences, and adaptive functions of the memory sins.
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21
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Ceglarek A, Ochab JK, Cifre I, Fafrowicz M, Sikora-Wachowicz B, Lewandowska K, Bohaterewicz B, Marek T, Chialvo DR. Non-linear Functional Brain Co-activations in Short-Term Memory Distortion Tasks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:778242. [PMID: 34924944 PMCID: PMC8678091 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent works shed light on the neural correlates of true and false recognition and the influence of time of day on cognitive performance. The current study aimed to investigate the modulation of the false memory formation by the time of day using a non-linear correlation analysis originally designed for fMRI resting-state data. Fifty-four young and healthy participants (32 females, mean age: 24.17 ± 3.56 y.o.) performed in MR scanner the modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm in short-term memory during one session in the morning and another in the evening. Subjects’ responses were modeled with a general linear model, which includes as a predictor the non-linear correlations of regional BOLD activity with the stimuli, separately for encoding and retrieval phases. The results show the dependence of the non-linear correlations measures with the time of day and the type of the probe. In addition, the results indicate differences in the correlations measures with hippocampal regions between positive and lure probes. Besides confirming previous results on the influence of time-of-day on cognitive performance, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of the non-linear correlation analysis method for the characterization of fMRI task paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ceglarek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jeremi K Ochab
- M. Kac Complex Systems Research Center and M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ignacio Cifre
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències l'Educació i de l'Esport, Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sikora-Wachowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Koryna Lewandowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bohaterewicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Marek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences (CEMSC3), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas (ICIFI), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Alonso MA, Díez-Álamo AM, Gómez-Ariza CJ, Díez E, Fernandez A. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right Anterior Temporal Lobe Does Not Modulate False Recognition. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718118. [PMID: 34603142 PMCID: PMC8484642 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) has been shown to cause a reduction in the rate of false memories with semantically related words. Such a reduction seems to be specific to false memories induced by the study of associative lists, but is not observed when the studied lists are categorical in nature. These findings are interpreted as evidence that the left ATL functions as an integration hub that is crucial for the binding of semantic information into coherent representations of concepts. In order to investigate whether the right ATL might also contribute to semantic integration in the processing of verbal associative material, a follow-up tDCS study was conducted with the stimulation at study lateralized on the right ATL. A sample of 75 undergraduate students participated in an experiment in which they studied 8 associative lists and 8 categorical lists. One third of the participants studied all their word lists under anodal stimulation, another third studied under cathodal stimulation and the other third under sham stimulation. Results showed that stimulation of the right ATL by tDCS does not modulate false recognition for either association-related critical words or category-related critical words. These results provide preliminary support to views positing asymmetric connectivity between the anterior temporal lobes and the semantic representational network, and provide evidence for understanding bilateral brain dynamics and the nature of semantically induced memory distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Institute on Community Integration (INICO), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio M Díez-Álamo
- Institute on Community Integration (INICO), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Emiliano Díez
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Institute on Community Integration (INICO), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angel Fernandez
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Institute on Community Integration (INICO), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Sikora-Wachowicz B, Keresztes A, Werkle-Bergner M, Lewandowska K, Marek T, Fafrowicz M. False recognitions in short-term memory - Age-differences in neural activity. Brain Cogn 2021; 151:105728. [PMID: 33882403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While the knowledge on age-related differences in susceptibility to episodic false memories is extensive, little is known about this phenomenon in visual short-term memory (STM). Our previous behavioural research indicated that older adults are more confident of their erroneous STM recognitions than young adults. However, unlike in episodic memory, we did not find support for older adults' higher rate of false alarms. To further understand this specific age-difference, here we investigated its neural correlates. First, the pattern of behavioural results replicated the one from our previous experiment. Second, younger adults, when compared to older adults, exhibited higher false recognition-related activity of the visual cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal operculum/insular cortex as well as regions within the anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. No age-differences were observed in hippocampal activity. Third, younger but not older adults presented higher activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontal operculum/insular cortex for false recognitions when compared to highly confident correct rejections. Finally, frontal activity was influenced by both the individuals' performance and their metacognitive abilities. The results suggest that age-related differences in confidence of STM false recognitions may arise from age-differences in performance monitoring and uncertainty processing rather than in hippocampal-mediated binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sikora-Wachowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Keresztes
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Kazinczy u. 23-27, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Lewandowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Marek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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24
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Chamberlain JD, Turney IC, Goodman JT, Hakun JG, Dennis NA. Fornix white matter microstructure differentially predicts false recollection rates in older and younger adults. Neuropsychologia 2021; 157:107848. [PMID: 33838146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by increased false remembering in addition to reduced successful remembering in older adults. Neuroimaging studies implicate age-related differences in the involvement of medial temporal lobe and fronto-parietal regions in mediating highly confident false recollection. However, no studies have directly examined the relationship between white matter microstructure and false recollection in younger and older adults. Using diffusion-weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography, we examined how white matter microstructure within tracts connecting the hippocampus and the fronto-parietal retrieval network contribute to false recollection rates in healthy younger and older adults. We found only white matter microstructure within the fornix contributed to false recollection rates, and this relationship was specific to older adults. Fornix white matter microstructure did not contribute to true recollection rate, nor did common white matter contribute to false recollection, suggesting fornix microstructure is explicitly associated with highly confident false memories in our sample of older adults. These findings underlie the importance of examining microstructural correlates associated with false recollection in younger and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Chamberlain
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Indira C Turney
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Columbia Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan T Goodman
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan G Hakun
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nancy A Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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25
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Carpenter AC, Thakral PP, Preston AR, Schacter DL. Reinstatement of item-specific contextual details during retrieval supports recombination-related false memories. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118033. [PMID: 33836273 PMCID: PMC8375312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible retrieval mechanisms that allow us to infer relationships across events may also lead to memory errors or distortion when details of one event are misattributed to the related event. Here, we tested how making successful inferences alters representation of overlapping events, leading to false memories. Participants encoded overlapping associations ('AB' and 'BC'), each of which was superimposed on different indoor and outdoor scenes that were pre-exposed prior to associative learning. Participants were subsequently tested on both the directly learned pairs ('AB' and 'BC') and inferred relationships across pairs ('AC'). We predicted that when people make a correct inference, features associated with overlapping events may become integrated in memory. To test this hypothesis, participants completed a final detailed retrieval test, in which they had to recall the scene associated with initially learned 'AB' pairs (or 'BC' pairs). We found that the outcome of inference decisions impacted the degree to which neural patterns elicited during detailed 'AB' retrieval reflected reinstatement of the scene associated with the overlapping 'BC' event. After successful inference, neural patterns in the anterior hippocampus, posterior medial prefrontal cortex, and our content-reinstatement region (left inferior temporal gyrus) were more similar to the overlapping, yet incorrect 'BC' context relative to after unsuccessful inference. Further, greater hippocampal activity during inference was associated with greater reinstatement of the incorrect, overlapping context in our content-reinstatement region, which in turn tracked contextual misattributions during detailed retrieval. These results suggest recombining memories during successful inference can lead to misattribution of contextual details across related events, resulting in false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Carpenter
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Preston P Thakral
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, United States
| | - Alison R Preston
- Center for Learning and Memory and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Daniel L Schacter
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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26
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Srokova S, Hill PF, Elward RL, Rugg MD. Effects of age on goal-dependent modulation of episodic memory retrieval. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 102:73-88. [PMID: 33765433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval gating refers to the ability to modulate the retrieval of features of a single memory episode according to behavioral goals. Recent findings demonstrate that younger adults engage retrieval gating by attenuating the representation of task-irrelevant features of an episode. Here, we examine whether retrieval gating varies with age. Younger and older adults incidentally encoded words superimposed over scenes or scrambled backgrounds that were displayed in one of three spatial locations. Participants subsequently underwent fMRI as they completed two memory tasks: the background task, which tested memory for the word's background, and the location task, testing memory for the word's location. Employing univariate and multivariate approaches, we demonstrated that younger, but not older adults, exhibited attenuated reinstatement of scene information when it was goal-irrelevant (during the location task). Additionally, in younger adults only, the strength of scene reinstatement in the parahippocampal place area during the background task was related to item and source memory performance. Together, these findings point to an age-related decline in the ability to engage retrieval gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Srokova
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Paul F Hill
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Rachael L Elward
- School of Applied Sciences, Division of Psychology, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Chen S, Xu W, Xue C, Hu G, Ma W, Qi W, Dong L, Lin X, Chen J. Voxelwise Meta-Analysis of Gray Matter Abnormalities in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline Using Activation Likelihood Estimation. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1495-1512. [PMID: 32925061 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Voxel-based morphometry studies have not yielded consistent results among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Objective: Therefore, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of gray matter (GM) abnormalities acquired from these studies to determine their respective neuroanatomical changes. Methods: We systematically searched for voxel-based whole-brain morphometry studies that compared MCI or SCD subjects with healthy controls in PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. We used the coordinate-based method of activation likelihood estimation to determine GM changes in SCD, MCI, and MCI sub-groups (amnestic MCI and non-amnestic MCI). Results: A total of 45 studies were included in our meta-analysis. In the MCI group, we found structural atrophy of the bilateral hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), amygdala, right lateral globus pallidus, right insula, and left middle temporal gyrus. The aMCI group exhibited GM atrophy in the bilateral hippocampus, PHG, and amygdala. The naMCI group presented with structural atrophy in the right putamen, right insula, right precentral gyrus, left medial/superior frontal gyrus, and left anterior cingulate. The right lingual gyrus, right cuneus, and left medial frontal gyrus were atrophic GM regions in the SCD group. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis identified unique patterns of neuroanatomical alternations in both the MCI and SCD group. Structural changes in SCD patients provide new evidence for the notion that subtle impairment of visual function, perception, and cognition may be related to early signs of cognitive impairment. In addition, our findings provide a foundation for future targeted interventions at different stages of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanjie Hu
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenying Ma
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenzhang Qi
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjian Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Protecting memory from misinformation: Warnings modulate cortical reinstatement during memory retrieval. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22771-22779. [PMID: 32868423 PMCID: PMC7502729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008595117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to misleading information can distort memory for past events (misinformation effect). Here, we show that providing individuals with a simple warning about the threat of misinformation significantly reduces the misinformation effect, regardless of whether warnings are provided proactively (before exposure to misinformation) or retroactively (after exposure to misinformation). In the brain, this protective effect of warning is associated with increased reactivation of sensory regions associated with the original event and decreased reactivation of sensory regions associated with the misleading information. These findings reveal that warnings can protect memory from misinformation by modulating reconstructive processes at the time of memory retrieval and have important practical implications for improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony as well as everyday memory reports. Exposure to even subtle forms of misleading information can significantly alter memory for past events. Memory distortion due to misinformation has been linked to faulty reconstructive processes during memory retrieval and the reactivation of brain regions involved in the initial encoding of misleading details (cortical reinstatement). The current study investigated whether warning participants about the threat of misinformation can modulate cortical reinstatement during memory retrieval and reduce misinformation errors. Participants watched a silent video depicting a crime (original event) and were given an initial test of memory for the crime details. Then, participants listened to an auditory narrative describing the crime in which some original details were altered (misinformation). Importantly, participants who received a warning about the reliability of the auditory narrative either before or after exposure to misinformation demonstrated less susceptibility to misinformation on a final test of memory compared to unwarned participants. Warned and unwarned participants also demonstrated striking differences in neural activity during the final memory test. Compared to participants who did not receive a warning, participants who received a warning (regardless of its timing) demonstrated increased activity in visual regions associated with the original source of information as well as decreased activity in auditory regions associated with the misleading source of information. Stronger visual reactivation was associated with reduced susceptibility to misinformation, whereas stronger auditory reactivation was associated with increased susceptibility to misinformation. Together, these results suggest that a simple warning can modulate reconstructive processes during memory retrieval and reduce memory errors due to misinformation.
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Lau JMH, Rashid AJ, Jacob AD, Frankland PW, Schacter DL, Josselyn SA. The role of neuronal excitability, allocation to an engram and memory linking in the behavioral generation of a false memory in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 174:107284. [PMID: 32745601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Memory is a constructive, not reproductive, process that is prone to errors. Errors in memory, though, may originate from normally adaptive memory processes. At the extreme of memory distortion is falsely "remembering" an event that did not occur. False memories are well-studied in cognitive psychology, but have received relatively less attention in neuroscience. Here, we took advantage of mechanistic insights into how neurons are allocated or recruited into an engram (memory trace) to generate a false memory in mice using only behavioral manipulations. At the time of an event, neurons compete for allocation to an engram supporting the memory for this event; neurons with higher excitability win this competition (Han et al., 2007). Even after the event, these allocated "engram neurons" remain temporarily (~6 h) more excitable than neighboring neurons. Should a similar event occur in this 6 h period of heightened engram neuron excitability, an overlapping population of neurons will be co-allocated to this second engram, which serves to functionally link the two memories (Rashid et al., 2016). Here, we applied this principle of co-allocation and found that mice develop a false fear memory to a neutral stimulus if exposed to this stimulus shortly (3 h), but not a longer time (24 h), after cued fear conditioning. Similar to co-allocation, the generation of this false memory depended on the post-training excitability of engram neurons such that these neurons remained more excitable during exposure to the neutral stimulus at 3 h but not 24 h. Optogenetically silencing engram neurons 3 h after cued fear conditioning impaired formation of a false fear memory to the neutral stimulus, while optogenetically activating engram neurons 24 h after cued fear conditioning created a false fear memory. These results suggest that some false memories may originate from normally adaptive mnemonic processes such as neuronal excitability-dependent allocation and memory linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M H Lau
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Asim J Rashid
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X9, Canada; Dept. of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Alexander D Jacob
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X9, Canada; Dept. of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | | | - Sheena A Josselyn
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X9, Canada; Dept. of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Brain, Mind & Consciousness Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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van Kesteren MTR, Meeter M. How to optimize knowledge construction in the brain. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2020; 5:5. [PMID: 32655882 PMCID: PMC7339924 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-020-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Well-structured knowledge allows us to quickly understand the world around us and make informed decisions to adequately control behavior. Knowledge structures, or schemas, are presumed to aid memory encoding and consolidation of new experiences so we cannot only remember the past, but also guide behavior in the present and predict the future. However, very strong schemas can also lead to unwanted side effects such as false memories and misconceptions. To overcome this overreliance on a schema, we should aim to create robust schemas that are on the one hand strong enough to help to remember and predict, but also malleable enough to avoid such undesirable side effects. This raises the question as to whether there are ways to deliberately influence knowledge construction processes, with the goal to reach such optimally balanced schemas. Here, we will discuss how the mnemonic processes in our brains build long-term knowledge and, more specifically, how different phases of memory formation (encoding, consolidation, retrieval, and reconsolidation) contribute to this schema build-up. We finally provide ways how to best keep a balance between generalized semantic and detailed episodic memories, which can prove very useful in, e.g., educational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke Tina Renée van Kesteren
- Section of Education Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Meeter
- Section of Education Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mahr JB. The dimensions of episodic simulation. Cognition 2020; 196:104085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mahr JB, Csibra G. Witnessing, Remembering, and Testifying: Why the Past Is Special for Human Beings. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:428-443. [PMID: 31961781 PMCID: PMC7059205 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619879167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past is undeniably special for human beings. To a large extent, both individuals and collectives define themselves through history. Moreover, humans seem to have a special way of cognitively representing the past: episodic memory. As opposed to other ways of representing knowledge, remembering the past in episodic memory brings with it the ability to become a witness. Episodic memory allows us to determine what of our knowledge about the past comes from our own experience and thereby what parts of the past we can give testimony about. In this article, we aim to give an account of the special status of the past by asking why humans have developed the ability to give testimony about it. We argue that the past is special for human beings because it is regularly, and often principally, the only thing that can determine present social realities such as commitments, entitlements, and obligations. Because the social effects of the past often do not leave physical traces behind, remembering the past and the ability to bear testimony it brings is necessary for coordinating social realities with other individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B. Mahr
- Department of Cognitive Science,
Cognitive Development Center, Central European University
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Philosophy, Harvard
University
| | - Gergely Csibra
- Department of Cognitive Science,
Cognitive Development Center, Central European University
- Department of Psychological Sciences,
Birkbeck, University of London
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Cortical Overlap and Cortical-Hippocampal Interactions Predict Subsequent True and False Memory. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1920-1930. [PMID: 31974208 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1766-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The declarative memory system allows us to accurately recognize a countless number of items and events, particularly those strengthened by repeated exposure. However, increased familiarity due to repetition can also lead to false recognition of related but new items, particularly when mechanisms supporting fine-grain mnemonic discrimination fail. The hippocampus is thought to be particularly important in separating overlapping cortical inputs during encoding so that similar experiences can be differentiated. In the current study of male and female human subjects, we examine how neural pattern similarity between repeated exemplars of a given concept (e.g., apple) influences true and false memory for target or lure images. Consistent with past work, we found that subsequent true recognition was related to pattern similarity between concept exemplars and the entire encoding set (global encoding similarity), particularly in ventral visual stream. In addition, memory for an individual target exemplar (a specific apple) could be predicted solely by the degree of pattern overlap between the other exemplars (different apple pictures) of that concept (concept-specific encoding similarity). Critically, subsequent false memory for lures was mitigated when high concept-specific similarity in cortical areas was accompanied by differentiated hippocampal representations of the corresponding exemplars. Furthermore, both true and false memory entailed the reinstatement of concept-related information at varying levels of specificity. These results link both true and false memory to a measure of concept strength expressed in the overlap of cortical representations, and importantly, illustrate how the hippocampus serves to separate concurrent cortical overlap in the service of detailed memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In some instances, the same processes that help promote memory for a general idea or concept can also hinder more detailed memory judgments, which may involve differentiating between closely related items. The current study shows that increased overlap in cortical representations for conceptually-related pictures is associated with increased recognition of repeated concept pictures. Whether similar lure items were falsely remembered as old further depended on the hippocampus, where the presence of more distinct representations protected against later false memory. This work suggests that the differentiability of brain patterns during perception is related to the differentiability of items in memory, but that fine-grain discrimination depends on the interaction between cortex and hippocampus.
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Chen YH, Cheng HP, Lu YW, Lee PH, Northoff G, Yen NS. Can knowledge of election results change recall of our predictions? Neural correlates of political hindsight bias. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220690. [PMID: 31600216 PMCID: PMC6786518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindsight bias (HB) is the tendency to retrospectively exaggerate one’s foresight knowledge about the outcome of an event. Cognitive processes influenced by newly obtained outcome information are used to explain the HB phenomenon, but the neural correlates remain unknown. This study investigated HB in the context of election results using a memory design and functional magnetic resonance imaging for the first time. Participants were asked to predict and recall the percentage of votes obtained by (pairs of) candidates before and after an election. The results revealed that 88% of participants showed HB by recalling that their predictions were closer to the actual outcomes than they really were; and participants had HB for 38% of the events. The HB effect was associated with activation in the medial superior frontal gyrus and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which have been implicated in updating an old belief due to new information and is similar to the process of reconstruction bias. Furthermore, participants with a greater HB effect showed greater activation of the left IFG. In conclusion, we successfully observed the HB phenomenon in election results, and our imaging results suggested that the HB phenomenon might involve reconstruction bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hua Chen
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Po Cheng
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lu
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hong Lee
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Georg Northoff
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (CBBD), Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (N-SY); (GN)
| | - Nai-Shing Yen
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (N-SY); (GN)
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Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lewandowska K, Gągol A, Sikora-Wachowicz B, Marek T, Fąfrowicz M. Saying “yes” when you want to say “no” - pupil dilation reflects evidence accumulation in a visual working memory recognition task. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 139:18-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhu B, Chen C, Shao X, Liu W, Ye Z, Zhuang L, Zheng L, Loftus EF, Xue G. Multiple interactive memory representations underlie the induction of false memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3466-3475. [PMID: 30765524 PMCID: PMC6397536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817925116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical and computational models such as transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) and global matching models have emphasized the encoding-retrieval interaction of memory representations in generating false memories, but relevant neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. By manipulating the sensory modalities (visual and auditory) at different processing stages (learning and test) in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott task, we found that the auditory-learning visual-test (AV) group produced more false memories (59%) than the other three groups (42∼44%) [i.e., visual learning visual test (VV), auditory learning auditory test (AA), and visual learning auditory test (VA)]. Functional imaging results showed that the AV group's proneness to false memories was associated with (i) reduced representational match between the tested item and all studied items in the visual cortex, (ii) weakened prefrontal monitoring process due to the reliance on frontal memory signal for both targets and lures, and (iii) enhanced neural similarity for semantically related words in the temporal pole as a result of auditory learning. These results are consistent with the predictions based on the TAP and global matching models and highlight the complex interactions of representations during encoding and retrieval in distributed brain regions that contribute to false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Xuhao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Elizabeth F Loftus
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Veselis RA. Complexities of human memory: relevance to anaesthetic practice. Br J Anaesth 2019; 121:210-218. [PMID: 29935575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of anaesthetic actions on memory have largely focused on easily definable aspects of episodic memory, with emphasis on particular drug interactions on specific memory processes. However, the memory landscape of the perioperative experience includes many facets that lie outside these conceptualisations. These include patient recall of preoperative conversations, patient beliefs regarding allergies and unusual/uncommon anaesthetic events, memories of awareness, and particularly vivid dreams during anaesthesia. In no small part, memories are influenced by a patient's interpretations of events in light of their own belief systems. From the practitioner's point of view, relating fully to the patient's experience requires some framework of understanding. The purpose of this review is to highlight research over the previous decades on belief systems and their interactions with autobiographical memory, which organises episodic memories into a personally relevant narrative. As a result, memory is a set of continuously malleable processes, and is best described as a (re)constructive rather than photographic instantiation. Belief systems are separate but closely interacting processes with autobiographical memory. The interaction of a constantly evolving set of memories with belief systems can explain phenomena such as illusions, distortions, and (re)constructions of factitious events. How anaesthetics and our patient interactions influence these behaviours, and vice versa, will be important questions to explore and define with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Veselis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Sleep and mindfulness meditation as they relate to false memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:1084-1111. [PMID: 30244286 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By a systematic analysis of the current literature, we compare two states of sleep and meditation in terms of their role in the formation or suppression of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory. We aim to suggest that the occurrence of false memory under these two states is a result of reinforcing some abilities and changes in cognitive systems which can ultimately improve some aspects of cognitive functions. In our analogy, we propose that: (1) both sleep and meditation may improve source monitoring ability whose failure is one of the most important mechanisms in producing false memories, and (2) despite improvement in source monitoring ability, adaptive cognitive processes, as mechanisms which are common in sleep and meditation, can still produce false memories. In conclusion, we propose that in spite of their contribution to false memory through adaptive processes, the beneficial role of sleep and meditation in cognition may be more prominent than their harmful role.
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Kim H. Parietal control network activation during memory tasks may be associated with the co-occurrence of externally and internally directed cognition: A cross-function meta-analysis. Brain Res 2018; 1683:55-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Müller VI, Cieslik EC, Laird AR, Fox PT, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Tench CR, Yarkoni T, Nichols TE, Turkeltaub PE, Wager TD, Eickhoff SB. Ten simple rules for neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:151-161. [PMID: 29180258 PMCID: PMC5918306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging has evolved into a widely used method to investigate the functional neuroanatomy, brain-behaviour relationships, and pathophysiology of brain disorders, yielding a literature of more than 30,000 papers. With such an explosion of data, it is increasingly difficult to sift through the literature and distinguish spurious from replicable findings. Furthermore, due to the large number of studies, it is challenging to keep track of the wealth of findings. A variety of meta-analytical methods (coordinate-based and image-based) have been developed to help summarise and integrate the vast amount of data arising from neuroimaging studies. However, the field lacks specific guidelines for the conduct of such meta-analyses. Based on our combined experience, we propose best-practice recommendations that researchers from multiple disciplines may find helpful. In addition, we provide specific guidelines and a checklist that will hopefully improve the transparency, traceability, replicability and reporting of meta-analytical results of neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika I Müller
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Institute of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Institute of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Research Service, South Texas Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Joaquim Radua
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher R Tench
- (CRT) Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tal Yarkoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Manufactoring Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E Turkeltaub
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Institute of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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44
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Abstract
For some years, the DRM illusion has been the most widely studied form of false memory. The consensus theoretical interpretation is that the illusion is a reality reversal, in which certain new words (critical distractors) are remembered as though they are old list words rather than as what they are-new words that are similar to old ones. This reality-reversal interpretation is supported by compelling lines of evidence, but prior experiments are limited by the fact that their memory tests only asked whether test items were old. We removed that limitation by also asking whether test items were new-similar. This more comprehensive methodology revealed that list words and critical distractors are remembered quite differently. Memory for list words is compensatory: They are remembered as old at high rates and remembered as new-similar at very low rates. In contrast, memory for critical distractors is complementary: They are remembered as both old and new-similar at high rates, which means that the DRM procedure induces a complementarity illusion rather than a reality reversal. The conjoint recognition model explains complementarity as a function of three retrieval processes (semantic familiarity, target recollection, and context recollection), and it predicts that complementarity can be driven up or down by varying the mix of those processes. Our experiments generated data on that prediction and introduced a convenient statistic, the complementarity ratio, which measures (a) the level of complementarity in memory performance and (b) whether its direction is reality-consistent or reality-reversed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
| | - V F Reyna
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
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45
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Dennis NA, Turney IC. The influence of perceptual similarity and individual differences on false memories in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:221-230. [PMID: 29190526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous false memory research has suggested that older adults' false memories are based on an overreliance on gist processing in the absence of item-specific details. Yet, false memory studies have rarely taken into consideration the precise role of item-item similarity on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying perceptual false memories in older adults. In addition, work in our laboratory has suggested that when investigating the neural basis of false memories in older adults, it is equally as critical to take into account interindividual variability in behavior. With both factors in mind, the present study was the first to examine how both controlled, systematic differences in perceptual relatedness between targets and lures and individual differences in true and false recognition contribute to the neural basis of both true and false memories in older adults. Results suggest that between-subject variability in memory performance modulates neural activity in key regions associated with false memories in aging, whereas systematic differences in perceptual similarity did not modulate neural activity associated with false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Dennis
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Indira C Turney
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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46
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Connaissances et croyances des psychologues et psychiatres experts judiciaires concernant le fonctionnement de la mémoire. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503317000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Remembering verbally-presented items as pictures: Brain activity underlying visual mental images in schizophrenia patients with visual hallucinations. Cortex 2017; 94:113-122. [PMID: 28746902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that visual hallucinations in schizophrenia consist of mental images mistaken for percepts due to failure of the reality-monitoring processes. However, the neural substrates that underpin such dysfunction are currently unknown. We conducted a brain imaging study to investigate the role of visual mental imagery in visual hallucinations. METHOD Twenty-three patients with schizophrenia and 26 healthy participants were administered a reality-monitoring task whilst undergoing an fMRI protocol. At the encoding phase, a mixture of pictures of common items and labels designating common items were presented. On the memory test, participants were requested to remember whether a picture of the item had been presented or merely its label. RESULTS Visual hallucination scores were associated with a liberal response bias reflecting propensity to erroneously remember pictures of the items that had in fact been presented as words. At encoding, patients with visual hallucinations differentially activated the right fusiform gyrus when processing the words they later remembered as pictures, which suggests the formation of visual mental images. On the memory test, the whole patient group activated the anterior cingulate and medial superior frontal gyrus when falsely remembering pictures. However, no differential activation was observed in patients with visual hallucinations, whereas in the healthy sample, the production of visual mental images at encoding led to greater activation of a fronto-parietal decisional network on the memory test. CONCLUSIONS Visual hallucinations are associated with enhanced visual imagery and possibly with a failure of the reality-monitoring processes that enable discrimination between imagined and perceived events.
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48
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Dodier O, Payoux M. Connaissances et croyances des psychologues et psychiatres experts judiciaires concernant le fonctionnement de la mémoire. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.172.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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49
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Karanian JM, Slotnick SD. False memory for context and true memory for context similarly activate the parahippocampal cortex. Cortex 2017; 91:79-88. [PMID: 28318498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of the parahippocampal cortex is currently a topic of debate. One view posits that the parahippocampal cortex specifically processes spatial layouts and sensory details (i.e., the visual-spatial processing view). In contrast, the other view posits that the parahippocampal cortex more generally processes spatial and non-spatial contexts (i.e., the general contextual processing view). A large number of studies have found that true memories activate the parahippocampal cortex to a greater degree than false memories, which would appear to support the visual-spatial processing view as true memories are typically associated with greater visual-spatial detail than false memories. However, in previous studies, contextual details were also greater for true memories than false memories. Thus, such differential activity in the parahippocampal cortex may have reflected differences in contextual processing, which would challenge the visual-spatial processing view. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we employed a source memory paradigm to investigate the functional role of the parahippocampal cortex during true memory and false memory for contextual information to distinguish between the visual-spatial processing view and the general contextual processing view. During encoding, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation. During retrieval, old shapes were presented at fixation and participants indicated whether each shape was previously on the "left" or "right" followed by an "unsure", "sure", or "very sure" confidence rating. The conjunction of confident true memories for context and confident false memories for context produced activity in the parahippocampal cortex, which indicates that this region is associated with contextual processing. Furthermore, the direct contrast of true memory and false memory produced activity in the visual cortex but did not produce activity in the parahippocampal cortex. The present evidence suggests that the parahippocampal cortex is associated with general contextual processing rather than only being associated with visual-spatial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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50
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O'Neill M, Diana RA. The neurocognitive basis of borrowed context information. Cortex 2017; 91:89-100. [PMID: 28219653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Falsely remembered items can be accompanied by episodic context retrieval. This finding is difficult to explain because there is no episode that binds the remembered item to the experimenter-controlled context features. The current study examines the neural correlates of false context retrieval when the context features can be traced to encoding episodes of semantically-similar items. Our neuroimaging results support a "dissociated source" mechanism for context borrowing in false memory. We found that parahippocampal cortex (PHc) activation, thought to indicate context retrieval, was greater during trials that involved context borrowing (an incorrect, but plausible source decision) than during baseline correct context retrieval. In contrast, hippocampal activation, thought to indicate retrieval of an episodic binding, was stronger during correct source retrieval than during context borrowing. Vivid context retrieval during false recollection experiences was also indicated by increased activation in visual perceptual regions for context borrowing as compared to other incorrect source judgments. The pattern of findings suggests that context borrowing can arise when unusually strong activation of a semantically-related item's contextual features drives relatively weak retrieval of the associated episodic binding with failure to confirm the item information within that binding. This dissociated source retrieval mechanism suggests that context-driven episodic retrieval does not necessarily lead to retrieval of specific item details. That is, source information can be retrieved in the absence of item memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan O'Neill
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, United States
| | - Rachel A Diana
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, United States.
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