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Kaestner E, Wu X, Friedman D, Dugan P, Devinsky O, Carlson C, Doyle W, Thesen T, Halgren E. The Precentral Gyrus Contributions to the Early Time-Course of Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 3:18-45. [PMID: 37215328 PMCID: PMC10158576 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As part of silent reading models, visual orthographic information is transduced into an auditory phonological code in a process of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (GPC). This process is often identified with lateral temporal-parietal regions associated with auditory phoneme encoding. However, the role of articulatory phonemic representations and the precentral gyrus in GPC is ambiguous. Though the precentral gyrus is implicated in many functional MRI studies of reading, it is not clear if the time course of activity in this region is consistent with the precentral gyrus being involved in GPC. We recorded cortical electrophysiology during a bimodal match/mismatch task from eight patients with perisylvian subdural electrodes to examine the time course of neural activity during a task that necessitated GPC. Patients made a match/mismatch decision between a 3-letter string and the following auditory bi-phoneme. We characterized the distribution and timing of evoked broadband high gamma (70-170 Hz) as well as phase-locking between electrodes. The precentral gyrus emerged with a high concentration of broadband high gamma responses to visual and auditory language as well as mismatch effects. The pars opercularis, supramarginal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus were also involved. The precentral gyrus showed strong phase-locking with the caudal fusiform gyrus during letter-string presentation and with surrounding perisylvian cortex during the bimodal visual-auditory comparison period. These findings hint at a role for precentral cortex in transducing visual into auditory codes during silent reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kaestner
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Dugan
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Chad Carlson
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Werner Doyle
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Thesen
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Yue Q, Martin RC. Components of language processing and their long-term and working memory storage in the brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 187:109-126. [PMID: 35964966 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a consensus that the temporal lobes are involved in representing various types of information critical for language processing, including phonological (i.e., speech sound), semantic (meaning), and orthographic (spelling) representations. An important question is whether the same regions that represent our long-term knowledge of phonology, semantics, and orthography are used to support the maintenance of these types of information in working memory (WM) (for instance, maintaining semantic information during sentence comprehension), or whether regions outside the temporal lobes provide the neural basis for WM maintenance in these domains. This review focuses on the issue of whether temporal lobe regions support WM for phonological information, with a brief discussion of related findings in the semantic and orthographic domains. Across all three domains, evidence from lesion-symptom mapping and functional neuroimaging indicates that parietal or frontal regions are critical for supporting WM, with different regions supporting WM in the three domains. The distinct regions in different domains argue against these regions as playing a general attentional role. The findings imply an interaction between the temporal lobe regions housing the long-term memory representations in these domains and the frontal and parietal regions needed to maintain these representations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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Xu S, Yang Q, Chen M, Deng P, Zhuang R, Sun Z, Li C, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Jia J. Capturing Neuroplastic Changes after iTBS in Patients with Post-Stroke Aphasia: A Pilot fMRI Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1451. [PMID: 34827450 PMCID: PMC8615629 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a high-efficiency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm that has been applied to post-stroke aphasia (PSA). However, its efficacy mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to explore the immediate effects of iTBS of the primary motor cortex (M1) of the affected hemisphere, on the functional activities and connectivity of the brains of PSA patients. A total of 16 patients with aphasia after stroke received iTBS with 800 pulses for 300 s. All patients underwent motor, language, and cognitive assessments and resting-state functional MRI scans immediately before and after the iTBS intervention. Regional, seed-based connectivity, and graph-based measures were used to test the immediate functional effects of the iTBS intervention, including the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), degree centrality (DC), and functional connectivity (FC) of the left M1 area throughout the whole brain. The results showed that after one session of iTBS intervention, the fALFF, DC, and FC values changed significantly in the patients' brains. Specifically, the DC values were significantly higher in the right middle frontal gyrus and parts of the left parietal lobe (p < 0.05), while fALFF values were significantly lower in the right medial frontal lobe and parts of the left intracalcarine cortex (p < 0.05), and the strength of the functional connectivity between the left M1 area and the left superior frontal gyrus was reduced (p < 0.05). Our findings provided preliminary evidences that the iTBS on the ipsilesional M1 could induce neural activity and functional connectivity changes in the motor, language, and other brain regions in patients with PSA, which may promote neuroplasticity and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Mengye Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Panmo Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jingan District Central Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Ren Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Changzhou Dean Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China;
| | - Zengchun Sun
- Sichuan Bayi Rehabilitation Center, Affiliated Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China;
| | - Chong Li
- Faculty of Sport and Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Zhijie Yan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Institute of Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China;
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
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Xu M, Zi Y, Wu J, Xu N, Lu L, Liu J, Yu Y, Mo H, Wen W, Tang X, Fan W, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yi W, Wang L. Effect of opposing needling on motor cortex excitability in healthy participants and in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia: study protocol for a single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:481. [PMID: 34294134 PMCID: PMC8296658 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opposing needling has an obvious curative effect in the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia; however, the mechanism of the opposing needling in the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia is still not clear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of opposing needling on the excitability of primary motor cortex (M1) of healthy participants and patients with post-stroke hemiplegia, which may provide insight into the mechanisms of opposing needling in treating post-stroke hemiplegia. Methods This will be a single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial in which 80 healthy participants and 40 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia will be recruited. Healthy participants will be randomised 1:1:1:1 to the 2-Hz, 50-Hz, 100-Hz, and sham electroacupuncture groups. Patients with post-stroke hemiplegia will be randomised 1:1 to the opposing needling or conventional treatment groups. The M1 will be located in all groups by using neuroimaging-based navigation. The stimulator coil of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) will be moved over the left and right M1 in order to identify the TMS hotspot, followed by a recording of resting motor thresholds (RMTs) and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) of the thenar muscles induced by TMS before and after the intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the percent change in the RMTs of the thenar muscles at baseline and after the intervention. The secondary outcome measures will be the amplitude (μV) and latency (ms) of the MEPs of the thenar muscles at baseline and after the intervention. Discussion The aim of this trial is to explore the effect of opposing needling on the excitability of M1 of healthy participants and patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900028138. Registered on 13 December 2019. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05443-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Xu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yinyu Zi
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jianlu Wu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Liming Lu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Haofeng Mo
- Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Weifeng Wen
- Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiaorong Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenjuan Fan
- College of Health Medicine, Chongqing Youth Vocational and Technical College, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Massage Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Churong Liu
- Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Wei Yi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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