1
|
Yan Y, Dai W, Mei Q. Multicentric Glioma: An Ideal Model to Reveal the Mechanism of Glioma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:798018. [PMID: 35747806 PMCID: PMC9209746 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.798018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a special type of glioma, multicentric glioma provides an ideal pathological model for glioma research. According to the stem-cell-origin theory, multiple lesions of multicentric glioma share the same neuro-oncological origin, both in gene level and in cell level. Although the number of studies focusing on genetic evolution in gliomas with the model of multicentric gliomas were limited, some mutations, including IDH1 mutations, TERTp mutations and PTEN deletions, are found to be at an early stage in the process of genetic aberrance during glioma evolution based on the results of these studies. This article reviews the clinical reports and genetic studies of multicentric glioma, and intends to explain the various clinical phenomena of multicentric glioma from the perspective of genetic aberrance accumulation and tumor cell evolution. The malignant degree of a glioma is determined by both the tumorigenicity of early mutant genes, and the stemness of early suffered cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- Departmentof Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Departmentof Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyong Mei
- Departmentof Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosoi R, Fujii Y, Hiroyuki O, Shukuri M, Nishiyama S, Kanazawa M, Todoroki K, Arano Y, Sakai T, Tsukada H, Inoue O. Evaluation of intracellular processes in quinolinic acid-induced brain damage by imaging reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial complex I activity. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:99. [PMID: 34628558 PMCID: PMC8502189 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to elucidate the intracellular processes associated with quinolinic acid (QA)-induced brain injury by acquiring semiquantitative fluorescent images of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and positron emission tomography (PET) images of mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) activity. METHODS Ex vivo fluorescent imaging with dihydroethidium (DHE) and PET scans with 18F-BCPP-EF were conducted at 3 h and 24 h after QA injection into the rat striatum. Immunohistochemical studies were performed 24 h after QA injection into the rat brain using monoclonal antibodies against neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and CD11b. RESULTS A strong DHE-derived fluorescent signal was detected in a focal area within the QA-injected striatum 3 h after QA injection, and increased fluorescent signal spread throughout the striatum and parts of the cerebral cortex after 24 h. By contrast, 18F-BCPP-EF uptake in the QA-injected rat brain was unchanged after 3 h and markedly decreased after 24 h, not only in the striatum but also in the cerebral hemisphere. The fluorescent signal in the striatum 24 h after QA injection colocalised with microglial marker expression. CONCLUSIONS We successfully obtained functional images of focal ROS generation during the early period of excitotoxic injury, and microglial ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction were observed during the progression of the inflammatory response. Both ex vivo DHE imaging and in vivo 18F-BCPP-EF-PET were sufficiently sensitive to detect the respective processes of QA-induced brain damage. Our study contributes to the functional imaging of multiple events during the pathological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hosoi
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuka Fujii
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ohba Hiroyuki
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Miho Shukuri
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Kanazawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Department of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasushi Arano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakai
- Hanwa Intelligent Medical Center, Hanwa Daini Senboku Hospital, 3176 Fukaikitamachi, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8271, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Osamu Inoue
- Hanwa Intelligent Medical Center, Hanwa Daini Senboku Hospital, 3176 Fukaikitamachi, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8271, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Monk R, Connor B. Cell Replacement Therapy for Huntington's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1266:57-69. [PMID: 33105495 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4370-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder which is characterised by a triad of highly debilitating motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. While cell death occurs in many brain regions, GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum experience preferential and extensive degeneration. Unlike most neurodegenerative disorders, HD is caused by a single genetic mutation resulting in a CAG repeat expansion and the production of a mutant Huntingtin protein (mHTT). Despite identifying the mutation causative of HD in 1993, there are currently no disease-modifying treatments for HD. One potential strategy for the treatment of HD is the development of cell-based therapies. Cell-based therapies aim to restore neuronal circuitry and function by replacing lost neurons, as well as providing neurotropic support to prevent further degeneration. In order to successfully restore basal ganglia functioning in HD, cell-based therapies would need to reconstitute the complex signalling network disrupted by extensive MSN degeneration. This chapter will discuss the potential use of foetal tissue grafts, pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, and somatic cell reprogramming to develop cell-based therapies for treating HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Monk
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, SMS, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, SMS, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hickey K, Stabenfeldt SE. Using biomaterials to modulate chemotactic signaling for central nervous system repair. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:044106. [PMID: 29411713 PMCID: PMC5991092 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aaad82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis enables cellular communication and movement within the body. This review focuses on exploiting chemotaxis as a tool for repair of the central nervous system (CNS) damaged from injury and/or degenerative diseases. Chemokines and factors alone may initiate repair following CNS injury/disease, but exogenous administration may enhance repair and promote regeneration. This review will discuss critical chemotactic molecules and factors that may promote neural regeneration. Additionally, this review highlights how biomaterials can impact the presentation and delivery of chemokines and growth factors to alter the regenerative response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kassondra Hickey
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Connor B. Concise Review: The Use of Stem Cells for Understanding and Treating Huntington's Disease. Stem Cells 2017; 36:146-160. [PMID: 29178352 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, researchers identified that a CAG expansion mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene was involved in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). However, since the identification of the HTT gene, there has been no advance in the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent or reduce the progression of HD. With the recent advances in stem cell biology and human cell reprogramming technologies, several novel and exciting pathways have emerged allowing researchers to enhance their understanding of the pathogenesis of HD, to identify and screen potential drug targets, and to explore alternative donor cell sources for cell replacement therapy. This review will discuss the role of compensatory neurogenesis in the HD brain, the use of stem cell-based therapies for HD to replace or prevent cell loss, and the recent advance of cell reprogramming to model and/or treat HD. These new technologies, coupled with advances in genome editing herald a promising new era for HD research with the potential to identify a therapeutic strategy to alleviate this debilitating disorder. Stem Cells 2018;36:146-160.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen S, Bennet L, McGregor AL. Delayed Varenicline Administration Reduces Inflammation and Improves Forelimb Use Following Experimental Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2778-2787. [PMID: 28797614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), specifically by activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has been shown to confer short-term improvements in outcome. Most studies have investigated administration within 24 hours of stroke, and few have investigated drugs approved for use in human patients. We investigated whether delayed administration of varenicline, a high-affinity agonist at α7 nicotinic receptors and an established therapy for nicotine addiction, decreased brain inflammation and improved functional performance in a mouse model of experimental stroke. METHODS CSF-1R-EGFP (MacGreen) mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and administered varenicline (2.5 mg/kg/d for 7 days) or saline (n = 10 per group) 3 days after stroke. Forelimb asymmetry was assessed in the Cylinder test every 2 days after surgery, and structural lesions were quantified at day 10. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the effect of varenicline on inflammation and axonal regeneration, respectively. RESULTS Varenicline-treated animals showed a significant increase in impaired forelimb use compared with saline-treated animals 10 days after stroke. Varenicline treatment was associated with reduced EGFP expression and increased GAP43 expression in the striatum of MacGreen mice. CONCLUSION Our results show that delayed administration of varenicline promotes recovery of function following experimental stroke. Motor function improvements were accompanied by decreased brain inflammation and increased axonal regeneration in nonpenumbral areas. These results suggest that the administration of an exogenous nicotinic agonist in the subacute phase following stroke may be a viable therapeutic strategy for stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ailsa L McGregor
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boda E, Nato G, Buffo A. Emerging pharmacological approaches to promote neurogenesis from endogenous glial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28647491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are emerging as leading contributors to the global disease burden. While some drug-based approaches have been designed to limit or prevent neuronal loss following acute damage or chronic neurodegeneration, regeneration of functional neurons in the adult Central Nervous System (CNS) still remains an unmet need. In this context, the exploitation of endogenous cell sources has recently gained an unprecedented attention, thanks to the demonstration that, in some CNS regions or under specific circumstances, glial cells can activate spontaneous neurogenesis or can be instructed to produce neurons in the adult mammalian CNS parenchyma. This field of research has greatly advanced in the last years and identified interesting molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding the neurogenic activation/conversion of glia. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the research devoted to understand how resident glia can be directed to produce neurons. We paid particular attention to pharmacologically-relevant approaches exploiting the modulation of niche-associated factors and the application of selected small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Nato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jones KS, Connor B. Endogenous Brain Repair: Overriding intrinsic lineage determinates through injury-induced micro-environmental signals. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:1-5. [PMID: 28596976 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1297881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult human neurogenesis has generated excitement over the last 2 decades with the idea that endogenous adult stem cells could act as a potential cell source for brain repair after injury. Indeed, many forms of experimentally induced brain injury including stroke and excitotoxic lesioning can promote proliferation from the subventricular zone and mobilise neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to migrate through brain parenchyma to damaged regions. However the failure of neuroblasts to mature into appropriate neuronal subtypes for cell replacement has been an issue. Recent work by our group and others has indicated that micro-environmental signals released from areas of cell loss may be able to override intrinsic gene expression lineages and covert neuroblasts into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. This commentary will discuss the enhanced fate plasticity of both adult neural progenitors and parenchymal NG2 cells after injury, and the importance of understanding brain-injury induced micro-environmental signals in the quest toward promoting endogenous regeneration after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taylor SR, Smith CM, Keeley KL, McGuone D, Dodge CP, Duhaime AC, Costine BA. Neuroblast Distribution after Cortical Impact Is Influenced by White Matter Injury in the Immature Gyrencephalic Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:387. [PMID: 27601978 PMCID: PMC4994423 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical contusions are a common type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children. Current knowledge of neuroblast response to cortical injury arises primarily from studies utilizing aspiration or cryoinjury in rodents. In infants and children, cortical impact affects both gray and white matter and any neurogenic response may be complicated by the large expanse of white matter between the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the cortex, and the large number of neuroblasts in transit along the major white matter tracts to populate brain regions. Previously, we described an age-dependent increase of neuroblasts in the SVZ in response to cortical impact in the immature gyrencephalic brain. Here, we investigate if neuroblasts target the injury, if white matter injury influences repair efforts, and if postnatal population of brain regions are disrupted. Piglets received a cortical impact to the rostral gyrus cortex or sham surgery at postnatal day (PND) 7, BrdU 2 days prior to (PND 5 and 6) or after injury (PND 7 and 8), and brains were collected at PND 14. Injury did not alter the number of neuroblasts in the white matter between the SVZ and the rostral gyrus. In the gray matter of the injury site, neuroblast density was increased in cavitated lesions, and the number of BrdU(+) neuroblasts was increased, but comprised less than 1% of all neuroblasts. In the white matter of the injury site, neuroblasts with differentiating morphology were densely arranged along the cavity edge. In a ventral migratory stream, neuroblast density was greater in subjects with a cavitated lesion, indicating that TBI may alter postnatal development of regions supplied by that stream. Cortical impact in the immature gyrencephalic brain produced complicated and variable lesions, increased neuroblast density in cavitated gray matter, resulted in potentially differentiating neuroblasts in the white matter, and may alter the postnatal population of brain regions utilizing a population of neuroblasts that were born prior to PND 5. This platform may be useful to continue to study potential complications of white matter injury and alterations of postnatal population of brain regions, which may contribute to the chronic effects of TBI in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R Taylor
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Colin M Smith
- Brain Trauma Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen L Keeley
- Brain Trauma Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Carter P Dodge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth Lebanon, PA, USA
| | - Ann-Christine Duhaime
- Brain Trauma Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Beth A Costine
- Brain Trauma Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jones KS, Connor BJ. The Effect of Pro-Neurogenic Gene Expression on Adult Subventricular Zone Precursor Cell Recruitment and Fate Determination After Excitotoxic Brain Injury. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2016. [PMID: 27397999 PMCID: PMC4929891 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1201005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the presence of on-going neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, neurons are generally not replaced after injury. Using a rodent model of excitotoxic cell loss and retroviral (RV) lineage tracing, we previously demonstrated transient recruitment of precursor cells from the subventricular zone (SVZ) into the lesioned striatum. In the current study we determined that these cells included migratory neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), with the predominant response from glial cells. We attempted to override this glial response by ectopic expression of the pro-neurogenic genes Pax6 or Dlx2 in the adult rat SVZ following quinolinic acid lesioning. RV-Dlx2 over-expression stimulated repair at a previously non-neurogenic time point by enhancing neuroblast recruitment and the percentage of cells that retained a neuronal fate within the lesioned area, compared to RV-GFP controls. RV-Pax6 expression was unsuccessful at inhibiting glial fate and intriguingly, increased OPC cell numbers with no change in neuronal recruitment. These findings suggest that gene choice is important when attempting to augment endogenous repair as the lesioned environment can overcome pro-neurogenic gene expression. Dlx2 over-expression however was able to partially overcome an anti-neuronal environment and therefore is a promising candidate for further study of striatal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Jones
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
| | - Bronwen J Connor
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smail S, Bahga D, McDole B, Guthrie K. Increased Olfactory Bulb BDNF Expression Does Not Rescue Deficits in Olfactory Neurogenesis in the Huntington's Disease R6/2 Mouse. Chem Senses 2016; 41:221-32. [PMID: 26783111 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the huntingtin gene. Mutant huntingtin protein (mhtt) interferes with the actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and BDNF signaling is reduced in the diseased striatum. Loss of this trophic support is thought to contribute to loss of striatal medium spiny neurons in HD. Increasing BDNF in the adult striatum or ventricular ependyma slows disease progression in HD mouse models, and diverts subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neuroblasts from their normal destination, the olfactory bulb, to the striatum, where some survive and develop features of mature neurons. Most neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb differentiate as granule cells, with approximately half surviving whereas others undergo apoptosis. In the R6/2 HD mouse model, survival of adult-born granule cells is reduced. Newly maturing cells express the BDNF receptor TrkB, suggesting that mhtt may interfere with normal BDNF trophic activity, increasing their loss. To determine if augmenting BDNF counteracts this, we examined granule cell survival in R6/2 mice that overexpress BDNF in olfactory bulb. Although we detected a decline in apoptosis, increased BDNF was not sufficient to normalize granule cell survival within their normal target in R6/2 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamayra Smail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Dalbir Bahga
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Brittnee McDole
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Kathleen Guthrie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Intraventricular administration of endoneuraminidase-N facilitates ectopic migration of subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells into 6-OHDA lesioned striatum of mice. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:139-149. [PMID: 26724216 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), a carbohydrate polymer associated with the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), plays an important role in the migration, differentiation and maturation of neuroblasts. Endoneuraminidase-N (Endo-N) can specifically cleave PSA from NCAM. The objective of the present study was to examine: the effect of Endo-N on characteristics of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro; whether intraventricular administration of Endo-N could increase ectopic migration of SVZ-derived NPCs into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned striatum, and whether migrated NPCs could differentiate into neuronal and glial cells. In in vitro study, Endo-N was found to inhibit the migration of NPCs, and to enhance the differentiation of NPCs. In in vivo study, mice sequentially received injections of 6-OHDA into the right striatum, Endo-N into the right lateral ventricle, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally. The data showed that intraventricular injections of Endo-N disorganized the normal structure of the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and drastically increased the number of BrdU-immunoreactive (IR) cells in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. In addition, a number of BrdU-IR cells were double labeled for doublecortin (DCX), NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The results suggest that interruption of neuroblast chain pathway with Endo-N facilitates ectopic migration of SVZ-derived NPCs into the lesioned striatum, and migrated NPCs can differentiate into neurons and astrocytes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Singec I, Knoth R, Vida I, Frotscher M. The rostral migratory stream generates hippocampal CA1 pyramidal-like neurons in a novel organotypic slice co-culture model. Biol Open 2015; 4:1222-8. [PMID: 26340944 PMCID: PMC4610216 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) generates large numbers of neuroblasts, which migrate in a distinct pathway, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and replace specific interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we introduce an organotypic slice culture model that directly connects the RMS to the hippocampus as a new destination. RMS neuroblasts widely populate the hippocampus and undergo cellular differentiation. We demonstrate that RMS cells give rise to various neuronal subtypes and, surprisingly, to CA1 pyramidal neurons. Pyramidal neurons are typically generated before birth and are lost in various neurological disorders. Hence, this unique slice culture model enables us to investigate their postnatal genesis under defined in vitro conditions from the RMS, an unanticipated source for hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Singec
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Department of Neuropathology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Knoth
- Department of Neuropathology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Costine BA, Missios S, Taylor SR, McGuone D, Smith CM, Dodge CP, Harris BT, Duhaime AC. The subventricular zone in the immature piglet brain: anatomy and exodus of neuroblasts into white matter after traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:115-30. [PMID: 25678047 DOI: 10.1159/000369091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of postnatal neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and robust migration of neuroblasts to the lesion site in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is well established in rodent species; however, it is not yet known whether postnatal neurogenesis plays a role in repair after TBI in gyrencephalic species. Here we describe the anatomy of the SVZ in the piglet for the first time and initiate an investigation into the effect of TBI on the SVZ architecture and the number of neuroblasts in the white matter. Among all ages of immaturity examined the SVZ contained a dense mesh network of neurogenic precursor cells (doublecortin+) positioned directly adjacent to the ependymal cells (ventricular SVZ, Vsvz) and neuroblasts organized into chains that were distinct from the Vsvz (abventricular SVZ, Asvz). Though the architecture of the SVZ was similar among ages, the areas of Vsvz and Asvz neuroblast chains declined with age. At postnatal day (PND) 14 the white matter tracts have a tremendous number of individual neuroblasts. In our scaled cortical impact model, lesion size increased with age. Similarly, the response of the SVZ to injury was also age dependent. The younger age groups that sustained the proportionately smallest lesions had the largest SVZ areas, which further increased in response to injury. In piglets that were injured at 4 months of age and had the largest lesions, the SVZ did not increase in response to injury. Similar to humans, swine have abundant gyri and gyral white matter, providing a unique platform to study neuroblasts potentially migrating from the SVZ to the lesioned cortex along these white matter tracts. In piglets injured at PND 7, TBI did not increase the total number of neuroblasts in the white matter compared to uninjured piglets, but redistribution occurred with a greater number of neuroblasts in the white matter of the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injury compared to the contralateral hemisphere. At 7 days after injury, less than 1% of neuroblasts in the white matter were born in the 2 days following injury. These data show that the SVZ in the piglet shares many anatomical similarities with the SVZ in the human infant, and that TBI had only modest effects on the SVZ and the number of neuroblasts in the white matter. Piglets at an equivalent developmental stage to human infants were equipped with the largest SVZ and a tremendous number of neuroblasts in the white matter, which may be sufficient in lesion repair without the dramatic stimulation of neurogenic machinery. It has yet to be determined whether neurogenesis and migrating neuroblasts play a role in repair after TBI and/or whether an alteration of normal migration during active postnatal population of brain regions is beneficial in species with gyrencephalic brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Costine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao W, Xu W. Migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells after recurrent laryngeal nerve avulsion in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107288. [PMID: 25202908 PMCID: PMC4159326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from the ependymal layer to the nucleus ambiguus (NA) after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) avulsion. All of the animals received a CM-DiI injection in the left lateral ventricle. Forty-five adult rats were subjected to a left RLN avulsion injury, and nine rats were used as controls. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed in the brain stems at different time points after RLN injury. After RLN avulsion, the CM-DiI+ NPCs from the ependymal layer migrated to the lesioned NA. CM-DiI+/GFAP+ astrocytes, CM-DiI+/DCX+ neuroblasts and CM-DiI+/NeuN+ neurons were observed in the migratory stream. However, the ipsilateral NA included only CM-DiI+ astrocytes, not newborn neurons. After RLN avulsion, the NPCs in the ependymal layer of the 4th ventricle or central canal attempt to restore the damaged NA. We first confirm that the migratory stream includes both neurons and glia differentiated from the NPCs. However, only differentiated astrocytes are successfully incorporated into the NA. The presence of both cell types in the migratory process may play a role in repairing RLN injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skaggs K, Goldman D, Parent JM. Excitotoxic brain injury in adult zebrafish stimulates neurogenesis and long-distance neuronal integration. Glia 2014; 62:2061-79. [PMID: 25043622 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish maintain a greater capacity than mammals for central nervous system repair after injury. Understanding differences in regenerative responses between different vertebrate species may shed light on mechanisms to improve repair in humans. Quinolinic acid is an excitotoxin that has been used to induce brain injury in rodents for modeling Huntington's disease and stroke. When injected into the adult rodent striatum, this toxin stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis and neuroblast migration to injury. However, most new neurons fail to survive and lesion repair is minimal. We used quinolinic acid to lesion the adult zebrafish telencephalon to study reparative processes. We also used conditional transgenic lineage mapping of adult radial glial stem cells to explore survival and integration of neurons generated after injury. Telencephalic lesioning with quinolinic acid, and to a lesser extent vehicle injection, produced cell death, microglial infiltration, increased cell proliferation, and enhanced neurogenesis in the injured hemisphere. Lesion repair was more complete with quinolinic acid injection than after vehicle injection. Fate mapping of her4-expressing radial glia showed injury-induced expansion of radial glial stem cells that gave rise to neurons which migrated to injury, survived at least 8 weeks and formed long-distance projections that crossed the anterior commissure and synapsed in the contralateral hemisphere. These findings suggest that quinolinic acid lesioning of the zebrafish brain stimulates adult neural stem cells to produce robust regeneration with long-distance integration of new neurons. This model should prove useful for elucidating reparative mechanisms that can be applied to restorative therapies for mammalian brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Skaggs
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao W, Xu W, Yang WW. Neuroregeneration in the nucleus ambiguus after recurrent laryngeal nerve avulsion in rats. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014; 123:490-9. [PMID: 24627406 DOI: 10.1177/0003489414524170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate neuroregeneration, the origins of newborn cells and the proliferation of neuronal and glial cells in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) after ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) avulsion. METHODS All of the animals received a CM-Dil injection in the left lateral ventricle. Forty-five adult rats were subjected to a left RLN avulsion injury, while 9 rats were used as controls. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally. Neuron quantification and immunohistochemical analysis were performed in the brain stems at different time points after RLN injury. RESULTS After RLN avulsion, CM-Dil labeled neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrated to the ipsilateral NA and differentiated into astrocytes but not into neurons. In the NA, the neuronal cells re-expressed nestin. Only a small number of neuronal and glial cells in the NA showed BrdU immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS After RLN avulsion, the NPCs in the ependymal layer of the fourth ventricle or central canal are activated, migrate to the lesion in the NA and differentiate exclusively into astrocytes. The newborn neural stem cells in the NA may arise from the mature region neurons. The presence of both cell types in the NA may play a role in repairing RLN injuries.
Collapse
|
18
|
Arlicot N, Tronel C, Bodard S, Garreau L, de la Crompe B, Vandevelde I, Guilloteau D, Antier D, Chalon S. Translocator Protein (18 kDa) Mapping with [
125
I]-CLINDE in the Quinolinic Acid Rat Model of Excitotoxicity: A Longitudinal Comparison with Microglial Activation, Astrogliosis, and Neuronal Death. Mol Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arlicot
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Claire Tronel
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Bodard
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Lucette Garreau
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Brice de la Crompe
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Inge Vandevelde
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Denis Guilloteau
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Daniel Antier
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- From Inserm, U930; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR-U930; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Pôle Santé Publique – Produits de Santé; and CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tang SK, Knobloch RA, Maucksch C, Connor B. Redirection of doublecortin-positive cell migration by over-expression of the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2013; 260:240-8. [PMID: 24361178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced chemoattraction plays a major role in adult subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived precursor cell migration following neural cell loss, in particular through the release of chemokines by activated microglia and macrophages. We previously demonstrated that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) (chemokine (c-c motif) ligand (CCL)2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) (CCL3) and growth regulatory protein-α (GRO-α) (chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand (CXCL)1) are up-regulated following neural cell loss in the adult striatum and act as potent chemoattractants for SVZ-derived precursor cells in vitro. Based on these observations, the current study aimed to examine the individual effect of MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α on the migration of adult SVZ-derived neural precursor cells in vivo. To address this without the confounding effects of injury-induced chemotactic cues, adeno-associated viral (AAV)2-mediated in vivo gene transfer was used to ectopically express either MCP-1, MIP-1α or GRO-α, or the control red fluorescent protein (RFP) in the normal adult rat striatum. The extent of doublecortin (Dcx)-positive cell recruitment from the SVZ into the striatal parenchyma was then determined at 4 and 8weeks following AAV2 injection. Ectopic expression either of MCP-1 or MIP-1α in the normal adult rat brain significantly increased the number of Dcx-positive cells and the extent of their migration into the striatum at both 4 and 8weeks after vector injection but did not promote either precursor cell proliferation or neural differentiation. In contrast, while over-expression of GRO-α 4weeks after vector injection induced a significant increase in Dcx-positive cell migration compared to control, this effect was reduced to control levels by 8weeks post injection. Further, direct comparison between MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α at both 4 and 8weeks post vector injection indicated that GRO-α may have a reduced effect in inducing Dcx-positive cell migration when compared to MCP-1. Combined, these results confirm that over-expression of the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α can override cues directing precursor cell migration along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and provides a mechanism by which neural precursor cell migration can be redirected into a non-neurogenic region. Differences in the migratory effect observed between individual chemokine may be due to ligand-binding affinity and/or receptor expression on SVZ-derived precursor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - R A Knobloch
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - C Maucksch
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - B Connor
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maucksch C, McGregor AL, Yang M, Gordon RJ, Yang M, Connor B. IGF-I redirects doublecortin-positive cell migration in the normal adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2013; 241:106-15. [PMID: 23528977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The migration of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural precursor cells through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb is tightly regulated by local micro-environmental cues. Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) can stimulate the migration of several neuronal cell types and acts as a 'departure' factor in the avian SVZ. To establish whether IGF-I can also act as a migratory factor for adult neuronal precursor cells in vivo, in addition to its well established role in precursor cell proliferation and differentiation, we used AAV2-mediated gene transfer to produce ectopic expression of IGF-I in the normal adult rat striatum. We then assessed whether the expression of IGF-I would recruit SVZ-derived neuronal precursor cells from the RMS into the striatum. Ectopic expression of IGF-I in the normal adult rat brain significantly increased the number of doublecortin (Dcx)-positive cells and the extent of their migration into the striatum 4 and 8 weeks after AAV2-IGF-I injection but did not promote neuronal differentiation. In vitro migration assays confirmed that IGF-I is an inducer of migration and directs SVZ-derived adult neuronal precursor cell migration by both chemotaxis and chemokinesis. These results demonstrate that overexpression of IGF-I in the normal adult rat brain can override the normal cues directing precursor cell migration along the RMS and can redirect precursor cell migration into a non-neurogenic region. Enhanced expression of IGF-I following brain injury may therefore act as a diffusible factor mediating precursor cell migration to areas of neuronal cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Maucksch
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lindwall C, Olsson M, Osman AM, Kuhn HG, Curtis MA. Selective expression of hyaluronan and receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (Rhamm) in the adult mouse subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream and in ischemic cortex. Brain Res 2013; 1503:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
22
|
Ignarro RS, Vieira AS, Sartori CR, Langone F, Rogério F, Parada CA. JAK2 inhibition is neuroprotective and reduces astrogliosis after quinolinic acid striatal lesion in adult mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 48-49:14-22. [PMID: 23403094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) striatal lesion in rodents induces neuronal death, astrogliosis and migration of neuroblasts from subventricular zone to damaged striatum. These phenomena occur in some human neurodegenerative illnesses, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the effect of AG490, a Janus-kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor, on astrogliosis, neuronal loss and neurogenesis in the striatum of adult mice after unilateral infusion of QA (30 nmol). Animals were given subcutaneous injections of AG490 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle immediately after lesion and then once daily for six days. Brain sections were used for neuronal stereological quantification, immunohistochemical and Western Blotting analyses for GFAP and doublecortin, markers of astrocytes and neuroblasts, respectively. The total area of doublecortin-positive cells (ADPC) and the number of neurons (NN) in the lesioned (L) and contralateral (CL) sides were evaluated. Neurogenesis index (NI=ADPC(L)/ADPC(CL)) and neuronal ratio (NR=NN(L)/NN(CL)) were calculated. After QA administration, blotting for GFAP showed an ipsilateral decrease of 19% in AG490- vs vehicle-treated animals. NR was 25% higher in mice given AG490 vs controls given vehicle. NI showed a decrease of 21% in AG490- vs vehicle-treated mice. Our results indicate that JAK2 inhibition reduces QA lesion and suggest that astrogliosis may impair neuronal survival in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Silvestre Ignarro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ducruet AF, DeRosa PA, Zacharia BE, Sosunov SA, Connolly ES, Weinstein DE. GM1485, a nonimmunosuppressive immunophilin ligand, promotes neurofunctional improvement and neural regeneration following stroke. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Baratchi S, Evans J, Tate WP, Abraham WC, Connor B. Secreted amyloid precursor proteins promote proliferation and glial differentiation of adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1517-27. [PMID: 22147523 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane glycoprotein present at high levels in nerve cells. Two soluble secreted forms, sAPPα and sAPPβ, are processed from APP by two mutually exclusive proteolytic pathways. sAPPα shows a range of neuroprotective and growth factor properties, including reduction of neuronal injury and improvement in memory performance, in contrast to the generally less potent sAPPβ. In addition, sAPPα has been shown to increase the proliferation of both embryonic neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain. However, an effect of sAPPα (or sAPPβ) on adult hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation has not previously been observed. In this study, we examined the effect of both the α- and β-cleaved ectodomains of sAPP on adult NPCs isolated from the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the rat hippocampus in the presence or absence of depolarizing conditions. Assays were performed to examine the effect of sAPPα and sAPPβ on SGZ-derived adult NPC proliferation in parallel with SVZ-derived cells and on differentiation with SGZ-derived cells. We observed both sAPPα and sAPPβ increased the proliferation of SGZ-derived NPCs in vitro. Further, treatment of SGZ-derived NPCs with either sAPPα or sAPPβ increased the number of cells expressing the astrocytic marker GFAP and promoted cell survival. The effect on differential fate was observed in both the presence and absence of depolarizing conditions. Thus, both sAPPα and sAPPβ exert a complex range of effects on SGZ-derived adult NPCs, including increasing NPC proliferation, maintaining cell viability, yet promoting glial over neuronal differentiation. These findings provide the first direct support for the secreted forms of APP regulating SGZ-derived NPCs, and raise the possibility some or all of the effects may have therapeutic benefit in models of neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gordon RJ, Mehrabi NF, Maucksch C, Connor B. Chemokines influence the migration and fate of neural precursor cells from the young adult and middle-aged rat subventricular zone. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:587-94. [PMID: 22155482 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a role for the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α in directing subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural precursor cell migration towards the site of cell death in the adult rodent brain. However the influence of chemokines such as MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α on the differentiation of adult neural precursor cells has not previously been investigated. Further, as the majority of neurological disorders and injuries occur during ageing, it is important to investigate the effect of chemokines on adult neural precursor cell cultures obtained from the ageing brain. This study therefore examined the effect of MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α on SVZ-derived neural precursor cell differentiation in vitro, and assessed whether precursor cells from the middle-aged rat brain (13 months old) follow the same migratory and differential profile as neural precursor cells obtained from the young adult rat brain (2 months old). We observed that each of the chemokines examined generated differing effects in regards to neuronal or glial differentiation. Further, both MIP-1α and GRO-α increased total cell number, suggesting an effect on precursor cell proliferation and/or survival. In agreement with cultures obtained from young adult brains, SVZ-derived neural precursor cells cultured from the middle-aged brain exhibited chemotactic migration in response to a concentration gradient. These results indicate that the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α can influence both the migration and fate choice of SVZ-derived neural precursor cells, as well as promoting cell viability. While a response to each of these chemokines is maintained in the middle-aged brain, a distinct age-related alteration in differential fate can be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
New striatal neurons in a mouse model of progressive striatal degeneration are generated in both the subventricular zone and the striatal parenchyma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25088. [PMID: 21980380 PMCID: PMC3184103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute striatal lesions increase proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and induce migration of SVZ neuroblasts to the striatum. However, the potential of these cells to replace acutely degenerated neurons is controversial. The possible contribution of parenchymal progenitors to striatal lesion-induced neurogenesis has been poorly explored. Here, we present a detailed investigation of neurogenesis in the striatum of a mouse model showing slow progressive neurodegeneration of striatal neurons, the Creb1Camkcre4Crem−/− mutant mice (CBCM). By using BrdU time course analyses, intraventricular injections of a cell tracker and 3D reconstructions we showed that neurodegeneration in CBCM mice stimulates the migration of SVZ neuroblasts to the striatum without altering SVZ proliferation. SVZ-neuroblasts migrate as chains through the callosal striatal border and then enter within the striatal parenchyma as individual cells. In addition, a population of clustered neuroblasts showing high turnover rates were observed in the mutant striatum that had not migrated from the SVZ. Clustered neuroblasts might originate within the striatum itself because they are specifically associated with parenchymal proliferating cells showing features of intermediate neuronal progenitors such as clustering, expression of EGF receptor and multiple glial (SOX2, SOX9, BLBP) and neuronal (Dlx, Sp8, and to some extent DCX) markers. Newborn striatal neurons had a short lifespan and did not replace projection neurons nor expressed sets of transcription factors involved in their specification. The differentiation failure of endogenous neuroblasts likely occurred cell autonomously because transplanted wild type embryonic precursors correctly differentiated into striatal projection neurons. Thus, we propose that under progressive degeneration, neither SVZ derived nor intra-striatal generated neurons have the potential to differentiate into striatal projection neurons.
Collapse
|
27
|
Regulation of adult neural precursor cell migration. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:382-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
28
|
Cheyne JE, Grant L, Butler-Munro C, Foote JW, Connor B, Montgomery JM. Synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in rat dissociated hippocampal cultures. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
29
|
Connor B, Gordon RJ, Jones KS, Maucksch C. Deviating from the well travelled path: Precursor cell migration in the pathological adult mammalian brain. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1467-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
30
|
Jones KS, Connor B. Proneural transcription factors Dlx2 and Pax6 are altered in adult SVZ neural precursor cells following striatal cell loss. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:53-60. [PMID: 21397028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory replacement of neurons by endogenous subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural precursor cells has been demonstrated in the adult brain following striatal cell loss. Such cell replacement is associated with increased SVZ cell proliferation and neuroblast expansion in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). SVZ-derived neural precursor cells co-express multiple transcription factors involved in lineage restriction and cell fate determination. We propose that compensatory neurogenesis in response to striatal cell loss will alter the temporal expression of transcription factors in discrete populations of SVZ-derived neural precursor cells. We therefore examined the expression of Mash1, Dlx2, Pax6 and Olig2 in SVZ-derived neural precursor cell populations across a range of times following quinolinic acid (QA) induced striatal cell death. We have identified a heterogeneous population of SVZ-derived neural precursor cells that respond independently to striatal cell loss. In both the anterior SVZ (aSVZ) and RMS we observed an increase in a sub-population of Dlx2+ transit amplifying precursor (TAP) cells and neuroblasts following QA lesioning when compared to controls. Subsequently, the number of Pax6+ TAPs and neuroblasts in the QA lesioned aSVZ and RMS was also increased. Olig2 expression was not however altered in response to QA-induced cell loss. Our results suggest Dlx2 and Pax6 may play a prominent role in directing neural precursor cell proliferation and neuroblast generation following striatal cell loss. Selective alteration of specific transcription factors in the SVZ and during migration through the RMS in response to cell loss may predetermine the subsequent generation of specific neuronal subclasses for endogenous replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Leong SY, Faux CH, Turbic A, Dixon KJ, Turnley AM. The Rho Kinase Pathway Regulates Mouse Adult Neural Precursor Cell Migration. Stem Cells 2011; 29:332-43. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Treatment with progesterone after focal cerebral ischemia suppresses proliferation of progenitor cells but enhances survival of newborn neurons in adult male mice. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:930-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Decressac M, Prestoz L, Veran J, Cantereau A, Jaber M, Gaillard A. Neuropeptide Y stimulates proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural precursors from the subventricular zone in adult mice. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:441-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
35
|
Gordon RJ, McGregor AL, Connor B. Chemokines direct neural progenitor cell migration following striatal cell loss. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:219-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
36
|
The cellular composition and morphological organization of the rostral migratory stream in the adult human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 37:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
37
|
Vazey EM, Connor B. In vitro priming to direct neuronal fate in adult neural progenitor cells. Exp Neurol 2009; 216:520-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of successful myelin repair strategies depends on the detailed knowledge of the cellular and molecular processes underlying demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system of animal models and in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on the complexity of the demyelination and remyelination processes, it should be expected that effective therapeutic approaches will require a combination of strategies for immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and myelin replacement. This brief review highlights recent cellular and molecular findings and indicates that future therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination may also require combinatorial treatment to accomplish. RECENT FINDINGS The relapsing-remitting course of some forms of multiple sclerosis has typically fueled hope for effective repair of multiple sclerosis lesions, if demyelinating activity could be attenuated. Recent findings support the potential of endogenous neural stem cells and progenitor cells to generate remyelinating oligodendrocytes. Importantly, interactions with viable axons and supportive astrocytic responses are required for endogenous immature cells to fulfill their potential remyelinating capacity. SUMMARY The research described here will help in identifying the major obstacles to effective remyelination and potential therapeutic targets to guide development of comprehensive approaches for testing in animal models and eventual treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Migration of Neurotrophic Factors-Secreting Mesenchymal Stem Cells Toward a Quinolinic Acid Lesion as Viewed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2542-51. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
40
|
Hargus G, Cui Y, Schmid JS, Xu J, Glatzel M, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. Tenascin-R promotes neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells and recruitment of host-derived neural precursor cells after excitotoxic lesion of the mouse striatum. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1973-84. [PMID: 18499893 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of GABAergic projection neurons under excitotoxic conditions in the striatum is associated with a disturbance of motor and cognitive functions as seen, for instance, in Huntington's disease. Since current treatments cannot replace degenerated neurons, research on alternative therapeutic approaches needs to be pursued. In this context, the transplantation of genetically modified stem cells into lesioned brain areas of patients is a possible alternative. In this study, green fluorescent protein-labeled murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were stably transfected to overexpress the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-R (TNR), which is expressed by striatal GABAergic neurons. TNR-overexpressing ESCs were analyzed in comparison with their parental cells regarding neural differentiation and migration in vitro, and after transplantation into the striatum of quinolinic acid-treated mice, which serve as a model for Huntington's disease. In comparison with sham-transfected control cells, TNR-overexpressing ESCs showed enhanced differentiation into neurons in vitro, reduced migration in vitro and in vivo, and increased generation of GABAergic neurons and decreased numbers of astrocytes 1 month and 2 months after transplantation, but without significant effects on locomotor functions. Interestingly, TNR-overexpressing ESCs transplanted into the striatum attracted host-derived neuroblasts from the rostral migratory stream and promoted stem cell-mediated recruitment of host-derived newborn neurons within the grafted area. Thus, we show for the first time that overexpression of an extracellular matrix molecule by in vitro predifferentiated ESCs exerts beneficial effects on tissue regeneration in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Hargus
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Moresco RM, Lavazza T, Belloli S, Lecchi M, Pezzola A, Todde S, Matarrese M, Carpinelli A, Turolla E, Zimarino V, Popoli P, Malgaroli A, Fazio F. Quinolinic acid induced neurodegeneration in the striatum: a combined in vivo and in vitro analysis of receptor changes and microglia activation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:704-15. [PMID: 18080815 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterised by prominent neuronal cell loss in the basal ganglia with motor and cognitive disturbances. One of the most well-studied pharmacological models of HD is produced by local injection in the rat brain striatum of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA), which produces many of the distinctive features of this human neurodegenerative disorder. Here, we report a detailed analysis, obtained both in vivo and in vitro of this pharmacological model of HD. MATERIALS AND METHODS By combining emission tomography (PET) with autoradiographic and immunocytochemical confocal laser techniques, we quantified in the QA-injected striatum the temporal behavior (from 1 to 60 days from the excitotoxic insult) of neuronal cell density and receptor availability (adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors) together with the degree of microglia activation. RESULTS Both approaches showed a loss of adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors paralleled by an increase of microglial activation. CONCLUSION This combined longitudinal analysis of the disease progression, which suggested an impairment of neurotransmission, neuronal integrity and a reversible activation of brain inflammatory processes, might represent a more quantitative approach to compare the differential effects of treatments in slowing down or reversing HD in rodent models with potential applications to human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Moresco
- IBFM-CNR, University of Milan Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|