1
|
Nisar S, Haris M. Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4995-5008. [PMID: 37069342 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism-spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities that manifest in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social behaviors, communication skills, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms in ASD, extensive research has been done to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers through a neuroimaging genetics approach. Neuroimaging genetics helps to identify ASD-risk genes that contribute to structural and functional variations in brain circuitry and validate biological changes by elucidating the mechanisms and pathways that confer genetic risk. Integrating artificial intelligence models with neuroimaging data lays the groundwork for accurate diagnosis and facilitates the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. This review discusses the significance of neuroimaging genetics approaches to gaining a better understanding of the perturbed neurochemical system and molecular pathways in ASD and how these approaches can detect structural, functional, and metabolic changes and lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Z, Mei H, Li R, Wang C, Fang K, Wang W, Tang Y, Dai Z. Progresses of animal robots: A historical review and perspectiveness. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11499. [PMID: 36411898 PMCID: PMC9674511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal robots have remarkable advantages over traditional mechatronic ones in terms of energy supply, self-orientation, and natural concealment and can provide remarkable theoretical and practical values for scientific investigation, community service, military detection and other fields. Given these features, animal robots have become high-profile research objects and have recently attracted extensive attention. Herein, we have defined animal robots, reviewed the main types of animal robots, and discussed the potential developing directions. We have also detailed the mechanisms underlying the regulation of animal robots and introduced key methods for manipulating them. We have further proposed several application prospects for different types of animal robots. Finally, we have presented research directions for their further improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyue Zhou
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Mei
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxun Li
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyuan Wang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balendra V, Singh SK. Therapeutic potential of astaxanthin and superoxide dismutase in Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:210013. [PMID: 34186009 PMCID: PMC8241491 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of the antioxidant system, results in an accumulation of neurotoxic proteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antioxidant system is composed of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants to maintain homeostasis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant that converts superoxide ions to hydrogen peroxide in cells. SOD supplementation in mice prevented cognitive decline in stress-induced cells by reducing lipid peroxidation and maintaining neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Furthermore, SOD decreased expression of BACE1 while reducing plaque burden in the brain. Additionally, Astaxanthin (AST), a potent exogenous carotenoid, scavenges superoxide anion radicals. Mice treated with AST showed slower memory decline and decreased depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein. Currently, the neuroprotective potential of these supplements has only been examined separately in studies. However, a single antioxidant cannot sufficiently resist oxidative damage to the brain, therefore, a combinatory approach is proposed as a relevant therapy for ameliorating pathological changes in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology (ISET) Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodríguez-Ramírez AM, Meza-Urzúa F, Cedillo-Ríos V, Becerra-Palars C, Jiménez-Pavón J, Morales-Cedillo IP, Sanabrais-Jiménez MA, Hernández-Muñoz S, Camarena-Medellín B. CACNA1C Risk Variant and Mood Stabilizers Effects in the Prefrontal Cortical Thickness of Mexican Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1199-1206. [PMID: 32494139 PMCID: PMC7229798 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s245911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bipolar disorder (BD) is a condition associated with structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); some genetic variants and mood stabilizer medications like lithium or valproate are associated with these changes. CACNA1C is a gene involved in BD pathology and brain function; carriers of the A allele of rs1006737 are reported to have increased risk for BD and increased cortical thickness (CT) in the PFC compared to non-carriers. Lithium is also associated with increased CT in the PFC of BD subjects compared to the ones on valproate. The influence of these treatments and gene variants over the PFC structure of Mexican subjects has not been explored. Therefore, we evaluate the effects of mood stabilizers and risk A allele of CACNA1C rs1006737 on the prefrontal cortical thickness of Mexican BD patients treated with lithium or valproate. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of 40 BD type I euthymic adult outpatients (20 treated with lithium and 20 with valproate) who underwent a 3T T1-weighted 3D brain scan and genotyping for CACNA1C risk allele rs1006737 was conducted. We performed a cortical thickness analysis of the dorsolateral and orbitofrontal regions of the prefrontal cortex with BrainVoyager 20.6. The effects of treatment and gene variants were analyzed with a two-way multivariate analysis of covariance. RESULTS There was no association of CACNA1C risk allele rs1006737 with CT measures of both PFCs nor significant interaction between the genetic variant and treatment. Mood stabilizers reported the main effect on the CT measures of the right PFC of our sample. Patients on treatment with lithium showed higher mean CT on the right orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSION We did not find any association between the prefrontal CT and CACNA1C risk A allele rs1006737 in BD Mexican patients treated with lithium or valproate. Our results suggest that mood stabilizers had the main effect in the CT of the right PFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Meza-Urzúa
- Kinder und Jugend Psychiatrie, Klinikum Idar-Oberstein, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Valente Cedillo-Ríos
- Departamento de Imágenes Cerebrales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Becerra-Palars
- Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joanna Jiménez-Pavón
- Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Sandra Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Camarena-Medellín
- Departamento de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vilor-Tejedor N, Alemany S, Cáceres A, Bustamante M, Pujol J, Sunyer J, González JR. Strategies for integrated analysis in imaging genetics studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 93:57-70. [PMID: 29944960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging Genetics (IG) integrates neuroimaging and genomic data from the same individual, deepening our knowledge of the biological mechanisms behind neurodevelopmental domains and neurological disorders. Although the literature on IG has exponentially grown over the past years, the majority of studies have mainly analyzed associations between candidate brain regions and individual genetic variants. However, this strategy is not designed to deal with the complexity of neurobiological mechanisms underlying behavioral and neurodevelopmental domains. Moreover, larger sample sizes and increased multidimensionality of this type of data represents a challenge for standardizing modeling procedures in IG research. This review provides a systematic update of the methods and strategies currently used in IG studies, and serves as an analytical framework for researchers working in this field. To complement the functionalities of the Neuroconductor framework, we also describe existing R packages that implement these methodologies. In addition, we present an overview of how these methodological approaches are applied in integrating neuroimaging and genetic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Vilor-Tejedor
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center (BBRC) - Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Alemany
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Hospital del Mar, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R González
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raab K, Kirsch P, Mier D. Understanding the impact of 5-HTTLPR, antidepressants, and acute tryptophan depletion on brain activation during facial emotion processing: A review of the imaging literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:176-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
7
|
Strike LT, Couvy-Duchesne B, Hansell NK, Cuellar-Partida G, Medland SE, Wright MJ. Genetics and Brain Morphology. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:63-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
Padmanabhan A, Luna B. Developmental imaging genetics: linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior. Brain Cogn 2013; 89:27-38. [PMID: 24139694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of development characterized by numerous neurobiological changes that significantly influence behavior and brain function. Adolescence is of particular interest due to the alarming statistics indicating that mortality rates increase two to three-fold during this time compared to childhood, due largely to a peak in risk-taking behaviors resulting from increased impulsivity and sensation seeking. Furthermore, there exists large unexplained variability in these behaviors that are in part mediated by biological factors. Recent advances in molecular genetics and functional neuroimaging have provided a unique and exciting opportunity to non-invasively study the influence of genetic factors on brain function in humans. While genes do not code for specific behaviors, they do determine the structure and function of proteins that are essential to the neuronal processes that underlie behavior. Therefore, studying the interaction of genotype with measures of brain function over development could shed light on critical time points when biologically mediated individual differences in complex behaviors emerge. Here we review animal and human literature examining the neurobiological basis of adolescent development related to dopamine neurotransmission. Dopamine is of critical importance because of (1) its role in cognitive and affective behaviors, (2) its role in the pathogenesis of major psychopathology, and (3) the protracted development of dopamine signaling pathways over adolescence. We will then focus on current research examining the role of dopamine-related genes on brain function. We propose the use of imaging genetics to examine the influence of genetically mediated dopamine variability on brain function during adolescence, keeping in mind the limitations of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brodziak A, Brewczyński A, Bajor G. Clinical significance of knowledge about the structure, function, and impairments of working memory. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:327-38. [PMID: 23645218 PMCID: PMC3659070 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of contemporary research on the working memory system (WMS) is important, both due to the need to focus the discussion on further necessary investigations on the structure and function of this key part of the human brain, as well as to share this knowledge with clinicians. In our introduction we try to clarify the actual terminology and provide an intuitively understandable model for 3 basic cognitive operations: perception, recognition, imagery, and manipulation of recalled mental images. We emphasize the importance of knowledge of the structure and function of the WMS for the possibility to demonstrate the links between genetic polymorphisms and the prevalence to some mental disorders. We also review current knowledge of working memory dysfunction in the most common diseases and specific clinical situations such as maturation and aging. Finally, we briefly discuss methods for assessment of WMS capacity. This article establishes a kind of compendium of knowledge for clinicians who are not familiar with the structure and operation of the WMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Brodziak
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fera F, Passamonti L, Cerasa A, Gioia MC, Liguori M, Manna I, Valentino P, Quattrone A. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has opposite effects on memory circuits of multiple sclerosis patients and controls. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61063. [PMID: 23593393 PMCID: PMC3623818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory deficits are frequent symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis and have been associated with dysfunctions of the hippocampus, a key region for learning. However, it is unclear whether genetic factors that influence neural plasticity modulate episodic memory in MS. We thus studied how the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val(66)Met genotype, a common polymorphism influencing the hippocampal function in healthy controls, impacted on brain networks underlying episodic memory in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess how the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val(66)Met polymorphism modulated brain regional activity and functional connectivity in 26 cognitively unimpaired Multiple Sclerosis patients and 25 age- and education-matched healthy controls while performing an episodic memory task that included encoding and retrieving visual scenes. We found a highly significant group by genotype interaction in the left posterior hippocampus, bilateral parahippocampus, and left posterior cingulate cortex. In particular, Multiple Sclerosis patients homozygous for the Val(66) allele, relative to Met(66) carriers, showed greater brain responses during both encoding and retrieval while the opposite was true for healthy controls. Furthermore, a robust group by genotype by task interaction was detected for the functional connectivity between the left posterior hippocampus and the ipsilateral posterior cingulate cortex. Here, greater hippocampus-posterior cingulate cortex connectivity was observed in Multiple Sclerosis Met(66) carriers relative to Val(66) homozygous during retrieval (but not encoding) while, again, the reverse was true for healthy controls. The Val(66)Met polymorphism has opposite effects on hippocampal circuitry underlying episodic memory in Multiple Sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Enhancing the knowledge of how genetic factors influence cognitive functions may improve the clinical management of memory deficits in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fera
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia”, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Catanzaro, Italia
- * E-mail: (FF); (LP)
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia”, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Catanzaro, Italia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità di Ricerca Neuroimmagini, Catanzaro, Italia
- * E-mail: (FF); (LP)
| | - Antonio Cerasa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità di Ricerca Neuroimmagini, Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Maria Cecilia Gioia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità di Ricerca Neuroimmagini, Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Maria Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche, Mangone (CS), Italia
| | - Ida Manna
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche, Mangone (CS), Italia
| | - Paola Valentino
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia”, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia”, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Catanzaro, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bigos KL, Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Straub RE, Vakkalanka R, Kolachana B, Hyde TM, Lipska BK, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Genetic variation in CACNA1C affects brain circuitries related to mental illness. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2010; 67:939-45. [PMID: 20819988 PMCID: PMC3282053 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The CACNA1C gene (alpha-1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel) has been identified as a risk gene for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the mechanism of association has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To identify the neural system mechanism that explains the genetic association between the CACNA1C gene and psychiatric illness using neuroimaging and human brain expression. DESIGN We used blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activation in circuitries related to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia by comparing CACNA1C genotype groups among healthy subjects. We tested the effect of genotype on messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CACNA1C in postmortem human brain. A case-control analysis was used to determine the association of CACNA1C genotype with schizophrenia. SETTING National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. PATIENTS Healthy men and women of white race/ethnicity participated in the fMRI study. Postmortem samples from normal human brains were used for the brain expression study. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects were used in the case-control analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BOLD fMRI, mRNA levels in postmortem brain samples, and genetic association with schizophrenia. RESULTS The risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1006737) in CACNA1C predicted increased hippocampal activity during emotional processing (P = .001 uncorrected, P((false recovery rate [FDR])) = .05, z = 3.20) and increased prefrontal activity during executive cognition (P = 2.8e-05 uncorrected, P(FDR) = .01, z = 4.03). The risk-associated SNP also predicted increased expression of CACNA1C mRNA in human brain (P = .002). CACNA1C was associated with schizophrenia in our case-control sample (odds ratio, 1.77; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The risk-associated SNP in CACNA1C maps to circuitries implicated in genetic risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its effects in human brain expression implicate a molecular and neural system mechanism for the clinical genetic association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Bigos
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Radhakrishna Vakkalanka
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Barbara K. Lipska
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Imaging genetics--days of future past. Neuroimage 2010; 53:804-9. [PMID: 20080192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging genetics provides a unique tool with which to explore and evaluate the functional impact of brain-relevant genetic polymorphisms with the potential to understand their impact on behavior. Because statistical association with clinical diagnosis does not establish biological significance nor identify a mechanism of risk, imaging genetics is a uniquely valuable strategy for extending statistical evidence with biological data. Applications include identifying biologic mechanisms and pathways that mediate individual differences in complex behaviors and vulnerability to disease, and conversely identifying genes that contribute to functional variation in brain circuitry. Additionally, neuroimaging genetics can validate data that suggest an association with psychiatric illness as well as providing evidence of the mechanism of risk. This review also outlines several critical principles of imaging genetics including a rational approach to the selection of candidate genes, the selection of task paradigms that could be plausibly linked to the biology of the gene of interest, and careful control of non-genetic factors. The future of imaging genetics holds great promise for brain research and for biologic validation of genetic validation in CNS disorders, but a disciplined application of the basic principles outlined in this review is critical.
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Horn JD, Grafton ST, Miller MB. Individual Variability in Brain Activity: A Nuisance or an Opportunity? Brain Imaging Behav 2008; 2:327-334. [PMID: 19777073 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-008-9049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional imaging research has been heavily influenced by results based on population-level inference. However, group average results may belie the unique patterns of activity present in the individual that ordinarily are considered random noise. Recent advances in the evolution of MRI hardware have led to significant improvements in the stability and reproducibility of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) measurements. These enhancements provide a unique opportunity for closer examination of individual patterns of brain activity. Three objectives can be accomplished by considering brain scans at the individual level; (1) Mapping functional anatomy at a fine grained analysis; (2) Determining if an individual scan is normative with respect to a reference population; and (3) Understanding the sources of intersubject variability in brain activity. In this review, we detail these objectives, briefly discuss their histories and present recent trends in the analyses of individual variability. Finally, we emphasize the unique opportunities and challenges for understanding individual differences through international collaboration among Pacific Rim investigators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Darrell Van Horn
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA , Fax (310) 206-5518
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mattay VS, Goldberg TE, Sambataro F, Weinberger DR. Neurobiology of cognitive aging: insights from imaging genetics. Biol Psychol 2008; 79:9-22. [PMID: 18511173 PMCID: PMC3127547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years, neuroscientists have been increasingly using neuroimaging techniques to unravel the neurobiology underlying cognitive aging, and in more recent years to explore the role of genes on the variability of the aging process. One of the primary goals of this research is to identify proteins involved in cognitive aging with the hope that this would facilitate the development of novel treatments to combat cognitive impairment. Further, it is likely with early identification of susceptible individuals, early intervention through life-style changes and other methods could increase an individual's resilience to the effects of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Mattay
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Safe, effective drug therapy in older adults requires an understanding of drug disposition and response in this population. Evidence suggests that physiologic changes during aging, including hepatic or renal function changes, contribute to pharmacokinetic differences. A major issue surrounding the study of older adults relates to the ability to study a large number of people in a minimally invasive way. Population pharmacokinetics provides a potential means of addressing this issue and a tool to evaluate drug exposure's magnitude and consistency. This article highlights examples of pharmacokinetic studies in psychiatry, in particular those conducted in older adults. It also reviews new drugs approved for treatment in psychiatry or neurology, many of which were developed as novel formulations (eg, extended-release transdermal film) with improved pharmacokinetic profiles or developed with regard to the actions of a specific enantiomer or metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Bigos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, 805 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|