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Pi J, Foo EW, Zang X, Li S, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Deng Y. Evaluation of the Feasibility of 2D-SWE to Measure Liver Stiffness in Healthy Dogs and Analysis of Possible Confounding Factors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3446. [PMID: 38003063 PMCID: PMC10668773 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is a non-invasive method widely used in human medicine to assess the extent of liver fibrosis but only rarely applied to veterinary medicine. This study aimed to measure liver stiffness in healthy dogs and investigate the factors that impacted 2D-SWE measurement. (2) Methods: In total, 55 healthy dogs were enrolled and subjected to 2D-SWE measurements before and after anesthesia administration. Post-anesthesia 2D-SWE measurements and computerized tomography (CT) scans were obtained. (3) Results: The liver stiffness range in healthy dogs was 3.96 ± 0.53 kPa. In a stratified analysis based on confounding factors, liver stiffness was influenced by measurement site and anesthesia, but not by sex. No correlation was observed between liver stiffness and weight or liver CT attenuation. (4) Conclusions: 2D-SWE is feasible for liver stiffness measurement in dogs. Anesthesia and measurement site are sources of variability. Therefore, these factors should be considered while recording 2D-SWE measurements. Our data on liver stiffness in healthy dogs can serve as the basis for future studies on 2D-SWE to assess pathological conditions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji’ang Pi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.P.); (E.W.F.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Eric Wenhao Foo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.P.); (E.W.F.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Xueyu Zang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.P.); (E.W.F.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.P.); (E.W.F.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- Teaching Animal Hospital of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongwang Liu
- Teaching Animal Hospital of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yifeng Deng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.P.); (E.W.F.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
- Teaching Animal Hospital of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Zhang H, Yang L, Yu Z, Li D, Li L, Li S, Yan J, Li X. Impact of fentanyl analgesia on the accuracy of HVPG measurements in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective, multicenter study. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0002. [PMID: 36633485 PMCID: PMC9833446 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HVPG measurement is the gold standard for assessing portal hypertension. Many patients decline HVPG measurements due to associated pain. According to previous studies, propofol sedation during HVPG measurements potentially alters HVPG readings. However, opioid analgesics' effects on HVPG await full elucidation. This study aimed to evaluate fentanyl analgesia's effects on HVPG measurement accuracy in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS This prospective, multicenter study included patients with cirrhosis undergoing HVPG measurements, which were performed preanalgesia and under analgesia with fentanyl injection (1.0 or 1.5 μg/kg). RESULTS Of the 48 enrolled patients with cirrhosis, 23 were administered 1.0 μg/kg fentanyl analgesia during HVPG measurement. The HVPG was 13.4±4.9 mm Hg in preanalgesia and 13.5±5.2 mm Hg under analgesia. HVPG measurement accuracy was not altered after fentanyl analgesia (p = 0.801). The following measures also did not change: heart rate (p = 0.132), mean arterial pressure (p = 0.348), and blood oxygen saturation (p = 0.748); however, respiratory rate (p = 0.001) changes occurred. The Verbal Numerical Rating Score for comfort under analgesia was higher than that in preanalgesia (p = 0.001). Twenty-five patients were administered 1.5 μg/kg fentanyl analgesia during HVPG measurement. The HVPG was 19.5±5.7 mm Hg in preanalgesia and 19.6±5.6 mm Hg under analgesia. HVPG measurement accuracy did not alter after fentanyl analgesia (p = 0.469). Similarly, the following measures did not change: mean arterial pressure (p = 0.871) and oxygen saturation (p = 0.327); nevertheless, respiratory rate (p = 0.015) and heart rate (p = 0.019) changes occurred. The Verbal Numerical Rating Score for comfort under analgesia was higher than that in preanalgesia (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Fentanyl analgesia did not alter HVPG measurement accuracy, and fentanyl improved comfort in patients with cirrhosis during HVPG measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Theater, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Interventional Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Evidence Based Social Science Research Center/Health Technology Assessment Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Interventional Radiology Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Interventional Radiology Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Theater, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Chen FH, Yu CF, Yang CL, Lin YC, Lin G, Wang CC, Yu HP, Fang J, Chang NF, Hong JH. Multimodal imaging reveals transient liver metabolic disturbance and sinusoidal circulation obstruction after a single administration of ketamine/xylazine mixture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3657. [PMID: 32108154 PMCID: PMC7046666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A ketamine/xylazine (K/X) mixture is widely used before and during experiments in rodents. However, the impact of short-term use of K/X mixture and its influences on data interpretation have rarely been discussed. In this study, we administered one shot of a K/X mixture and examined acute hepatic responses using biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, and non-invasive imaging to determine the delay required prior to further assessment of the liver to avoid confounding effects triggered by anaesthesia. After the K/X injection, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum was significantly elevated from 3 to 48 h. Obstructed sinusoidal circulation lasting for 24 or 36 h was revealed by DCE-MRI and drug distribution analysis, respectively. Metabolic alterations were detected at 3 h by NMR analysis and FDG-PET. Moreover, ultrasonography showed that lipid droplet accumulation increased from 1 to 16 h and declined thereafter. Taken together, our findings show that the K/X mixture induces acute hepatotoxicity and metabolic disturbance, and these disturbances cause hemodynamical disorders in the liver. The required time interval for recovery from K/X impact was dependent on the chosen assay. It took at least 16 h for metabolic recovery and 36 h for recovery of sinusoidal circulation. However, the liver was not fully recovered from the injury within 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gigin Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Imaging Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jui Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Fang Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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4
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Regulatory effects of anesthetics on nitric oxide. Life Sci 2016; 151:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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5
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Szczubial M, Kankofer M, Bochniarz M, Dąbrowski R. Effects of ovariohysterectomy on oxidative stress markers in female dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:393-9. [PMID: 25704084 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies reported an increase of oxidative stress increases in both women and female laboratory animals after ovariectomy. However, there is little information about the evaluation of antioxidative/oxidative status in ovariectomized dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in oxidative stress markers after ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in female dogs. The study included eighteen healthy mongrel female dogs. Blood samples were collected immediately before surgery and 14 and 30 days after surgery. Following parameters of oxidative stress intensity were determined: the erythrocyte activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), radical cations of N,N, diethylpara-phenylene diamine (RC-DEPPD), sulfhydryl groups (SH groups), bityrosine and formylkynurenine. The activity of GSH-Px increased markedly, although not significantly, 14 days after OHE and then significantly decreased at 30 days after OHE. A significant increase in plasma TBARS, bityrosine and formylkynurenine concentrations and a decrease in SH group content were concurrently noted at 30 days after surgery. Acquired results suggested that a loss of control over ROS production occurred in female dogs after OHE, which could lead to oxidative stress in the late post-operative period. In conclusion, our findings indicated that OHE is related with the risk of oxidative stress in the late period after operations. Given that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases, this may suggest an increased risk of disorders in ovariectomized female dogs; however, further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szczubial
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Venâncio C, Félix L, Almeida V, Coutinho J, Antunes L, Peixoto F, Summavielle T. Acute Ketamine Impairs Mitochondrial Function and Promotes Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Rat Brain. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:320-8. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Svorc P, Svorc P, Novakova M, Bacova I, Jurasova Z, Marossy A. Ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia in the chronobiological studies. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.884305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Venâncio C, Antunes L, Félix L, Rodrigues P, Summavielle T, Peixoto F. Chronic ketamine administration impairs mitochondrial complex I in the rat liver. Life Sci 2013; 93:464-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Alva N, Azuara D, Palomeque J, Carbonell T. Deep hypothermia protects against acute hypoxia in vivo in rats: a mechanism related to the attenuation of oxidative stress. Exp Physiol 2013; 98:1115-24. [PMID: 23355193 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.071365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in using hypothermia to prevent hypoxic damage in clinical and experimental models, although the mechanisms regulated by hypothermia are still unclear. As reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are the main factors causing cellular damage, our objective was to study the scope of hypothermia in preventing hypoxia-induced oxidative damage. We analysed systemic and hepatic indicators of oxidative stress after an acute hypoxic insult (10% oxygen in breathing air) in normothermic (37°C body temperature) and hypothermic conditions (22°C) in rats. Exposure to hypoxia resulted in tissue damage (aspartate aminotransferase increased from 54.6 ± 6.9 U l(-1) in control animals to 116 ± 1.9 U l(-1) in hypoxia, and alanine aminotransferase increased from 19 ± 0.8 to 34 ± 2.9 U l(-1)), oxidative stress (nitric oxide metabolites increased from 10.8 ± 0.4 μM in control rats to 23 ± 2.7 μM in hypoxia, and thiobarbituric reactive substances increased from 3.3 ± 0.2 to 5.9 ± 0.4 nm) and antioxidant consumption (reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio changed from 9.8 ± 0.3 to 6.8 ± 0.3). In contrast, when hypothermia was applied prior to hypoxia, the situation was reversed, with a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (from 116 ± 1.9 in hypoxic animals to 63 ± 7.8 U l(-1) in animals exposed to hypothermia followed by hypoxia), alanine aminotransferase (from 34 ± 2.9 to 19 ± 0.9 U l(-1)), oxidative stress (nitric oxide metabolites decreased from 23 ± 2.7 to 17.8 ± 1.9 μM and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances decreased from 5.9 ± 0.4 to 4.3 ± 0.2 nm) and antioxidant preservation (reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio changed from 6.8 ± 0.3 to 11.1 ± 0.1). Hypoxia induced a decrease in liver enzymatic antioxidant activities even during hypothermia. Both treatments, hypoxia and hypothermia, produced a similar increase in hepatic caspase-3 activity. In conclusion, hypothermia prevented the tissue damage and oxidative stress elicited by hypoxia. Our results provide new evidence concerning the protective mechanism of hypothermia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Alva
- Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, 645 Diagonal Avenue, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Svorc P, Bacova I, Marossy A, Svorc P. Chronobiological aspects of changes in acid–base balance during artificial ventilation in ketamine/xylazine-anaesthetized Wistar rats: methodological studyin vivo. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2010.526414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Alva N, Carbonell T, Roig T, Bermúdez J, Palomeque J. Fructose 1,6 biphosphate administration to rats prevents metabolic acidosis and oxidative stress induced by deep hypothermia and rewarming. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:259-64. [PMID: 21463624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fructose 1,6 biphosphate (F1,6BP) exerts a protective effect in several in vitro models of induced injury and in isolated organs; however, few studies have been performed using in vivo hypothermia. Here we studied the effects of deep hypothermia (21ºC) and rewarming in anaesthetised rats after F1,6BP administration (2 g/kg body weight). Acid-base and oxidative stress parameters (plasma malondialdehyde and glutathione, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes) were evaluated. Erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers in blood and plasma nitric oxide were also measured 3 h after F1,6BP administration in normothermia animals. In the absence of F1,6BP metabolic acidosis developed after rewarming. Oxidative stress was also evident after rewarming, as shown by a decrease in thiol groups and in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, catalase and GSH-peroxidase, which corresponded to an increase in AST in rewarmed animals. These effects were reverted in rats treated with F1,6BP. Blood samples of F1,6BP-treated animals showed a significant increase in plasma nitric oxide 3 h after administration, coinciding with a significant rise in leukocyte number. F1,6BP protection may be due to the decrease in oxidative stress and to the preservation of the antioxidant pool. In addition, we propose that the reduction in extracellular acidosis may be due to improved tissue perfusion during rewarming and that nitric oxide may play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Alva
- Departament de Fisiologia (Biologia), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Silva AH, Figueiredo LM, Dias PA, Prado Neto AXD, Vasconcelos PRLD, Guimarães SB. Electroacupuncture attenuates liver and kidney oxidative stress in anesthetized rats. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 26 Suppl 1:60-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502011000700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Investigate the effects of a single electroacupuncture (EA) session at acupoints Zusanli (ST-36) and Zhongwan (CV-12) combined in regulating oxidative stress in liver and kidney in anesthetized rats. METHODS: Eighteen healthy rats randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=6) were anesthetized intraperitoneally with ketamine (90mg kg-1 body weight) + xylazine (10mg/kg body weight): G-1: Control (anesthesia), G-2: anesthesia+EA10Hz and 10 mA, 10 Hz) applied to right ST-36 and CV-12 acupoints for 30 minutes. G-3 was likewise treated, using a tenfold higher frequency (100 Hz). G6PDH activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were assayed spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Liver MDA and GSH concentrations increased significantly in rats submitted to EA 10Hz (p<0.01) and EA 100Hz (p<0.001), compared with control G-1. Liver and kidney G6GPH activity decreased significantly in G-2 (p<0.01) and G-3 (p<0.001) compared with G-1 in EA100Hz rats. A similar pattern was found in kidney G6PDH activity in EA10Hz rats. CONCLUSION: Single 30-minute EA 10/100Hz session enhances lipid peroxidation and simultaneously reduces oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissues in a rat model.
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Silva AH, Prado Neto AXD, Guimarães SB. Electro-acupuncture reduces the need for additional anesthetics in experimental studies. Acta Cir Bras 2010; 25:381-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502010000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the possible beneficial effects of electro-acupuncture in rats subjected to ketamine/xylazine (KX) intra-peritoneal (i.p.) anesthesia. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed in four equal groups. All rats received i.p. injections of ketamine (90 mg/kg) +xylazine (10 mg/kg) anesthesia. Basal values group (control) rats (BV) received no additional treatment. The equivalent of the human right ST36 (Zusanli) and CV-12(Zhongwan) acupoints were chosen for needling and electrical stimulation. AC rats were needled with sterilized disposable stainless steel needles at right ST36 and CV12 acupoints; needles were retained for 30 minutes. EAC10 rats, after needle insertion as described, had electrodes connected to both needles and to an electro stimulator model NKL EL-608; pulsed square waves, 10 Hz, 10 mA, was applied for 30 minutes. EAC100 rats were submitted to EA as described. However, a greater frequency (100 Hz) was used. RESULTS: Thirty-seven rats remained under adequate anesthetic level during the experiment. However, maintenance anesthesia was required by 11 rats. Need for additional anesthesia decreased to 9.1% in EAC100 rats compared to BV (36.3%). CONCLUSION: Both the AC and the EAC10/100 prolong the anesthetic effect of the combination Ketamine-xylazine in rats, allowing longer duration of anesthesia with a lower dose of anesthetic, thereby reducing the occurrence of complications.
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Borron SW, Arias JC, Bauer CR, Sanchez M, Fernández M, Jung I. Hemodynamics after intraosseous administration of hydroxocobalamin or normal saline in a goat model. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27:1065-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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The comparison of the effects of anesthetic doses of ketamine, propofol, and etomidate on ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:215-22. [PMID: 19678850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fact that a considerable amount of clinical conditions suffering from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occur under general anesthesia has triggered researchers to focus on the effects of anesthetic drugs on IRI. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the use of different anesthetic drugs in a skeletal IRI model. Tourniquet IRI method was performed and two experimental groups were established as sham-control and IRI group. Rats in each group were anesthetized either with thiopental, ketamine, propofol or etomidate. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were measured in skeletal muscle via a spectrophotometer. Zinc, iron, copper, and selenium were evaluated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In rats anesthetized with thiopental (40 mg/kg, i.p.), malondialdehyde values in IRI group were higher and glutathion peroxidase levels were lower compared to sham-control group. However, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were identical. On the other hand, while the level of zinc in IRI group attenuated, no differences in iron and copper values were determined. Rats anesthetized with ketamine (60 mg/kg), propofol (100 mg/kg), or etomidate (20 mg/kg) did not show increased malondialdehyde levels in comparison with control levels. While the drugs did not cause a distinction in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathion peroxidase, iron, and copper, zinc was in a lower level in IRI group compared to sham-control. In conclusion, ketamine, propofol, and etomidate, with anesthetic doses, denoted efficacious effects on IRI; hence the drugs might be preferred in certain operations with the risk of IRI.
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Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Molina-Ortiz D, Reyes-Torres G, del Ángel DS, Moreno-Mendoza NA, Cruz MEG, Cuevas-Alpuche O, Rojas-Castañeda JC. Effect of allopurinol on damage caused by free radicals to cryptorchid testes. Acta Histochem 2008; 111:127-37. [PMID: 18621413 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism causes apoptosis of germ cells. It has been suggested that the redox regulatory system is involved in this process. The free radicals produced are thought to be generated during the production of uric acid, a reaction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase. This enzyme is inhibited by allopurinol; however, the role of allopurinol in neonate rats with inguinal cryptorchidism has not been assessed yet. Sixty male Wistar rats were used and five groups were formed: a control, a sham, a sham group with allopurinol administration and two groups with surgical unilateral cryptorchidism, which either did not receive, or received, allopurinol. The rats were assessed at 40 days post-partum. Reactive oxygen species concentration and epithelial area were measured and the histopathological, apoptotic and cellular proliferation indexes were determined. We found a decrease in reactive oxygen species, histopathological and apoptotic indexes and an increase in proliferation index and epithelial area in rats with cryptorchidism treated with allopurinol in comparison with rats with untreated cryptorchidism. We suggest that the over-production of reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the damage of the cryptorchid testes. Allopurinol administration decreases reactive oxygen species concentrations as well as the damage to the germ epithelium.
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