1
|
Ahulló-Fuster MA, Sánchez-Sánchez ML, Varela-Donoso E, Ortiz T. Early attentional processing and cortical remapping strategies of tactile stimuli in adults with an early and late-onset visual impairment: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306478. [PMID: 38980866 PMCID: PMC11232978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroplastic changes appear in people with visual impairment (VI) and they show greater tactile abilities. Improvements in performance could be associated with the development of enhanced early attentional processes based on neuroplasticity. Currently, the various early attentional and cortical remapping strategies that are utilized by people with early (EB) and late-onset blindness (LB) remain unclear. Thus, more research is required to develop effective rehabilitation programs and substitution devices. Our objective was to explore the differences in spatial tactile brain processing in adults with EB, LB and a sighted control group (CG). In this cross-sectional study 27 participants with VI were categorized into EB (n = 14) and LB (n = 13) groups. They were then compared with a CG (n = 15). A vibrotactile device and event-related potentials (ERPs) were utilized while participants performed a spatial tactile line recognition task. The P100 latency and cortical areas of maximal activity were analyzed during the task. The three groups had no statistical differences in P100 latency (p>0.05). All subjects showed significant activation in the right superior frontal areas. Only individuals with VI activated the left superior frontal regions. In EB subjects, a higher activation was found in the mid-frontal and occipital areas. A higher activation of the mid-frontal, anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal zones was observed in LB participants. Compared to the CG, LB individuals showed greater activity in the left orbitofrontal zone, while EB exhibited greater activity in the right superior parietal cortex. The EB had greater activity in the left orbitofrontal region compared to the LB. People with VI may not have faster early attentional processing. EB subjects activate the occipital lobe and right superior parietal cortex during tactile stimulation because of an early lack of visual stimuli and a multimodal information processing. In individuals with LB and EB the orbitofrontal area is activated, suggesting greater emotional processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica-Alba Ahulló-Fuster
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Luz Sánchez-Sánchez
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Varela-Donoso
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Ortiz
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brassard SL, Liu H, Dosanjh J, MacKillop J, Balodis I. Neurobiological foundations and clinical relevance of effort-based decision-making. Brain Imaging Behav 2024:10.1007/s11682-024-00890-x. [PMID: 38819540 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-024-00890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Applying effort-based decision-making tasks provides insights into specific variables influencing choice behaviors. The current review summarizes the structural and functional neuroanatomy of effort-based decision-making. Across 39 examined studies, the review highlights the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in forming reward-based predictions, the ventral striatum encoding expected subjective values driven by reward size, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for monitoring choices to maximize rewards, and specific motor areas preparing for effort expenditure. Neuromodulation techniques, along with shifting environmental and internal states, are promising novel treatment interventions for altering neural alterations underlying decision-making. Our review further articulates the translational promise of this construct into the development, maintenance and treatment of psychiatric conditions, particularly those characterized by reward-, effort- and valuation-related deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Brassard
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hanson Liu
- Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jadyn Dosanjh
- Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Iris Balodis
- Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yao YW, Song KR, Schuck NW, Li X, Fang XY, Zhang JT, Heekeren HR, Bruckner R. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex represents subjective value across effort-based and risky decision-making. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120326. [PMID: 37579997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions that require taking effort costs into account are ubiquitous in real life. The neural common currency theory hypothesizes that a particular neural network integrates different costs (e.g., risk) and rewards into a common scale to facilitate value comparison. Although there has been a surge of interest in the computational and neural basis of effort-related value integration, it is still under debate if effort-based decision-making relies on a domain-general valuation network as implicated in the neural common currency theory. Therefore, we comprehensively compared effort-based and risky decision-making using a combination of computational modeling, univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses, and data from two independent studies. We found that effort-based decision-making can be best described by a power discounting model that accounts for both the discounting rate and effort sensitivity. At the neural level, multivariate decoding analyses indicated that the neural patterns of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) represented subjective value across different decision-making tasks including either effort or risk costs, although univariate signals were more diverse. These findings suggest that multivariate dmPFC patterns play a critical role in computing subjective value in a task-independent manner and thus extend the scope of the neural common currency theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wei Yao
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kun-Ru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas W Schuck
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Fang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hauke R Heekeren
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Executive University Board, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Bruckner
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ngbokoli ML, Douton JE, Carelli RM. Prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens core resting state signaling dynamics as a biomarker for cocaine seeking behaviors. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 7:100097. [PMID: 37396409 PMCID: PMC10310298 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by maladaptive signaling in the prefrontal cortex and associated regions, however precisely how these drug-induced abnormalities may be linked to drug seeking/taking behaviors is not well understood. Here, in vivo local field potential (LFP) electrophysiology was used in rats to examine the relationship between overall spontaneous (resting state) activity within the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, and their functional connectivity, to cocaine taking and seeking behaviors. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine (0.33 mg/inf) or water reinforcement during 6-hour daily sessions over 2 weeks; extinction sessions were completed immediately after self-administration training and following 30 days experimenter-imposed abstinence. Rest LFP recordings were completed during 3 recording periods (15 min each in a chamber different from the self-administration context) conducted (1) prior to self-administration training (rest LFP 1) (2) immediately after 2 weeks of self-administration training (rest LFP 2) and (3) following 1 month abstinence (rest LFP 3). Our findings show that resting state LFP power in the PrL recorded prior to training (Rest LFP 1) was positively correlated with total cocaine intake and escalation of cocaine seeking at the beta frequency range. Immediately after self-administration training (Rest LFP 2) power in the NAc core at gamma frequency was negatively correlated with incubation of cocaine craving. For rats trained to self-administer water, no significant correlations were observed. Together, these findings show that resting state LFP at specific timepoints in the addiction cycle can serve as unique predictors (biomarkers) of cocaine use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metika L. Ngbokoli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina, CB #3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joaquin E. Douton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina, CB #3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Regina M. Carelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina, CB #3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genç E, Metzen D, Fraenz C, Schlüter C, Voelkle MC, Arning L, Streit F, Nguyen HP, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S, Kumsta R. Structural architecture and brain network efficiency link polygenic scores to intelligence. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3359-3376. [PMID: 37013679 PMCID: PMC10171514 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligence is highly heritable. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that thousands of alleles contribute to variation in intelligence with small effect sizes. Polygenic scores (PGS), which combine these effects into one genetic summary measure, are increasingly used to investigate polygenic effects in independent samples. Whereas PGS explain a considerable amount of variance in intelligence, it is largely unknown how brain structure and function mediate this relationship. Here, we show that individuals with higher PGS for educational attainment and intelligence had higher scores on cognitive tests, larger surface area, and more efficient fiber connectivity derived by graph theory. Fiber network efficiency as well as the surface of brain areas partly located in parieto-frontal regions were found to mediate the relationship between PGS and cognitive performance. These findings are a crucial step forward in decoding the neurogenetic underpinnings of intelligence, as they identify specific regional networks that link polygenic predisposition to intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Genç
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dorothea Metzen
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraenz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Caroline Schlüter
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel C Voelkle
- Psychological Research Methods Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Kumsta
- Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Laboratory for Stress and Gene-Environment Interplay, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ye T, Romero-Sosa JL, Rickard A, Aguirre CG, Wikenheiser AM, Blair HT, Izquierdo A. Theta oscillations in anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex differentially modulate accuracy and speed in flexible reward learning. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad005. [PMID: 37456140 PMCID: PMC10348740 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible reward learning relies on frontal cortex, with substantial evidence indicating that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) subregions play important roles. Recent studies in both rat and macaque suggest theta oscillations (5-10 Hz) may be a spectral signature that coordinates this learning. However, network-level interactions between ACC and OFC in flexible learning remain unclear. We investigated the learning of stimulus-reward associations using a combination of simultaneous in vivo electrophysiology in dorsal ACC and ventral OFC, partnered with bilateral inhibitory DREADDs in ACC. In freely behaving male and female rats and using a within-subject design, we examined accuracy and speed of response across distinct and precisely defined trial epochs during initial visual discrimination learning and subsequent reversal of stimulus-reward contingencies. Following ACC inhibition, there was a propensity for random responding in early reversal learning, with correct vs. incorrect trials distinguished only from OFC, not ACC, theta power differences in the reversal phase. ACC inhibition also hastened incorrect choices during reversal. This same pattern of change in accuracy and speed was not observed in viral control animals. Thus, characteristics of impaired reversal learning following ACC inhibition are poor deliberation and weak theta signaling of accuracy in this region. The present results also point to OFC theta oscillations as a prominent feature of reversal learning, unperturbed by ACC inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ye
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Anne Rickard
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Andrew M Wikenheiser
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Addictions, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hugh T Blair
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alicia Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Addictions, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Young JW. Development of cross-species translational paradigms for psychiatric research in the Research Domain Criteria era. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105119. [PMID: 36889561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The past 30 years of IBNS has included research attempting to treat the cognitive and behavioral deficits observed in people with psychiatric conditions. Early work utilized drugs identified from tests thought to be cognition-relevant, however the high failure rate crossing the translational-species barrier led to focus on developing valid cross-species translational tests. The face, predictive, and neurobiological validities used to assess animal models of psychiatry can be used to validate these tests. Clinical sensitivity is another important aspect however, for if the clinical population targeted for treatment does not exhibit task deficits, then why develop treatments? This review covers some work validating cross-species translational tests and suggests future directions. Also covered is the contribution IBNS made to fostering such research and my role in IBNS, making it more available to all including fostering mentor/mentee programs plus spearheading diversity and inclusivity initiatives. All science needs support and IBNS has supported research recreating the behavioral abnormalities that define psychiatric conditions with the aim to improve the lives of people with such conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fatahi Z, Fatahi M, Mirramezani Alizamini M, Ghorbani A, Zibaii MI, Haghparast A. Exogenous Cannabinoids Impair Effort-Related Decision-Making via Affecting Neural Synchronization between the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030413. [PMID: 36979223 PMCID: PMC10046840 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals frequently make an endeavor-based choice based on assessing reinforcement value and response costs. The cortical-limbic-striatal pathway mediates endeavor-based choice behavior, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Furthermore, cannabinoid agonists demonstratively impairs decision-making processes. In this study, neural synchronization and functional connectivity between the NAc and ACC while endeavor-related decision-making and reaching reward were evaluated. The effect of exogenous cannabinoids on this synchronization was then assessed. A T-maze decision-making task with a differential expense (low vs. high endeavor) and remuneration (low vs. high remuneration) was performed and local field potentials (LFP) from the ACC and NAc were registered simultaneously. Results showed functional connectivity during endeavor-related decision-making while the animals chose the high endeavor/high remuneration in both regions’ delta/beta (1–4 and 13–30 Hertz) frequency bands. Furthermore, functional connectivity existed between both areas in delta/theta (1–4 and 4–12) frequencies while reaching a remuneration. However, neural simultaneity was not observed while the animals received cannabinoid agonists, making a decision and reaching remuneration. The obtained results demonstrated that functional connectivity and neural simultaneity between the NAc and ACC in delta/beta and delta/theta frequencies have a role in endeavor-related decision-making and reaching remuneration, respectively. The effect of exogenous cannabinoids on decision-making impairment is relevant to changes in the ACC and NAC brain wave frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fatahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran P.O. Box 19615-1178, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fatahi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 14395-515, Iran
| | - Mirmohammadali Mirramezani Alizamini
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran P.O. Box 19839-6941, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ismail Zibaii
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran P.O. Box 19839-6941, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran P.O. Box 19615-1178, Iran
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 19395-5531, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of Mental Fatigue on Strength Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Motor Control 2022; 27:442-461. [PMID: 36509089 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the effects of mental fatigue on upper and lower body strength endurance. Searches for studies were performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. We included studies that compared the effects of a demanding cognitive task (set to induce mental fatigue) with a control condition on strength endurance in dynamic resistance exercise (i.e., expressed as the number of performed repetitions at a given load). The data reported in the included studies were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences. Seven studies were included in the review. We found that mental fatigue significantly reduced the number of performed repetitions for upper body exercises (standardized mean difference: -0.41; 95% confidence interval [-0.70, -0.12]; p = .006; I2 = 0%). Mental fatigue also significantly reduced the number of performed repetitions in the analysis for lower body exercises (standardized mean difference: -0.39; 95% confidence interval [-0.75, -0.04]; p = .03; I2 = 0%). Our results showed that performing a demanding cognitive task-which induces mental fatigue-impairs strength endurance performance. Collectively, our findings suggest that exposure to cognitive tasks that may induce mental fatigue should be minimized before strength endurance-based resistance exercise sessions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang CG, Feng C, Zhou ZR, Cao WY, He DJ, Jiang ZL, Lin F. Imbalanced Gamma-band Functional Brain Networks of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2022; 498:19-30. [PMID: 35121079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resting gamma-band brain networks are known as an inhibitory component in functional brain networks. Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered as with imbalanced brain networks, the inhibitory component remains not fully explored. The study reported 10 children with ASD and 10 typically-developing (TD) controls. The power spectral density analysis of the gamma-band signal in the cerebral cortex was performed at the source level. The normalized phase transfer entropy values (nPTEs) were calculated to construct brain connectivity. Gamma-band activity of the ASD group was lower than the TD children. The significantly inhibited brain regions were mainly distributed in the bilateral frontal and temporal lobes. Connectivity analysis showed alterations in the connections from key nodes of the social brain network. The behavior assessments in the ASD group revealed a significantly positive correlation between the total score of Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the regional nPTEs of the right transverse temporal gyrus. Our results provide strong evidence that the gamma-band brain networks of ASD children have a lower level of brain activities and different distribution of information flows. Clinical meanings of such imbalances of both activity and connectivity were also worthy of further explorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Guang Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Chun Feng
- The Center of Rehabilitation Therapy, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Funing Grace Rehabilitation Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224400, China
| | - Wen-Yue Cao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Dan-Jun He
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhong-Li Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Relationship between infantile mother preference and neural regions activated by maternal contact in C57BL/6 mice. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Chen Y. Neural Representation of Costs and Rewards in Decision Making. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1096. [PMID: 34439715 PMCID: PMC8391424 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making is crucial for animal survival because the choices they make based on their current situation could influence their future rewards and could have potential costs. This review summarises recent developments in decision making, discusses how rewards and costs could be encoded in the brain, and how different options are compared such that the most optimal one is chosen. The reward and cost are mainly encoded by the forebrain structures (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex), and their value is updated through learning. The recent development on dopamine and the lateral habenula's role in reporting prediction errors and instructing learning will be emphasised. The importance of dopamine in powering the choice and accounting for the internal state will also be discussed. While the orbitofrontal cortex is the place where the state values are stored, the anterior cingulate cortex is more important when the environment is volatile. All of these structures compare different attributes of the task simultaneously, and the local competition of different neuronal networks allows for the selection of the most appropriate one. Therefore, the total value of the task is not encoded as a scalar quantity in the brain but, instead, as an emergent phenomenon, arising from the computation at different brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Chen
- Queens' College, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB3 9ET, UK
| |
Collapse
|