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Wu D, Su J, Wang P, Zhai B, Zhao C, Li W, Chen C, Guan J, Cao Z, Song N, Yang H, Zhang Y, Xu H. Exploration on pharmacological mechanisms of YZP against neuropathic pain via inhibiting spinal inflammation and the rationality of its compatibility. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118316. [PMID: 38729540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription (YZP) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for neuropathic pain (NP) therapy with a satisfying clinical efficacy. However, the underlying pharmacological mechanism and its compatibility principle remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the analgesic and compatibility mechanisms of YZP on neuropathic pain (NP) at the gene and biological process levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats were intragastrically administrated with extracts of YZP, YH and BZ separately, and then mechanical hypersensitivity were measured to evaluate the analgesic effects between YH and BZ before and after compatibility. Then, RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses were performed to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying YZP's analgesia and compatibility. Finally, the expression levels and significant differences of key genes were analyzed. RESULTS Behaviorally, both YZP and YH effectively alleviated mechanical allodynia in CCI rats, with YZP being superior to YH. In contrast, we did not observe an analgesic effect of BZ. Genetically, YZP, YH, and BZ reversed the expression levels of 52, 34, and 42 aberrant genes in the spinal cord of CCI rats, respectively. Mechanically, YZP was revealed to alleviate NP mainly by modulating the inflammatory response and neuropeptide signaling pathway, which are the dominant effective processes of YH. Interestingly, the effective targets of YZP were especially enriched in leukocyte activation and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, BZ was found to exert an adjunctive effect in enhancing the analgesic effect of YH by promoting skeletal muscle tissue regeneration and modulating calcium ion transport. CONCLUSIONS YH, as the monarch drug, plays a dominant role in the analgesic effect of YZP that effectively relieves NP by inhibiting the spinal inflammation and neuropeptide signaling pathway. BZ, as the minister drug, not only synergistically enhances analgesic processes of YH but also helps to alleviate the accompanying symptoms of NP. Consequently, YZP exerted a more potent analgesic effect than YH and BZ alone. In conclusion, our findings offer new insights into understanding the pharmacological mechanism and compatibility principle of YZP, which may support its clinical application in NP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jin Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Baorong Zhai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chengyu Chen
- Jiaheng (Hengqin, Zhuhai) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Jianli Guan
- Henan Fusen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanyang, 474450, China
| | - Zhiming Cao
- Jiaheng (Hengqin, Zhuhai) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Naining Song
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of TCM, National Medical Products Administration, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Nishitani T, Mitoh Y, Yajima T, Tachiya D, Hoshika T, Fukunaga T, Nishitani Y, Yoshida R, Mizoguchi I, Ichikawa H, Sato T. Distribution of alpha-synuclein in rat salivary glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2933-2946. [PMID: 38284507 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Expression of alpha-synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic neuronal protein, was immunohistochemically examined in intact rat submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands. The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn-ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, Syn-ir nerve fibers around smooth muscle actin (SMA)-ir cells alone were infrequent; however, those around aquaporin-5 (AQP5)-ir cells alone and both SMA- and AQP5-ir cells were abundant in the sublingual and serous lingual glands. SMA-ir cells were occasionally immunoreactive for toll-like receptor 4, a Syn receptor. Syn-ir nerve fibers contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the submandibular gland and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in all examined salivary glands. In the superior cervical (SCG), submandibular, and intralingual ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn with TH and ChAT, respectively. SCG neurons innervating the submandibular gland contained mostly Syn. In the thoracic spinal cord, 14.7% of ChAT-ir preganglionic sympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn. In the superior salivatory nucleus, preganglionic parasympathetic neurons projecting to the lingual nerve co-expressed Syn and ChAT. The present findings indicate that released Syn acts on myoepithelial cells. Syn in pre- and post-ganglionic neurons may regulate neurotransmitter release and salivary volume and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Nishitani
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mitoh
- Department of Oral Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tachiya
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hoshika
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Wang J, Liu X, Gou J, Deng J, Li M, Zhu Y, Wu Z. Role of neuropeptides in orofacial pain: A literature review. J Oral Rehabil 2024; 51:898-908. [PMID: 38213060 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides play a critical role in regulating pain and inflammation. Despite accumulating evidence has further uncovered the novel functions and mechanisms of different neuropeptides in orofacial pain sensation and transmission, there is deficient systematic description of neuropeptides' pain modulation in the orofacial region, especially in the trigeminal system. OBJECTIVES The present review aims to summarise several key neuropeptides and gain a better understanding of their major regulatory roles in orofacial inflammation and pain. METHODS We review and summarise current studies related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), opioid peptide (OP), galanin (GAL) and other neuropeptides' functions and mechanisms as well as promising targets for orofacial pain control. RESULTS A number of neuropeptides are clearly expressed in the trigeminal sensory system and have critical functions in the transduction and pathogenesis of orofacial pain. The functions, possible cellular and molecular mechanisms have been introduced and discussed. Neuropeptides and their agonists or antagonists which are widely studied to be potential treatment options of orofacial pain has been evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Various neuropeptides play important but distinct (pro-nociceptive or analgesic) roles in orofacial pain with different mechanisms. In summary, CGRP, SP, NPY, NKA, HK-1, VIP mainly play proinflammatory and pro-nociceptive effects while OP, GAL, OXT, OrxA mainly have inhibitory effects on orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junzhuo Gou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mujia Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Liu F, Zhang YH, Zhang YY, Lin J, Liu YJ, Li YL, Fang ZH, Liao HL, Wang H, Shen JF. Phosphorylation of the AMPARs regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) and protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) contribute to orofacial neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148578. [PMID: 37709161 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) has been recognized to play a vital role in the development of neuropathic pain. Recent studies have indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) and protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) are involved in the phosphorylation of AMPARs. However, whether PKC and PICK1 were involved in the AMPAR phosphorylation in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) to participate in orofacial neuropathic pain remains enigmatic. A behavioral test was utilized to evaluate the head withdrawal threshold (HWT) after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). The distribution and expression of GluA1, GluA2, PKC, and PICK1 were examined in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) by immunofluorescence, real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and co-immunoprecipitation. Intra-ganglionic injections of drugs were performed to investigate the regulation mechanism. The present study demonstrated that CCI-ION-induced mechanical allodynia was maintained over at least 21 days. GluA1 and GluA2 were mainly expressed in the neurons. Trigeminal nerve injury potentiated the phosphorylation of GluA1, GluA2, and PKC in the TG, which was prevented by inhibiting PKC with chelerythrine chloride. Additionally, PICK1 colocalized and interacted with GluA2 in the TG. Following blocking PICK1 with FSC-231, the phosphorylation of GluA2 decreased. Finally, inhibition of PKC and PICK1 both alleviated mechanical allodynia in the whisker pad of CCI-ION mice. In conclusion, activation of PKC and PICK1 contribute to orofacial allodynia by regulating AMPAR phosphorylation in the TG of male mice, which provides potential therapeutic targets for alleviating orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Cui X, Qin B, Xia C, Li H, Li Z, Li Z, Nasir A, Bai Q. Transcriptome-wide analysis of trigeminal ganglion and subnucleus caudalis in a mouse model of chronic constriction injury-induced trigeminal neuralgia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1230633. [PMID: 37841912 PMCID: PMC10568182 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) induces mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, which are known to alter gene expression in injured dorsal root ganglia primary sensory neurons. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been linked to TNP. However, the functional mechanism underlying TNP and the expression profile of ncRNAs in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Sp5C) are still unknown. We used RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to examine the TG and Sp5C transcriptomes after infraorbital nerve chronic constrictive injury (IoN-CCI). The robust changes in the gene expression of lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs were observed within the TG and Sp5C from mice that underwent IoN-CCI and the sham-operated mice (day 7). In total, 111,003 lncRNAs were found in TG and 107,157 in Sp5C; 369 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in TG, and 279 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in Sp5C. In addition, 13,216 circRNAs in TG and 21,658 circRNAs in Sp5C were identified, with 1,155 circRNAs and 2,097 circRNAs differentially expressed in TG and Sp5C, respectively. Furthermore, 5,205 DE mRNAs in TG and 3,934 DE mRNAs in Sp5C were differentially expressed between IoN-CCI and sham groups. The study revealed a high correlation of pain-related differentially expressed genes in the TG and Sp5C to anxiety, depression, inflammation, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that binding-related molecular functions and membrane-related cell components were significantly enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis shows the most significant enrichments in neurogenesis, nervous system development, neuron differentiation, adrenergic signaling, cAMP signaling, MAPK signaling, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction analysis showed that hub genes were implicated in neuropeptide signaling pathways. Functional analysis of DE ncRNA-targeting genes was mostly enriched with nociception-related signaling pathways underpinning TNP. Our findings suggest that ncRNAs are involved in TNP development and open new avenues for research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Cui
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoyun Xia
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhiye Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ganeyan A, Ganesh CB. Organization of the galaninergic neuronal system in the brain of the gecko Hemidactylus frenatus. Neuropeptides 2023; 97:102310. [PMID: 36459764 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a 29 amino acid peptide present in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as peripheral tissues in vertebrates. However, the brain distribution pattern of GAL is understudied in reptiles. The aim of this study was to determine the organization of galaninergic neuronal system in the brain of the gecko Hemidactylus frenatus, a tropical and sub-tropical lizard, using rabbit anti-galanin antibody. In the telencephalon, GAL-ir perikarya and fibres were found in the lateral septal nucleus, but only GAL-ir fibres were observed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, anterior commissure, nucleus centralis amygdalae, dorsal and medial septal nuclei, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and in the optic chiasma. In the preoptic region, a cluster of GAL-ir cells and fibres was observed in the periventricular preoptic area and lateral preoptic area. GAL-ir perikarya and fibres were observed in hypothalamic areas such as the supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, infundibular recess nucleus and in the median eminence, whereas GAL-ir fibres were present in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland. In the thalamus, GAL-ir fibres were observed in the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and medial thalamic nuclei. GAL-ir fibres were also detected in mesencephalic areas such as the optic tectum, torus semicircularis, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, brain stem as well as the spinal cord. The organization of GAL-ir cells and fibres throughout the gecko brain suggests several neuroendocrine, neuromodulatory and behavioural functions for GAL in lizards. The study provides new insights into the evolutionarily conserved nature of GAL peptide in squamate reptiles and forms a valuable basis for future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Ganeyan
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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7
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Innervation of the human minor salivary glands; immunohistochemical study for neurochemical substances. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Fang ZH, Liao HL, Tang QF, Liu YJ, Zhang YY, Lin J, Yu HP, Zhou C, Li CJ, Liu F, Shen JF. Interactions Among Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs in the Trigeminal Ganglion Associated with Neuropathic Pain. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2967-2988. [PMID: 36171980 PMCID: PMC9512292 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s382692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have demonstrated the contribution of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to neuropathic pain. However, the expression profile of ncRNAs in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and their functional mechanism underlying trigeminal neuropathic pain are still unclear. Methods In the present study, the trigeminal neuropathic pain model induced by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) was used to study the expression profile and potential regulatory mechanism of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs in the TG by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis. CCI-ION mice suffered from mechanical allodynia from 3 days to 28 days after surgery. Results The RNA-seq results discovered 67 miRNAs, 216 lncRNAs, 14 circRNAs, 595 mRNAs, and 421 genes were differentially expressed (DE) in the TG of CCI-ION mice 7 days after surgery. And 39 DEGs were known pain genes. Besides, 5 and 35 pain-related DE mRNAs could be targeted by 6 DE miRNAs and 107 DE lncRNAs, respectively. And 23 pain-related DEGs had protein–protein interactions (PPI) with each other. GO analysis indicated membrane-related cell components and binding-related molecular functions were significantly enriched. KEGG analysis showed that nociception-related signaling pathways were significantly enriched for DE ncRNAs and DEGs. Finally, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network of DE lncRNA/DE circRNA-DE miRNA-DE mRNA existed in the TG of mice with trigeminal neuropathic pain. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate ncRNAs are involved in the development of trigeminal neuropathic pain, possibly through the ceRNA mechanism, which brings a new bright into the study of trigeminal neuropathic pain and the development of novel treatments targeting ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Peng Yu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Yajima T, Sato T, Hosokawa H, Kondo T, Ichikawa H. Transient receptor potential melastatin-7 in the rat dorsal root ganglion. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102163. [PMID: 36122679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Transient receptor potential melastatin-7 (TRPM7) is a selective cation permeable channel which plays important roles in cellular and developmental biology such as cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. This channel is also known to be necessary for transmitter release in the peripheral nervous system. In this study, immunohistochemistry for TRPM7 was conducted in the rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG). METHODS Triple immunofluorescence methods were used to demonstrate distribution of TRPM7 and its relationship to other TRP channels in the DRG. Retrograde tracing and double immunofluorescence methods were also performed to know peripheral targets of DRG neurons containing TRPM7 and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). In addition, transection of the sciatic nerve was conducted to demonstrate an effect of the nerve injury on TRPM7expression in the DRG. RESULTS TRPM7-immunoreactivity was expressed by 53.9% of sensory neurons in the 4th lumbar DRG. TRPM7-immunoreactive (-IR) DRG neurons mostly had small (<600 µm²) and medium-sized (600-1200 µm²) cell bodies. By triple and double immunofluorescence methods, approximately 70% of TRPM7-IR DRG neurons contained TRPV1-immunoreactivity. Although the number of DRG neurons co-expressing TRPM7 and TRPM8 was small in the DRG, almost all of TRPM8-IR DRG neurons co-expressed TRPM7-immunoreactivity. By combination of retrograde tracing method and immunohistochemistry, TRPM7 was expressed by half of DRG neurons innervating the plantar skin (61.9%) and gastrocnemius muscle (51.2%), and 79.6% of DRG neurons innervating the periosteum. Co-expression of TRPM7 and TRPV1 among periosteum DRG neurons (75.7%) was more abundant than among cutaneous (53.2%) and muscular (40.4%) DRG neurons. DRG neurons which co-expressed these ion channels in the periosteum had smaller cell bodies compared to the skin and muscle. In addition, the sciatic nerve transection decreased the number of TRPM7-IR neurons in the DRG (approximately 60% reduction). The RT-qPCR analysis also demonstrated reduction of TRPM7 mRNA in the injured DRG. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that TRPM7 is mainly located in small nociceptors in the DRG. The content of TRPM7 in DRG neurons is probably different among their peripheral targets. TRPM7 in DRG neurons may be able to respond to noxious stimulation from their peripheral tissues. The nerve injury can decrease the level of TRPM7 mRNA and protein in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hosokawa
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Kondo
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Distribution and possible function of galanin about headache and immune system in the rat dura mater. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5206. [PMID: 35338230 PMCID: PMC8956595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a nociceptive transmitter or modulator in the trigeminal sensory system. In this study, GAL expression was investigated in the rat dura mater to demonstrate its possible function in headache using immunohistochemical techniques. The cerebral falx and cerebellar dura mater received abundant blood and nerve supply, and were significantly thicker compared to other portions in the cerebral dura mater. GAL-immunoreactivity was expressed by cell and nerve fiber profiles. Presumed macrophages and dendritic cells contained GAL-immunoreactivity, and co-expressed with CD11b-immunoreactivity. Many isolated and perivascular nerve fibers also showed GAL-immunoreactivity. In addition, GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in the vicinity of macrophages and dendritic cells with either GAL- or ED1-immunoreactivity. GAL-immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers were common in the cerebral falx and cerebellar dura mater and infrequent in other portions. And, GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers usually co-expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity. In the trigeminal ganglion, a substantial proportion of sensory neurons innervating the dura mater contained GAL-immunoreactivity (mean ± SD, 3.4 ± 2.2%), and co-expressed CGRP-immunoreactivity (2.7 ± 2.1%). The present study may suggest that GAL is associated with nociceptive transduction or modulation in the dura mater. GAL also possibly plays a role in the immune mechanism of the dura mater.
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A New Gal in Town: A Systematic Review of the Role of Galanin and Its Receptors in Experimental Pain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050839. [PMID: 35269462 PMCID: PMC8909084 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide expressed in a small percentage of sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and the superficial lamina of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In this work, we systematically reviewed the literature regarding the role of galanin and its receptors in nociception at the spinal and supraspinal levels, as well as in chronic pain conditions. The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, OVID, TRIP, and EMBASE using "Galanin" AND "pain" as keywords. Of the 1379 papers that were retrieved in the initial search, we included a total of 141 papers in this review. Using the ARRIVE guidelines, we verified that 89.1% of the works were of good or moderate quality. Galanin shows a differential role in pain, depending on the pain state, site of action, and concentration. Under normal settings, galanin can modulate nociceptive processing through both a pro- and anti-nociceptive action, in a dose-dependent manner. This peptide also plays a key role in chronic pain conditions and its antinociceptive action at both a spinal and supraspinal level is enhanced, reducing animals' hypersensitivity to both mechanical and thermal stimulation. Our results highlight galanin and its receptors as potential therapeutic targets in pain conditions.
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Sato T, Yajima T, Kokubun S, Tachiya D, Ichikawa H. Distribution of neuronal cells which contain dopamine β-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the human internal carotid nerve. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1277-1286. [PMID: 34486238 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human internal carotid nerve (ICN) occasionally has a swelling beneath the external opening of the carotid canal. In this study, the presence and distribution of neuronal cells were investigated in the bilateral ICNs of nine human cadavers. Among 44.4% of the cadavers, swellings were detected in the ICN. Their diameters ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 mm (average ± SD = 2.6 ± 0.7 mm). Thirty-eight percent of these swellings were large (diameter > 3 mm) and showed an oval shape. The large swelling contained many neuronal cells. However, the ICNs with or without a swelling <3 mm diameter were mostly free from neuronal cells (93.3%). Only in one human cadaver, the right ICN without a swelling had a small number of neuronal cells. By the present immunohistochemical method, ICN neurons contained catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides. Dopamine-beta hydroxylase- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity were mostly expressed by ICN neurons. More than half of them also contained neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity. However, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive ICN neurons were relatively infrequent. Substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive ICN neurons could not be detected. By the cell size analysis, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons were significantly smaller than neuropeptide Y-immunonegative neurons in the ICN. The present study suggests that ICN neurons have a sympathetic function in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasu Sato
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Souichi Kokubun
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tachiya
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Stephens KE, Zhou W, Renfro Z, Ji Z, Ji H, Guan Y, Taverna SD. Global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:185. [PMID: 34446036 PMCID: PMC8390277 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to understand genetic variability involved in an individual's susceptibility to chronic pain support a role for upstream regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. METHODS To examine the transcriptomic and epigenetic basis of chronic pain that resides in the peripheral nervous system, we used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to identify novel molecular pathways associated with pain hypersensitivity in two well-studied persistent pain models induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve and intra-plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. RESULTS Our RNA-seq studies identify a variety of biological process related to synapse organization, membrane potential, transmembrane transport, and ion binding. Interestingly, genes that encode transcriptional regulators were disproportionately downregulated in both models. Our ATAC-seq data provide a comprehensive map of chromatin accessibility changes in the DRG. A total of 1123 regions showed changes in chromatin accessibility in one or both models when compared to the naïve and 31 shared differentially accessible regions (DAR)s. Functional annotation of the DARs identified disparate molecular functions enriched for each pain model which suggests that chromatin structure may be altered differently following sciatic nerve injury and hind paw inflammation. Motif analysis identified 17 DNA sequences known to bind transcription factors in the CCI DARs and 33 in the CFA DARs. Two motifs were significantly enriched in both models. CONCLUSIONS Our improved understanding of the changes in chromatin accessibility that occur in chronic pain states may identify regulatory genomic elements that play essential roles in modulating gene expression in the DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Renfro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sean D Taverna
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Fu M, Liu F, Zhang YY, Lin J, Huang CL, Li YL, Wang H, Zhou C, Li CJ, Shen JF. The α2δ-1-NMDAR1 interaction in the trigeminal ganglion contributes to orofacial ectopic pain following inferior alveolar nerve injury. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:162-171. [PMID: 33811955 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial ectopic pain can often arise following nerve injury. However, the exact mechanism responsible for orofacial ectopic pain induced by trigeminal nerve injury remains unknown. The α2δ-1 and glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) interactions have been demonstrated to participate in neuropathic pain regulation in the spinal cord. In this study, a rat model of inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANX) was used to investigate the role of α2δ-1-NMDAR1 interaction in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in regard to the regulation of orofacial ectopic pain. Western blot (WB) analysis indicated that α2δ-1 and NMDAR1 in the TG were substantially higher in IANX rats than they were in sham/naive rats. Additionally, immunofluorescence (IF) results revealed that α2δ-1 and NMDAR1 were co-expressed and distributed within neurons and activated satellite glial cells in the TG. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) results indicated that α2δ-1-NMDAR1 complex levels in the TG were higher in IANX rats than they were in sham rats. Furthermore, the results of behavioral tests demonstrated that intra-TG injection of gabapentin (α2δ-1 inhibitory ligand) or memantine hydrochloride (NMDAR antagonist) reversed the decrease in mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (HWT) in IANX rats. Moreover, inhibition of α2δ-1 by intra-TG administration of gabapentin suppressed the upregulation of the NMDAR1 protein, and the inhibition of NMDAR by intra-TG administration of memantine hydrochloride inhibited the increased expression of α2δ-1 protein induced by IANX. In conclusion, the physical and functional interaction between α2δ-1 and NMDAR1 is critical for the development of orofacial ectopic pain, indicating that α2δ-1, NMDAR1, and the α2δ-1-NMDAR1 complex may represent potential targets for the treatment of orofacial ectopic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao-Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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