1
|
Tsumura H, Fukuda M, Hisamatsu T, Sato R, Tsuchie R, Kanda H. Relationships of rapid eating with visceral and subcutaneous fat mass and plasma adiponectin concentration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11491. [PMID: 37460653 PMCID: PMC10352324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eating has been demonstrated to be associated with obesity and overweight. However, few studies have characterized the separate relationships of eating speed with visceral and subcutaneous fat mass or circulating adiponectin concentration. We hypothesized that rapid eating is associated with the larger visceral fat tissue (VFT) area and lower adiponectin concentration, but not with the subcutaneous fat tissue (SFT) area in men and women. We performed a cross-sectional study of 712 adults aged 20-86 years (528 men and 184 women; mean ± SD age 59.36 ± 13.61 years). The participants completed a self-reported questionnaire, and underwent anthropometric and laboratory measurements and computed tomographic imaging of the abdomen as a part of annual medical check-ups. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that rapid eating was associated with larger visceral (B = 24.74; 95% CI 8.87-40.61, p = 0.002) and subcutaneous fat areas (B = 31.31; 95% CI 12.23-50.38, p = 0.001), lower adiponectin concentration (B = - 2.92; 95% CI - 4.39- - 1.46, p < 0.001), higher body mass index (BMI) (B = 2.13; 95% CI 1.02-3.25, p < 0.001), and larger waist circumference (B = 5.23; 95% CI 2.16-8.30, p < 0.001) in men, which is partially consistent with the hypothesis. In contrast, rapid eating was found to be associated only with BMI, and not with abdominal adipose area or adiponectin concentration in women, which is a result that is not consistent with the hypothesis. These results suggest that there is no difference in the association of rapid eating with VFT and SFT areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tsumura
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-1, Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
| | - Mari Fukuda
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisamatsu
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Sato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1, Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Izumo, 693-0021, Japan
| | - Rina Tsuchie
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1, Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanda
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamada Y, Takahashi H, Shimizu M, Kawaguchi T, Sumida Y, Fujii H, Seko Y, Fukunishi S, Tokushige K, Nakajima A, Okanoue T. Clinical practice advice on lifestyle modification in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japan: an expert review. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1045-1061. [PMID: 34718870 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, including in Japan. The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology (JSGE) and the Japanese Society of Hepatology (JSH) have established the Japanese NAFLD/NASH guidelines in 2014 and revised these guidelines in 2020. As described in these guidelines, weight reduction by diet and/or exercise therapy is important for the treatment of NAFLD patients. The I148M single nucleotide polymorphism (rs738409 C > G) of PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 protein) is widely known to be associated with the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. In the Japanese, the ratio of PNPLA3 gene polymorphisms found is approximately 20%, which is higher than that found in Westerners. In addition, the ratio of lean NAFLD patients is also higher in Japan than in Western countries. Therefore, the method for lifestyle guidance for the NAFLD patients in Japan would be different from that for the people in Western countries. The problems in the treatment of NAFLD patients include alcohol consumption and sarcopenia. Therefore, guidelines that can help clinicians treat Japanese patients with NAFLD are needed. In this expert review, we summarize evidence-based interventions for lifestyle modification (diet, exercise, alcohol, and sarcopenia) for the treatment of patients with NAFLD, especially from Japan and Asian countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Advanced Metabolic Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukunishi
- Premier Departmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tokushige
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, 1-2 Kawazonocho, Suita, Osaka, 564-0013, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kolay E, Bykowska-Derda A, Abdulsamad S, Kaluzna M, Samarzewska K, Ruchala M, Czlapka-Matyasik M. Self-Reported Eating Speed Is Associated with Indicators of Obesity in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111559. [PMID: 34828605 PMCID: PMC8619990 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating speed (ES) as a dietary behaviour has become a widely discussed factor for weight management and obesity. This study analysed the relationship between ES and anthropometric indicators of obesity, including BMI and waist circumference (WC) in adults. A search conducted of PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus found six longitudinal studies and fifteen cross-sectional studies published for further analysis. A quality assessment was performed with the MINORS checklist. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis and almost all reviewed studies showed that ES was associated with BMI, and non-fast eaters had significantly lower BMI than fast eaters. Therefore, it was assumed that slowing down the ES may be an effective strategy for weight management and lowering obesity risk. There was also an association between WC and ES. Assessment of eating speed can be included in nutrition surveys to analyse obesity risk. More broadly, research is also needed to establish a validated and standardised methodology to determine eating speed. Further research needs to examine the links between eating speed, obesity, ethnicity, sex, food culture and chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Kolay
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
| | - Safa Abdulsamad
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
| | - Malgorzata Kaluzna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Karolina Samarzewska
- Department of Clinical Auxiology and Pediatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marek Ruchala
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-846-62-04
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Minoura A, Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nishimura R, Yoshida R, Azuma M, Hoshino H, Kokaze A. Eating Fast and Until Full Is Associated with Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Japanese Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 253:11-18. [PMID: 33408301 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.253.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity has been recognized as a marker for monitoring the risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Higher ALT activity was reported to be associated with eating fast in Japanese adults, but the association in children is unclear. Moreover, eating fast and eating until full are reported to be associated with being overweight. This study examined the association between elevated ALT and eating behaviors (eating fast and eating until full) among population-based schoolchildren (aged 9-10 years) in Ina Town, Saitama, Japan. Data for eating behaviors were obtained from a self-written questionnaire. Blood samples were drawn to measure ALT. Elevated ALT was defined as > 30 U/L in boys and > 19 U/L in girls. Logistic regression models and structural equation models were used to calculate the effect of eating behaviors on elevated ALT. Final data analysis was carried out for 1,870 boys and 1,739 girls. "Eating fast and eating until full" was significantly associated with elevated ALT in each sex. "Eating fast and not eating until full" was significantly associated with elevated ALT in boys, but after adjusting for exercise and body mass index, this association was not significant. In conclusion, "eating fast and eating until full" was associated with elevated ALT in schoolchildren. A sex difference in the association of "eating fast and not eating until full" with elevated ALT was observed. Modifying the behaviors of eating fast and eating until full is important for schoolchildren to prevent ALT elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minoura
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Takako Shirasawa
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Rimei Nishimura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Reika Yoshida
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Minami Azuma
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Hiromi Hoshino
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Akatsuki Kokaze
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Physiopathology of Lifestyle Interventions in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113472. [PMID: 33198247 PMCID: PMC7697937 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem, and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Diet and exercise interventions are the first-line treatment options, with weight loss via a hypocaloric diet being the most important therapeutic target in NAFLD. However, most NAFLD patients are not able to achieve such weight loss. Therefore, the requisite is the investigation of other effective therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes research on understanding complex pathophysiology underlying dietary approaches and exercise interventions with the potential to prevent and treat NAFLD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ozaki E, Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Yoshimoto T, Nagahama S, Muramatsu J, Chono T, Ito T, Inoue H, Kokaze A. Eating quickly is associated with a low aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio in middle-aged adults: a large-scale cross-sectional survey in Japan. Arch Public Health 2020; 78:101. [PMID: 33088502 PMCID: PMC7565817 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and a low aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to ALT ratio (AST/ALT ratio) suggest nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, increasing the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, eating quickly has been found to be associated with outcomes such as obesity. This study sought to investigate the relationship between eating quickly and an elevated ALT or a low AST/ALT ratio in Japanese middle-aged adults. METHODS The present study included 283,073 adults aged 40-64 years who had annual health checkups in Japan from April 2013 to March 2014. The data of serum parameters and lifestyle factors, including eating speed, were analyzed. An elevated ALT was defined as > 40 U/L, and a low AST/ALT ratio was defined as < 1. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for an elevated ALT and a low AST/ALT ratio. RESULTS Significantly increased ORs for an elevated ALT were observed in men (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.41-1.49) and women (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25-1.43). Moreover, eating quickly significantly increased the ORs for a low AST/ALT ratio in men (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.50-1.56) and women (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.31-1.41). When the analysis was limited to those with ALT ≤40 U/L, eating quickly had significantly increased ORs for a low AST/ ALT ratio, regardless of sex. CONCLUSIONS Eating quickly was significantly associated with an elevated ALT and a low AST/ALT ratio. In addition, eating quickly was significantly associated with a low AST/ALT ratio even for those without ALT elevation. This study suggested that modification of eating speed may contribute to reducing the risk for an elevated ALT and a low AST/ALT ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ozaki
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Takako Shirasawa
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Satsue Nagahama
- All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation, 6-16-11 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-0064 Japan
| | - Jun Muramatsu
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Takahiko Chono
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ito
- Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577 Japan
| | - Haruhiro Inoue
- Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577 Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kokaze
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao X, Gu Y, Bian S, Zhang Q, Meng G, Liu L, Wu H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Sun S, Wang X, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. Association between eating speed and newly diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among the general population. Nutr Res 2020; 80:78-88. [PMID: 32736293 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fast eating speed is a risk factor for obesity, which is also closely related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting that fast eating speed may contribute to the development of NAFLD. But the extent to which obesity may mediate the association between eating speed and NAFLD is uncertain. We hypothesized that obesity plays a mediating role in the association between eating speed and prevalence of NAFLD in the general population. A cross-sectional study (n = 23,611) was conducted in a general population sample from Tianjin, China. We measured anthropometrics and biochemical variables. The self-reported eating speed per meal was recorded and classified into 4 categories: slow, medium, relatively fast, and very fast. NAFLD was diagnosed by liver ultrasonography. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations between the eating speed and the prevalence of NAFLD, as well as the mediation effects of obesity on the association between eating speed and NAFLD. The prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD was 19.0%. After adjusting for potentially confounding factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of NAFLD across categories of eating speed were 1.00 (reference), 1.39 (1.18-1.64), 1.71 (1.45-2.01), and 2.04 (1.70-2.46). All these significant odds ratios were attenuated to be nonsignificant by adjustment for body mass index and/or waist circumference. This is the first study to demonstrate that eating speed is not independently associated with increased risk of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Cao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Gu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Bian
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Woodward E, Haszard J, Worsfold A, Venn B. Comparison of Self-Reported Speed of Eating with an Objective Measure of Eating Rate. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030599. [PMID: 32110855 PMCID: PMC7146333 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow eating may be beneficial in reducing energy intake although there is limited research quantifying eating rate. Perceived speed of eating was self-reported by 78 adults using a standard question “On a scale of 1–5 (very slow–very fast), how fast do you believe you eat?” Timing the completion of meals on three occasions was used to assess objective eating rate. The mean (SD) speeds of eating by self-reported categories were 49 (13.7), 42 (12.2), and 35 (10.5) g/min for fast, medium, and slow eaters, respectively. Within each self-reported category, the range of timed speed of eating resulted in considerable overlap between self-identified ‘fast’, ‘medium’ and ‘slow’ eaters. There was 47.4% agreement (fair) between self-reported speed of eating and the objective measure of eating rate (κ = 0.219). Self-reported speed of eating was sufficient at a group level to detect a significant difference (10.9 g/min (95% CI: 2.7, 19.2 g/min, p = 0.009)) between fast and slow; and fast and medium eaters (6.0 g/min (0.5, 11.6 g/min p = 0.033)). The mean difference (95% CI) between slow and medium eaters was 4.9 (−3.4, 12.2) g/min (p = 0.250). At an individual level, self-report had poor sensitivity. Compared to objectively measured speed of eating, self-reported speed of eating was found to be an unreliable means of assessing an individual’s eating rate. There are no standard protocols for assessing speed of eating or eating rate. Establishing such protocols would enable the development of population reference ranges across various demographic groups that may be applicable for public health messages and in clinical management.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tao L, Yang K, Huang F, Liu X, Li X, Luo Y, Wu L, Guo X. Association between self-reported eating speed and metabolic syndrome in a Beijing adult population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:855. [PMID: 29996822 PMCID: PMC6042428 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components and eating speed is limited in China. The present study aimed to clarify the association between MetS, its components and eating speed in a Beijing adult population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 7972 adults who were 18–65 years old and who received health check-ups at the Beijing Physical Examination Center in 2016. Logistic regression was conducted to explore the associations between MetS, its components and eating speed. Results The prevalence of MetS in this population was 24.65% (36.02% for males and 10.18% for females). Eating speed was significantly associated with a high risk for MetS, elevated blood pressure, and central obesity for both genders. Eating speed was associated with a high risk for elevated triglycerides and with a reduction in high-density lipoprotein in males, and eating speed was associated with a high risk for elevated fasting plasma glucose in females. Compared with slow eating speed, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of medium eating speed and fast eating speed for MetS were 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.32–2.07) and 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.80–2.86) for all subjects, 1.58 (95% confidence interval 1.21–2.07) and 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.69–2.91) for males, and 1.75 (95% confidence interval 1.15–2.68) and 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.46–3.53) for females, respectively. Conclusions Eating speed is positively associated with MetS and its components. Future recommendations aiming to prevent MetS and its components may focus on eating speed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5784-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Tao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiangtong Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Yanxia Luo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng SQ. Influence of non-pathological factors on ALT measurements. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:3005-3020. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i34.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is still the most sensitive marker for evaluating the damage of liver cells. ALT measurements may be affected by common non-pathological factors such as gender, age, pregnancy, different physiological conditions, circadian rhythm, diet, drinking, smoking, strenuous exercise, metabolic factors, drugs, blood collection methods, and specimen collection, transmission, and preservation. It is important to emphasize the definition of limits of normal ALT and the influence of the above-mentioned non-pathological factors on its test results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Quan Cheng
- Department of Hepatology, the Third People's Hospital of Guilin, Guilin 541002, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nishi T, Babazono A, Maeda T, Imatoh T, Une H. Effects of Eating Fast and Eating Before Bedtime on the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Popul Health Manag 2016; 19:279-83. [DOI: 10.1089/pop.2015.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nishi
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environment Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Babazono
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Maeda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Imatoh
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Une
- Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|