1
|
Anfinsen ÅM, Rosendahl-Riise H, Nygård O, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Ulvik A, McCann A, Dierkes J, Lysne V. Exploratory analyses on the effect of time since last meal on concentrations of amino acids, lipids, one-carbon metabolites, and vitamins in the Hordaland Health Study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3079-3095. [PMID: 37498368 PMCID: PMC10468919 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary intake may have pronounced effects on circulating biomarker concentrations. Therefore, the aim was to provide a descriptive overview of serum metabolite concentrations in relation to time since last meal, focusing on amino acids, lipids, one-carbon metabolites, and biomarkers of vitamin status. METHODS We used baseline data from the observational community-based Hordaland Health Study, including 2960 participants aged 46-49 years and 2874 participants aged 70-74 years. A single blood draw was taken from each participant, and time since last meal varied. Estimated marginal geometric mean metabolite concentrations were plotted as a function of time since last meal, up to 7 h, adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. RESULTS We observed a common pattern for nearly all amino acids and one-carbon metabolites with highest concentrations during the first 3 h after dietary intake. Homocysteine and cysteine were lowest the 1st hour after a meal, while no patterns were observed for glutamate and glutamic acid. The concentrations of phylloquinone and triglycerides were highest 1 h after dietary intake. Thiamine and thiamine monophosphate concentrations were highest, while flavin mononucleotide concentrations were lowest within the first 2 h after a meal. No clear patterns emerged for the other fat-soluble vitamins, blood lipids, or B-vitamin biomarkers. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that distinguishing between "fasting" and "non-fasting" blood samples may be inadequate, and a more granular approach is warranted. This may have implications for how to account for dietary intake when blood sampling in both clinical and research settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Åslaug Matre Anfinsen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Hanne Rosendahl-Riise
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Jutta Dierkes
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vegard Lysne
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arentson-Lantz EJ, Layman DK, Leidy HJ, Campbell WW, Phillips SM. Important Concepts in Protein Nutrition, Aging, and Skeletal Muscle: Honoring Dr Douglas Paddon-Jones (1969-2021) by Highlighting His Research Contributions. J Nutr 2023; 153:615-621. [PMID: 36931744 PMCID: PMC10196581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a tribute to honor Dr Douglas Paddon-Jones by highlighting his career research contributions. Dr Paddon-Jones was a leader in recognizing the importance of muscle health and the interactions of physical activity and dietary protein for optimizing the health span. Aging is characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength associated with reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and the ability to repair and replace muscle proteins. Research from the team at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston discovered that the age-related decline in MPS could be overcome by increasing the quantity or quality of dietary protein at each meal. Dr Paddon-Jones was instrumental in proposing and testing a "protein threshold" of ∼30 g protein/meal to optimize MPS in older adults. Dr Paddon-Jones demonstrated that physical inactivity greatly accelerates the loss of muscle mass and function in older adults. His work in physical activity led him to propose the "Catabolic Crisis Model" of muscle size and function losses, suggesting that age-related muscle loss is not a linear process, but the result of acute periods of disuse associated with injuries, illnesses, and bed rest. This model creates the opportunity to provide targeted interventions via protein supplementation and/or increased dietary protein through consuming high-quality animal-source foods. He illustrated that nutritional support, particularly enhanced protein quantity, quality, and meal distribution, can help preserve muscle health during periods of inactivity and promote health across the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolism and Rehabilitation Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics-Dell Medical, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prevention of Loss of Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: Potential Role of Dietary Essential Amino Acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138090. [PMID: 35805748 PMCID: PMC9265941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic became a global emergency, social distancing, quarantine, and limitations in outdoor activities have resulted in an environment of enforced physical inactivity (EPI). A prolonged period of EPI in older individuals accelerates the deterioration of skeletal muscle health, including loss of muscle mass and function, commonly referred to as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is associated with an increased likelihood of the progression of diabetes, obesity, and/or depression. Well-known approaches to mitigate the symptoms of sarcopenia include participation in resistance exercise training and/or intake of balanced essential amino acids (EAAs) and high-quality (i.e., containing high EEAs) protein. As the pandemic situation discourages physical exercise, nutritional approaches, especially dietary EAA intake, could be a good alternative for counteracting against EPI-promoted loss of muscle mass and function. Therefore, in the present review, we cover (1) the impact of EPI-induced muscle loss and function on health, (2) the therapeutic potential of dietary EAAs for muscle health (e.g., muscle mass and function) in the EPI condition in comparison with protein sources, and finally (3) practical guidelines of dietary EAA intake for optimal anabolic response in EPI.
Collapse
|
4
|
Traylor DA, Kamal M, Nunes EA, Prior T, Gorissen SHM, Lees M, Gesel F, Lim C, Phillips SM. Consumption of High-Leucine-Containing Protein Bar Following Breakfast Impacts Aminoacidemia and Subjective Appetite in Older Persons. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab080. [PMID: 34104852 PMCID: PMC8178109 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available examining dietary interventions for optimizing protein and leucine intake to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older humans. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the aminoacidemia and appetite responses of older adults after consuming breakfast, a meal frequently consumed with high-carbohydrate and below-par amounts of protein and leucine for stimulating MPS. METHODS Five men and 3 women (means ± SD; age: 74 ± 7 y, BMI: 25.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2, fat- and bone-free mass: 63 ± 7 kg) took part in this experiment in which they consumed breakfasts with low-protein (LP = 13 ± 2 g), high-protein (HP = 32 ± 5 g), and LP followed by a protein- and leucine-enriched bar formulation 2 h later (LP + Bar = 29 ± 2 g). The LP, HP, and LP + Bar breakfast conditions contained 519 ± 86 kcal, 535 ± 83 kcal, and 739 ± 86 kcal, respectively. Blood samples were drawn for 6 h and analyzed for amino acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Visual analog scales were assessed for hunger, fullness, and desire to eat. RESULTS The net AUC for essential amino acid (EAA) exposure was similar between the LP + Bar and HP conditions but greater in the HP condition compared with the LP condition. Peak leucinemia was higher in the LP + Bar condition compared with the HP, and both were greater than the LP condition. Net leucine exposure was similar between HP and LP + Bar, and both were greater than LP. Hunger was similarly reduced in LP + Bar and HP, and LP + Bar resulted in a greater hunger reduction than LP. Both LP + Bar and HP resulted in greater net fullness scores than LP. CONCLUSIONS Consuming our bar formulation increased blood leucine availability and net exposure to EAAs to a similar degree as consuming a high-protein meal. High-protein at breakfast results in a greater net exposure to EAAs and leucine, which could support MPS in older persons. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03712761.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Traylor
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kamal
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa-Catarina, Brazil
| | - Todd Prior
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Lees
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Fran Gesel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH, USA
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bergia RE, Campbell WW, Roseguini BT, Kim JE. A high-protein meal does not improve blood pressure or vasoactive biomarker responses to acute exercise in humans. Nutr Res 2020; 81:97-107. [PMID: 32949918 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise yield prognostic information beyond resting BP. While habitual higher dietary protein intake is associated with reduced resting BP, few studies have assessed the impact of high-protein meals on acute BP and vasoactive biomarker responses to exercise. To test the hypothesis that consuming a higher-protein, lower fat meal (HP; 30 g protein, 17 g fat, 52 g carbohydrate) would attenuate the BP response to exercise and result in a more robust post-exercise hypotensive response compared to a lower-protein, higher-fat meal (LP; 13 g protein, 25 g fat, 54 g carbohydrate), we recruited 31 pre-hypertensive subjects to complete this randomized, double-blind, cross-over acute feeding study. One hundred sixty-five minutes after consuming the test HP or LP meal, subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO2 max for 30 minutes. Blood pressure was measured prior to the meal and periodically before, during, and after exercise for a 315-minute period. Blood samples were periodically collected to quantify plasma arginine, arginine metabolites (asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine; ADMA, SDMA), endothelin-1, nitrates, and nitrites in a subset of subjects (n = 15) as shown in Supplemental Table S1. Consuming the HP meal did not influence the BP responses to exercise, including the post-exercise return to baseline BP or systolic BP area under the curve. While the HP meal resulted in greater postprandial plasma arginine concentrations, ADMA, SDMA, endothelin-1, nitrates, and nitrites were unaltered. These results suggest that consuming a higher-protein, lower-fat meal does not influence BP or vasoactive biomarker responses to exercise compared to a lower-protein, higher-fat meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Bergia
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 West State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 West State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
| | - Bruno T Roseguini
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phillips SM, Paddon-Jones D, Layman DK. Optimizing Adult Protein Intake During Catabolic Health Conditions. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:S1058-S1069. [PMID: 32666115 PMCID: PMC7360447 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The DRIs define a range of acceptable dietary intakes for each nutrient. The range is defined from the minimum intake to avoid risk of inadequacy (i.e., the RDA) up to an upper limit (UL) based on a detectable risk of adverse effects. For most nutrients, the minimum RDA is based on alleviating a clear deficiency condition, whereas higher intakes are often recommended to optimize specific health outcomes. Evidence is accumulating that similar logic should be applied to dietary recommendations for protein. Although the RDA for protein of 0.8 g/kg body weight is adequate to avoid obvious inadequacies, multiple studies provide evidence that many adults may benefit from protein quantity, quality, and distribution beyond guidelines currently defined by the RDA. Further, the dietary requirement for protein is a surrogate for the constituent amino acids and, in particular, the 9 considered to be indispensable. Leucine provides an important example of an essential amino acid where the RDA of 42 mg/kg body weight is significantly less than the 100-110 mg/kg required to optimize metabolic regulation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This review will highlight the benefits of higher protein diets to optimize health during aging, inactivity, bed rest, or metabolic dysfunction such as type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hudson JL, Bergia RE, Campbell WW. Protein Distribution and Muscle-Related Outcomes: Does the Evidence Support the Concept? Nutrients 2020; 12:E1441. [PMID: 32429355 PMCID: PMC7285146 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a shift in thinking about dietary protein requirements from daily requirements to individual meal requirements. Per meal, stimulation of muscle protein synthesis has a saturable dose relationship with the quantity of dietary protein consumed. Protein intake above the saturable dose does not further contribute to the synthetic response; the "excess" amino acids are predominantly oxidized. Given that daily dietary protein intake is finite, finding protein distribution patterns that both reduce amino acid oxidation and maximize their contribution towards protein synthesis (in theory improving net balance) could be "optimal" and is of practical scientific interest to promote beneficial changes in skeletal muscle-related outcomes. This article reviews both observational and randomized controlled trial research on the protein distribution concept. The current evidence on the efficacy of consuming an "optimal" protein distribution to favorably influence skeletal muscle-related changes is limited and inconsistent. The effect of protein distribution cannot be sufficiently disentangled from the effect of protein quantity. Consuming a more balanced protein distribution may be a practical way for adults with marginal or inadequate protein intakes (<0.80 g·kg-1·d-1) to achieve a moderately higher total protein intake. However, for adults already consuming 0.8-1.3 g·kg-1·d-1, the preponderance of evidence supports that consuming at least one meal that contains sufficient protein quantity to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis, independent of daily distribution, is helpful to promote skeletal muscle health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Hudson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.E.B.III); (W.W.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Robert E. Bergia
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.E.B.III); (W.W.C.)
| | - Wayne W. Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.E.B.III); (W.W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoshii N, Sato K, Ogasawara R, Nishimura Y, Shinohara Y, Fujita S. Effect of Mixed Meal and Leucine Intake on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101543. [PMID: 30340425 PMCID: PMC6213454 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein intake is critical for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Plasma amino acid concentrations increase with protein intake and increases in muscle protein synthesis are dependent on leucine concentrations. We aimed to investigate the effect of a mixed meal and free amino acids intake on plasma leucine concentrations. In this randomized crossover study, 10 healthy young men (age 25 ± 1 years, height 1.73 ± 0.02 m, weight 65.8 ± 1.5 kg) underwent tests under different conditions—intake of 2 g of leucine (LEU), intake of a mixed meal (protein 27.5 g, including 2.15 g of leucine, protein: fat: carbohydrate ratio—22:25:53) only (MEAL), intake of 2 g of leucine immediately after a mixed meal (MEAL-LEU) and intake of 2 g of leucine 180 min after a mixed meal (MEAL-LEU180). Blood samples were collected within 420 min (240 min for LEU only) after intake and changes in amino acid concentrations were evaluated. Although the maximum plasma leucine concentration increased to 442 ± 24 µM for LEU, it was lower at 347 ± 16 µM (p < 0.05 vs. LEU) for MEAL-LEU, 205 ± 8 µM (p < 0.05 vs. LEU) for MEAL. The maximum plasma leucine concentration for MEAL-LEU180 increased to 481 ± 27 µM and compared to LEU there was no significant difference (p > 0.1). The observation that rapid elevations in plasma leucine concentrations are suppressed when leucine is ingested at the same time as a meal suggests that the timing of its intake must be considered to maximize the anabolic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Koji Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Yasushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao Y, Qi PX, Wickham ED. Interactions, induced by heating, of whey protein isolate (WPI) with sugar beet pectin (SBP) in solution: Comparisons with a dry-state Maillard reaction. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|