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Milazzo R, Montepeloso A, Kumar R, Ferro F, Cavalca E, Rigoni P, Cabras P, Ciervo Y, Das S, Capotondo A, Pellin D, Peviani M, Biffi A. Therapeutic efficacy of intracerebral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8024. [PMID: 39271711 PMCID: PMC11399302 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The conditions supporting the generation of microglia-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) after transplantation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) have been studied to advance the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we explored the transplantation efficacy of different cell subsets and delivery routes with the goal of favoring the establishment of a stable and exclusive engraftment of HSPCs and their progeny in the CNS of female mice. In this setting, we show that the CNS environment drives the expansion, distribution and myeloid differentiation of the locally transplanted cells towards a microglia-like phenotype. Intra-CNS transplantation of HSPCs engineered to overexpress TREM2 decreased neuroinflammation, Aβ aggregation and improved memory in 5xFAD female mice. Our proof of concept study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of HSPC gene therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Milazzo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Women and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annita Montepeloso
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Ferro
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleonora Cavalca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Rigoni
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Women and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Cabras
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology lab, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yuri Ciervo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Women and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessia Capotondo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Pellin
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Peviani
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology lab, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Women and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Seclen E, Jang JC, Lawal AO, Pulicani S, Boyne A, Tkach D, Juillerat A, Duchateau P, Valton J. TALEN-mediated intron editing of HSPCs enables transgene expression restricted to the myeloid lineage. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1643-1657. [PMID: 38582963 PMCID: PMC11184328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) shows great potential for the treatment of inborn metabolic diseases. Typical HSPC gene therapy approaches rely on constitutive promoters to express a therapeutic transgene, which is associated with multiple disadvantages. Here, we propose a novel promoterless intronic gene editing approach that triggers transgene expression only after cellular differentiation into the myeloid lineage. We integrated a splicing-competent eGFP cassette into the first intron of CD11b and observed expression of eGFP in the myeloid lineage but minimal to no expression in HSPCs or differentiated non-myeloid lineages. In vivo, edited HSPCs successfully engrafted in immunodeficient mice and displayed transgene expression in the myeloid compartment of multiple tissues. Using the same approach, we expressed alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), the defective enzyme in Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, and observed a 10-fold supraendogenous IDUA expression exclusively after myeloid differentiation. Edited cells efficiently populated bone marrow, blood, and spleen of immunodeficient mice, and retained the capacity to secrete IDUA ex vivo. Importantly, cells edited with the eGFP and IDUA transgenes were also found in the brain. This approach may unlock new therapeutic strategies for inborn metabolic and neurological diseases that require the delivery of therapeutics in brain.
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Ge G, Sivasubramanian BP, Geng BD, Zhao S, Zhou Q, Huang G, O'Connor JC, Clark RA, Li S. Long-term benefits of hematopoietic stem cell-based macrophage/microglia delivery of GDNF to the CNS in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Gene Ther 2024; 31:324-334. [PMID: 38627469 PMCID: PMC11245959 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protects dopaminergic neurons in various models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cell-based GDNF gene delivery mitigates neurodegeneration and improves both motor and non-motor functions in PD mice. As PD is a chronic condition, this study aims to investigate the long-lasting benefits of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based macrophage/microglia-mediated CNS GDNF (MMC-GDNF) delivery in an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model. The results indicate that GDNF treatment effectively ameliorated MPTP-induced motor deficits for up to 12 months, which coincided with the protection of nigral dopaminergic neurons and their striatal terminals. Also, the HSC-derived macrophages/microglia were recruited selectively to the neurodegenerative areas of the substantia nigra. The therapeutic benefits appear to involve two mechanisms: (1) macrophage/microglia release of GDNF-containing exosomes, which are transferred to target neurons, and (2) direct release of GDNF by macrophage/microglia, which diffuses to target neurons. Furthermore, the study found that plasma GDNF levels were significantly increased from baseline and remained stable over time, potentially serving as a convenient biomarker for future clinical trials. Notably, no weight loss, altered food intake, cerebellar pathology, or other adverse effects were observed. Overall, this study provides compelling evidence for the long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of HSC-based MMC-GDNF delivery in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ge
- Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | | | - Bill D Geng
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jason C O'Connor
- Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Robert A Clark
- Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Senlin Li
- Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Zhang SS, Li RQ, Chen Z, Wang XY, Dumont AS, Fan X. Immune cells: potential carriers or agents for drug delivery to the central nervous system. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:19. [PMID: 38549161 PMCID: PMC10979586 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) have recently emerged as a promising approach for the unique advantages of drug protection and targeted delivery. However, the access of nanoparticles/drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge mainly due to the obstruction from brain barriers. Immune cells infiltrating the CNS in the pathological state have inspired the development of strategies for CNS foundation drug delivery. Herein, we outline the three major brain barriers in the CNS and the mechanisms by which immune cells migrate across the blood-brain barrier. We subsequently review biomimetic strategies utilizing immune cell-based nanoparticles for the delivery of nanoparticles/drugs to the CNS, as well as recent progress in rationally engineering immune cell-based DDS for CNS diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of immune cell-based DDS in CNS diseases to promote their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA.
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Snyder CM, Gill SI. Good CARMA: Turning bad tumor-resident myeloid cells good with chimeric antigen receptor macrophages. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:236-249. [PMID: 37295964 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In religious philosophy, the concept of karma represents the effect of one's past and present actions on one's future. Macrophages are highly plastic cells with myriad roles in health and disease. In the setting of cancer, macrophages are among the most plentiful members of the immune microenvironment where they generally support tumor growth and restrain antitumor immunity. However, macrophages are not necessarily born bad. Macrophages or their immediate progenitors, monocytes, are induced to traffic to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and during this process they are polarized toward a tumor-promoting phenotype. Efforts to deplete or repolarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) for therapeutic benefit in cancer have to date disappointed. By contrast, genetic engineering of macrophages followed by their transit into the TME may allow these impressionable cells to mend their ways. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the genetic engineering of macrophages for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Snyder
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saar I Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Canarutto D, Omer Javed A, Pedrazzani G, Ferrari S, Naldini L. Mobilization-based engraftment of haematopoietic stem cells: a new perspective for chemotherapy-free gene therapy and transplantation. Br Med Bull 2023; 147:108-120. [PMID: 37460391 PMCID: PMC10502445 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from a healthy donor replace the patient's ones. Ex vivo HSC gene therapy (HSC-GT) is a form of HSCT in which HSCs, usually from an autologous source, are genetically modified before infusion, to generate a progeny of gene-modified cells. In HSCT and HSC-GT, chemotherapy is administered before infusion to free space in the bone marrow (BM) niche, which is required for the engraftment of infused cells. Here, we review alternative chemotherapy-free approaches to niche voidance that could replace conventional regimens and alleviate the morbidity of the procedure. SOURCES OF DATA Literature was reviewed from PubMed-listed peer-reviewed articles. No new data are presented in this article. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Chemotherapy exerts short and long-term toxicity to haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic organs. Whenever chemotherapy is solely used to allow engraftment of donor HSCs, rather than eliminating malignant cells, as in the case of HSC-GT for inborn genetic diseases, non-genotoxic approaches sparing off-target tissues are highly desirable. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY In principle, HSCs can be temporarily moved from the BM niches using mobilizing drugs or selectively cleared with targeted antibodies or immunotoxins to make space for the infused cells. However, translation of these principles into clinically relevant settings is only at the beginning, and whether therapeutically meaningful levels of chimerism can be safely established with these approaches remains to be determined. GROWING POINTS In pre-clinical models, mobilization of HSCs from the niche can be tailored to accommodate the exchange and engraftment of infused cells. Infused cells can be further endowed with a transient engraftment advantage. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Inter-individual efficiency and kinetics of HSC mobilization need to be carefully assessed. Investigations in large animal models of emerging non-genotoxic approaches will further strengthen the rationale and encourage application to the treatment of selected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Canarutto
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology Unit and BMT Program, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Attya Omer Javed
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pedrazzani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
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Ou A, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang Y. Living Cells and Cell-Derived Vesicles: A Trojan Horse Technique for Brain Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041257. [PMID: 37111742 PMCID: PMC10145830 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases remain a significant global healthcare burden. Conventional pharmacological therapy for brain diseases encounters huge challenges because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting the delivery of therapeutics into the brain parenchyma. To address this issue, researchers have explored various types of drug delivery systems. Cells and cell derivatives have attracted increasing interest as "Trojan horse" delivery systems for brain diseases, owing to their superior biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and BBB penetration properties. This review provided an overview of recent advancements in cell- and cell-derivative-based delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Additionally, it discussed the challenges and potential solutions for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Li H, Wei J, Zhang Z, Li J, Ma Y, Zhang P, Lin J. Menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells alleviate neuroinflammation by modulating M1/M2 polarization in cell and rat Parkinson's disease models. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:85. [PMID: 37055866 PMCID: PMC10099022 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is closely related to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Because of the extensive sources, non-invasive and periodical collection method, human menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells (MenSCs) have been explored as a promising tool for treatment of PD. This study aimed to investigate if MenSCs could inhibit neuroinflammation in PD rats by regulating M1/M2 polarization and to excavate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS MenSCs were co-cultured with 6-OHDA-exposed microglia cell lines. Then the morphology of microglia cells and the level of inflammatory factors were assessed by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. After MenSCs were transplanted into the brain of PD rats, animal motor function, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, and the level of inflammatory factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were detected to evaluate the therapeutic potential of MenSCs. Meanwhile, the expression of M1/M2 phenotype related genes was detected by qRT-PCR. One protein array kit containing 1000 kinds of factors was used to detect the protein components in the conditioned medium of MenSCs. Finally, bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyze the function of factors secreted by MenSCs and the signal pathways involved in. RESULTS MenSCs could suppress 6-OHDA-induced microglia cell activation and significantly decrease inflammation in vitro. After transplantation into the brain of PD rats, MenSCs improved animal motor function, which was indicated by the increased movement distance, ambulatory episodes, exercise time on the rotarod, and less contralateral rotation. Additionally, MenSCs reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons and down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory factors in the CSF and serum. Moreover, q-PCR and WB results showed the transplantation of MenSCs significantly down-regulated the expression of M1 phenotype cell markers and meanwhile up-regulated the expression of M2 phenotype cell markers in the brain of PD rats. 176 biological processes including inflammatory response, negative regulation of apoptotic process, and microglial cell activation were enriched by GO-BP analysis. 58 signal pathways including PI3K/Akt and MAPK were enriched by KEGG analysis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results provide preliminary evidence for the anti-inflammation capacity of MenSCs by regulating M1/M2 polarization. We firstly demonstrated the biological process of factors secreted by MenSCs and the signal pathways involved in using protein array and bioinformatic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jinghui Wei
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 45003, China
| | - Junyao Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yaokai Ma
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 45003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Kim JH, Kang RJ, Hyeon SJ, Ryu H, Joo H, Bu Y, Kim JH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 Is a Key Regulator of Neuroinflammation in Secondary Traumatic and Ischemic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:803-821. [PMID: 36508119 PMCID: PMC10275845 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive glial cells are hallmarks of brain injury. However, whether these cells contribute to secondary inflammatory pathology and neurological deficits remains poorly understood. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has inflammatory and neurotoxic effects in various disease models; however, its pathogenic role in traumatic brain injury remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of LCN2 and its role in neuroinflammation following brain injury. LCN2 expression was high in the mouse brain after controlled cortical impact (CCI) and photothrombotic stroke (PTS) injury. Brain levels of LCN2 mRNA and protein were also significantly higher in patients with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) than in normal subjects. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that astrocytes were the major cellular source of LCN2 in the injured brain. Lcn2 deficiency or intracisternal injection of an LCN2 neutralizing antibody reduced CCI- and PTS-induced brain lesions, behavioral deficits, and neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, in cultured glial cells, recombinant LCN2 protein enhanced scratch injury-induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and inhibited Gdnf gene expression, whereas Lcn2 deficiency exerted opposite effects. Together, our results from CTE patients, rodent brain injury models, and cultured glial cells suggest that LCN2 mediates secondary damage response to traumatic and ischemic brain injury by promoting neuroinflammation and suppressing the expression of neurotropic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ri Jin Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA USA
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hyejin Joo
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Bu
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zou Z, Liu R, Wang Y, Tan H, An G, Zhang B, Wang Y, Dong D. Protein arginine methyltransferase 8 regulates ferroptosis and macrophage polarization in spinal cord injury via glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 36914965 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of protein arginine methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8) regulating glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on neuron ferroptosis and macrophage polarization in spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS A rat model of SCI was established through an injury induced by an external force. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunofluorescence were used, respectively, to detect changes in rat locomotion, spinal cord histopathology, and NeuN expression in the spinal cord. Iron content in the spinal cord and levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione were measured using detection kits. Transmission electron microscopy was used to reveal the morphological characteristics of mitochondria. Western blotting was performed to detect PRMT8, GDNF, cystine/glutamate transporter XCT, glutathione peroxidase 4, 4-hydroxynonenal, heme oxygenase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD16, and arginase 1 (Arg1). The expression levels of iNOS and Arg1 in the spinal cord were visualized by immunofluorescence. ELISA was performed to measure the expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and RMa-bm rat macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide under hypoxic conditions. The viability and iron content of the neurons were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 and a specific probe, respectively. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to assess macrophage polarization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to identify the binding of PRMT8 to the GDFN promoter. RESULTS Neuronal ferroptosis and M1 macrophage polarization were promoted, and PRMT8 expression was downregulated in SCI. PRMT8 overexpression exerted therapeutic effects on injured DRG neurons and RMa-bm cells. Moreover, PRMT8 overexpression inhibited ferroptosis and M1 macrophage polarization in rats with SCI. PRMT8 promoted GDNF expression by catalyzing H3K4 methylation. Knockdown of GDNF counteracted the therapeutic effects of PRMT8 overexpression. CONCLUSION Overexpression of PRMT8 may inhibit ferroptosis and M1 macrophage polarization by increasing GDNF expression, thereby alleviating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zou
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Ruixuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Hongjian Tan
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Baifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Daming Dong
- Department of Orthopedics (Five), First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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11
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Var SR, Strell P, Johnson ST, Roman A, Vasilakos Z, Low WC. Transplanting Microglia for Treating CNS Injuries and Neurological Diseases and Disorders, and Prospects for Generating Exogenic Microglia. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231171001. [PMID: 37254858 PMCID: PMC10236244 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231171001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are associated with a wide range of both neuroprotective and neuroinflammatory functions in the central nervous system (CNS) during development and throughout lifespan. Chronically activated and dysfunctional microglia are found in many diseases and disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and CNS-related injuries, and can accelerate or worsen the condition. Transplantation studies designed to replace and supplement dysfunctional microglia with healthy microglia offer a promising strategy for addressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and pathologies. This review will cover microglial involvement in neurological diseases and disorders and CNS-related injuries, current microglial transplantation strategies, and different approaches and considerations for generating exogenic microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Phoebe Strell
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sether T. Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alex Roman
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zoey Vasilakos
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Alfonsetti M, d’Angelo M, Castelli V. Neurotrophic factor-based pharmacological approaches in neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1220-1228. [PMID: 36453397 PMCID: PMC9838155 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.358619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a physiological event dependent on multiple pathways that are linked to lifespan and processes leading to cognitive decline. This process represents the major risk factor for aging-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic stroke. The incidence of all these pathologies increases exponentially with age. Research on aging biology has currently focused on elucidating molecular mechanisms leading to the development of those pathologies. Cognitive deficit and neurodegeneration, common features of aging-related pathologies, are related to the alteration of the activity and levels of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. For this reason, treatments that modulate neurotrophin levels have acquired a great deal of interest in preventing neurodegeneration and promoting neural regeneration in several neurological diseases. Those treatments include both the direct administration of neurotrophic factors and the induced expression with viral vectors, neurotrophins' binding with biomaterials or other molecules to increase their bioavailability but also cell-based therapies. Considering neurotrophins' crucial role in aging pathologies, here we discuss the involvement of several neurotrophic factors in the most common brain aging-related diseases and the most recent therapeutic approaches that provide direct and sustained neurotrophic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Alfonsetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy,Correspondence to: Vanessa Castelli, .
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13
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Omer-Javed A, Pedrazzani G, Albano L, Ghaus S, Latroche C, Manzi M, Ferrari S, Fiumara M, Jacob A, Vavassori V, Nonis A, Canarutto D, Naldini L. Mobilization-based chemotherapy-free engraftment of gene-edited human hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 2022; 185:2248-2264.e21. [PMID: 35617958 PMCID: PMC9240327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell gene therapy (HSPC-GT) is proving successful to treat several genetic diseases. HSPCs are mobilized, harvested, genetically corrected ex vivo, and infused, after the administration of toxic myeloablative conditioning to deplete the bone marrow (BM) for the modified cells. We show that mobilizers create an opportunity for seamless engraftment of exogenous cells, which effectively outcompete those mobilized, to repopulate the depleted BM. The competitive advantage results from the rescue during ex vivo culture of a detrimental impact of mobilization on HSPCs and can be further enhanced by the transient overexpression of engraftment effectors exploiting optimized mRNA-based delivery. We show the therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of hyper IgM syndrome and further developed it in human hematochimeric mice, showing its applicability and versatility when coupled with gene transfer and editing strategies. Overall, our findings provide a potentially valuable strategy paving the way to broader and safer use of HSPC-GT. HSPC mobilizers create an opportunity to engraft exogenous cells in depleted niches Ex vivo culture endows HSPCs with migration advantage by rescuing CXCR4 expression Cultured HSPCs outcompete mobilized HSPCs for engraftment in depleted BM niches Transient engraftment enhancers coupled with gene editing confer a competitive advantage
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Affiliation(s)
- Attya Omer-Javed
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pedrazzani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luisa Albano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Sherash Ghaus
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Claire Latroche
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maura Manzi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Martina Fiumara
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Aurelien Jacob
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valentina Vavassori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nonis
- CUSSB-University Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Canarutto
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit and BMT Program, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
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14
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Stefani A, Pierantozzi M, Cardarelli S, Stefani L, Cerroni R, Conti M, Garasto E, Mercuri NB, Marini C, Sucapane P. Neurotrophins as Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson’s Disease; New Chances From Focused Ultrasound? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:846681. [PMID: 35401084 PMCID: PMC8990810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.846681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance–guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) represents an effective micro-lesioning approach to target pharmaco-resistant tremor, mostly in patients afflicted by essential tremor (ET) and/or Parkinson’s disease (PD). So far, experimental protocols are verifying the clinical extension to other facets of the movement disorder galaxy (i.e., internal pallidus for disabling dyskinesias). Aside from those neurosurgical options, one of the most intriguing opportunities of this technique relies on its capability to remedy the impermeability of blood–brain barrier (BBB). Temporary BBB opening through low-intensity focused ultrasound turned out to be safe and feasible in patients with PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a mere consequence of the procedures, some groups described even reversible but significant mild cognitive amelioration, up to hippocampal neurogenesis partially associated to the increased of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A further development elevates MRgFUS to the status of therapeutic tool for drug delivery of putative neurorestorative therapies. Since 2012, FUS-assisted intravenous administration of BDNF or neurturin allowed hippocampal or striatal delivery. Experimental studies emphasized synergistic modalities. In a rodent model for Huntington’s disease, engineered liposomes can carry glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plasmid DNA (GDNFp) to form a GDNFp-liposome (GDNFp-LPs) complex through pulsed FUS exposures with microbubbles; in a subacute MPTP-PD model, the combination of intravenous administration of neurotrophic factors (either through protein or gene delivery) plus FUS did curb nigrostriatal degeneration. Here, we explore these arguments, focusing on the current, translational application of neurotrophins in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Stefani,
| | | | - Silvia Cardarelli
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Stefani
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Conti
- Department of System Medicine, UOC Neurology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Garasto
- Department of System Medicine, UOC Neurology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- Department of System Medicine, UOC Neurology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Marini
- UOC Neurology and Stroke Unit, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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15
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Porter GA, O’Connor JC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:77-97. [PMID: 35111580 PMCID: PMC8783167 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating disorder affecting millions of people each year. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammation are two prominent biologic risk factors in the pathogenesis of depression that have received considerable attention. Many clinical and animal studies have highlighted associations between low levels of BDNF or high levels of inflammatory markers and the development of behavioral symptoms of depression. However, less is known about potential interaction between BDNF and inflammation, particularly within the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that there is bidirectional regulation between these factors with important implications for the development of depressive symptoms and anti-depressant response. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been shown to reduce expression of BDNF, and BDNF may play an important negative regulatory role on inflammation within the brain. Understanding this interaction more fully within the context of neuropsychiatric disease is important for both developing a fuller understanding of biological pathogenesis of depression and for identifying novel therapeutic opportunities. Here we review these two prominent risk factors for depression with a particular focus on pathogenic implications of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Porter
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Jason C O’Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
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16
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Arango D, Bittar A, Esmeral NP, Ocasión C, Muñoz-Camargo C, Cruz JC, Reyes LH, Bloch NI. Understanding the Potential of Genome Editing in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9241. [PMID: 34502143 PMCID: PMC8430539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR is a simple and cost-efficient gene-editing technique that has become increasingly popular over the last decades. Various CRISPR/Cas-based applications have been developed to introduce changes in the genome and alter gene expression in diverse systems and tissues. These novel gene-editing techniques are particularly promising for investigating and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, for which we currently lack efficient disease-modifying treatment options. Gene therapy could thus provide treatment alternatives, revolutionizing our ability to treat this disease. Here, we review our current knowledge on the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease to highlight the main biological pathways that become disrupted in Parkinson's disease and their potential as gene therapy targets. Next, we perform a comprehensive review of novel delivery vehicles available for gene-editing applications, critical for their successful application in both innovative research and potential therapies. Finally, we review the latest developments in CRISPR-based applications and gene therapies to understand and treat Parkinson's disease. We carefully examine their advantages and shortcomings for diverse gene-editing applications in the brain, highlighting promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arango
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Amaury Bittar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Natalia P. Esmeral
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Camila Ocasión
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (C.O.); (L.H.R.)
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Luis H. Reyes
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (C.O.); (L.H.R.)
| | - Natasha I. Bloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
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17
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Beckstead MJ, Howell RD. Progressive parkinsonism due to mitochondrial impairment: Lessons from the MitoPark mouse model. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113707. [PMID: 33753138 PMCID: PMC8169575 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal pathophysiological finding of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, which is responsible for the motor and some of the non-motor symptomatology. While the primary causes of nigrostriatal degeneration are hotly debated, considerable evidence supports a central role for impaired mitochondrial function. Postmortem analysis of PD patients reveals impaired respiratory chains and increased mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in addition to increased markers of oxidative stress indicative of mitochondrial impairment. Most animal models of PD, both genetic and toxin-based, target some component of mitochondrial function to reproduce aspects of the human disease. One model that continues to gain attention is the MitoPark mouse, created through a cell type-specific knockout of mitochondrial transcription factor A specifically in midbrain DA neurons. This model effectively recapitulates the slowly developing, adult onset motor decline seen in PD due to mass loss of DA neurons. MitoPark mice therefore represent an effective tool for studying the sequence of events that occurs in the early stages of DA neuron degeneration following mitochondrial impairment, as well as for testing the efficacy of potential disease-modifying therapies in a progressive model of neurodegeneration. A targeted review of key findings from MitoPark mice has not been published since the early years following the initial report of the model in 2007. The current review synthesizes findings from several groups that are exploring MitoPark mice and discusses implications for the future identification of disease-modifying treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Beckstead
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging & Metabolism Research Program, USA.
| | - Rebecca D Howell
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging & Metabolism Research Program, USA
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18
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Jarrin S, Hakami A, Newland B, Dowd E. Growth Factor Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: Alternative Delivery Systems. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:S229-S236. [PMID: 33896851 PMCID: PMC8543245 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and billions in global investment, there remains no preventative or curative treatment for any neurodegenerative condition, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Arguably, the most promising approach for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in PD is using growth factors which can promote the growth and survival of degenerating neurons. However, although neurotrophin therapy may seem like the ideal approach for neurodegenerative disease, the use of growth factors as drugs presents major challenges because of their protein structure which creates serious hurdles related to accessing the brain and specific targeting of affected brain regions. To address these challenges, several different delivery systems have been developed, and two major approaches-direct infusion of the growth factor protein into the target brain region and in vivo gene therapy-have progressed to clinical trials in patients with PD. In addition to these clinically evaluated approaches, a range of other delivery methods are in various degrees of development, each with their own unique potential. This review will give a short overview of some of these alternative delivery systems, with a focus on ex vivo gene therapy and biomaterial-aided protein and gene delivery, and will provide some perspectives on their potential for clinical development and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jarrin
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abrar Hakami
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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19
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Turconi G, Kopra J, Võikar V, Kulesskaya N, Vilenius C, Piepponen TP, Andressoo JO. Chronic 2-Fold Elevation of Endogenous GDNF Levels Is Safe and Enhances Motor and Dopaminergic Function in Aged Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:831-842. [PMID: 32368564 PMCID: PMC7191127 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) supports function and survival of dopamine neurons that degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ectopic delivery of GDNF in clinical trials to treat PD is safe but lacks significant therapeutic effect. In pre-clinical models, ectopic GDNF is effective but causes adverse effects, including downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, only a transient boost in dopamine metabolism, aberrant neuronal sprouting, and hyperactivity. Hindering development of GDNF mimetic increased signaling via GDNF receptor RET by activating mutations results in cancer. Safe and effective mode of action must be defined first in animal models to develop successful GDNF-based therapies. Previously we showed that about a 2-fold increase in endogenous GDNF expression is safe and results in increased motor and dopaminergic function and protection in a PD model in young animals. Recently, similar results were reported using a novel Gdnf mRNA-targeting strategy. Next, it is important to establish the safety of a long-term increase in endogenous GDNF expression. We report behavioral, dopamine system, and cancer analysis of five cohorts of aged mice with a 2-fold increase in endogenous GDNF. We found a sustained increase in dopamine levels, improvement in motor learning, and no side effects or cancer. These results support the rationale for further development of endogenous GDNF-based treatments and GDNF mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Turconi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kopra
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Vootele Võikar
- Neuroscience Center/Laboratory Animal Center, Mustialankatu 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- Neuroscience Center/Laboratory Animal Center, Mustialankatu 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Carolina Vilenius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikinkaari 5D, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - T Petteri Piepponen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, Viikinkaari 5D, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 83, Sweden
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20
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Duarte Azevedo M, Sander S, Tenenbaum L. GDNF, A Neuron-Derived Factor Upregulated in Glial Cells during Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E456. [PMID: 32046031 PMCID: PMC7073520 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy adult brain, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is exclusively expressed by neurons, and, in some instances, it has also been shown to derive from a single neuronal subpopulation. Secreted GDNF acts in a paracrine fashion by forming a complex with the GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1), which is mainly expressed by neurons and can act in cis as a membrane-bound factor or in trans as a soluble factor. The GDNF/GFRα1 complex signals through interactions with the "rearranged during transfection" (RET) receptor or via the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) with a lower affinity. GDNF can also signal independently from GFRα1 by interacting with syndecan-3. RET, which is expressed by neurons involved in several pathways (nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons, motor neurons, enteric neurons, sensory neurons, etc.), could be the main determinant of the specificity of GDNF's pro-survival effect. In an injured brain, de novo expression of GDNF occurs in glial cells. Neuroinflammation has been reported to induce GDNF expression in activated astrocytes and microglia, infiltrating macrophages, nestin-positive reactive astrocytes, and neuron/glia (NG2) positive microglia-like cells. This disease-related GDNF overexpression can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on the localization in the brain and the level and duration of glial cell activation. Some reports also describe the upregulation of RET and GFRα1 in glial cells, suggesting that GDNF could modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liliane Tenenbaum
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurotherapies and NeuroModulation, Center for Neuroscience Research, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV-Pavillon 3, av de Beaumont, CH-1010 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.D.A.); (S.S.)
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