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Xia Y, Hei N, Peng S, Cui Z. The role and mechanism of circ-BNC2 on the malignant progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2023; 45:2424-2437. [PMID: 37377048 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a key part in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the role of circ-BNC2 (circRNA ID hsa_circ_0086414) in OSCC progression is still unclear. METHODS Plasmid transfection was used to induce overexpression of circ-BNC2. RNA expression of circ-BNC2, microRNA-142-3p (miR-142-3p) and GNAS complex locus (GNAS) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was assessed by western blot assay or immunohistochemistry assay. Cell proliferation was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry analysis. Cell migratory and invasive abilities and cell apoptosis were assessed by transwell assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Oxidative stress was evaluated by superoxide dismutase activity detection assay, lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde assay and cellular reactive oxygen species assay. The binding relationship between miR-142-3p and circ-BNC2 or GNAS was proved by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. The impacts of circ-BNC2 overexpression on tumor growth in vivo were unveiled by a xenograft mouse model assay. RESULTS Circ-BNC2 expression was downregulated in OSCC tissues and cells when compared with adjacent healthy tissues and normal human oral keratinocytes. Circ-BNC2 overexpression repressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of OSCC cells but induced cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Additionally, circ-BNC2 overexpression inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, circ-BNC2 bound to miR-142-3p, and miR-142-3p targeted GNAS. MiR-142-3p mimic attenuated circ-BNC2 overexpression-mediated effects on the proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and oxidative stress of OSCC cells. The regulation of miR-142-3p in OSCC cell tumor properties involved GNAS. Further, circ-BNC2 introduction promoted GNAS expression by inhibiting miR-142-3p. CONCLUSION Circ-BNC2 suppressed OSCC malignant progression by upregulating GNAS expression in a miR-142-3p-dependent manner, which suggested that circ-BNC2 might be a novel target for OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xia
- Department of Stomatology, Hengshui People's Hospital, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Naiheng Hei
- Department of Stomatology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shixiong Peng
- Department of Stomatology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zifeng Cui
- Department of Stomatology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
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Role of E2F transcription factor in Oral cancer: Recent Insight and Advancements. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:28-41. [PMID: 36924812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The family of mammalian E2F transcription factors (E2Fs) comprise of 8 members (E2F1-E2F8) classified as activators (E2F1-E2F3) and repressors (E2F4-E2F8) primarily regulating the expression of several genes related to cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, mainly in a cell cycle-dependent manner. E2F activity is frequently controlled via the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), cyclins, p53 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Additionally, genetic or epigenetic changes result in the deregulation of E2F family genes expression altering S phase entry and apoptosis, an important hallmark for the onset and development of cancer. Although studies reveal E2Fs to be involved in several human malignancies, the mechanisms underlying the role of E2Fs in oral cancer lies nascent and needs further investigations. This review focuses on the role of E2Fs in oral cancer and the etiological factors regulating E2Fs activity, which in turn transcriptionally control the expression of their target genes, thus contributing to cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug/therapy resistance. Further, we will discuss therapeutic strategies for E2Fs, which may prevent oral tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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3
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Dai Y, Zhu Y, Xu H. circ_0004872 inhibits proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by sponged miR-424-5p. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24486. [PMID: 35576499 PMCID: PMC9280002 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common oral malignant tumors. circ_0004872 can inhibit the progression of gastric cancer, but its effect on the growth and metastasis of OSCC is still unclear. Methods qRT‐PCR was used to detect the expression levels of circ_0004872 and miR‐424‐5p in cancer tissues of OSCC patients and adjacent normal tissues, OSCC cell lines, and human normal oral keratinocytes (HOK). CCK‐8, cell colony formation, flow cytometry, and transwell assay were used to detect cell proliferation rate, viability, apoptosis rate, and invasion ability. Use glucose/lactic acid kit to assay cell glycolysis ability. The dual‐luciferase reporter gene experiment and RIP experiment verified the relationship between circ_0004872 and miR‐424‐5p. The protein levels were examined by Western blot. Results The expression of circ_0004872 was significantly downregulated in OSCC tissues and cells, and the overexpression of circ_0004872 inhibited the proliferation, vitality, invasion, and glycolysis of OSCC cells, and promoted apoptosis. The expression of miR‐424‐5p was greatly upregulated in OSCC tissues and OSCC cells. circ_0004872 can adsorb miR‐424‐5p in OSCC cells, and circ_0004872 can reverse the promoting effect of miR‐424‐5p overexpression on the process of OSCC cells. Conclusion circ_0004872 suppresses the proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis of OSCC cells by sponged miR‐424‐5p, and promotes apoptosis, which can be used as a potential target for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Dai
- Department of General Emergency, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yalin Zhu
- Department of General Emergency, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Houyi Xu
- Department of General Emergency, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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4
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TLR4 Expression in Ex-Lichenoid Lesions—Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Its Surrounding Epithelium: The Role of Tumor Inflammatory Microenvironment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030385. [PMID: 35327577 PMCID: PMC8945442 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, TLRs can induce a pro-survival and pro-proliferation response in tumor cells. This study aims to investigate the expression of TLR4 in the epithelium surrounding oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in relation to its inflammatory microenvironment. This study included 150 human samples: 30 normal oral control (NOC), 38 non-lichenoid epithelium surrounding OSCC (NLE-OSCC), 28 lichenoid epithelium surrounding OSCC (LE-OSCC), 30 OSCC ex-non oral lichenoid lesion (OSCC Ex-NOLL), and 24 OSCC ex-oral lichenoid lesion (OSCC Ex-OLL). TLR4 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and the percentage of positive cells was quantified. In addition, a semiquantitative analysis of staining intensity was performed. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TLR4 is strongly upregulated in LE-OSCC as compared to normal control epithelium and NLE-OSCC. TLR4 expression was associated with the inflammatory environment, since the percentage of positive cells increases from NOC and NLE-OSCC to LE-OSCC, reaching the highest value in OSCC Ex–OLL. TLR4 was detected in the basal third of the epithelium in NLE-OSCC, while in LE-OSCC, TLR4 expression reached the intermediate layer. These results demonstrated that an inflammatory microenvironment can upregulate TLR4, which may boost tumor development.
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KRT84 is a potential tumor suppressor and good prognosis signature of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222399. [PMID: 32181476 PMCID: PMC7109001 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common oral cancer; however, current therapeutic approaches still show limited efficacy. Our research aims to explore effective biomarkers related to OSCC. Main methods: Gene expression profiles of paired OSCC tumor and paracancerous samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. mRNA and protein levels of KRT84 in OSCC cell line HSC-3 were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. KRT84 protein levels in OSCC tumor samples of different stages were determined by immunohistochemistry. Overall survival (OS) of OSCC samples was evaluated and association of multiple factors with OS was assessed. Key findings: Compared with paracancerous samples, 4642 DEGs were identified in OSCC tumor samples. Among them, KRT84 expression level in OSCC tumor tissues was obviously decreased, which was validated in HSC-3 cells. KRT84 expression level showed decreasing tendency with the increase of tumor grade and stage. Patients with low KRT84 expression level had inferior OS independently of multiple factors. Besides, antigen processing and presentation pathway were significantly activated in OSCC samples with high KRT84 expression. Elevated KRT84 mRNA as well as protein levels were confirmed by RT-qPCR and Western blot in OSCC and normal cell lines, and immunohistochemistry in OSCC tumor and paracancerous tissues. Significance: Our study suggests KRT84 as a tumor suppressor and good prognostic indicator for OSCC, which might be significant for OSCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Ibrahim R, Brix A, Malarkey DE, Nyska A, Asif M, Ramot Y. Chemical-Induced Oral Squamous Cell Neoplasms in Rodents: An Overview of NTP 2-Year Cancer Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1062-1076. [PMID: 33576321 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321989956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is the seventh most common malignancy worldwide, and lifestyle factors participate in its development. Rodent studies can help identify substances that contribute to its development and provide information on the early stages of carcinogenicity. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has conducted more than 500 short-term and 2-year toxicology and carcinogenicity studies in rodents, and some of the tested compounds resulted in oral cancer. Our goal was to review the NTP carcinogenic studies to describe those chemicals that have oral carcinogenic outcome in rodents. For this project, we reviewed the results from all NTP carcinogenicity studies and a board-certified veterinary pathologist reviewed the slides from all neoplasms in the oral cavity that were considered treatment related. We have identified 26 chemicals with an adverse effect in the oral cavity. Fourteen chemicals demonstrated clear evidence of carcinogenicity in the oral cavity. We provide information on the carcinogenic findings in rodents together with a detailed description of the morphologic aspects of the oral cancers and speculate that the carcinogenic effects can be induced by different pathological modes of action. The findings reviewed here provide indicators for potential oral carcinogenesis processes in rodent models, which can be further investigated in future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, 58884Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv and 26745Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Michal Asif
- Faculty of Medicine, 58884Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Faculty of Medicine, 58884Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kawashita Y, Soutome S, Umeda M, Saito T. Oral management strategies for radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2020; 56:62-67. [PMID: 32123547 PMCID: PMC7037635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy, often with concomitant chemotherapy, has a significant role in the management of head and neck cancer, however, radiotherapy induces adverse events include oral mucositis, hyposalivation, loss of taste, dental caries, osteoradionecrosis, and trismus, all of which have an impact on patients' quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to implement oral management strategies prior to the initiation of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Since 2014, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) have enumerated the "Principles of Dental Evaluation and Management (DENT-A)" in the section on head and neck cancers, however, oral management was not explained in detail. Oral management has not been achieved a consensus protocol. The aim of this literature is to show that oral management strategy include removal infected teeth before the start of radiotherapy to prevent osteoradionecrosis, oral care for preventing severe oral mucositis to support patient complete radiotherapy during radiotherapy, and prevent of dental caries followed by osteoradionecrosis after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kawashita
- Department of Oral Management Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Sakiko Soutome
- Department of Oral Management Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Masahiro Umeda
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Saito
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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8
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Li Z, Yan T, Wu X, Zhang W, Li J, Wang L, Yang J. Increased expression of FOXD1 is associated with cervical node metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:1030-1036. [PMID: 32808339 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that FOXD1 is involved in tumorigenesis and closely related to the patients' poor outcome in human cancer. However, its expression pattern in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains uncovered. In this study, we tried to explore the expression pattern of FOXD1 and its clinicopathological significance in primary OSCC. METHODS Data mining and analysis on FOXD1 mRNA expression in OSCC samples were performed using publicly available databases. Its protein expression was supervised by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective cohort containing 58 primary OSCC samples. Furthermore, the potential associations between FOXD1 expression and various clinicopathological characteristics and patients' survival were further investigated. RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis indicated that FOXD1 mRNA abundance was obviously up-regulated in OSCC cohorts. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that FOXD1 protein was significantly up-regulated in OSCC specimens as compared to normal counterparts and its aberrant up-regulation was remarkably related to cervical lymph node metastasis (P = .0198) and decreased overall survival (P = .0281) and disease-free survival (P = .0312). Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis further revealed the expression pattern of FOXD1 as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of patients. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings indicate that the aberrant up-regulation of FOXD1 is related to cervical node metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in OSCC and it also may play a key role during OSCC tumorigenesis and regard as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingyuan Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Laijie Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Guo J, Su Y, Zhang M. Circ_0000140 restrains the proliferation, metastasis and glycolysis metabolism of oral squamous cell carcinoma through upregulating CDC73 via sponging miR-182-5p. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:407. [PMID: 32863766 PMCID: PMC7448321 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a more common cancer in the world. Emerging evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the progression of OSCC. However, the role of circ_0000140 in OSCC is still unknown. Methods The expression of circ_0000140 and microRNA-182-5p (miR-182-5p) were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Also, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were measured by colony formation and transwell assays, respectively. Western blot (WB) analysis was used to test the levels of proliferation, metastasis and glycolysis metabolism-related proteins as well as cell division cycle 73 (CDC73) protein. Further, the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of cells was detected by the Seahorse XF Extracellular Flux Analyzer. The lactate acid level of cells was tested by Lactate Assay Kit. Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter was used to verify the interaction between miR-182-3p and circ_0000140 or CDC73, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was employed to further confirm the relationship between miR-182-3p and circ_0000140. In addition, mice xenograft models were built to measure the effect of circ_0000140 on OSCC tumor growth in vivo. Results Circ_0000140 was lowly expressed in OSCC, and its overexpression hindered proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis metabolism in OSCC cells. MiR-182-5p could be sponged by circ_0000140, and its mimic could invert the suppression of circ_0000140 overexpression on OSCC progression. CDC73 could be targeted by miR-182-3p, and its silencing could reverse the inhibition of miR-182-3p inhibitor on OSCC progression. Further, overexpressed circ_0000140 reduced the OSCC tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions Circ_0000140 might play an anti-cancer role in OSCC, which provided a novel target for clinical therapy of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Stomatological Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Stomatological Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Stomatological Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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10
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Gronbach L, Wolff C, Klinghammer K, Stellmacher J, Jurmeister P, Alexiev U, Schäfer-Korting M, Tinhofer I, Keilholz U, Zoschke C. A multilayered epithelial mucosa model of head neck squamous cell carcinoma for analysis of tumor-microenvironment interactions and drug development. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120277. [PMID: 32795620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) often fails due to the development of chemoresistance and severe systemic side effects of current regimens limiting dose escalation. Preclinical models comprising all major elements of treatment resistance are urgently needed for the development of new strategies to overcome these limitations. For model establishment, we used tumor cells from patient-derived HNSCC xenografts or cell lines (SCC-25, UM-SCC-22B) and characterized the model phenotype. Docetaxel and cetuximab were selected for comparative analysis of drug-related effects at topical and systemic administration. Cetuximab cell binding was mapped by cluster-based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.The tumor oral mucosa (TOM) models displayed unstructured, hyper-proliferative, and pleomorphic cell layers, reflecting well the original tumor morphology and grading. Dose- and time-dependent effects of docetaxel on tumor size, apoptosis, hypoxia, and interleukin-6 release were observed. Although the spectrum of effects was comparable, significantly lower doses were required to achieve similar docetaxel-induced changes at topical compared to systemic application. Despite displaying anti-proliferative effects in monolayer cultures, cetuximab treatment showed only minor effects in TOM models. This was not due to inefficient cetuximab uptake or target cell binding but likely mediated by microenvironmental components.We developed multi-layered HNSCC models, closely reflecting tumor morphology and displaying complex interactions between the tumor and its microenvironment. Topical application of docetaxel emerged as promising option for HNSCC treatment. Aside from the development of novel strategies for topical drug delivery, our tumor model might help to better understand key regulators of drug-tumor-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Gronbach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Wolff
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Klinghammer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Stellmacher
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Experimental Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Jurmeister
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Experimental Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Tinhofer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Radiooncology and Radiotherapy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Jiang Q, Tang A, Long S, Qi Q, Song C, Xin Y, Zhang C, Cao Z, Zhang J. Development and validation of a nomogram to predict the risk of occult cervical lymph node metastases in cN0 squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 57:1092-1097. [PMID: 31677799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the relations between clinicopathological features and cervical lymph node metastases (LNM) in patients with cN0 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue, and developed and validated a nomogram for predicting the risk of their development. Clinical data on 230 patients with cN0 SCC of the tongue who had had primary extended excision and lymph node dissection of the neck were collected retrospectively. They were divided into a development cohort and a validation cohort in a 4:1 ratio. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors of cervical LNM in patients in the development cohort, and a nomogram was established to predict the risk of such nodes. In the validation cohort, the predictive performance and compliance of the model were evaluated using the consistency index (C-index) and calibration curve, and the clinical value was evaluated by decision curve analysis. Of the 230 patients, 60 had cervical LNM, of which 60 were invaded (26%). Analysis of the development cohort showed that the site of the primary lesion, depth of invasion, size of the tumour, and histopathological grade were included in the prediction model, which was validated in the validation cohort. Consistency was high (C-index=0.846), calibration good, and it was clinically valuable. The nomogram could be used to predict the probability of occult cervical LNM before operation in patients with stage cN0 SCC of the tongue. It could also be used as a reference tool for dissection of cervical nodes and a communication tool between the doctor and the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - A Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - S Long
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Q Qi
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - C Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Y Xin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Z Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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Abstract
The carcinogenesis in the oral cavity occurs as a multistep process and is often preceded by potentially malignant lesions. The main risk factors for the development of oral cancer are smoking and alcohol intake. The current challenge is to identify patients at greatest risk for the development of oral cancer using noninvasive and effective methods. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microsatellite mutations in the 9p21 locus, the cell proliferative activity, the pattern of epithelial desquamation, and the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio of exfoliated epithelial cells. Cytopathological samples were collected from 131 individuals divided into four groups: control (n = 26), alcohol-smoking (n = 32), leukoplakia (n = 38), and the oral squamous cell carcinoma group (OSCC, n = 35). From the cytological scraping, a slide was silver impregnated for Ag-stained nucleolar organizer region analysis and another slide was stained using the Papanicolaou technique. The remaining cells were used for DNA extraction, followed by PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis. The cell proliferation velocity rate was higher in the leukoplakia and OSCC groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The leukoplakia group showed increased anucleated scales, whereas the nucleated superficial predominated in the control group and the parabasal cells in the OSCC group (P < 0.05). An increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio was detected only in the OSCC group (P < 0.05). The 9p21 locus mutation frequency was higher in the alcohol-smoking and leukoplakia groups. 9p21 analysis and Ag-stained nucleolar organizer region methods are promising for the screening and monitoring of individuals at higher risk for the development of oral cancer.
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13
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Su W, Sun S, Wang F, Shen Y, Yang H. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0055538 regulates the malignant biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma through the p53/Bcl-2/caspase signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2019; 17:76. [PMID: 30857544 PMCID: PMC6413456 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor with high rates of metastasis and mortality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA, are involved in the development of a variety of tumors. The roles of circRNAs in OSCC are unclear; in this study, the correlation between the circRNA hsa_circ_0055538, previously identified by high-throughput sequencing, and the biological behavior of OSCC was evaluated. Methods circRNA expression was evaluated using patient tissue samples and various OSCC cell lines. The effects of overexpression and knockdown were evaluated by lentiviral infection and siRNA transfection of the SCC9 and CAL27 cell lines. Migration, invasion, apoptosis, and the expression of proteins in the p53 signaling pathway were evaluated. Infected cells were injected into nude mice to evaluate tumorigenesis. Results Low hsa_circ_0055538 expression levels were verified in tumor tissues and OSCC cell lines. Clinical data analysis showed that the expression level is related to the degree of tumor differentiation. Lentiviral infection and siRNA transfection of SCC9 and CAL27 cell lines revealed that changes in circRNA expression significantly affected the malignant biological behavior of OSCC cells. Importantly, nude mouse experiments showed that high expression of hsa_circ_0055538 inhibited tumor growth. Finally, hsa_circ_0055538 may affect the development of OSCC via the p53/Bcl-2/caspase signaling pathway. Conclusions Our results indicated that hsa_circ_0055538 is involved in OSCC via the p53 signaling pathway and may be a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- Clinical School, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Clinical School, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Transglutaminase 3 contributes to malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia to cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Liu Y, Li R, Yin K, Ren G, Zhang Y. The crucial role of SEMA3F in suppressing the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:32. [PMID: 29299034 PMCID: PMC5745788 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of malignancy. Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F) is highly conserved but present at a lower level in various cancers than in healthy tissues. While it has been reported that SEMA3F is involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, its function in OSCC remains unknown. Methods The expression of SEMA3F in OSCC tissues and OSCC-derived cells was analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Using SAS and HSC2 cells, we also monitored the effect of SEMA3F on OSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion using MTT, colony formation and transwell assays. The function of SEMA3F in OSCC tumor formation was also assessed in vivo. Results SEMA3F was significantly downregulated in OSCC tissues and OSCC-derived cells. SEMA3F shows growth inhibitory activity in SAS and HSC2 cells and may act as a tumor suppressor. It can inhibit the migration and invasion potential of OSCC cells. Our results also demonstrate that SEMA3F can suppress the growth of OSCC cells in vivo. Conclusions This study revealed that SEMA3F plays a role as a tumor suppressor in OSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our finding provides new insight into the progression of OSCC. Therapeutically, SEMA3F has some potential as a target for OSCC treatment, given sufficient future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192 People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ren
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192 People's Republic of China
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16
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Ma D, Fang J, Liu Y, Song JJ, Wang YQ, Xia J, Cheng B, Wang Z. High level of calpain1 promotes cancer cell invasion and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4017-4026. [PMID: 28588694 PMCID: PMC5452867 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain1, termed conventional calpain and a member of the Ca2+-dependent neutral cysteine proteases, is considered to be involved in cancer formation and development. However, the effect of calpain1 on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of calpain1 as a potential molecular target for OSCC diagnosis and therapy. The present study demonstrates that calpain1 was overexpressed in OSCC cell lines and 4/7 of the tumor tissues in paired samples of tumor and noncancerous matched tissues (NCMT). In a cohort of 125 patients with primary OSCC, the high expression of calpain1 was an independent predictor for overall survival in a multivariate analysis (P=0.022). Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated suppression of calpain1 expression reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion potential of the HSC3 and CAL27 OSCC cell lines, but did not increase their apoptosis. These findings indicate that calpain1 may be a useful biomarker for novel prognostic and therapeutic strategies in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ma
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Juan Fang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiong Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xia
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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17
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The role of perineural invasion in treatment decisions for oral cancer patients: A review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:821-825. [PMID: 28359633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of perineural invasion (PNI) in the management of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) is still controversial, and there is no consensus regarding the most appropriate therapeutic approach. The purpose of this study is to review the findings in the literature describing OSCC as a neurotropic malignancy, with the aim of correlating perineural invasion with treatment decisions and disease prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted of references based on the MEDLINE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with subject keywords including four main categories: perineural invasion, perineural spread, oral squamous cell cancinoma, neurotropic carcinoma. RESULTS In this systematic review and analysis, more than 350 publications met the eligibility criteria of the authors. CONCLUSION Perineural invasion (PNI) is a widely recognized indicator of poor prognosis in oral cancer patients, strongly correlating with aggressive tumor behavior, disease recurrence, and increased morbidity and mortality. Elective neck dissection could be an indicator in improving neck control in PNI-positive patients, while the addition of adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy may not significantly improve survival rates. Various molecular markers have been correlated with perineural tumor spread, but further investigations are required before targeting PNI as part of advanced cancer therapies.
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18
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Su X, Wang J, Chen W, Li Z, Fu X, Yang A. Overexpression of TRIM14 promotes tongue squamous cell carcinoma aggressiveness by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9939-50. [PMID: 26799420 PMCID: PMC4891094 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cells carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies of oral cancers and its prognosis remains dismal due to the paucity of effective therapeutic targets. Herein, we showed that Tripartite motif containing 14(TRIM14) is markedly up-regulated in TSCC cell lines and clinical tissues. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of 116 clinical TSCC specimens revealed that TRIM14 expression was significantly correlated with the TNM classification (T: P = 0.01; N: P < 0.001; M: P < 0.001) in patients with TSCC. Multivariate analysis indicated that TRIM14 expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of patients with TSCC. Ectopic expression of TRIM14 in TSCC cells promoted proliferation, angiogenesis, and increased resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis of TSCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, TRIM14 overexpressing significantly promoted the tumorigenicity of TSCC cells in vivo whereas silencing endogenous TRIM14 caused an opposite outcome. Moreover, we demonstrated that TRIM14 enhanced TSCC aggressiveness by activating NF-κB signaling. Together, our results provide new evidence that TRIM14 overexpression promotes the progression of TSCC and might represent a novel therapeutic target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Su
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jianning Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqu Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Ankui Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
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19
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da Silva SD, Marchi FA, Xu B, Bijian K, Alobaid F, Mlynarek A, Rogatto SR, Hier M, Kowalski LP, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Predominant Rab-GTPase amplicons contributing to oral squamous cell carcinoma progression to metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21950-63. [PMID: 26110570 PMCID: PMC4673138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is frequently associated with recurrent gene abnormalities at specific chromosomal loci. Here, we utilized array comparative genomic hybridization and genome-wide screening of metastatic and non-metastatic tongue tumors to investigate genes potentially contributing to OSCC progression to metastasis. We identified predominant amplifications of chromosomal regions that encompass the RAB5, RAB7 and RAB11 genes (3p24-p22, 3q21.3 and 8p11-12, respectively) in metastatic OSCC. The expression of these Rab GTPases was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in OSCC tissues from a cohort of patients with a follow-up of 10 years. A significant overexpression of Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 was observed in advanced OSCC cases and co-overexpression of these Rabs was predictive of poor survival (log-rank test, P = 0.006). We generated a Rab interaction network and identified central Rab interactions of relevance to metastasis signaling, including focal adhesion proteins. In preclinical models, mRNA and protein expression levels of these Rab members were elevated in a panel of invasive OSCC cell lines, and their down-regulation prevented cell invasion at least in part via inhibition of focal adhesion disassembly. In summary, our results provide insights into the cooperative role of Rab gene amplifications in OSCC progression and support their potential utility as prognostic markers and therapeutic approach for advanced OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada.,Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology on Oncogenomics (INCITO), Brazil
| | - Fabio Albuquerque Marchi
- NeoGene Laboratory, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, and International Research Center (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, Brazil.,Inter-Institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bin Xu
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
| | - Krikor Bijian
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
| | - Faisal Alobaid
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada
| | - Alex Mlynarek
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- NeoGene Laboratory, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, and International Research Center (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, Brazil
| | - Michael Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology on Oncogenomics (INCITO), Brazil
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
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20
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Alamgir MM, Jamal Q, Mirza T. Conventional clinical and prognostic variables in 150 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases from the indigenous population of Karachi. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32:672-6. [PMID: 27375712 PMCID: PMC4928421 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.323.9905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To analyze clinical and prognostic variables of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cases from the indigenous population of Karachi and to correlate with the common risk factor of tobacco habit. Methods: The study was conducted at Ziauddin University, Karachi. One hundred fifty OSCC cases were collected from the Oncology Department of Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad, Karachi and Otolaryngology ward of Civil Hospital, Karachi, during 2011 and 2015. The reporting included demographic details and variables like intra-oral subsites, clinical stage and histological grade. Recurrence of tumor after initial resection was also documented. Results: The patient’s population comprised of 98 males and 52 females. The mean age was 47.1± 12.22 (range:20-78 years). Maximum numbers were seen in the 41–50 years age group. Urdu-speaking community was the most affected ethnic group (n=75). Clinico-pathological analysis revealed that majority of cases were moderately differentiated (59%) and were either clinical stage II (35%) or IV (29%) tumors. The most common intra-oral subsite came out to be buccal mucosa of cheeks (56%) followed by lateral borders of tongue (21%), lips (13%), alveolar (6%), palate (2.6%) floor of mouth (1.3%), etc. Recurrence was observed in 08 out of 150 cases. All patients underwent primary resection±neck dissection and reconstruction where possible. Conclusions: Overall experience with oral squamous cell carcinoma shows that it has a high tendency for local invasion as well as dissemination to regional lymph nodes, i.e. cervical lymph nodes, both are associated with a poor prognosis. Preventable risk factor of tobacco chewing has been observed in majority of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mohiuddin Alamgir
- Prof. Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin Alamgir, MBBS, MPhil. Department of Pathology, Bahria University Medical & Dental College, Karachi - Pakistan
| | - Qamar Jamal
- Prof. Dr. Qamar Jamal, MBBS, MPhil, PhD. Department of Pathology, Ziauddin University Clifton Campus, Karachi - Pakistan
| | - Talat Mirza
- Prof. Dr. Talat Mirza, MBBS, MPhil, PhD. Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi - Pakistan
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21
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MK H, Prince S, Mohan AM, Krishnan KV, Devi A. Association of Notch4 with metastasis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2016; 156:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Nair S, Singh B, Pawar PV, Datta S, Nair D, Kane S, Chaturvedi P. Squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and buccal mucosa: clinico-pathologically different entities. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3921-3928. [PMID: 27098612 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the clinical and pathological features of squamous cell carcinoma of the Tongue and Buccal Mucosa and understand their differences. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of 735 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and 665 cases of carcinoma of the buccal mucosa treated by surgery at our hospital. Statistical analysis was done to examine clinical and pathological differences between carcinoma of the tongue and the buccal mucosa with regards to age, gender, clinical T stage/N stage, pathological T stage/N stage, overall stage, grade, thickness, perinodal extension (PNE), lymphovascular emboli (LVE) and perineural invasion (PNI). Statistically significant differences were found for factors like age (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), clinical T staging (p < 0.001) and pathological stage (p < 0.001), grade of tumor (p < 0.001) and perineural invasion (p < 0.001) between carcinoma of the tongue and the buccal mucosa. Forty-eight percent patients in either subsite had pathologically proven node negative necks (pN0, p = 0.88). Multivariate analysis for occult nodal metastases revealed that predictive factors were different for the two subsites. There are significant differences between cancers of the tongue and buccal mucosa for various clinical and pathological factors. This may be a reflection of the underlying differences in their causation and pathophysiology. Squamous cell carcinoma in these two subsites should therefore be regarded as clinico-pathologically distinct entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Nair
- Head and Neck Services, Tata Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Bikramjit Singh
- Head and Neck Services, Tata Hospital, Mumbai, India. .,Department of Surgical Oncology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India.
| | - Prashant V Pawar
- Head and Neck Services, Tata Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Fortis Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sourav Datta
- Head and Neck Services, Tata Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepa Nair
- Head and Neck Services, Tata Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Shubhada Kane
- Department of Pathology, Tata Hospital, Mumbai, India
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23
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Coutinho I, Ramos L, Gameiro AR, Vieira R, Figueiredo A. Lower lip reconstruction with nasolabial flap--going back to basics. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 90:206-8. [PMID: 26312718 PMCID: PMC4540552 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip is frequent, and radical excision sometimes
leads to complex defects. Many lip repair techniques are aggressive requiring general
anesthesia and a prolonged post-operative period. The nasolabial flap, while a common
flap for the repair of other facial defects, is an under-recognized option for the
reconstruction of the lower lip. We describe the use of nasolabial flap for the
repair of a large defect of the lower lip in a ninety year-old male, with good
functional results and acceptable cosmetic outcome. We believe the nasolabial flap is
a good alternative for intermediate-to-large lower lip defects in patients with
impaired general condition.
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24
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Wang XC, Ma Y, Meng PS, Han JL, Yu HY, Bi LJ. miR-433 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell growth and metastasis by targeting HDAC6. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:674-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Farnedi A, Rossi S, Bertani N, Gulli M, Silini EM, Mucignat MT, Poli T, Sesenna E, Lanfranco D, Montebugnoli L, Leonardi E, Marchetti C, Cocchi R, Ambrosini-Spaltro A, Foschini MP, Perris R. Proteoglycan-based diversification of disease outcome in head and neck cancer patients identifies NG2/CSPG4 and syndecan-2 as unique relapse and overall survival predicting factors. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:352. [PMID: 25935541 PMCID: PMC4429505 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour relapse is recognized to be the prime fatal burden in patients affected by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but no discrete molecular trait has yet been identified to make reliable early predictions of tumour recurrence. Expression of cell surface proteoglycans (PGs) is frequently altered in carcinomas and several of them are gradually emerging as key prognostic factors. Methods A PG expression analysis at both mRNA and protein level, was pursued on primary lesions derived from 173 HNSCC patients from whom full clinical history and 2 years post-surgical follow-up was accessible. Gene and protein expression data were correlated with clinical traits and previously proposed tumour relapse markers to stratify high-risk patient subgroups. Results HNSCC lesions were indeed found to exhibit a widely aberrant PG expression pattern characterized by a variable expression of all PGs and a characteristic de novo transcription/translation of GPC2, GPC5 and NG2/CSPG4 respectively in 36%, 72% and 71% on 119 cases. Importantly, expression of NG2/CSPG4, on neoplastic cells and in the intralesional stroma (Hazard Ratio [HR], 6.76, p = 0.017) was strongly associated with loco-regional relapse, whereas stromal enrichment of SDC2 (HR, 7.652, p = 0.007) was independently tied to lymphnodal infiltration and disease-related death. Conversely, down-regulated SDC1 transcript (HR, 0.232, p = 0.013) uniquely correlated with formation of distant metastases. Altered expression of PGs significantly correlated with the above disease outcomes when either considered alone or in association with well-established predictors of poor prognosis (i.e. T classification, previous occurrence of precancerous lesions and lymphnodal metastasis). Combined alteration of all three PGs was found to be a reliable predictor of shorter survival. Conclusions An unprecedented PG-based prognostic portrait is unveiled that incisively diversifies disease course in HNSCC patients beyond the currently known clinical and molecular biomarkers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1336-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Farnedi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rossi
- COMT - Centre for Molecular Translational Oncology & Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bertani
- COMT - Centre for Molecular Translational Oncology & Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Mariolina Gulli
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Genetics and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Enrico Maria Silini
- COMT - Centre for Molecular Translational Oncology & Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Mucignat
- S.O.C. of Experimental Oncology 2, The National Tumour Institute Aviano - CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - Tito Poli
- Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Head and Neck Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Enrico Sesenna
- Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Head and Neck Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Davide Lanfranco
- Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Head and Neck Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Lucio Montebugnoli
- Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Oral Sciences, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elisa Leonardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Renato Cocchi
- Unit of Maxillo-facial Surgery at Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy. .,Unit of Maxillo-facial Surgery, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni in Rotondo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ambrosini-Spaltro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Foschini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberto Perris
- COMT - Centre for Molecular Translational Oncology & Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. .,S.O.C. of Experimental Oncology 2, The National Tumour Institute Aviano - CRO-IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy.
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Neurovascular Invasion and Histological Grade Serve as the Risk Factors of Cervical Lymph Node Metastases in Early Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2920-2926. [PMID: 25911199 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to analyze the regional characteristics of the cervical lymph node metastasis and to investigate the factors associated with the risk of lymph node involvement. One hundred seventy-one patients suffering from early primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue (cT1-2N0) were enrolled. Gender, age, growth site, T stage, histological grade, and neurovascular invasion were statistically analyzed by K-M survival analysis and Cox multivariate analysis to evaluate the relationship between the factors and the neck lymph node metastasis. Of the 171 cases divided into the neck dissection group and observation group, 40 ended up with lymph node metastasis, of which 17 were metastasized to level I, 27 to level II, 10 to level III, 2 to level IV, and 1 to level V. Histological grade and neurovascular invasion were significantly associated with lymph node involvement in univariate and multivariate analyses. Age distribution was found to be significantly associated with the lymph node metastasis in multivariate analysis. The metastasis of early tongue SCC has a certain regularity at different sites. Age was not a critical risk factor for cervical lymph node metastasis after surgery. Tumor size was suspected to exert a negative effect on metastasis by influencing tumor invasion. Histological grade and neurovascular invasion were significantly associated with the risk of cervical lymph node metastasis of early tongue SCC.
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The Hippo transducer TAZ promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell maintenance in oral cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1091-105. [PMID: 25704916 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a fundamental regulator in tissue growth, organ size and stem cell functions, and tumorigenesis when deregulated. However, its roles and associated molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) initiation and progression remain largely unknown. Here, we identified TAZ, the downstream effector of Hippo signaling, as a novel bona fide oncogene by promoting cell proliferation, migration/invasion and chemoresistance in OSCC. TAZ promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and also was involved in TGF-β1-induced EMT in oral cancer cells. Furthermore, enriched TAZ sustained self-renewal, maintenance, tumor-seeding potential of oral cancer stem cells (CSCs). Remarkably, enforced TAZ overexpression conferred CSCs-like properties on differentiated non-CSCs and fueled phenotypic transition from non-CSCs to CSCs-like cells. Mechanistically, TAZ-TEADs binding and subsequent transcriptional activation of EMT mediators and pluripotency factors are presumably responsible for TAZ-mediated EMT and non-CSCs-to-CSCs conversion. Importantly, aberrant TAZ overexpression was found to be associated with tumor size, pathological grade and cervical lymph node metastasis, as well as unfavorable prognosis. Pharmacological repression of TAZ by simvastatin resulted in potent anti-cancer effects against OSCC. Taken together, our findings have revealed critical links between TAZ, EMT and CSCs in OSCC initiation and progression, and also established TAZ as a novel cancer biomarker and viable druggable target for OSCC therapeutics.
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Mishra R, Nagini S, Rana A. Expression and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha/ beta and their association with the expression of cyclin D1 and p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma progression. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:20. [PMID: 25645517 PMCID: PMC4334357 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to evaluate the expression and activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 isoforms α/β (GSK3α/β) and to assess their oncogenic potential through a correlation with the expression of cyclin D1 and p53 in oral cancer. METHODS The expression of total and phosphorylated GSK3α/β as well as cyclin D1 and p53 together with their interaction were assessed in human oral cancer tissue samples, apparently normal adjacent tissues, benign tumor samples, premalignant lesions and healthy normal tissues (total 179) using various methods, such as immunohistochemistry, Western blot assays, immunoprecipitation and RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS The expression of GSK3β was significantly higher relative to GSK3α indicating the greater role of the β isoform in oral cancer. Among various types of oral cancers, OSCC (of the lip and tongue) showed elevated expression of GSK3α/β, and the expression was correlated with disease progression. The increased expression of pS(21)GSK3α and pS(9)GSK3β not only correlated positively with cyclin D1 and p53 expression in tongue cancer progression but a gradual shift of their expression from the cytoplasmic to the nuclear compartment and overall disease severity was also observed. The interaction of GSK3β-cyclin D1 and the positive correlation of pS(9)GSK3β and the transcription of cyclin D1 were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the inactivation of GSK3β is an important event in OSCC and can be used as a marker for assessing disease severity and may be exploited for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, INDIA.
| | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, 60153, IL, USA.
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Oncogenic roles of Bmi1 and its therapeutic inhibition by histone deacetylase inhibitor in tongue cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1431-45. [PMID: 25286028 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycomb complex protein Bmi1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) mediates epigenetic transcriptional silencing by modifying chromatin structure and is critical for stem cell homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Bmi1 is frequently overexpressed in human malignancies and therefore has key diagnostic and prognostic significance, and holds potential as a therapeutic target. Here we sought to characterize the expression patterns and oncogenic roles of Bmi1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and to determine the anticancer effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) via Bmi1 inhibition against tongue cancer. Our data revealed that Bmi1 was aberrantly overexpressed in a significant portion of tongue cancers. Elevated Bmi1 is associated with cervical node metastasis, Ki-67 abundance and reduced overall survival, and also serves as an independent prognostic factor for patient outcomes. Short-hairpin RNA-mediated Bmi1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and migration, induced cell apoptosis and senescence, reduced colony formation and CD44(+)CD133(+) sub-population as well as enhanced cisplatin chemosensitivity, presumably by modulation of p16, p14 and E-cadherin. Moreover, HDACi chemicals Trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (NaB) potently inhibited Bmi1 and triggered similar phenotypic changes reminiscent of Bmi1 silencing, although TSA treatment seemed paradoxically to induce some epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes in tongue cancer cells. Importantly, NaB-induced antitumor effects were partially attenuated by enforced Bmi1 overexpression in vitro. Genetic Bmi1 silencing and pharmacological inhibition of Bmi1 by NaB treatment significantly impaired tumor growth in a tongue cancer xenograft model. Taken together, our results indicate that Bmi1 serves as a key driver and biomarker with multiple oncogenic functions underlying tongue tumorigenesis. Selected appropriate HDACi compounds like NaB may represent novel therapeutic agents against tongue cancer.
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Li Z, Wang Y, Qiu J, Li Q, Yuan C, Zhang W, Wang D, Ye J, Jiang H, Yang J, Cheng J. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is a novel therapeutic target in tongue cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2532-49. [PMID: 24345883 PMCID: PMC3926847 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EZH2, a core member of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2), mediates transcriptional silencing by catalyzing the trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27), which plays key roles in cancer initiation and progression. Here, we investigated the expression pattern and biological roles of EZH2 in tongue tumorigenesis by loss-of-function assays using small interference RNA and EZH2 inhibitor DZNep. Also we determined the therapeutic efficiency of DZNep against tongue cancer in vivo. We found that aberrantly overexpressed EZH2 was associated with pathological grade, cervical nodes metastasis and Ki-67 expression in tongue cancers. Elevated EZH2 correlated with shorter overall survival and showed significant and independent prognostic importance in patients with tongue cancer. Both genetic and pharmacological depletion of EZH2 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation and decreased CD44+ subpopulation probably in part through modulating p16, p21 and E-caherin. Moreover, DZNep enhanced the anticancer effects of 5-Fluorouracil. Furthermore, intratumoral EZH2 inhibition induced by DZNep intraperitoneal administration significantly attenuated tumor growth in a tongue cancer xenograft model. Taken together, our results indicate that EZH2 serves as a key driver with multiple oncogenic functions during tongue tumorigenesis and a new biomarker for tongue cancer diagnosis and prognostic prediction. These findings open up possibilities for therapeutic intervention against EZH2 in tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Li
- Head Neck Cancer Center, Institute of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China PRC
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Yuan C, Li Z, Wang Y, Qi B, Zhang W, Ye J, Wu H, Jiang H, Song LN, Yang J, Cheng J. Overexpression of metabolic markers PKM2 and LDH5 correlates with aggressive clinicopathological features and adverse patient prognosis in tongue cancer. Histopathology 2014; 65:595-605. [PMID: 24762230 DOI: 10.1111/his.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5) are two metabolic and oncogenic markers of cancer. In this study, we sought to investigate their expression patterns and prognostic value in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). METHODS AND RESULTS The expression and subcellular localization of PKM2 and LDH5 in TSCC cell lines were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. PKM2 and LDH5 abundance was examined by immunohistochemistry in 63 TSCC tumour specimens; their association with multiple clinicopathological parameters and overall patient survival was assessed. The protein levels of PKM2 and LDH5 were both significantly higher in TSCC cells than in an immortalized oral epithelial cell line. Overexpression of PKM2 associated significantly with cervical node metastasis (P = 0.0373), while elevated LDH5 levels correlated significantly with tumour size (P = 0.0094), pathological grade (P = 0.0052), cervical node metastasis (P = 0.0023) and clinical stage (P = 0.0024). Patients with tumours showing an increase in either PKM2 or LDH5 expression displayed significantly reduced overall survival, while patients with tumours overexpressing both proteins showed the worst prognosis with lowest overall survival. Furthermore, PKM2 and LDH5 were identified as independent prognostic predictors for overall patient survival in TSCC. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that overexpression of PKM2 and LDH5 associates with key clinicopathological features and unfavourable prognosis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yuan
- Oral Cancer Center, Institute of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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Tarsitano A, Tardio ML, Marchetti C. Impact of perineural invasion as independent prognostic factor for local and regional failure in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 119:221-8. [PMID: 25487983 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perineural invasion (PNI) is frequent in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and could play an important role in treatment decisions. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective study used multivariate analysis to evaluate the impact of PNI on locoregional recurrence, neck metastases, and survival in 236 consecutive patients with oral cancer. RESULTS There were significant differences in the local (P = .007) and regional (P = .041) failure rates in the PNI-positive group compared with the PNI-negative group. Univariate analysis demonstrated that PNI-positive patients had significantly worse locoregional control (P = .011), disease-specific survival (P = .023), and overall survival (P = .046) compared with PNI-negative patients. CONCLUSION PNI was an independent predictor of local and regional failure in a well-defined, homogeneous population with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Tarsitano
- Researcher, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Science, University of Bologna, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Lucia Tardio
- Medical Doctor, Section of Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Marchetti
- Professor of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Science, University of Bologna, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Chatzistefanou I, Lubek J, Markou K, Ord RA. The role of neck dissection and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in cN0 patients with PNI-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:753-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β in immunity and cell cycle: implications in esophageal cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:131-44. [PMID: 24276788 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal malignancies, possessing an insidious onset and a poor prognosis. Numerous transcription factors and inflammatory mediators have been reported to play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of this cancer. However, the specifics of the signaling network responsible for said factors, especially which elements are the critical regulators, are still being elucidated. Glycogen synthesis kinases 3 (GSK3)β was originally regarded as a kinase regulating glucose metabolism. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that it also played an essential role in a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, motility, and survival by regulating various transcription factors such as c-Jun, AP-1, β-catenin, CREB, and NF-κB. Aberrant regulation of GSK3β has been shown to promote cell growth in some cancers, while suppressing it in others, and thus may play an important role in the development of EC. This review will discuss our current understanding of GSK3β signaling, and its control of the expression and activation of various transcription factors that mediate the inflammatory response. We will also explore some of the known mediators of EC progression, and based on current literature, elucidate the potential roles and implications of GSK3 in this disease.
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MUKUDAI YOSHIKI, KONDO SEIJI, SHIOGAMA SUNAO, KOYAMA TOMOYUKI, LI CHUNNAN, YAZAWA KAZUNAGA, SHINTANI SATORU. Root bark extracts of Juncus effusus and Paeonia suffruticosa protect salivary gland acinar cells from apoptotic cell death induced by cis-platinum (II) diammine dichloride. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2665-71. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yedida GR, Nagini S, Mishra R. The importance of oncogenic transcription factors for oral cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:179-88. [PMID: 23619350 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current experimental evidence shows that most important risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption and less well-defined risks include viral infection and a diet deficient in antioxidants. The positive correlation between various risk/etiologic factors of oral cancer and the activation of various transcription factors (TFs) has been reported in the literature. Although initially, TFs were considered to be very difficult targets for use in clinical treatment, recent technological advances have provided the ability to control these factors of cancer progression. This review focuses on the role of oncogenic transcription factors in oral cancer, their modes of activation through various biological pathways, the promises and pitfalls in viewing them as potent oncotargets, the way they can be controlled based on the current understanding, and the future research to be done in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Raju Yedida
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Wei Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Yuan C, Zhang W, Wang D, Ye J, Jiang H, Wu Y, Cheng J. Overexpression of Hippo pathway effector TAZ in tongue squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological features and patients' prognosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42:747-54. [PMID: 23551691 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a key downstream effector of Hippo signaling pathway involved in stem cell differentiation and organ development. Recently, its deregulation has been linked to initiation and progression of various cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of TAZ in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and its prognostic value in predicting patients' outcomes. METHODS TAZ expression and localization in a panel of TSCC cell lines and human immortalized oral epithelial cell (HIOEC) were determined by real-time RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In 52 TSCC tumor specimens with detailed clinical and follow-up data, TAZ abundance was examined by immunohistochemistry and its associations with clinicopathological parameters, Ki-67 expression and patients' survival were further assessed. RESULTS TAZ mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in TSCC cells and specimens than those in non-cancerous cells and normal tongue mucosa. Overexpression of TAZ in TSCC was significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.033), pathological grade (P = 0.026), clinical stage (P = 0.013), Ki-67 expression (P = 0.0485), and reduced overall and disease-free survival (Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, P = 0.020, 0.019, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified TAZ as an important independent predictor for survival of patients with TSCC [HR (hazard ratio), 4.351; 95% CI (95% confidence interval), 1.477-12.819; P = 0.008]. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that aberrant TAZ overexpression is associated with key clinicopathological features and poor survival in TSCC. These results suggest that TAZ might play critical roles in tumorigenesis of TSCC and become a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Wei
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mukudai Y, Kondo S, Fujita A, Yoshihama Y, Shirota T, Shintani S. Tumor protein D54 is a negative regulator of extracellular matrix-dependent migration and attachment in oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell lines. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:233-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Mishra R. Cell cycle-regulatory cyclins and their deregulation in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:475-81. [PMID: 23434055 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a growth-related disorder, and cyclins are the prime regulators of cell division. Cyclins are associated with the pathogenesis of oral cancer and are considered valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. These important molecules are regulated in many ways to achieve a gain in function and are involved in promoting neoplastic growth. While the causes of most cyclin overexpression are varied, these cyclins may be induced by buccal mucosal insult mainly with carcinogens that alter various pathways propelling oral cancer. Substantial experimental evidences support a link between oncogenic signaling pathways and the deregulation of cyclins in oral cancer. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which cyclins are regulated and promote oral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835 205, Jharkhand, India.
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Jerjes W, Upile T, Radhi H, Petrie A, Abiola J, Adams A, Kafas P, Callear J, Carbiner R, Rajaram K, Hopper C. The effect of tobacco and alcohol and their reduction/cessation on mortality in oral cancer patients: short communication. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2012; 4:6. [PMID: 22409767 PMCID: PMC3329636 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The use of tobacco is known to increase the incidence of developing oral cancer by 6 times, while the additive effect of drinking alcohol further increases the risk leading to higher rate of morbidity and mortality. In this short communication, we prospectively assessed the effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking in oral cancer patients on the overall mortality from the disease, as well as the effect of smoking and drinking reduction/cessation at time of diagnosis on mortality in the same group. Materials and methods A cohort, involved 67 male patients who were diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma, was included in this study. The smoking and drinking habits of this group were recorded, in addition to reduction/cessation after diagnosis with the disease. Comparisons were made to disease mortality at 3 and 5 years. Results Follow-up resulted in a 3-year survival of 46.8% and a 5-year survival of 40.4%. Reduction of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation led to a significant reduction in mortality at 3 (P < 0.001) and 5 (P < 0.001) years. Reduction in drinking alcohol and drinking cessation led to a significant reduction in mortality at 3 (P < 0.001) and 5 (P < 0.001) years. Conclusion Chronic smoking and drinking does have an adverse effect on patients with oral cancer leading to increased mortality from cancer-related causes. Reduction/cessation of these habits tends to significantly reduce mortality in this group of patients. Smoking and drinking cessation counseling should be provided to all newly diagnosed oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Jerjes
- UCL Department of Surgery, University College London Medical School, London, UK.
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Interaction between Chronic Inflammation and Oral HPV Infection in the Etiology of Head and Neck Cancers. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:575242. [PMID: 22518158 PMCID: PMC3299260 DOI: 10.1155/2012/575242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidences of oral tongue, base of the tongue, and tonsil cancers have been increasing steadily in many parts of the world in spite of declining rates of tobacco use over the last four decades. A better understanding of the etiology, interactions between risk factors, and new approaches to prevention and treatment are necessary to change this course. This paper will present evidence supporting a potential role of chronic inflammation in the etiologies of oral human papillomavirus infection and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and it will discuss the implications for prevention and treatment.
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Mishra R. Biomarkers of oral premalignant epithelial lesions for clinical application. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:578-84. [PMID: 22342569 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is the sixth most common form of cancer worldwide, and the majority of cases occur in India and Southeast Asia. Its major risk factors in the western world include smoking and drinking alcohol, whereas in Asia, it is primarily caused by tobacco/areca nut/betel leaf chewing and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Little is known about this type of cancer despite recent advances in cancer biology. The generally asymptomatic nature of the early oral lesions causes them to remain undetected in many cases. Thus, the disease progresses substantially before the patients seek treatment and is a major contributing factor to the severity of this disease. Therefore, there is a great need to create awareness for its prevention and early diagnosis. The application of advanced molecular biological and biochemical methodologies to elucidate its biomarkers may aid in early detection; however, much more work must be done for this information to be effectively applied in the clinical setting. This review focuses on the need for systematic diagnoses in the early detection of oral cancer using molecular and biochemical approaches, thereby reducing the number of advanced cases in the chewing tobacco-dominated oral cancer population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Jharkhand, India.
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Moon SH, Choi JY, Lee HJ, Son YI, Baek CH, Ahn YC, Park K, Lee KH, Kim BT. Prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil: comparisons of volume-based metabolic parameters. Head Neck 2012; 35:15-22. [PMID: 22307893 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of volume-based metabolic parameters measured by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT ((18) F-FDG PET/CT) is not established. We evaluated the prognostic value of metabolic parameters in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tonsil. METHODS We enrolled a total of 69 patients with SCC of the tonsil who underwent pretreatment (18)F-FDG PET/CT. We measured maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and asymmetry indices (of SUV(max), MTV, and TLG). The prognostic significance of these parameters and clinical variables was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS Multivariate analyses with adjustments for age, sex, and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage showed that only TLG (hazard ratio = 1.020, 95% confidence interval 1.003-1.037, p = .023) was an independent predictive factor associated with decreased overall survival. CONCLUSION TLG is a significant independent metabolic prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with SCC of the tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee SW, Park YW. Expression of endoglin and podoplanin in early and advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2012.38.3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woon Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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Analysis of inflammatory infiltrate, perineural invasion, and risk score can indicate concurrent metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 70:1703-10. [PMID: 22154400 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this retrospective study, the aim was to compare individual histopathologic parameters of malignancy between nonmetastatic and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were selected and examined according to the system established by Brandwein-Gensler et al (Am J Surg Pathol 29:167, 2005) and included the pattern of invasion (most to least favorable), lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, risk score, keratinization, eosinophilia, perivascular invasion, and tumor thickness. RESULTS The least favorable pattern had no association with nodal metastasis (P > .05). The scarcity or density of the lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, and a risk score ≥ 3 were associated with nodal metastasis (P < .05). Keratinization, eosinophilia, perivascular invasion, and tumor thickness had no association with nodal metastasis (P > .05). A significant positive correlation was found between the pattern of invasion and perineural invasion and between the pattern of invasion and tumor thickness (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The scarcity or density of the lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, and histopathologic risk score may be helpful as parameters of histologic malignancy for the evaluation of metastatic and nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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The Apoptotic Effect of the Hexane Extract of Rheum undulatum L. in Oral Cancer Cells through the Down-regulation of Specificity Protein 1 and Survivin. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:19-24. [PMID: 21826155 PMCID: PMC3145981 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexane extract of Rheum undulatum L. (HERL) has been shown to have anti-cancer activity in several cancers in vivo and in vitro. However, the anti-cancer activity of HERL and its molecular mechanism in human oral cancer cells has not been explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of HERL in HN22 and SCC15 oral cancer cell lines. This study shows that HERL inhibits oral cancer growth, decreases cell viability, and causes apoptotic cell death in HN22 and SCC15 cells, as characterized by morphological changes, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, the cleavage of PARP and the accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. The treatment of oral cancer cells with HERL also resulted in decreased expression of specificity protein (Sp1) and its downstream protein, survivin. Therefore, our results suggest that the regulation of Sp1 and survivin plays a critical role in HERL-induced apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.
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Jerjes W, Upile T, Hamdoon Z, Mosse CA, Akram S, Hopper C. Prospective evaluation of outcome after transoral CO(2) laser resection of T1/T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:180-7. [PMID: 21232996 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world. The incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) continues to be high, if not increasing. This prospective study assessed the oncological outcomes following transoral CO(2) laser resection of T1/T2 N0 OSCC. Patients' 3-year disease-specific survival and disease-free survival were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients' data included a range of clinical, operative, and histopathological variables related to the status of the surgical margins. Data collection also included recurrence, cause of death, date of death, and last clinic review. Ninety patients (64 males and 26 females) participated in this study. Their mean age at the first diagnosis of OSCC was 63.5 years. Two thirds of the patients were Caucasians. Usually patients present with an ulcer of the tongue, floor of mouth, or buccal mucosa. Current and ex-smokers represented 82.2% of the cohort, whereas current and ex-drinkers were 78.9%. Comorbidities included history of oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, immunodeficiency, oral dysplasia, or OSCC. Clinically, 81 patients had T1N0 disease and 9 had T2N0 disease. RESULTS Pathologic analysis revealed that nearly half of the patients had moderately differentiated OSCC, 18 moderately to poorly differentiated, and 19 poorly differentiated carcinoma. Study of the tumor margins was carried out and showed a mean of 5.7-mm depth of invasion; tumor clearance was primarily achieved in 73 patients. Recurrence was identified in 11 (12%) patients. The mean age of first diagnosis of the recurrence group was 76.4 years. The most common clinical presentation in the recurrence group was an ulcer involving the tongue or buccal mucosa; most commonly were identified in current or ex-smokers or drinkers. Recurrence was associated with clinical N-stage disease. The surgical margins in this group were also evaluated following relaser excision or surgical excision ± neck dissection. Follow-up resulted in a 3-year survival of 86.7%. Twelve patients died: 9 from noncancer-related causes, 2 from locoregional disease spread, and 1 from distant metastasis to the lungs. CONCLUSIONS Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity has a poor overall prognosis with a high tendency to recur at the primary site and extend to involve the locoregional lymph nodes. The overall results of this study suggest that CO(2) laser is a comparable modality to other traditional interventions (surgery) in the management of low-risk (T1/T2) tumors of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Jerjes
- University College London Hospitals Head, Neck Centre, London, UK.
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Mishra R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: can it be a target for oral cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:144. [PMID: 20537194 PMCID: PMC2906469 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in treatment approaches for oral cancer, there has been only modest improvement in patient outcomes in the past three decades. The frequent treatment failure is due to the failure to control tumor recurrence and metastasis. These failures suggest that new targets should be identified to reverse oral epithelial dysplastic lesions. Recent developments suggest an active role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 β) in various human cancers either as a tumor suppressor or as a tumor promoter. GSK3β is a Ser/Thr protein kinase, and there is emerging evidence that it is a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. The evidence suggests a link between key players in oral cancer that control transcription, accelerated cell cycle progression, activation of invasion/metastasis and anti-apoptosis, and regulation of these factors by GSK3β. Moreover, the major upstream kinases of GSK3β and their oncogenic activation by several etiological agents of oral cancer support this hypothesis. In spite of all this evidence, a detailed analysis of the role of GSK3β in oral cancer and of its therapeutic potential has yet to be conducted by the scientific community. The focus of this review is to discuss the multitude of roles of GSK3β, its possible role in controlling different oncogenic events and how it can be targeted in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Dept, of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Bldg 102, Maywood, IL-60153, USA.
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Jerjes W, Upile T, Petrie A, Riskalla A, Hamdoon Z, Vourvachis M, Karavidas K, Jay A, Sandison A, Thomas GJ, Kalavrezos N, Hopper C. Clinicopathological parameters, recurrence, locoregional and distant metastasis in 115 T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2010; 2:9. [PMID: 20406474 PMCID: PMC2882907 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma remains high. Oral and oro-pharyngeal carcinomas are the sixth most common cancer in the world. Several clinicopathological parameters have been implicated in prognosis, recurrence and survival, following oral squamous cell carcinoma. In this retrospective analysis, clinicopathological parameters of 115 T1/T2 OSCC were studied and compared to recurrence and death from tumour-related causes. The study protocol was approved by the Joint UCL/UCLH committees of the ethics for human research. The patients' data was entered onto proformas, which were validated and checked by interval sampling. The fields included a range of clinical, operative and histopathological variables related to the status of the surgical margins. Data collection also included recurrence, cause of death, date of death and last clinic review. Causes of death were collated in 4 categories (1) death from locoregional spread, (2) death from distant metastasis, (3) death from bronchopulmonary pneumonia, and (4) death from any non-tumour event that lead to cardiorespiratory failure. The patients' population comprised 65 males and 50 females. Their mean age at the 1st diagnosis of OSCC was 61.7 years. Two-thirds of the patients were Caucasians. Primary sites were mainly identified in the tongue, floor of mouth (FOM), buccal mucosa and alveolus. Most of the identified OSCCs were low-risk (T1N0 and T2N0). All patients underwent primary resection ± neck dissection and reconstruction when necessary. Twenty-two patients needed adjuvant radiotherapy. Pathological analysis revealed that half of the patients had moderately differentiated OSCC. pTNM slightly differed from the cTNM and showed that 70.4% of the patients had low-risk OSCC. Tumour clearance was ultimately achieved in 107 patients. Follow-up resulted in a 3-year survival of 74.8% and a 5-year survival of 72.2%. Recurrence was identified in 23 males and 20 females. The mean age of 1st diagnosis of the recurrence group was 59.53 years. Most common oral sites included the lateral border of tongue and floor of mouth. Recurrence was associated with clinical N-stage disease. The surgical margins in this group was evaluated and found that 17 had non-cohesive invasion, 30 had dysplasia at margin, 21 had vascular invasion, 9 had nerve invasion and 3 had bony invasion. Severe dysplasia was present in 37 patients. Tumour clearance was achieved in only 8 patients. The mean depth of tumour invasion in the recurrence group was 7.6 mm. An interesting finding was that 5/11 patients who died of distant metastasis had their primary disease in the tongue. Nodal disease comparison showed that 8/10 patients who died of locoregional metastasis and 8/11 patients who died from distant metastasis had clinical nodal involvement. Comparing this to pathological nodal disease (pTNM) showed that 10/10 patients and 10/11 patients who died from locoregional and distant metastasis, respectively, had nodal disease. All patients who died from locoregional and distant metastasis were shown to have recurrence after the primary tumour resection. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity has a poor overall prognosis with a high tendency to recur at the primary site and extend to involve the cervical lymph nodes. Several clinicopathological parameters can be employed to assess outcome, recurrence and overall survival.
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