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Hu M, Zhang D, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang W, Wang Q. Harmonic phase-sensitive detection for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic-thermoelastic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100633. [PMID: 39104762 PMCID: PMC11298602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based techniques of photoacoustic spectroscopy and thermoelastic spectroscopy play a significant role in trace gas sensing due to unique high sensitivity and compactness. However, the stability of both techniques remains plagued by the inevitable and unpredictable laser power variation and demodulation phase variation. Herein, we investigate the phase change of a QTF when integrating both techniques for enhanced gas sensing. By demonstrating harmonic phase-sensitive methane detection as an example, we achieve stable gas measurement at varying laser power (2.4-9.4 mW) and varying demodulation phase (-90-90°). Besides, this method shows more tolerance to resonant frequency drift, contributing to a small signal fluctuation of ≤ 6.4 % over a wide modulation range (>10 times of the QTF bandwidth). The realization of harmonic-phase detection allows strengthening the stability of QTF-based sensors in a simple manner, especially when stable parameters, such as laser power, demodulation phase, even resonant frequency, cannot always be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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2
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Wu G, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Fan Y, Xing J, Wu X, Ma J, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. A mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor based on a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 37:100595. [PMID: 38404402 PMCID: PMC10882166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports a mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing. The sensor primarily contains a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator, a cylindrical buffer chamber, and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor. The acoustic field distributions of this mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor and the conventional T-type resonant photoacoustic sensor have been carefully evaluated, showing that the first-order resonance frequency of the present mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor is reduced by nearly a half compared to that of the T-type resonant photoacoustic sensor. The volume of the developed photoacoustic cavity is only about 0.8 cm3. Trace methane is selected as the target analytical gas and a detection limit of 101 parts-per-billion at 100-s integration time has been achieved, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 1.04 × 10-8 W·cm-1·Hz-1/2. The developed mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor provides potential for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing in narrow spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongjia Zhang
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yeming Fan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiawei Xing
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
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3
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Liang T, Qiao S, Chen Y, He Y, Ma Y. High-sensitivity methane detection based on QEPAS and H-QEPAS technologies combined with a self-designed 8.7 kHz quartz tuning fork. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 36:100592. [PMID: 38322619 PMCID: PMC10844118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas as well as being flammable and explosive. In this manuscript, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and heterodyne QEPAS (H-QEPAS) exploring a self-designed quartz tuning fork (QTF) with resonance frequency (f0) of ∼8.7 kHz was utilized to achieve sensitive CH4 detection. Compared with the standard commercial 32.768 kHz QTF, this self-designed QTF with a low f0 and large prong gap has the merits of long energy accumulation time and low optical noise. The strongest line located at 6057.08 cm-1 in the 2v3 overtone band of CH4 was chosen as the target absorption line. A diode laser with a high output power of > 30 mW was utilized as the excitation source. Acoustic micro-resonators (AmRs) were added to the sensor architecture to amplify the intensity of acoustic waves. Compared to the bare QTF, after the addition of AmRs, a signal enhancement of 149-fold and 165-fold were obtained for QEPAS and H-QEPAS systems, respectively. The corresponding minimum detection limits (MDLs) were 711 ppb and 1.06 ppm for QEPAS and H-QEPAS sensors. Furthermore, based on Allan variance analysis the MDLs can be improved to 19 ppb and 27 ppb correspondingly. Compared to the QEPAS sensor, the H-QEPAS sensor shows significantly shorter measurement timeframes, allowing for measuring the gas concentration quickly while simultaneously obtaining f0 of QTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ying He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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4
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Ding J, Liu X, Zhou S, Huang J, Li Y, Gao Y, Dong C, Yue G, Tan F. In-situ free-standing inorganic 2D Cs 2PbI 2Cl 2 nanosheets for efficient self-powered photodetectors with carbon electrode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:1356-1364. [PMID: 37918095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic two-dimensional (2D) perovskites possess excellent thermal stability and high charge mobility, making them an attractive choice for stable optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors (PDs). The formation of an appropriate inorganic 2D perovskite structure is of great importance to efficient PDs, especially to that of planar self-powered photovoltaic PDs featuring perpendicular charge transport channels. Herein, we implemented morphological engineering on wide bandgap inorganic 2D perovskite, Cs2PbI2Cl2, demonstrating a successful preparation of in-situ free-standing nanosheets structure with proper charge channels for photovoltaic type self-powered PDs. Compared with its counterpart with a nanoblock morphology, the 2D nanosheet Cs2PbI2Cl2 film exhibits enhanced charge mobility and purified Ruddlesden-Popper phase that can withstand high-energy electron beam radiation, accelerated thermal aging and long-term shelf storage. Sandwiching Cs2PbI2Cl2 nanosheet film in between tin oxide (SnO2) and polythiophene (P3HT) as electron and hole acceptors, respectively, the constructed photovoltaic type structure exhibits effective dissociation of excitons at the cascade type-II interface. The nanosheets enable lower dark current and more efficient charge collection than the nanoblock structure. As a result, the self-powered photodetectors with 2D Cs2PbI2Cl2 nanosheets deliver an outstanding responsivity of 698 mW/cm2 and a detectivity of 8.6×1012 Jones. The stable PDs can be applied to monitor ultraviolet irradiation in real outdoor conditions. Our work demonstrates the significant role of morphology tuning of 2D inorganic perovskite in stable, cost-effective and efficient photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Xinying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Junyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yueyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Chen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Gentian Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Furui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
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5
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Li B, Wu H, Feng C, Wang J, Jia S, Zheng P, Dong L. Photoacoustic Heterodyne CO Sensor for Rapid Detection of CO Impurities in Hydrogen. Anal Chem 2024; 96:547-553. [PMID: 38155434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) fuel cells have been developed as an environmentally benign, low-carbon, and efficient energy option in the current period of promoting low-carbon activities, which offer a compelling means to reduce carbon emissions. However, the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) impurities in H2 may potentially damage the fuel cell's anode. As a result, monitoring of the CO levels in fuel cells has become a significant area of research. In this paper, a novel photoacoustic sensor is developed based on photoacoustic heterodyne technology. The sensor combines a 4.61 μm mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with a low-noise differential photoacoustic cell. This combination enables fast, real-time online detection of CO impurity concentrations in H2. Notably, the sensor requires no wavelength locking to monitor CO online in real-time and produces a single effective signal with a period of only 15 ms. Furthermore, the sensor's performance was thoroughly evaluated in terms of detection sensitivity, linearity, and long-term stability. The minimum detection limit of 11 ppb was obtained at an optimal time constant of 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peichao Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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6
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Cheng H, Zeng F, Tang J, Zhang X, Huang Z, Chao X. Construction of response surface model for photoacoustic-based H 2S measurement system and significance analysis of multiple influential factors. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2023; 142:693-701. [PMID: 37500412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we first introduce the relationship between the photoacoustic (PA) signals' intensity of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) versus multiple parameters of optical path conditions, following by the construction of response surface method (RSM)-based models of the PA signals' intensity versus the distance l1 from the laser head to the convex lens, the distance l2 from the convex lens to the PA cell (PAC), and the distance l3 from the geometric center line of the light beam to the acoustic sensor. After that, we perform the significance analysis. The results show that the RSM model with a third-order configuration is relatively preferred. The distances l1, l2 and l3 all have significant influences on the PA signals' intensity. Additionally, we ameliorated the performance of the full third-order model by removing the non-significant terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fuping Zeng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Power Equipment & System Security for Integrated Energy Resources, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ju Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Power Equipment & System Security for Integrated Energy Resources, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zujian Huang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xianzong Chao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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7
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Spagnolo V, Patimisco P, Ma Y, Dong L, Tittel FK. Gas spectroscopy - Editorial special issue photoacoustics. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100502. [PMID: 37692757 PMCID: PMC10492008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Frank K. Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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8
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Li B, Menduni G, Giglio M, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Zifarelli A, Wu H, Wei T, Spagnolo V, Dong L. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and Beat Frequency-QEPAS techniques for air pollutants detection: A comparison in terms of sensitivity and acquisition time. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100479. [PMID: 37255964 PMCID: PMC10225917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comparison between Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) and Beat Frequency-QEPAS (BF-QEPAS) techniques for environmental monitoring of pollutants is reported. A spectrophone composed of a T-shaped Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) coupled with resonator tubes was employed as a detection module. An interband cascade laser has been used as an exciting source, allowing the targeting of two NO absorption features, located at 1900.07 cm-1 and 1900.52 cm-1, and a water vapor absorption feature, located at 1901.76 cm-1. Minimum detection limits of 90 ppb and 180 ppb were achieved with QEPAS and BF-QEPAS techniques, respectively, for NO detection. The capability to detect multiple components in the same gas mixture using BF-QEPAS was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Tingting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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9
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Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang X, Yin X, Huan H, Liu H, Zhao X, Ma Y, Shao X. T-type cell mediated photoacoustic spectroscopy for simultaneous detection of multi-component gases based on triple resonance modality. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100492. [PMID: 37113272 PMCID: PMC10126918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing multi-gas detectability using photoacoustic spectroscopy capable of simultaneous detection, highly selectivity and less cross-interference is essential for dissolved gas sensing application. A T-type photoacoustic cell was designed and verified to be an appropriate sensor, due to the resonant frequencies of which are determined jointly by absorption and resonant cylinders. The three designated resonance modes were investigated from both simulation and experiments to present the comparable amplitude responses by introducing excitation beam position optimization. The capability of multi-gas detection was demonstrated by measuring CO, CH4 and C2H2 simultaneously using QCL, ICL and DFB lasers as excitation sources respectively. The influence of potential cross-sensitivity towards humidity have been examined in terms of multi-gas detection. The experimentally determined minimum detection limits of CO, CH4 and C2H2 were 89ppb, 80ppb and 664ppb respectively, corresponding to the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficients of 5.75 × 10-7 cm-1 W Hz-1/2, 1.97 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2 and 4.23 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Lixian Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xueshi Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xukun Yin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huiting Huan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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10
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Zhao X, Guo M, Cui D, Li C, Qi H, Chen K, Ma F, Huang J, Zhang G, Zhao J. Multi-pass Differential Photoacoustic Sensor for Real-Time Measurement of SF 6 Decomposition Component H 2S at the ppb Level. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8214-8222. [PMID: 37192501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We designed and implemented a photoacoustic (PA) sensor for H2S detection in SF6 background gas based on a multi-pass differential photoacoustic cell (MDPC) and a near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) laser. In the MDPC apparatus, two resonators with identical geometric parameters were vertically and symmetrically embedded. The differential processing algorithm of two phase-reversed signals realized the effective enhancement of the PA signal and suppressed the flow noise in the dynamic sampling process. In addition, the λ/4 buffer chamber in the MDPC was utilized as a muffler to further reduce the flow noise and realize the dynamic detection of H2S. The collimated excitation light was reflected 30 times in a multi-pass structure constituted of two gold-plated concave mirrors, and an absorption path length of 4.92 m was achieved. Due to the high gas density of SF6, the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the gas flow was different between SF6 and N2 background gases. The maximum flow rate of the characteristic gas components detected in the SF6 background is 150 standard cubic centimeters per minute (SCCM), which is lower than 350 SCCM in N2. The linearity property was analyzed, and the results show that the sensitivity of the sensor to H2S in the SF6 background was 27.3 μV/ppm. With the structure, parameters, temperature, gas flow, and natural frequency of the MDPC been optimized, a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 11 ppb was reached with an averaging time of 1000 s, which furnished an effective preventive implement for the safe operation of gas insulation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Dongyu Cui
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute, Net Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jikuan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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11
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Zhang C, Qiao S, Ma Y. Highly sensitive photoacoustic acetylene detection based on differential photoacoustic cell with retro-reflection-cavity. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100467. [PMID: 36874591 PMCID: PMC9982609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a highly sensitive photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) sensor based on retro-reflection-cavity-enhanced differential photoacoustic cell (DPAC) is demonstrated for the first time. Acetylene (C2H2) was selected as the analyte. The DPAC was designed to effectively suppress noise and increase signal level. The retro-reflection-cavity consisted of two right-angle prisms was designed to reflect the incident light to realize four passes. The photoacoustic response of the DPAC was simulated and investigated based on the finite element method. Wavelength modulation and second harmonic demodulation technologies were applied for sensitive trace gas detection. The first-order resonant frequency of the DPAC was found to be 1310 Hz. The differential characteristics were investigated and the 2f signal amplitude for this C2H2-PAS sensor based on retro-reflection-cavity-enhanced DPAC had a 3.55 times improvement compared to the system without the retro-reflection-cavity. An Allan deviation analysis was performed to investigate the long-term stability of the system. The minimum detection limit (MDL) was measured to be 15.81 ppb with an integration time of 100 s.
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12
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Guo M, Zhao X, Chen K, Cui D, Zhang G, Li C, Gong Z, Yu Q. Multi-mechanism collaboration enhanced photoacoustic analyzer for trace H 2S detection. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100449. [PMID: 36654963 PMCID: PMC9841283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To realize the real-time highly sensitive detection of SF6 decomposition product H2S, a multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement photoacoustic spectroscopy analyzer (MCEPA) based on acoustic resonance enhancement, cantilever enhancement and excitation light enhancement is proposed. An SF6 background gas-induced photoacoustic cell (PAC) was used for acoustic resonance (AR) enhancement of the photoacoustic signals. A fiber-optic acoustic sensor based on a silicon cantilever is optimized and fabricated. The narrow-band acoustic signal enhancement based on cantilever mechanical resonance (MR) is realized in the optimal working frequency band of the PAC. A fiber-coupled DFB cascaded an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) realized the light power enhancement (LPE) of the photoacoustic signals excitation source. Experimental results show that the MR of the fiber-optic silicon cantilever acoustic sensor (FSCAS) is matched with the AR of the PAC and combined with the LPE, which realizes the multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement of weak photoacoustic signals. The Allan-Werle deviation evaluation showed that the minimum detection limit of H2S in the SF6 background is 10.96 ppb when the average time is 200 s. Benefiting from the all-optimization of photoacoustic excitation and detection, the MCEPA has near-field high-sensitivity gas detection capability immune to electromagnetic interference.
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13
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Li Z, Liu J, Si G, Ning Z, Fang Y. Active noise reduction for a differential Helmholtz photoacoustic sensor excited by an intensity-modulated light source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1154-1166. [PMID: 36785156 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive differential Helmholtz photoacoustic sensor with active noise reduction was reported. Coupled to one cavity of the photoacoustic cell, an intensity-modulated excitation light would reflect multiple times to produce photoacoustic signal, and meanwhile cause the solid-state photoacoustic effect forming differential mode noise with the frequency same as the photoacoustic signal, which could not be suppressed by conventional differential technology. Wavelength modulation technology is a splendid method to restrain this effect, which is not suitable for light sources with not adjustable wavelength. To suppress this kind of noise, an intensity-modulated compensation light was coupled to another cavity, whose central wavelength was at the non-absorption line of the measured gas. The compensation light was of the same frequency, phase, and power as the excitation light, by which the solid-state photoacoustic effects were produced to form destructive interference called active noise reduction. The experiment results showed that the active noise reduction significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-background ratio. Compared with the differential, the differential with active noise reduction improved signal-to- noise ratio by about 1.2 times and signal-to-background ratio by about 9.4 times. When low-power near-infrared lasers were employed as the two light sources, the minimum detection limits for acetylene and methane reached 21 and 200 ppb, respectively.
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Qiao S, Ma P, Tsepelin V, Han G, Liang J, Ren W, Zheng H, Ma Y. Super tiny quartz-tuning-fork-based light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:419-422. [PMID: 36638472 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, a sensitive light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES)-based trace gas sensor by exploiting a super tiny quartz tuning fork (QTF) was demonstrated. The prong length and width of this QTF are 3500 µm and 90 µm, respectively, which determines a resonant frequency of 6.5 kHz. The low resonant frequency is beneficial to increase the energy accumulation time in a LITES sensor. The geometric dimension of QTF on the micrometer scale is advantageous to obtain a great thermal expansion and thus can produce a strong piezoelectric signal. The temperature gradient distribution of the super tiny QTF was simulated based on the finite element analysis and is higher than that of the commercial QTF with 32.768 kHz. Acetylene (C2H2) was used as the analyte. Under the same conditions, the use of the super tiny QTF achieved a 1.64-times signal improvement compared with the commercial QTF. The system shows excellent long-term stability according to the Allan deviation analysis, and a minimum detection limit (MDL) would reach 190 ppb with an integration time of 220 s.
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15
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Liu X, Qiao S, Han G, Liang J, Ma Y. Highly sensitive HF detection based on absorption enhanced light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy with a quartz tuning fork of receive and shallow neural network fitting. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100422. [PMID: 36386294 PMCID: PMC9643573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to its advantages of non-contact measurement and high sensitivity, light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) is one of the most promising methods for corrosive gas detection. In this manuscript, a highly sensitive hydrogen fluoride (HF) sensor based on LITES technique is reported for the first time. With simple structure and strong robustness, a shallow neural network (SNN) fitting algorithm is introduced into the field of spectroscopy data processing to achieve denoising. This algorithm provides an end-to-end approach that takes in the raw input data without any pre-processing and extracts features automatically. A continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback diode (DFB) laser with an emission wavelength of 1.27 µm was used as the excitation source. A Herriott multi-pass cell (MPC) with an optical length of 10.1 m was selected to enhance the laser absorption. A quartz tuning fork (QTF) with resonance frequency of 32,767.52 Hz was adopted as the thermoelastic detector. An Allan variance analysis was performed to demonstrate the system stability. When the integration time was 110 s, the minimum detection limit (MDL) was found to be 71 ppb. After the SNN fitting algorithm was used, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the HF-LITES sensor was improved by a factor of 2.0, which verified the effectiveness of this fitting algorithm for spectroscopy data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guowei Han
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Li B, Feng C, Wu H, Jia S, Dong L. Photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100388. [PMID: 36068802 PMCID: PMC9441263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide is reported. This breath sensor is based on a novel photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing technique, which combines the conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy with the beat-frequency detection algorithm, thus offering a fast response time and a convenient optical alignment, as well as eliminating the needs for frequency calibration and wavelength locking. The principle of photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing was explained in detail. The performance of the photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor was evaluated in terms of minimum detection limit, response time, and linearity. The exhaled carbon monoxide levels of eight volunteers were measured and the results demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of this breath sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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17
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Qiao S, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V, Ma Y. Ultra-highly sensitive HCl-LITES sensor based on a low-frequency quartz tuning fork and a fiber-coupled multi-pass cell. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100381. [PMID: 36068798 PMCID: PMC9441257 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an ultra-highly sensitive light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) based hydrogen chloride (HCl) sensor, exploiting a custom low-frequency quartz tuning fork (QTF) and a fiber-coupled multi-pass cell (MPC) with optical length of 40 m, was demonstrated. A low resonant frequency of 2.89 kHz of QTF is advantageous to produce a long energy accumulation time in LITES. Furthermore, the use of an MPC with the fiber-coupled structure not only avoids the difficulty in optical alignment but also enhances the system robustness. A distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser emitting at 1.74 µm was used as the excitation source. Under the same operating conditions, the using of low-frequency QTF provided a ~2 times signal improvement compared to that achieved using a standard 32 kHz QTF. At an integration time of 200 ms, a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 148 ppb was achieved. The reported sensor also shows an excellent linear response to HCl gas concentration in the investigated range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Li Z, Liu J, Si G, Ning Z, Fang Y. Design of a high-sensitivity differential Helmholtz photoacoustic cell and its application in methane detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28984-28996. [PMID: 36299083 DOI: 10.1364/oe.465161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity differential Helmholtz photoacoustic cell based on multiple reflection was reported, and its performance parameters and gas replacement time were optimized by finite element simulation. To realize the long absorption path of the measured gas, the collimated excitation light was reflected multiple times on the gold-plated wall of the absorption cavity, and the wavelength modulation technology was used to reduce the multiple reflection noise. Additionally, the differential could suppress external co-phase noise and double the photoacoustic signal. When a laser with a central wavelength of 1653 nm was employed as the excitation light source, the minimum detection limit of 177 ppb (signal-to-noise ratio, SNR = 1) for methane was achieved within a detection time of 1 s, and the corresponding normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient was 4.1×10-10 cm-1WHZ-1/2.
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Shang Z, Li S, Li B, Wu H, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V, Dong L. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic NH 3 sensor exploiting a large-prong-spacing quartz tuning fork and an optical fiber amplifier for biomedical applications. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100363. [PMID: 35574186 PMCID: PMC9096678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A sensor system for exhaled ammonia (NH3) monitoring exploiting quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) was demonstrated. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with an operating frequency band targeting an NH3 absorption line falling at 1531.68 nm and capable to emit up to 3 W of optical power was employed. A custom T-shaped grooved QTF with prong spacing of 1 mm was designed and realized to allow a proper focusing of the high-power optical beam exiting the EDFA between the prongs. The performance of the realized sensor system was optimized in terms of spectrophone parameters, laser power and modulation current, resulting in a NH3 minimum detectable concentration of 14 ppb at 1 s averaging time, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 8.15 × 10-9 cm-1 W/√Hz. Continuous measurements of the NH3 level exhaled by 3 healthy volunteers was carried out to demonstrate the potentiality of the developed sensor for breath analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Shangzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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Ma Y, Feng W, Qiao S, Zhao Z, Gao S, Wang Y. Hollow-core anti-resonant fiber based light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy for gas sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18836-18844. [PMID: 36221675 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) based light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) sensor is reported. A custom-made silica-based HC-ARF with length of 75 cm was used as light medium and gas cell. Compared to a traditional multi-pass cell (MPC), the using of HC-ARF is advantageous for reducing the sensor size and easing the optical alignment. A quartz tuning fork (QTF) with a resonant frequency of 32766.20 Hz and quality factor of 12364.20 was adopted as the thermoelastic detector. Acetylene (C2H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) with absorption lines located at 6534.37 cm-1 (1530.37 nm) and 6380.30 cm-1 (1567.32 nm) were chosen as the target gas to verify such HC-ARF based LITES sensor performance. It was found that this HC-ARF based LITES sensor exhibits excellent linearity response to the analyte concentrations. The minimum detection limit (MDL) for C2H2 and CO detections were measured as 4.75 ppm and 1704 ppm, respectively. The MDL for such HC-ARF based LITES sensor can be further improved by using a HC-ARF with long length or choosing an absorption line with strong strength.
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Lou C, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yao J, Chang C, Ma Y, Liu X. Ultra-broadband optical detection from the visible to the terahertz range using a miniature quartz tuning fork. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1875-1878. [PMID: 35363758 DOI: 10.1364/ol.452984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report and experimentally demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, sensitive and wideband optical detection strategy based on the light-induced thermoelastic effect in a miniature quartz tuning fork (mQTF) with low stiffness prongs. Compared with a traditional QTF, the soft prongs of the mQTF result in improved sensitivity. Experimental results demonstrate that the mQTF exhibits ∼54-fold superior sensitivity compared to a QTF, and the mQTF sensor has an ultra-broadband optical response, ranging from visible light to terahertz wavelengths. Its response time reaches 11.7 ms, and the minimum noise equivalent power (NEP) is measured to be 2.2 × 10-9 W Hz-1/2 at room temperature. The mQTF exhibits advantages in its cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, and ultra-broadband response, and provides a promising approach for the detection of low-dose optical and terahertz-wave radiation.
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22
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Distributed Feedback Interband Cascade Laser Based Laser Heterodyne Radiometer for Column Density of HDO and CH4 Measurements at Dunhuang, Northwest of China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing of HDO and CH4 could provide valuable information on environmental and climatological studies. In a recent contribution, we reported a 3.53 μm distributed feedback (DFB) inter-band cascade laser (ICL)-based heterodyne radiometer. In the present work, we present the details of measurements and inversions of HDO and CH4 at Dunhuang, Northwest of China. The instrument line shape (ILS) of laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) is discussed firstly, and the spectral resolution is about 0.004 cm−1 theoretically according to the ILS. Furthermore, the retrieval algorithm, optimal estimation method (OEM), combined with LBLRTM (Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model) for retrieving the densities of atmospheric HDO and CH4 are investigated. The HDO densities were retrieved to be less than 1.0 ppmv, while the CH4 densities were around 1.79 ppmv from 20 to 24 July 2018. The correlation coefficient of water vapor densities retrieved by LHR and EM27/SUN is around 0.6, the potential reasons for the differences were discussed. Finally, in order to better understand the retrieval procedure, the Jacobian value and the Averaging Kernels are also discussed.
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Lang Z, Qiao S, Ma Y. Acoustic microresonator based in-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor with a line interaction mode. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1295-1298. [PMID: 35290297 DOI: 10.1364/ol.452085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An acoustic microresonator (AmR) based in-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (IP-QEPAS) sensor with a line interaction mode is proposed for what is believed to be the first time. The interaction area for the acoustic wave of the proposed AmR, with a slotted sidewall, is not limited to a point of the quartz tuning fork (QTF) prongs, but extends along the whole plane of the QTF prongs. Sixteen types of AmRs are designed to identify the best parameters. Water vapor (H2O) is chosen as the analyte to verify the reported method. The results indicate that this AmR for IP-QEPAS with a line interaction mode not only provides a high signal level, but also reduces the thermal noise caused by the laser directly illuminating the QTF. Compared with standard IP-QEPAS without an AmR, the minimum detection limit (MDL) is improved by 4.11 times with the use of the technique proposed in this study.
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Yang Z, Lin H, Montano BAZ, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Yuan B, Yu J, Kan R, Shao M, Zheng H. High-power near-infrared QEPAS sensor for ppb-level acetylene detection using a 28 kHz quartz tuning fork and 10 W EDFA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:6320-6331. [PMID: 35209572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A high-power near-infrared (NIR) quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor for part per billion (ppb) level acetylene (C2H2) detection was reported. A 1536 nm distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser was used as the excitation light source. Cooperated with the laser, a C-band 10 W erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was employed to boost the optical excitation power to improve QEPAS detection sensitivity. A pilot line manufactured quartz tuning fork (QTF) with a resonance frequency of 28 kHz was used as the photoacoustic transducer. In the case of high excitation power, gas flow effect and temperature effect were found and studied. Benefitting from the low QTF resonance frequency, high excitation power, and vibrational-translational (V-T) relaxation promoter, a detection limit of ∼7 ppb was achieved for C2H2 detection, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 4.4×10-8cm-1 · W · Hz-1/2.
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Liang T, Qiao S, Lang Z, Ma Y. Highly Sensitive Trace Gas Detection Based on In-Plane Single-Quartz-Enhanced Dual Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1035. [PMID: 35161782 PMCID: PMC8840422 DOI: 10.3390/s22031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For this invited manuscript, an in-plane single-quartz-enhanced dual spectroscopy (IP-SQEDS)-based trace gas sensor was demonstrated for the first time. A single quartz tuning fork (QTF) was employed to combine in-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (IP-QEPAS) with light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) techniques. Water vapor (H2O) was chosen as the target gas. Compared to traditional QEPAS, IP-SQEDS not only allowed for simple structures, but also obtained nearly three times signal amplitude enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (T.L.); (S.Q.); (Z.L.)
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