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Bogaard G, van de Bovekamp AM, Colwell K. Assessing the efficacy of baselining in deception detection: A comparative analysis of the reality interview and structured interview. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 242:104112. [PMID: 38070326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting deception is challenging; there exists no universal cue that gives away deceit and people vary greatly in how they communicate. One way to potentially improve deception detection is by comparing multiple responses of the same individual to identify verbal deviations - a method known as baselining. This study examined the impact of baselining embedded in a specific interview protocol to improve lie detection. Participants (N = 179) viewed mock crimes and were instructed to lie or tell the truth about what they witnessed. Next, they were interviewed including a truthful baseline (Reality Interview Modified: RIM), or no baseline (Reality Interview: RI; Structured Interview: SI). Results showed that truth tellers in the SI and RI conditions provided more details than liars during free recall, while no detail differences emerged for the RIM condition. Follow-up questions in all conditions showed truth tellers offered more details than liars. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that verbal deviations from a baseline can be used as effective indicators of deception. In sum, further research is needed to explore the best application of baselining for lie detection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | | | - Kevin Colwell
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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2
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Cárdenas-Egúsquiza AL, Berntsen D. Individual differences in autobiographical memory predict the tendency to engage in spontaneous thoughts. Memory 2023; 31:1134-1146. [PMID: 37463278 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2229085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in autobiographical memory have become a research area of interest, but little is known about its associations with other individual differences dimensions, such as the tendency to engage in spontaneous cognition. We report two studies examining individual differences in autobiographical memory, as measured by the Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART), in relation to eight trait-like measures of spontaneous thought and, in Study 2, also a measure of fantasy proneness. In Study 1, the ART correlated positively and systematically with six out of eight measures of spontaneous thought, even when controlling for age, gender, and trait positive and negative affect. The two exceptions concerned spontaneous thoughts specifically related to attentional deficits. Study 2 replicated these findings and extended them to a measure of fantasy proneness. The findings demonstrate that people who generally consider their autobiographical memories to be vivid, detailed, relevant, and coherent, report a higher tendency to engage in various forms of spontaneous cognition, including positive constructive daydreaming, spontaneous mind wandering, involuntary mental time travel, and vivid and immersive fantasy. We discuss these findings in terms of the role autobiographical memory plays in spontaneous thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucía Cárdenas-Egúsquiza
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Bogaard G, Nußbaum M, Schlaudt LS, Meijer EH, Nahari G, Vrij A. A comparable truth baseline improves truth/lie discrimination. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science Maastricht University Netherlands
| | - Madeleine Nußbaum
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science Maastricht University Netherlands
| | | | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science Maastricht University Netherlands
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology Bar‐Ilan University Israel
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth United Kingdom
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4
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Wyman J, Cassidy H, Talwar V. Utilizing the Activation-Decision-Construction-Action Theory to predict children's hypothetical decisions to deceive. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 218:103339. [PMID: 34058672 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Decision component of the Activation-Decision-Construction-Action-Theory (ADCAT) utilizes a cost-benefit formula to explain the cognitive, motivational and social processes involved in deception. Three prior studies suggest that ADCAT can be used to predict adults' future deceptive behavior; however, no study has assessed the potential relevance of ADCAT with children. The present study is the first to date to examine whether this cost-benefit formula can predict children's hypothetical decisions to tell three types of lies, and whether there are specific developmental factors that need to be considered. The results indicate that the cost-benefit formula was only effective for predicting children's hypothetical lies for self-gain at no cost to another (Self-No Cost lies) and lies for others when there was a personal cost (Other-Cost to Self). More specifically, expected value of telling the truth was related to lower willingness to tell hypothetical Self-No Cost and Other-Cost to Self lies. On the other hand, the expected value of lying was not related to children's hypothetical decisions to tell Self-No Cost, Self-Cost to Other or Other-Cost to Self lies. Children's inhibitory control and theory of mind were significant covariates for some of the ADCAT predictor variables and children's hypothetical truth and lying behaviors. Altogether, these findings indicate that the effectiveness of the ADCAT cost-benefit formula for predicting children's lying behavior is affected by developmental factors and the type of lie being analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wyman
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Canada.
| | - Hannah Cassidy
- School of Applied Social Science, University of Brighton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria Talwar
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Canada
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5
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Oberlader VA, Quinten L, Banse R, Volbert R, Schmidt AF, Schönbrodt FD. Validity of
content‐based
techniques for credibility assessment—How telling is an extended
meta‐analysis
taking research bias into account? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena A. Oberlader
- Department of Psychology Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Laura Quinten
- Department of Psychology Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Rainer Banse
- Department of Psychology Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Renate Volbert
- Forensic Psychology Psychologische Hochschule Berlin Berlin Germany
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | | | - Felix D. Schönbrodt
- Department of Psychology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
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6
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Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Vernham Z, Dalton G, Serok-Jeppa O, Rozmann N, Nahari G, Fisher RP. 'Please tell me all you remember': a comparison between British and Arab interviewees' free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:546-559. [PMID: 35558151 PMCID: PMC9090373 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1805812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined how much information British and Arab truth tellers and lie tellers volunteer in an initial free narrative. Based on cultural differences in communication styles we predicted that British interviewees would report more details and more complications than Arab interviewees (culture main effect). We further predicted that truth tellers would report more details and complications than lie tellers (veracity main effect), particularly in the British sample (Veracity × Culture interaction effect). A total of 78 British and 76 Israeli-Arab participants took part. The experiment was carried out at a British university and an Israeli university. Participants carried out a mission. Truth tellers were instructed to report the mission truthfully in a subsequent interview whereas lie tellers were asked to lie about certain aspects of the mission. The three hypotheses were supported for details, whereas for complications only the predicted veracity main effect occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary Dalton
- Institute of Criminal Justice, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Or Serok-Jeppa
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Nir Rozmann
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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7
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Boskovic I, Hope L, Ost J, Orthey R, Merckelbach H. Detecting feigned high impact experiences: A symptom over-report questionnaire outperforms the emotional Stroop task. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101483. [PMID: 31125844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Modified Stroop Task (MST) effect refers to a prolonged reaction time (RT) in color-naming words related to an individual's disorder. Some authors argue that its absence in people who claim symptoms might be an indication of feigning. METHOD We tested whether the MST effect is robust against feigning attempts and compared its absence as an index of feigning with over-reporting tendencies on a symptom questionnaire (i.e., the Self-Reported Symptom Inventory (SRSI)). We included participants (n = 22) who i) reported current high impact of aversive experiences (High scorers), ii) reported current low impact (Low scorers) of aversive experiences (n = 24), and iii) actors (n = 18) with low impact, but instructed to feign current high psychological impact of aversive life events (Simulators). We administered the MST, including impact-related, neutral, and feigning-related words, and the SRSI. RESULTS We found no MST effect for impact-related words in the high scorers group, or for feigning-related words in the simulators. Relative to high scorers and low scorers, simulators exhibited significantly longer RTs on all types of words and they also endorsed significantly more bogus symptoms on the SRSI. Thus, the SRSI was a more sensitive measure of feigning than the absence of an MST effect. LIMITATION Some limitations are related to our reliance on a sub-clinical student sample, whereas others reflect the unresolved issues surrounding the MST. Thus, the generalizability of our results is uncertain. CONCLUSION Our findings add to the doubts on the idea that the MST can be used to differentiate between genuine and feigned complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Boskovic
- (a)Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | | | | | - Robin Orthey
- (a)Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Portsmouth, UK
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8
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Bogaard G, Meijer EH, Van der Plas I. A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Irina Van der Plas
- University College MaastrichtMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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9
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Bogaard G, Colwell K, Crans S. Using the Reality Interview improves the accuracy of the Criteria‐Based Content Analysis and Reality Monitoring. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Colwell
- Department of Psychology Southern Connecticut State University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Samantha Crans
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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10
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Investigating the association between fantasy proneness and emotional distress: the mediating role of cognitive coping strategies. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Vrij A, Leal S, Fisher RP. Verbal Deception and the Model Statement as a Lie Detection Tool. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:492. [PMID: 30356902 PMCID: PMC6190908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been reliably informed by practitioners that police officers and intelligence officers across the world have started to use the Model Statement lie detection technique. In this article we introduce this technique. We describe why it works, report the empirical evidence that it works, and outline how to use it. Research examining the Model Statement only started recently and more research is required. We give suggestions for future research with the technique. The Model Statement technique is one of many recently developed verbal lie detection methods. We start this article with a short overview of the-in our view- most promising recent developments in verbal lie detection before turning our attention to the Model Statement technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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12
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Vrij A. Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
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13
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Nahari G. Reality monitoring in the forensic context: Digging deeper into the speech of liars. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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14
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Merckelbach H, Patihis L. Why “Trauma-Related Dissociation” Is a Misnomer in Courts: a Critical Analysis of Brand et al. (2017a, b). PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-018-9328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Thomson P, Jaque SV. Childhood Adversity and the Creative Experience in Adult Professional Performing Artists. Front Psychol 2018; 9:111. [PMID: 29479329 PMCID: PMC5812101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity is identified as any exposure to abuse, neglect or family dysfunction. Greater exposure to childhood adversity has been strongly identified with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine differences in creative experiences, fantasy proneness, dispositional flow, exposure to adult traumatic events, and psychopathology (internalized shame, trait anxiety), amongst professional performing artists who experienced no childhood adversity, some adversity, or substantial adversity. This cross-section IRB approved study examined 234 professional performers (dancers, opera singers, actors, directors, musicians). Self-report measurements were included to examine the following psychological factors: adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), experience of creativity questionnaire, dispositional flow, trait anxiety, internalized shame, fantasy, and total adult and childhood traumatic events. The sample was divided into three groups based on ACE scores: 0 ACE (n = 93), 1-3 ACEs (n = 95), ≥4 ACEs (n = 42). The MANCOVA (with age and gender as covariates) results revealed no significant (p = 0.280) differences between all three ACE groups for the nine flow scales (optimal performance measurements). Performing artists with ≥4 ACEs had significantly stronger creative experiences (p = 0.006) related to distinct creative processing, absorption, and a transformational sense of self and the world. They were also more fantasy prone, shame-based, anxious, and experienced more cumulative past traumatic events (p < 0.001). Although the high ACE group experienced greater negative effects, they also endorsed positive creative performance experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Thomson
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S V Jaque
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Patihis L, Lynn SJ. Psychometric Comparison of Dissociative Experiences Scales II and C: A Weak Trauma-Dissociation Link. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Makowski D, Sperduti M, Nicolas S, Piolino P. "Being there" and remembering it: Presence improves memory encoding. Conscious Cogn 2017; 53:194-202. [PMID: 28676191 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the link between episodic memory and presence: the feeling of "being there" and reacting to a stimulus as if it were real. We collected data from 244 participants after they had watched the movie Avengers: Age of Ultron. They answered questions about factual (details of the movie) and temporal memory (order of the scenes) about the movie, as well as their emotion experience and their sense of presence during the projection. Both higher emotion experience and sense of presence were related to better factual memory, but not to temporal order memory. Crucially, the link between emotion and factual memory was mediated by the sense of presence. We interpreted the role of presence as an external absorption of the attentional focus toward the stimulus, thus enhancing memory encoding. Our findings could shed light on the cognitive processes underlying memory impairments in psychiatric conditions characterized by an altered sense of reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Makowski
- Memory and Cognition Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France.
| | - Marco Sperduti
- Memory and Cognition Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France
| | - Serge Nicolas
- Memory and Cognition Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Memory and Cognition Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
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18
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Heering N, Volbert R. The Individual Depictive Style: Individual Differences in Narrating Personal Experiences. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Heering
- Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Renate Volbert
- Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin; Berlin Germany
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19
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Nahari G, Vrij A. Systematic errors (biases) in applying verbal lie detection tools: richness in detail as a test case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23744006.2016.1158509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Amado BG, Arce R, Fariña F, Vilariño M. Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) reality criteria in adults: A meta-analytic review. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2016; 16:201-210. [PMID: 30487863 PMCID: PMC6225082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) is the tool most extensively used worldwide for evaluating the veracity of a testimony. CBCA, initially designed for evaluating the testimonies of victims of child sexual abuse, has been empirically validated. Moreover, CBCA has been generalized to adult populations and other contexts though this generalization has not been endorsed by the scientific literature. Method: Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the Undeutsch Hypothesis and the CBCA checklist of criteria in discerning in adults between memories of self-experienced real-life events and fabricated or fictitious memories. Results: Though the results corroborated the Undeutsch Hypothesis, and CBCA as a valid technique, the results were not generalizable, and the self-deprecation and pardoning the perpetrator criteria failed to discriminate between both memories. The technique can be complemented with additional reality criteria. The study of moderators revealed discriminating efficacy was significantly higher in filed studies on sexual offences and intimate partner violence. Conclusions: The findings are discussed in terms of their implications as well as the limitations and conditions for applying these results to forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramón Arce
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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21
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Nahari G, Pazuelo M. Telling a convincing story: Richness in detail as a function of gender and information. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Patihis L, Loftus EF. Crashing Memory 2.0: False Memories in Adults for an Upsetting Childhood Event. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Patihis L. Individual differences and correlates of highly superior autobiographical memory. Memory 2015; 24:961-78. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Sánchez-Bernardos ML, Hernández Lloreda MJ, Avia MD, Bragado-Alvarez C. Fantasy Proneness and Personality Profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0276236615572584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to analyze the relationships of fantasy proneness with the personality domains encompassed within the Five-Factor Model of personality in an adult sample. A 15-item scale from the Creative Experiences Questionnaire with adequate internal consistency was used to measure fantasy proneness. The results showed two components of fantasy proneness. First one was characterized by vividness-intensity of imaginings that remained hidden for other people; the second component was composed of developmental antecedents of pretense and make-believe activities. Both components were correlated with Neuroticism (anxiety, depression, and impulsivity), Openness to Experience (fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings), and with general psychological distress and severe psychopathological symptoms. However, only the first component was associated with low Conscientiousnees (competence, order, dutifulness, and self-discipline), and only the second one was correlated with Extraversion (activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotions). Our results fitted with the notion that fantasy proneness might be a multidimensional construct.
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25
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Seron X. Lying in neuropsychology. Neurophysiol Clin 2014; 44:389-403. [PMID: 25306079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of lying occurs in neuropsychology especially when examinations are conducted in a forensic context. When a subject intentionally either presents non-existent deficits or exaggerates their severity to obtain financial or material compensation, this behaviour is termed malingering. Malingering is discussed in the general framework of lying in psychology, and the different procedures used by neuropsychologists to evidence a lack of collaboration at examination are briefly presented and discussed. When a lack of collaboration is observed, specific emphasis is placed on the difficulty in unambiguously establishing that this results from the patient's voluntary decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Seron
- Université catholique de Louvain, institut de psychologie, 70, avenue du Cor-de-Chasse, 1170 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Justice LV, Morrison CM, Conway MA. True and intentionally fabricated memories. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 66:1196-203. [PMID: 23136887 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.734832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the experiment reported here was to investigate the processes underlying the construction of truthful and deliberately fabricated memories. Properties of memories created to be intentionally false (fabricated memories) were compared to properties of memories believed to be true (true memories). Participants recalled and then wrote or spoke true memories and fabricated memories of everyday events. It was found that true memories were reliably more vivid than fabricated memories and were nearly always recalled from a first-person perspective. In contrast, fabricated differed from true memories in that they were judged to be reliably older, were more frequently recalled from a third-person perspective, and linguistic analysis revealed that they required more cognitive effort to generate. No notable differences were found across modality of reporting. Finally, it was found that intentionally fabricated memories were created by recalling and then "editing" true memories. Overall, these findings show that true and fabricated memories systematically differ, despite the fact that both are based on true memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy V Justice
- Department of Psychology, City University, Northampton Square, London, UK.
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Roma P, Martini PS, Sabatello U, Tatarelli R, Ferracuti S. Validity of criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) at trial in free-narrative interviews. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2011; 35:613-620. [PMID: 21880367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The reliability of child witness testimony in sexual abuse cases is often controversial, and few tools are available. Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) is a widely used instrument for evaluating psychological credibility in cases of suspected child sexual abuse. Only few studies have evaluated CBCA scores in children suspected of being sexually abused. We designed this study to investigate the reliability of CBCA in discriminating allegations of child sexual abuse during court hearings, by comparing CBCA results with the court's final, unappealable sentence. We then investigated whether CBCA scores correlated with age, and whether some criteria were better than others in distinguishing cases of confirmed and unconfirmed abuse. METHODS From a pool of 487 child sexual abuse cases, confirmed and unconfirmed cases were selected using various criteria including child IQ≥70, agreement between the final trial outcome and the opinion of 3 experts, presence of at least 1 independent validating informative component in cases of confirmed abuse, and absence of suggestive questions during the child's testimonies. This screening yielded a study sample of 60 confirmed and 49 unconfirmed cases. The 14 item version of CBCA was applied to child witness testimony by 2 expert raters. RESULTS Of the 14 criteria tested, 12 achieved satisfactory inter-rater agreement (Maxwell's Random Error). Analyses of covariance, with case group (confirmed vs. unconfirmed) and gender as independent variables and age as a covariate, showed no main effect of gender. Analyses of the interaction showed that the simple effects of abuse were significant in both sex. Nine CBCA criteria were satisfied more often among confirmed than unconfirmed cases; seven criteria increased with age. CONCLUSION CBCA scores distinguish between confirmed and unconfirmed cases. The criteria that distinguish best between the 2 groups are Quantity of Details, Interactions, and Subjective Experience. CBCA scores correlate positively with age, and independently from abuse; all the criteria test except 2 (Unusual Details and Misunderstood Details) increase with age. The agreement rate could be increased by merging criteria Unusual and Superfluous details that achieve a low inter-rater agreement when investigated separately. PRACTICE IMPLICATION Given its ability to distinguish between confirmed and unconfirmed cases of suspected child abuse, the CBCA could be a useful tool for expert opinion. Because our strict selection criteria make it difficult to generalize our results, further studies should investigate whether the CBCA is equally useful in the cases we excluded from our study (for example mental retardation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Roma
- NESMOS, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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Webster RJ, Saucier DA. I Believe I Can Fly: Re-Examining Individual Differences in Imaginative Involvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2190/ic.30.4.f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many humans seemingly crave imaginative involvement, especially fantasy, spending billions of dollars on its industry (e.g., Harry Potter). However, we argue that individuals subjectively experience imaginative involvement at different levels of cognitive (imagery vividness) and emotional (engagement) intensity. Two studies examined the effects of fantasy proneness and absorption on imagery vividness and engagement after completing various flying or control visualization tasks. After having first confirmed the structure of fantasy proneness as comprising three dimensions—fantasy intensity, childhood make-believe, and extrasensory experiences—our studies showed that across visualization tasks, fantasy intensity best predicted imagery vividness, while absorption best predicted engagement. Further, increased positive mood fully mediated the relationship between absorption and engagement. Ultimately, not everyone experiences imaginative involvement the same: certain individuals report greater engagement and a more emotionally enriching experience.
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Dehon H, Larøi F, Linden MVD. The influence of encoding style on the production of false memories in the DRM paradigm: New insights on individual differences in false memory susceptibility? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Do Motivations for Malingering Matter? Symptoms of Malingered PTSD as a Function of Motivation and Trauma Type. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-011-9102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baron JM, Bluck S. That Was a Good Story! Preliminary Construction of the Perceived Story Quality Index. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01638531003702109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vannucci M, Mazzoni G. Individual differences in object and spatial imagery: Personality correlates. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sjödén B, Granhag PA, Ost J, Roos Af Hjelmsäter E. Is the truth in the details? Extended narratives help distinguishing false "memories" from false "reports". Scand J Psychol 2008; 50:203-10. [PMID: 19000104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of fantasy proneness on false "reports" and false "memories", of existent and non-existent footage of a public event. We predicted that highly fantasy prone individuals would be more likely to stand by their initial claim of having seen a film of the event than low fantasy prone participants when prompted for more details about their experiences. Eighty creative arts students and 80 other students were asked whether they had seen CCTV footage preceding the attack on Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh up to, and including, non-existent footage of the actual moment of the attack. If affirmative, they were probed for extended narratives of what they claimed to have seen. Overall, 64% of participants provided a false "report" by answering yes to the initial question. Of these, 30% provided no explicit details of the attack, and a further 15% retracted their initial answer in their narratives. This left 19% of the sample who appeared to have false "memories" because they provided explicit details of the actual moment of the attack. Women scored higher than men and art students scored higher than other students on fantasy proneness, but there was no effect on levels of false reporting or false "memory". Memories were rated more vivid and clear for existent compared to non-existent aspects of the event. In sum, these data suggest a more complex relationship between memory distortions and fantasy proneness than previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Sjödén
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Why dissociation and schizotypy overlap: the joint influence of fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007; 195:812-8. [PMID: 18043521 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181568137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have noted that dissociative symptoms (e.g., feelings of derealization, depersonalization, memory complaints, absorption) overlap with the tendency to report psychotic-like experiences (i.e., schizotypy). The question arises as to what may account for the shared variance between dissociation and schizotypy. The present study investigated whether fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma may jointly explain the dissociation-schizotypy link. To this end, we administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Schizotypal Personality Scale, the Creative Experiences Questionnaire, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to a sample of undergraduates (N = 185). Fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma together explained substantial part (58%) of the dissociation-schizotypy link. The present study succeeded in explaining a considerate part of the shared variance between dissociation and schizotypy.
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Geraerts E, Jelicic M, Merckelbach H. Symptom overreporting and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2006; 30:621-30. [PMID: 16967328 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity of recovered memories is a much debated issue. Surprisingly, no study has systematically looked at symptom overreporting in people claiming recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). In a first sample we administered the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) to individuals who said they had recovered CSA memories (n=66), individuals who said their CSA had always been accessible (continuous CSA memory group; n=119), and controls who said they had no CSA experiences (n=83). In a second sample individuals reporting recovered (n=45) or continuous (n=45) CSA memories completed the Morel Emotional Numbing Test (MENT). Our aim was to compare these groups with regard to their tendency to overreport symptoms. The results indicate that people with recovered memories do not score higher on the SIMS and the MENT than other CSA survivors suggesting that symptom overreporting is not typical for people reporting recovered memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Geraerts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Previous research has found substantial relationships between fantasy proneness and schizotypy in adulthood. The aim of the present study is to examine the connections between these constructs in an adolescent sample. A sample of 511 adolescents filled out a measure of fantasy proneness and a measure of psychotic-like phenomena. The factorial pattern for schizotypal traits in adolescents replicate the earlier documented three-factor structure. Also, the full range of schizotypal features was found to be related to imaginative tendencies tapped by fantasy proneness. Finally, joint analysis of fantasy and schizotypy showed that, in adolescents, fantasy converges with magical ideation and the cognitive-perceptual dimension of schizotypy, but diverges from the interpersonal aspects of schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Sánchez-Bernardos
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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