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Rojas Saffie JP, Eyzaguirre Bäuerle N. Etiology of gender incongruence and its levels of evidence: A scoping review protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283011. [PMID: 36913426 PMCID: PMC10010510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender Incongruence refers to the discordance between biological sex and gender identity. Although it is possible to find literature reviews about the etiology of Gender Incongruence, almost all of these correspond to non-systematic narrative reviews, so they do not make explicit the methodology used in the collection and analysis of sources, even less its levels of evidence. In order to remedy this, we will conduct a scoping review to answer the question: what are the factors associated with gender incongruence and what level of evidence is there for each factor in the scientific literature? METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a scoping review according to the methodology specified in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis (Chapter 11) and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Four databases will be reviewed to identify papers that match our search criteria, followed by a screening of titles and abstracts, the complete reading of those articles that have not been excluded, and the coding of these using the data extraction instrument developed for this research (see S1 Appendix). Data extracted will be analyzed in terms of frequency counts of factors, types of factors and levels of evidence for each factor. Results will be presented in tabular or diagrammatic forms supported by a narrative summary. FINDINGS The present review will help to map the factors associated with incongruence between biological sex and gender identity, specifying their levels of evidence. This evidence-based knowledge will be useful for clinicians evaluating gender incongruence, especially given that international guidelines recommend careful assessment of factors that may interfere with the clarity of gender identity development and decision making.
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Paquette G, Martin-Storey A, Bergeron M, Dion J, Daigneault I, Hébert M, Ricci S, Castonguay-Khounsombath S. Trauma Symptoms Resulting From Sexual Violence Among Undergraduate Students: Differences Across Gender and Sexual Minority Status. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9226-NP9251. [PMID: 31195873 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519853398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing sexual violence is an important risk factor for trauma symptoms, and these symptoms significantly impair psychosocial functioning. Sexual and gender minority university students are more likely than their heterosexual and cisgender peers to experience sexual violence (e.g., sexual harassment, unwanted sexual contact, or sexual coercion) while attending university, but research on the consequences of these experiences is needed to inform service provision to these vulnerable populations. Using a large-scale study of university-based sexual violence in Quebec, the current study examined how gender and sexual minority status were associated with the severity of trauma symptoms among students who experienced sexual violence (N = 1,196). Findings indicated that compared with their cisgender peers, gender minority students experienced significantly higher levels of trauma symptoms as a result of sexual violence, controlling for the severity of sexual violence behaviors experienced and other variables. Among cisgender women, but not cisgender men, sexual minority identity was also associated with higher levels of trauma symptoms, controlling for severity of sexual violence behaviors experienced and other variables. Furthermore, gender of perpetrator and amount of sexual violence moderated the associations between sexual identity and trauma symptoms among cisgender women. These findings not only suggest that gender minority and some sexual minority university students are more likely to experience sexual violence, but that they are also more likely to experience negative psychological sequelae as a consequence of these experiences. Ultimately, these findings may suggest the need for services that are more supportive of the specific needs of gender and sexual minority students with regard to sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Paquette
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexa Martin-Storey
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | | | - Jacinthe Dion
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Daigneault
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martine Hébert
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sonn Castonguay-Khounsombath
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
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Babchishin KM, Seto MC, Fazel S, Långström N. Are There Early Risk Markers for Pedophilia? A Nationwide Case-Control Study of Child Sexual Exploitation Material Offenders. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:203-212. [PMID: 30064261 PMCID: PMC6225987 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1492694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although prior research suggests associations between parental characteristics and later sexual offending in offspring, possible links between early pregnancy-related factors and sexual offending remain unclear. Early risk markers unique to sexual offending, however, may be more prominent among sexual offenders with atypical sexual interests, such as individuals involved with child sexual exploitation material (CSEM; also referred to as child pornography). We examined the prospective association between parental and pregnancy-related risk markers and a behavioral indicator of pedophilic interest, CSEM offending. All 655 men born in Sweden and convicted of CSEM offending between 1988 to 2009 were matched 1:5 on sex, birth year, and county of birth in Sweden to 3,928 controls without sexual or nonsexual violent convictions. Paternal age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.1, 1.7]), parental education (AOR = 0.8, 95% CI [0.6, 0.9]), parental violent criminality (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI [2.2, 3.8]), number of older brothers (AOR = 0.8, 95% CI [0.6, 0.9] per brother), and congenital malformations (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.2, 2.4]) all independently predicted CSEM convictions. This large-scale, nationwide study suggests parental risk markers for CSEM offending. We did not, however, find convincing evidence for pregnancy-related risk markers, with the exception of congenital malformations and having fewer older brothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Babchishin
- a Forensic Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research
| | - Michael C Seto
- a Forensic Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research
| | - Seena Fazel
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Oxford
| | - Niklas Långström
- c Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Karolinska Institute; and Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University
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Valashany BT, Janghorbani M. Quality of life of men and women with gender identity disorder. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16:167. [PMID: 30126432 PMCID: PMC6102794 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-018-0995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the self-reported perceived quality of life (QoL) in female to male (FTM) and male to female (MTF) transgenders and compare it with a general population sample, and to find possible determinants that likely contribute to their QoL. Methods Participants were 71 trandgenders participating in the communities of Isfahan and Fars provinces, Iran, including 30 MTF and 41 FTM, and 142 gender- and age-matched controls. Persian version of the Short Form 36-Item Questionnaire was used to evaluate self-reported QoL, which measures QoL across eight domains. Results Compared to control group, the QoL of transgenders in the most dimensions of the SF-36 questionnaire was lower. MTF had a lower QoL than FTM for the subscale physical functioning (p = 0.044). There was a significant relationship between education and subscales of emotional well-being (p = 0.048) and social function (p = 0.008); economic status and physical function subscale (p = 0.003); employment status and physical function (p = 0.012) and social function subscales (p = 0.003). Compared to male controls, MTF transgenders had lower physical functioning (P < 0.001), role limitation due to physical health (P = 0.015), vitality (P = 0.023), social functioning (P < 0.001) and pain score (P = 0.044) and no significant differences between female controls and FTM transgenders were seen. Conclusion Transgenders have lower physical and mental QoL, FTM transgender has better QoL than MTF transgender. Employment, education, province of residence and economic status as well as therapeutic intervention is associated with transgender’s QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Janghorbani
- School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Abstract
SummaryThe role of the mental health professional, and of the psychiatrist in particular, is evolving and changing. As the recognition of transsexualism and gender identity disorder expands across the transgender spectrum, it has been recommended that gender dysphoria should replace existing diagnostic terminology. Patient-focused care is evolving and this article considers the limitations of current healthcare settings and how the mental health professional can support patients undergoing the real-life experience. Differentiation from other mental health conditions that may present as gender dysphoria is outlined, as well as specific clinical situations.
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Goetz TG, Mamillapalli R, Devlin MJ, Robbins AE, Majidi-Zolbin M, Taylor HS. Cross-sex testosterone therapy in ovariectomized mice: addition of low-dose estrogen preserves bone architecture. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E540-E551. [PMID: 28765273 PMCID: PMC5792142 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00161.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sex hormone therapy (XHT) is widely used by transgender people to alter secondary sex characteristics to match their desired gender presentation. Here, we investigate the long-term effects of XHT on bone health using a murine model. Female mice underwent ovariectomy at either 6 or 10 wk and began weekly testosterone or vehicle injections. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed (20 wk) to measure bone mineral density (BMD), and microcomputed tomography was performed to compare femoral cortical and trabecular bone architecture. The 6-wk testosterone group had comparable BMD with controls by DXA but reduced bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and cortical area fraction and increased trabecular separation by microcomputed tomography. Ten-week ovariectomy/XHT maintained microarchitecture, suggesting that estrogen is critical for bone acquisition during adolescence and that late, but not early, estrogen loss can be sufficiently replaced by testosterone alone. Given these findings, we then compared effects of testosterone with effects of weekly estrogen or combined testosterone/low-dose estrogen treatment after a 6-wk ovariectomy. Estrogen treatment increased spine BMD and microarchitecture, including bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and connectivity density, and decreased trabecular separation. Combined testosterone-estrogen therapy caused similar increases in femur and spine BMD and improved architecture (increased bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and connectivity density) to estrogen therapy and were superior compared with mice treated with testosterone only. These results demonstrate estradiol is critical for bone acquisition and suggest a new cross-sex hormone therapy adding estrogens to testosterone treatments with potential future clinical implications for treating transgender youth or men with estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy G Goetz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Maureen J Devlin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amy E Robbins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Masoumeh Majidi-Zolbin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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Rodgers R, O’Connor J. What’s in a name? A psychoanalytic exploration of self and identity in transgender individuals who were assigned female at birth. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02668734.2017.1300782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rodgers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - John O’Connor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
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Johnson AT. 2D:4D Finger Ratio As An Indication of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure [State of the Art]. IEEE Pulse 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/mpul.2017.2700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brugger P, Christen M, Jellestad L, Hänggi J. Limb amputation and other disability desires as a medical condition. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:1176-1186. [PMID: 27889011 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Some people have a profound dissatisfaction with what is considered an able-bodied state by most others. These individuals desire to be disabled, by conventional standards. In this Review, we integrate research findings about the desire for a major limb amputation or paralysis (xenomelia). Neuropsychological and neuroimaging explorations of xenomelia show functional and structural abnormalities in predominantly right hemisphere cortical circuits of higher-order bodily representation, including affective and sexual aspects of corporeal awareness. These neural underpinnings of xenomelia do not necessarily imply a neurological cause, and a full understanding of the condition requires consideration of the interface between neural and social contributions to the bodily self and the concept of disability. Irrespective of cause, disability desires are accompanied by a disabling bodily dysphoria, in many respects similar to gender dysphoria, and we suggest that they should be considered a mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brugger
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Christen
- University Research Priority Program Ethics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Jellestad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hänggi
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Smith ES, Junger J, Derntl B, Habel U. The transsexual brain – A review of findings on the neural basis of transsexualism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:251-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Maggiora Vergano C, Lauriola M, Speranza AM. The Complex Trauma Questionnaire (ComplexTQ): development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for measuring early relational trauma. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1323. [PMID: 26388820 PMCID: PMC4555656 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the etiology of adult psychopathology and its relationship with childhood trauma has focused primarily on specific forms of maltreatment. This study developed an instrument for the assessment of childhood and adolescence trauma that would aid in identifying the role of co-occurring childhood stressors and chronic adverse conditions. The Complex Trauma Questionnaire (ComplexTQ), in both clinician and self-report versions, is a measure for the assessment of multi-type maltreatment: physical, psychological, and sexual abuse; physical and emotional neglect as well as other traumatic experiences, such rejection, role reversal, witnessing domestic violence, separations, and losses. The four-point Likert scale allows to specifically indicate with which caregiver the traumatic experience has occurred. A total of 229 participants, a sample of 79 nonclinical and that of 150 high-risk and clinical participants, were assessed with the ComplexTQ clinician version applied to Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) transcripts. Initial analyses indicate acceptable inter-rater reliability. A good fit to a 6-factor model regarding the experience with the mother and to a 5-factor model with the experience with the father was obtained; the internal consistency of factors derived was good. Convergent validity was provided with the AAI scales. ComplexTQ factors discriminated normative from high-risk and clinical samples. The findings suggest a promising, reliable, and valid measurement of early relational trauma that is reported; furthermore, it is easy to complete and is useful for both research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Lauriola
- Department of Developmental Processes and Socialization, Sapienza University Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University Rome, Italy
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Firth MT. Childhood abuse, depressive vulnerability and gender dysphoria: Part 2. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm T. Firth
- Psychological Services; Manchester Mental Health NHS and Social Care Trust; Manchester UK
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McCarthy-Jones S, Castro Romero M, McCarthy-Jones R, Dillon J, Cooper-Rompato C, Kieran K, Kaufman M, Blackman L. Hearing the Unheard: An Interdisciplinary, Mixed Methodology Study of Women's Experiences of Hearing Voices (Auditory Verbal Hallucinations). Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:181. [PMID: 26779041 PMCID: PMC4688364 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the experiences of women who "hear voices" (auditory verbal hallucinations). We begin by examining historical understandings of women hearing voices, showing these have been driven by androcentric theories of how women's bodies functioned leading to women being viewed as requiring their voices be interpreted by men. We show the twentieth century was associated with recognition that the mental violation of women's minds (represented by some voice-hearing) was often a consequence of the physical violation of women's bodies. We next report the results of a qualitative study into voice-hearing women's experiences (n = 8). This found similarities between women's relationships with their voices and their relationships with others and the wider social context. Finally, we present results from a quantitative study comparing voice-hearing in women (n = 65) and men (n = 132) in a psychiatric setting. Women were more likely than men to have certain forms of voice-hearing (voices conversing) and to have antecedent events of trauma, physical illness, and relationship problems. Voices identified as female may have more positive affect than male voices. We conclude that women voice-hearers have and continue to face specific challenges necessitating research and activism, and hope this paper will act as a stimulus to such work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McCarthy-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Cognitive Science, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Jacqui Dillon
- School of Psychology, University of East London , London , UK
| | | | - Kathryn Kieran
- Hill Centre for Women, McLean Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Milissa Kaufman
- Hill Centre for Women, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Blackman
- Department of Media and Communications, Goldsmith's College , London , UK
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Veale JF. Evidence against a typology: a taxometric analysis of the sexuality of male-to-female transsexuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:1177-1186. [PMID: 24619650 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous theories and research have suggested there are two distinct types of male-to-female (MF) transsexuals and these types can be distinguished by their sexuality. Using the scales Attraction to Femininity in Males, Core Autogynephilia, Autogynephilic Interpersonal Fanasy, and Attraction to Transgender Fiction as indicator variables, taxometric analysis was applied to an online-recruited sample of 308 MF transsexuals to investigate whether such a distinction is justified. In accordance with previous research findings, MF transsexuals categorized as "nonandrophilic" scored significantly higher on Core Autogynephilia than did those categorized as "androphilic"; they also scored significantly higher on Attraction to Femininity in Males and Attraction to Transgender Fiction. Results of one of the taxometric procedures, L-Mode, gave slightly more support for a dimensional, rather than taxonic (two-type), latent structure. Results of the two other taxometric procedures, MAMBAC and MAXCOV, showed greater support for a dimensional latent structure. Although these results require replication with a more representative sample, they show little support for a taxonomy, which contradicts previous theory that has suggested MF transsexuals' sexuality is typological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie F Veale
- Stigma and Resilience among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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15
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Firth MT. Childhood abuse and depressive vulnerability in clients with gender dysphoria. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14733145.2013.845236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Veale JF. Edinburgh Handedness Inventory – Short Form: A revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality 2013; 19:164-77. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2013.783045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Diamond M. Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation. INT J TRANSGENDERISM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2013.750222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G. Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature. J Sex Med 2011; 9:751-7. [PMID: 22146048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of gender identity disorder (GID) remains largely unknown. In recent literature, increased attention has been attributed to possible biological factors in addition to psychological variables. AIM To review the current literature on case studies of twins concordant or discordant for GID. METHODS A systematic, comprehensive literature review. RESULTS Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same-sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P=0.005). Of the seven opposite-sex twins, all were discordant for GID. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Heylens
- Department of Sexology and Gender Problems, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:231-4. [PMID: 21844704 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283473d73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Veale JF, Clarke DE, Lomax TC. Biological and psychosocial correlates of adult gender-variant identities: New findings. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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