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Kluska J, Malinowska E, Kowalski J. A pilot longitudinal study of decrease in cognitive functions during the most painful day of the period among women with primary dysmenorrhea. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024:10.1007/s00404-024-07617-9. [PMID: 38963585 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-024-07617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Painful menstruation is a common problem associated with many limitations in day-to-day functioning. There is limited research on the temporary effects of menstrual pain on cognitive functioning. METHODS A longitudinal pilot study was conducted. A group of 32 women was tested with the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT), which consists of 7 tests measuring various cognitive functions. Participants were tested both on a regular, pain-free day and the most painful day of their period. RESULTS The subjects displayed significantly lower results in several domains of cognitive functions during measurement on the most painful day of the period. We observed a decline in inhibitory and cognitive control, attention functioning and processing speed. CONCLUSIONS The results provide tentative evidence for experiencing cognitive difficulties under the influence of menstrual pain and may contribute to raising awareness about related difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kluska
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Malinowska
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joachim Kowalski
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Boerner KE, Keogh E, Inkster AM, Nahman-Averbuch H, Oberlander TF. A developmental framework for understanding the influence of sex and gender on health: Pediatric pain as an exemplar. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105546. [PMID: 38272336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences are a robust finding in many areas of adult health, including cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders, and chronic pain. However, many sex differences are not consistently observed until after the onset of puberty. This has led to the hypothesis that hormones are primary contributors to sex differences in health outcomes, largely ignoring the relative contributions of early developmental influences, emerging psychosocial factors, gender, and the interaction between these variables. In this paper, we argue that a comprehensive understanding of sex and gender contributions to health outcomes should start as early as conception and take an iterative biopsychosocial-developmental perspective that considers intersecting social positions. We present a conceptual framework, informed by a review of the literature in basic, clinical, and social science that captures how critical developmental stages for both sex and gender can affect children's health and longer-term outcomes. The literature on pediatric chronic pain is used as a worked example of how the framework can be applied to understanding different chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn E Boerner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Edmund Keogh
- Department of Psychology & Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Amy M Inkster
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hadas Nahman-Averbuch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Wilson JM, Meints SM, Edwards RR, Yamin JB, Moore DJ. The role of sleep disturbance in reduced accuracy on a divided attention task among patients with fibromyalgia. Pain Rep 2024; 9:e1. [PMID: 38229708 PMCID: PMC10789454 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with fibromyalgia show impaired cognitive performance compared with healthy, pain-free controls. Sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression are highly prevalent among patients with fibromyalgia, and each is associated with impaired cognitive performance. Yet, limited work has explored whether psychosocial factors contribute to group differences in cognitive performance. Objectives This secondary data analysis investigated differences in cognitive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls, and whether psychosocial factors accounted for these differences. Methods Adults with fibromyalgia (N = 24) and healthy, pain-free controls (N = 26) completed 2 cognitive tasks and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression short forms. Independent samples t tests were used to test for differences in cognitive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Pearson correlations were conducted to examine associations between psychosocial factors and cognitive performance. Psychosocial factors significantly related to cognitive performance were explored as potential mediators of group differences in cognitive performance. Results Patients with fibromyalgia demonstrated poorer accuracy for divided attention compared with healthy controls, and sleep disturbance mediated this group difference. On the attentional switching task, healthy controls showed a greater switch-cost for accuracy compared with patients with fibromyalgia, but there was no group difference in reaction time. Anxiety and depression were not related to cognitive performance. Conclusion We found that patients with fibromyalgia reported greater sleep disturbance and, in turn, had poorer accuracy on the divided attention task. Sleep disturbance is modifiable with behavioral interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, and may be a target for improving sleep quality and cognitive performance among patients with fibromyalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Wilson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha M. Meints
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert R. Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jolin B. Yamin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J. Moore
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Lockinger K, Gagnon MM. Dysmenorrhea and psychological wellbeing among females with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:1131-1142. [PMID: 37264597 PMCID: PMC10571436 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231177254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rarely examined together, ADHD, emotional regulation (ER), and dysmenorrhea may be associated, which could create additive burdens on psychological well-being (PWB). Clinicians working with ADHD populations may need to take these challenges into consideration to maximize treatment outcomes. This study investigated the relationships among ADHD, dysmenorrhea, ER, and PWB within a sample of 266 adult females with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis. ADHD symptom severity was positively correlated with dysmenorrhea severity, but ER skills were not a significant moderator of this relationship. ADHD symptom severity was negatively correlated with PWB; however, this relationship was not moderated by dysmenorrhea severity nor ER ability. Overall, a positive association between ADHD symptom severity and dysmenorrhea severity was found in our sample. Further research is needed to understand the nature of this association, as well as factors that may contribute to PWB among individuals with these comorbid conditions.
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5
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Rabinowitz EP, Sayer MA, Delahanty DL. The role of catastrophizing in chronic cyclical pelvic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 19:17455057231199949. [PMID: 37752879 PMCID: PMC10524082 DOI: 10.1177/17455057231199949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cramps) is one of the most common gynecological complaints in women and girls. Dysmenorrhea may be a condition itself or a result of another medical condition, including endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain. Research examining the relationship between menstrual pain ratings and catastrophizing has produced mixed results. OBJECTIVE To review and meta-analyze the relationship between catastrophizing and pain ratings of chronic cyclical pelvic pain. DESIGN Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies that reported the relationship between menstrual/pelvic pain and catastrophizing were included. Study populations had to include healthy menstruating persons or persons with a condition associated with cyclical pelvic pain including primary dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and/or chronic pelvic pain. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS A systematic search of articles published since 2012 on PubMed, PsychInfo, CINHAL, and Medline was conducted in January and rerun in November of 2022. Search terms included cyclical pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, pelvic pain, and catastrophizing. Data extraction was completed independently by two extractors and cross-checked for errors. A random-effects meta-regression was used to synthesize the data using restricted maximum likelihood. RESULTS Twenty-five studies examining 4,540 participants were included. A random effects model found a meta-correlation between catastrophizing and pain of r = .31 (95% confidence interval: .23-.40) p < .001. Heterogeneity was large and significant (I2 = 84.5%, Q(24) = 155.16, p < .001). Studies that measured general pelvic pain rather than cyclical pelvic pain specifically and those that used multi-item rather than single-item measures of pain had significantly higher correlations. Age and depression did not moderate the relationship between catastrophizing and pain. CONCLUSION A systematic review and meta-analysis found that catastrophizing had a small but significant positive association with pain ratings. Patients experiencing cyclical pelvic pain may benefit from interventions targeting the psychological management of pain. REGISTRATION This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO on 14 January 2022. Registration number: CRD42022295328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Rabinowitz
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - MacKenzie A Sayer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Douglas L Delahanty
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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6
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Sex and gender differences in pain: past, present, and future. Pain 2022; 163:S108-S116. [PMID: 36099334 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Marco CA, Studebaker H, Harrington M, Ganz E, Boodt B, Hunt T, Costin A, Joseph C, Ely I. The effects of acute pain on cognitive skills in emergency department patients. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 55:72-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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8
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Alba G, Vila J, Miranda JGV, Montoya P, Muñoz MA. Tonic pain reduces autonomic responses and EEG functional connectivity elicited by affective stimuli. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14018. [PMID: 35128683 PMCID: PMC9285073 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Alba
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
| | - Jaime Vila
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
| | - José G. V. Miranda
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Biosystems Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil
| | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS) University of Balearic Islands Palma Spain
| | - Miguel A. Muñoz
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
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Adjuvant use of melatonin for pain management in dysmenorrhea - a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 78:191-196. [PMID: 34668986 PMCID: PMC8748326 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dysmenorrhea is a common, recurring, painful condition with a global prevalence of 71%. The treatment regime for dysmenorrhea includes hormonal therapies and NSAID, both of which are associated with side effects. A dose of 10 mg melatonin daily has previously been shown to reduce the level of pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. We chose to investigate how this regime, administered during the week of menstruation, would affect women with dysmenorrhea but without any signs of endometriosis, as adjuvant analgesic treatment. Methods Forty participants with severe dysmenorrhea were randomized to either melatonin or placebo, 20 in each group. Our primary outcome was pain measured with numeric rating scale (NRS); a difference of at least 1.3 units between the groups was considered clinically significant. Secondary outcomes were use of analgesics, as well as absenteeism and amount of bleeding. Mixed model was used for statistical analysis. Results Eighteen participants completed the study in the placebo group and 19 in the melatonin group. Mean NRS in the placebo group was 2.45 and 3.18 in the melatonin group, which proved to be statistically, although not clinically significant. Conclusion This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial could not show that 10 mg of melatonin given orally at bedtime during the menstrual week had better analgesic effect on dysmenorrhea as compared with placebo. However, no adverse effects were observed. Clinical trials NCT03782740 registered on 17 December 2018.
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Wu SJ, Kan WC, Shiao CC. Warm-water footbath improves dysmenorrhoea and heart rate variability in college students: a randomised controlled trial. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 42:1204-1210. [PMID: 34560833 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1945007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of warm-water footbath in improving dysmenorrhoea has been rarely investigated. The study aimed to examine whether a warm-water footbath effectively reduces dysmenorrhoea pain and improves the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. The randomised controlled trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. (NCT04071028) We enrolled college students with dysmenorrhoea in Northern Taiwan from December 1 2013 to June 30 2014, and randomised them into footbath (n = 35, median age 19 years) and control groups (n = 33, 18 years). Pain visual analogue scale and Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire were used for pain assessment, while heart rate variability (HRV) was measured to assess ANS function. After the interventions, the footbath group significantly improved ANS activity and reduced pain severity comparing to the control group. Furthermore, the changes in HRV positively correlated with the improvement of pain severity. In conclusion, a warm-water footbath is beneficial in improving the pain severity among college students with dysmenorrhoea.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Dysmenorrhoea is the most common gynaecological condition affecting 34-94% of young women. The existing conventional therapeutic strategies for dysmenorrhoea have potential adverse events. Among the complementary therapies for pain, the warm-water footbath is a widely used thermal therapy in improving peripheral neuropathy symptoms and improving patients' quality of life. The subjects with dysmenorrhoea associate with significantly altered autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. However, the association among warm-water footbath, menstrual pain and ANS was rarely investigated previously.What the results of this study add? The randomised controlled trial enrolling 68 college students with dysmenorrhoea found warm-water footbath improved ANS activity and reduced pain severity. Furthermore, the changes in heart rate variability positively correlated with pain severity improvement.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? A warm-water footbath for 20 minutes on menstruation days 1 and 2 is beneficial in improving pain among college students with dysmenorrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ju Wu
- Department of Nursing, Camillian Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Kan
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Shiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Camillian Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan.,Saint Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan, Taiwan
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11
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Positive affect and distraction enhance while negative affect impairs pain modulation in recurrent low back pain patients and matched controls. Pain 2021; 163:887-896. [PMID: 34382603 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pathophysiological causes of low back pain (LBP) remain generally unclear, so focus has shifted to psychosocial features and central pain processing. Effects of attentional and affective manipulation on conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and tonic pain perception were examined in thirty recurrent LBP patients in two sessions, one with and one without clinical pain, and compared to healthy participants. Phasic cuff pressure on one leg, scored on a numerical rating scale (NRS), was used for test-stimuli (TS) and contralateral tonic cuff pain rated on an electronic visual analogue scale (eVAS) was the conditioning-stimulus (CS). TS were assessed before and during: 1) control with no manipulation/CS, 2) three attentional manipulations (Flanker with/without CS or CS-Only), and 3) three affective manipulations (positive, neutral, negative pictures) with CS. Greater inhibition of TS-NRS scores was observed in CS-only (P=0.028), combined CS&attention (P=0.026), and CS&Positive (P=0.006) than Control paradigms, and greater in CS&Positive (P=0.019) than CS&Negative paradigms. eVAS scores of CS pain increased throughout all paradigms with CS (P<0.05), except the CS&Positive paradigm, and greater facilitation was observed in the CS-Only paradigm than all others (P<0.02) and lower facilitation was additionally observed in the CS&Positive paradigm compared to CS&Attention and CS&Negative paradigms (P<0.01). Flanker effects and interruptive effects of CS pain on attention were observed consistent with prior findings, and affective manipulation produced less shift in valence among people with RLBP than controls (P<0.05). Attention and positive affect with CS pain evoked CPM, and all attentional/affective tasks, especially positive affect, reduced facilitation of CS pain.
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12
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Seward J, Stavrinos D, Moore D, Attridge N, Trost Z. When driving hurts: characterizing the experience and impact of driving with back pain. Scand J Pain 2021; 21:445-456. [PMID: 33641275 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Driving is one of the most widespread aspects of daily living to people in the United States and is an active process that requires various cognitive functions, such as attention. Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the more prevalent and costly health conditions in the world, with individuals who report CLBP also reporting significant impairment across different domains of daily life both physically and cognitively. However, despite the prevalence of these two constructs, research detailing the experience of driving in pain remains largely underrepresented. This cross-sectional study sought to characterize the driving experience of people who experience CLBP, focusing on the psychological constructs related to chronic pain like pain catastrophizing, affective responses (irritability, anxiety, fear), and self-reported driving behaviors and outcomes. METHODS This study distributed an online questionnaire measuring pain, disability, and other psychological constructs commonly associated with CLBP like pain catastrophizing through M-turk to 307 U.S. participants with recurring CLBP and regular driving activity. Participants also answered questions regarding driving in pain, affective responses to driving in pain (i.e., irritability, anxiety, and fear), driving behaviors and violations, driving avoidance habits as a result of pain, opioid use, using pain medication while driving, and recent vehicle collisions within the past three years. Bivariate correlations were used to compare study variables, and one-way ANOVA's were used to compare means between participants with and without a collision history within the past three years. RESULTS Findings demonstrated significant positive associations not only between the psychological factors commonly associated with chronic pain, such as pain intensity, pain disability, pain catastrophizing, and the cognitive intrusion by pain, but also statistically significant relationships between these measures and pain intensity while driving, affective responses to driving in pain, driving violations, and driving avoidance habits. Additionally, in comparison to participants with no collision history within the past three years, participants who had been driving during a vehicle collision reported greater pain catastrophizing and cognitive intrusion by pain scores. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the current study is the first to characterize driving experience specifically among individuals with CLBP, with attention to the relationship among key sensory, affective, and cognitive psychological metrics as well as self-reported driving history and behavior. The current findings reinforce multiple associations between pain and cognitive-affective variables that have been observed in literature outside the driving context, including pain intensity, anger, inattention, and behavioral disruption. Given that driving is a pervasive, potentially risky behavior that requires some form of cognitive focus and control, the current findings point to a continued need to examine these associations within this specific life context. We believe we have laid a groundwork for research considering the role of psychological pain variables in a driving performance. However, the nature of our analyses prevents any sort of causality from being inferred, and that future experimental research is warranted to better understand and explain these mechanisms underlying driving in pain while accounting for participant bias and subject interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seward
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Despina Stavrinos
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David Moore
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Research Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nina Attridge
- School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Zina Trost
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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13
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Jones SP, Walsh J. The disruptive effects of pain on the early allocation of attentional resources: An attentional blink study. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:2202-2211. [PMID: 34184353 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that pain dampens attentional processes. However, much of this work has been based on higher-order attentional tasks that involve only spatial attention. Other aspects of the process through which pain engages and holds attention are relatively understudied, in particular, temporal attention. The present set of studies explored how naturally occurring pain (i.e. acute headache) and pain-valenced stimuli affect the ability to recall the second of two targets presented in rapid succession. METHODS Across both experiments participants were required to indicate the presence of a predefined probe (T2) and, in the dual task, identify a target (T1). The probe (T2) was placed in three different temporal proximities (ranging from 70 to 1000 ms) following presentation of the target (T1). In Experiment 1, 36 participants completed a task that comprised a rapid stream of letters. Experiment 2 manipulated the threat value, and the complexity, of the stimuli by replacing letters with words. In the dual task condition, T1 was a word from one of four valence categories (neutral, positive, negative, pain). RESULTS Being in acute pain reduced the accuracy of identification. This reduction in performance occurred regardless of the temporal positioning of the probe, consistent with previous work that suggests pain has an overall dampening effect. Furthermore, when the valence category of the word was pain-related, T2 accuracy performance was negatively affected. CONCLUSION These findings add to the previous evidence that pain has a general dampening effect on attention and that pain-related stimuli are difficult to disengage from. SIGNIFICANCE Pain captures attention to allow cognate resources to be directed appropriately in response. However, the temporal effects of this attentional capture are poorly understood. Findings indicate that acute headache pain has a negative impact on participants' performance when identifying the second of two targets presented in close temporal proximity, and that pain-valenced stimuli exacerbate this effect. These findings demonstrate how pain affects early attention and highlights the potential role of disengagement, rather than orientation, of attention in the pain experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Jones
- Psychology Centre for Health and Cognition, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
| | - Joseph Walsh
- Psychology Centre for Health and Cognition, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
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14
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Examining attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control in people with and without chronic pain. Pain 2021; 162:2110-2119. [PMID: 33769370 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psychological models of chronic pain (CP) highlight cognitive-processing biases (ie, attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control) as pivotal processes that uniquely and synergistically impact the development and maintenance of CP. Very few studies explore multiple cognitive biases, and no studies have examined these 3 processes together in a CP sample. Furthermore, there is a lack of research investigating the relationship between these cognitive processes and pain-relevant variables (eg, pain intensity and pain catastrophising). The current study aimed to (1) compare attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control in people with and without CP, (2) explore their interrelationships, and (3) explore their association with pain-related variables. Seventy-four participants with CP and 66 without pain volunteered. Participants completed a visual scanning task with eye tracking, a recognition task, and a flanker task. Traditional and Bayesian analysis indicated no effect of pain status on cognitive-processing biases. All participants, regardless of pain status, demonstrated attentional biases towards pain on some indices of early and late attention, but not interpretation bias or attentional control. There was weak evidence of associations between attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control. Pain intensity was significantly correlated with interpretation biases, and follow-up analyses revealed people with high pain intensity demonstrated an interpretation bias towards pain significantly more than those with low pain intensity. Findings suggest that attentional biases towards pain are ubiquitous, but for people with moderate-to-severe pain, interpretation biases may have a role worthy of further research.
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15
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Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: Association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychological symptoms. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:311-317. [PMID: 33678333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No prior study has investigated the relation of primary dysmenorrhea (PD) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adolescent age groups. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of PD with ADHD and psychological symptoms among adolescents. Another objective was to examine the PD related non-psychogenic factors and sleep quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred nine adolescent girls who applied to policlinics for various reasons were enrolled. All participants completed self-report questionnaires. Questionnaire for sociodemographic data, menstrual pattern and dysmenorrhea in adolescents, Visual analog scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, DSM-5 Level 2 Sleep Disorders Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Turgay Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale were used to measure outcomes. RESULTS A hundred and four (49.8%) adolescents reported having pain that affects daily activities during menstruation. These adolescents had worse sleep quality, more inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity problems, and other psychological symptoms of anxiety, depression, somatization, negative self-perception, and hostility in comparison to others (P < 0.05). The menstrual pain severity, measured by VAS, was positively correlated with ADHD symptoms and all other psychological parameters (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION PD affecting daily-activities may be related to ADHD symptoms and psychiatric distress. Future studies are needed to support the association between ADHD and PD. Assessing the psychiatric problems of adolescents with dysmenorrhea is important.
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16
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Keklicek H, Sermenli Aydin N, Can HB, Dönmez Aydin D, Yilmazer Kayatekin AZ, Uluçam E. Primary dysmenorrhea and postural control: Is it a problem only during menstruation? Gait Posture 2021; 85:88-95. [PMID: 33517042 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of the menstrual cycle and primary dysmenorrhea (PD) on phase-related cognitive and physical functions are controversial. This study was carried out to examine whether women with PD showed a different physical function or dual-tasking response than women without PD at times other than menstruation. METHODS Women with or without PD were recruited for the study. Individuals assessed on the first day of the menstruation and the day they reported themselves as well being (feeling good day-FGD). Zebris © FDM Type Force Platform was used to evaluate postural stability. Individuals have were asked to perform to a 3-step balance test protocol; the first session: comfortable upright standing; the second session: standing with a motor task; the third session: standing with a cognitive task (counting backward). Correctly calculated numbers were also recorded. RESULTS The number of correct answers given by individuals during the cognitive dual-task was similar on the first day of menstruation and FGD (p > 0.05). In the control group, no difference was observed between the first days of menstruation and the evaluations on FGD days with dual-task (p > 0.05). In individuals with PD, there was no difference between the measurements at different times (p > 0.05). However, in the assessment with the motor dual-task on the first day of menstruation; postural sway increased (p < 0,05). In FDG measurement; distortion in postural stability was observed with the cognitive task (p < 0,05). In the assessments performed on the first day of menstruation, there was no difference in any parameters between the groups (p > 0.05). In the measurements made on FGD day with the cognitive task; there was a difference between the groups (p < 0,05). Individuals with PD had higher postural sway. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that the primary dysmenorrhea is not only a problem for females during menstruation, primary dysmenorrhea causes impaired ability of the individual to perform dual-tasking and continuously affects postural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Keklicek
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Science, 22030 Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Nimet Sermenli Aydin
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Science, 22030 Edirne, Turkey; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Marmara University, Faculty of Health Science, 34854 İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Başak Can
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Science, 22030 Edirne, Turkey; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Marmara University, Faculty of Health Science, 34854 İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Didem Dönmez Aydin
- Department of Anatomy, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, 22030 Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Zeynep Yilmazer Kayatekin
- Department of Anatomy, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, 22030 Edirne, Turkey; Department of Anatomy, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Enis Uluçam
- Department of Anatomy, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, 22030 Edirne, Turkey.
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Parker T, Huang Y, Raghu AL, FitzGerald JJ, Green AL, Aziz TZ. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Modulates Cortical Gamma Activity in the Cognitive Dimension of Chronic Pain. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020095. [PMID: 32053879 PMCID: PMC7071617 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A cognitive task, the n-back task, was used to interrogate the cognitive dimension of pain in patients with implanted dorsal root ganglion stimulators (DRGS). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals from thirteen patients with implanted DRGS were recorded at rest and while performing the n-back task at three increasing working memory loads with DRGS-OFF and the task repeated with DRGS-ON. MEG recordings were pre-processed, then power spectral analysis and source localization were conducted. DRGS resulted in a significant reduction in reported pain scores (mean 23%, p = 0.001) and gamma oscillatory activity (p = 0.036) during task performance. DRGS-induced pain relief also resulted in a significantly reduced reaction time during high working memory load (p = 0.011). A significant increase in average gamma power was observed during task performance compared to the resting state. However, patients who reported exacerbations of pain demonstrated a significantly elevated gamma power (F(3,80) = 65.011612, p < 0.001, adjusted p-value = 0.01), compared to those who reported pain relief during the task. Our findings demonstrate that gamma oscillatory activity is differentially modulated by cognitive load in the presence of pain, and this activity is predominantly localized to the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in a chronic pain cohort.
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Moore DJ, Meints SM, Lazaridou A, Johnson D, Franceschelli O, Cornelius M, Schreiber K, Edwards RR. The Effect of Induced and Chronic Pain on Attention. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1353-1361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Interventions for attentional disruption in pain: cognition-general, mechanism-specific, or exercise-based? Pain 2019; 159:621-622. [PMID: 29419654 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Boselie J, Vancleef L, Peters M. Filling the glass: Effects of a positive psychology intervention on executive task performance in chronic pain patients. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1268-1280. [PMID: 29573513 PMCID: PMC6055672 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is associated with emotional problems as well as difficulties in cognitive functioning. Prior experimental studies have shown that optimism, the tendency to expect that good things happen in the future, and positive emotions can counteract pain-induced task performance deficits in healthy participants. More specifically, induced optimism was found to buffer against the negative effects of experimental pain on executive functioning. This clinical experiment examined whether this beneficial effect can be extended to a chronic pain population. METHODS Patients (N = 122) were randomized to a positive psychology Internet-based intervention (PPI; n = 74) or a waiting list control condition (WLC; n = 48). The PPI consisted of positive psychology exercises that particularly target optimism, positive emotions and self-compassion. RESULTS Results demonstrated that patients in the PPI condition scored higher on happiness, optimism, positive future expectancies, positive affect, self-compassion and ability to live a desired life despite pain, and scored lower on pain catastrophizing, depression and anxiety compared to patients in the WLC condition. However, executive task performance did not improve following completion of the PPI, compared to the WLC condition. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that positive emotions and optimism can improve executive task performance in chronic pain patients, this study did convincingly demonstrate that it is possible to increase positive emotions and optimism in chronic pain patients with an online positive psychology intervention. It is imperative to further explore amendable psychological factors that may reduce the negative impact of pain on executive functioning. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that an Internet-based positive psychology intervention strengthens optimism and positive emotions in chronic pain patients. These emotional improvements are not associated with improved executive task performance. As pain itself often cannot be relieved, it is imperative to have techniques to reduce the burden of living with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.J.L.M. Boselie
- Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - L.M.G. Vancleef
- Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - M.L. Peters
- Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Talaei-Khoei M, Ogink PT, Jha R, Ring D, Chen N, Vranceanu AM. Cognitive intrusion of pain and catastrophic thinking independently explain interference of pain in the activities of daily living. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 91:156-163. [PMID: 28433860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with musculoskeletal illness often report that pain interferes with their ability to engage in activities of daily living. Catastrophic thinking is consistently depicted as an important cognitive factor that hinders adjustment to pain. Current research has also shown that pain negatively impacts an individual's ability to maintain attention on the task at hand. While a measure of the experience of cognitive intrusion of pain (ECIP) has been recently developed to quantify the extent of that impact, little research has explored this issue in everyday settings. This study tested the mediating roles of cognitive intrusion of pain and pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) on the association of pain intensity with pain interference in 142 patients with upper-extremity musculoskeletal illness. We found that both cognitive intrusion of pain (b = 0.136, bootstrap SE = 0.048, 95% BCa CI [0.052, 0.245]) and pain catastrophizing (b = 0.114, bootstrap SE = 0.044, 95% BCa CI [0.047, 0.221]) partly and independently mediated the relationship between pain intensity and pain interference. Although comparable, the mediation effect of cognitive intrusion of pain was slightly larger than that of pain catastrophizing (25.7%, bootstrap SE = 0.094 vs. 21.5%, bootstrap SE = 0.080). Results suggest that pain sensations can interfere with activities of daily living through two distinct mechanisms. A combination of traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness skills training targeting both pain catastrophizing and cognitive intrusion has the potential to decrease pain interference and help patients return to normal healthy living in spite of acute or persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Talaei-Khoei
- Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul T Ogink
- Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ragini Jha
- Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Ring
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Neal Chen
- Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Vranceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Moore DJ, Eccleston C, Keogh E. Cognitive load selectively influences the interruptive effect of pain on attention. Pain 2017; 158:2035-2041. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The disruptive effects of pain on multitasking in a virtual errands task. Scand J Pain 2017; 16:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aims
Pain is known to have a disruptive effect on cognitive performance, but prior studies have used highly constrained laboratory tasks that lack ecological validity. In everyday life people are required to complete more complex sets of tasks, prioritising task completion and recalling lists of tasks which need to be completed, and these tasks continue to be attempted during episodes or states of pain. The present study therefore examined the impact of thermal induced pain on a simulated errand task.
Methods
Fifty-five healthy adults (36 female) performed the Edinburgh Virtual Errands Task (EVET) either during a painful thermal sensation or with no concurrent pain. Participants also completed the Experience of Cognitive Intrusion of Pain (ECIP) questionnaire to measure their self-reported cognitive impact of pain in general life.
Results
Participants who completed the EVET task in pain and who self-reported high intrusion of pain made significantly more errors than those who reported lower intrusion on the ECIP.
Conclusions
Findings here support the growing literature that suggests that pain has a significant impact on cognitive performance. Furthermore, these findings support the developing literature suggesting that this relationship is complex when considering real world cognition, and that self-report on the ECIP relates well to performance on a task designed to reflect the complexities of everyday living.
Implications
If extrapolated to chronic pain populations, these data suggest that pain during complex multitasking performance may have a significant impact on the number of errors made. For people highly vulnerable to cognitive intrusion by pain, this may result in errors such as selecting the wrong location or item to perform tasks, or forgetting to perform these tasks at the correct time. If these findings are shown to extend to chronic pain populations then occupational support to manage complex task performance, using for example diaries/electronic reminders, may help to improve everyday abilities.
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The effect of postsurgical pain on attentional processing in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:933-942. [PMID: 28821424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of postsurgical pain on the performance of horses in a novel object and auditory startle task. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Twenty horses undergoing different types of surgery and 16 control horses that did not undergo surgery. METHODS The interaction of 36 horses with novel objects and a response to an auditory stimulus were measured at two time points; the day before surgery (T1) and the day after surgery (T2) for surgical horses (G1), and at a similar time interval for control horses (G2). Pain and sedation were measured using simple descriptive scales at the time the tests were carried out. Total time or score attributed to each of the behavioural categories was compared between groups (G1 and G2) for each test and between tests (T1 and T2) for each group. RESULTS The median (range) time spent interacting with novel objects was reduced in G1 from 58 (6-367) seconds in T1 to 12 (0-495) seconds in T2 (p=0.0005). In G2 the change in interaction time between T1 and T2 was not statistically significant. Median (range) total auditory score was 7 (3-12) and 10 (1-12) in G1 and G2, respectively, at T1, decreasing to 6 (0-10) in G1 after surgery and 9.5 (1-12) in G2 (p=0.0003 and p=0.94, respectively). There was a difference in total auditory score between G1 and G2 at T2 (p=0.0169), with the score being lower in G1 than G2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Postsurgical pain negatively impacts attention towards novel objects and causes a decreased responsiveness to an auditory startle test. In horses, tasks demanding attention may be useful as a biomarker of pain.
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Increasing Optimism Protects Against Pain-Induced Impairment in Task-Shifting Performance. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:446-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Attention and Working Memory in Female Adolescents With Chronic Pain and Pain-free Female Adolescents: A Preliminary Pilot Study. Clin J Pain 2017; 32:609-16. [PMID: 27275532 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents with chronic pain often report inattention and poor memory. There has been little research on cognitive function in this population. The goal of this preliminary pilot study was to examine differences in cognitive function between adolescents with chronic pain to pain-free adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS All participants completed baseline assessments of pain, school absences, depression, anxiety, and sleep habits. Standardized neurocognitive tests were used to examine cognitive function with a focus on working memory and attention. RESULTS Recruitment from the chronic pain clinic resulted in a female sample of 13 individuals (largely reflective of the clinical population). Pain-free age-matched and sex-matched individuals (n=12) were therefore also recruited as controls. Individuals with chronic pain had significantly lower working memory scores than controls. Differences were found between groups on the most difficult selective attention task and not on tests of sustained attention, divided attention, or attentional switching. In a stepwise regression with baseline characteristics entered in the first step, pain accounted for approximately 15% of the variance in working memory and medication score counted for 49% of the variance. DISCUSSION This pilot study is the first study to examine differences in working memory and attention between participants with chronic pain and pain-free adolescents. Our findings suggest that chronic pain may negatively affect adolescents' working memory function and highlights the risk for cognitive difficulties and problems with educational progression in addition to negative health and social effects associated with chronic pain. The study provides a starting point for more research and has the potential to direct better identification and treatment of these cognitive deficits.
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Attridge N, Eccleston C, Noonan D, Wainwright E, Keogh E. Headache Impairs Attentional Performance: A Conceptual Replication and Extension. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gandhi W, Morrison I, Schweinhardt P. How Accurate Appraisal of Behavioral Costs and Benefits Guides Adaptive Pain Coping. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:103. [PMID: 28659834 PMCID: PMC5467009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coping with pain is a complex phenomenon encompassing a variety of behavioral responses and a large network of underlying neural circuits. Whether pain coping is adaptive or maladaptive depends on the type of pain (e.g., escapable or inescapable), personal factors (e.g., individual experiences with coping strategies in the past), and situational circumstances. Keeping these factors in mind, costs and benefits of different strategies have to be appraised and will guide behavioral decisions in the face of pain. In this review we present pain coping as an unconscious decision-making process during which accurately evaluated costs and benefits lead to adaptive pain coping behavior. We emphasize the importance of passive coping as an adaptive strategy when dealing with ongoing pain and thus go beyond the common view of passivity as a default state of helplessness. In combination with passive pain coping, we highlight the role of the reward system in reestablishing affective homeostasis and discuss existing evidence on a behavioral and neural level. We further present neural circuits involved in the decision-making process of pain coping when circumstances are ambiguous and, therefore, costs and benefits are difficult to anticipate. Finally, we address the wider implications of this topic by discussing its relevance for chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Gandhi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - India Morrison
- Center for Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petra Schweinhardt
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Spinal Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Patients with chronic pain often report their cognition to be impaired by pain, and this observation has been supported by numerous studies measuring the effects of pain on cognitive task performance. Furthermore, cognitive intrusion by pain has been identified as one of 3 components of pain anxiety, alongside general distress and fear of pain. Although cognitive intrusion is a critical characteristic of pain, no specific measure designed to capture its effects exists. In 3 studies, we describe the initial development and validation of a new measure of pain interruption: the Experience of Cognitive Intrusion of Pain (ECIP) scale. In study 1, the ECIP scale was administered to a general population sample to assess its structure and construct validity. In study 2, the factor structure of the ECIP scale was confirmed in a large general population sample experiencing no pain, acute pain, or chronic pain. In study 3, we examined the predictive value of the ECIP scale in pain-related disability in fibromyalgia patients. The ECIP scale scores followed a normal distribution with good variance in a general population sample. The scale had high internal reliability and a clear 1-component structure. It differentiated between chronic pain and control groups, and it was a significant predictor of pain-related disability over and above pain intensity. Repairing attentional interruption from pain may become a novel target for pain management interventions, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic.
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Abstract
Pain captures attention, displaces current concerns, and prioritises escape and repair. This attentional capture can be measured by its effects on general cognition. Studies on induced pain, naturally occurring acute pain, and chronic pain all demonstrate a detrimental effect on specific tasks of attention, especially those that involve working memory. However, studies to date have relied on relatively small samples and/or one type of pain, thus restricting our ability to generalise to wider populations. We investigated the effect of pain on an n-back task in a large heterogeneous sample of 1318 adults. Participants were recruited from the general population and tested through the internet. Despite the heterogeneity of pain conditions, participant characteristics, and testing environments, we found a performance decrement on the n-back task for those with pain, compared with those without pain; there were significantly more false alarms on nontarget trials. Furthermore, we also found an effect of pain intensity; performance was poorer in participants with higher intensity compared with that in those with lower intensity pain. We suggest that the effects of pain on attention found in the laboratory occur in more naturalistic settings. Pain is common in the general population, and such interruption may have important, as yet uninvestigated, consequences for tasks of everyday cognition that involve working memory, such as concentration, reasoning, motor planning, and prospective memory.
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The effect of pain on task switching: pain reduces accuracy and increases reaction times across multiple switching paradigms. Pain 2016; 157:2179-2193. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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A systematic review of cognitive failures in daily life: Healthy populations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Toy H, Hergüner A, Şimşek S, Hergüner S. Autistic traits in women with primary dysmenorrhea: a case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2319-25. [PMID: 27672325 PMCID: PMC5026176 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have shown that women with autism spectrum disorder have higher rates of menstrual problems, including irregular menstrual cycles, unusually painful periods (dysmenorrhea), and excessive menstrual bleeding. In this study, we investigated the autistic traits in female university students with primary dysmenorrhea (PD). METHODS Seventy females with PD and 70 females without PD were enrolled in the study. The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) was used to measure autistic traits and the Brief Symptom Inventory was used for evaluating anxiety and depression levels. The dysmenorrheal pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), coded from 0 to 10. Weight and height were measured, and the body mass index was calculated. RESULTS There were no statistical differences between the groups in terms of age, duration of education, and body mass index. Women with PD had higher AQ - Total, and AQ - Attention Switching subscale scores than subjects without PD. Spearman analysis revealed that AQ - Total and AQ - Attention Switching scores were correlated with VAS. According to the linear regression analysis, VAS was predicted only by AQ - Attention Switching subscale. CONCLUSION Our findings showed an association between autistic traits and dysmenorrhea in typically developing females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Toy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University
| | - Arzu Hergüner
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Konya Training and Research Hospital
| | - Sevcan Şimşek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University
| | - Sabri Hergüner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Schoth D, Williams S, Liossi C. Attentional bias for pain- and period-related symptom words in healthy women who experienced a recent painful period. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:745-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.E. Schoth
- Academic Unit of Psychology; University of Southampton; UK
| | - S. Williams
- Academic Unit of Psychology; University of Southampton; UK
| | - C. Liossi
- Academic Unit of Psychology; University of Southampton; UK
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