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Krüger J, Fischer A, Breunig M, Allgöwer C, Schulte L, Merkle J, Mulaw MA, Okeke N, Melzer MK, Morgenstern C, Azoitei N, Seufferlein T, Barth TF, Siebert R, Hohwieler M, Kleger A. DNA methylation-associated allelic inactivation regulates Keratin 19 gene expression during pancreatic development and carcinogenesis. J Pathol 2023; 261:139-155. [PMID: 37555362 DOI: 10.1002/path.6156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the pancreas, Keratin 19 (KRT19) labels the ductal lineage and is a determinant of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). To investigate KRT19 expression dynamics, we developed a human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based KRT19-mCherry reporter system in different genetic backgrounds to monitor KRT19 expression from its endogenous gene locus. A differentiation protocol to generate mature pancreatic duct-like organoids was applied. While KRT19/mCherry expression became evident at the early endoderm stage, mCherry signal was present in nearly all cells at the pancreatic endoderm (PE) and pancreatic progenitor (PP) stages. Interestingly, despite homogenous KRT19 expression, mCherry positivity dropped to 50% after ductal maturation, indicating a permanent switch from biallelic to monoallelic expression. DNA methylation profiling separated the distinct differentiation intermediates, with site-specific DNA methylation patterns occurring at the KRT19 locus during ductal maturation. Accordingly, the monoallelic switch was partially reverted upon treatment with a DNA-methyltransferase inhibitor. In human PDAC cohorts, high KRT19 levels correlate with low locus methylation and decreased survival. At the same time, activation of oncogenic KRASG12D signalling in our reporter system reversed monoallelic back to biallelic KRT19 expression in pancreatic duct-like organoids. Allelic reactivation was also detected in single-cell transcriptomes of human PDACs, which further revealed a positive correlation between KRT19 and KRAS expression. Accordingly, KRAS mutant PDACs had higher KRT19 mRNA but lower KRT19 gene locus DNA methylation than wildtype counterparts. KRT19 protein was additionally detected in plasma of PDAC patients, with higher concentrations correlating with shorter progression-free survival in gemcitabine/nabPaclitaxel-treated and opposing trends in FOLFIRINOX-treated patients. Apart from being an important pancreatic ductal lineage marker, KRT19 appears tightly controlled via a switch from biallelic to monoallelic expression during ductal lineage entry and is aberrantly expressed after oncogenic KRASG12D expression, indicating a role in PDAC development and malignancy. Soluble KRT19 might serve as a relevant biomarker to stratify treatment. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Fischer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University & Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Breunig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chantal Allgöwer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucas Schulte
- Division of Interdisciplinary Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Unit for Single-cell Genomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nnamdi Okeke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University & Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael K Melzer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clara Morgenstern
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Fe Barth
- Department of Pathology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University & Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Interdisciplinary Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- Organoid Core Facility, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Grapin-Botton A, Kim YH. Pancreas organoid models of development and regeneration. Development 2022; 149:278610. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Organoids have become one of the fastest progressing and applied models in biological and medical research, and various organoids have now been developed for most of the organs of the body. Here, we review the methods developed to generate pancreas organoids in vitro from embryonic, fetal and adult cells, as well as pluripotent stem cells. We discuss how these systems have been used to learn new aspects of pancreas development, regeneration and disease, as well as their limitations and potential for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden 2 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden 3 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yung Hae Kim
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
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A Comprehensive Characterization of Stemness in Cell Lines and Primary Cells of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810663. [PMID: 36142575 PMCID: PMC9503169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive characterization of stemness in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. Seventeen cell lines were evaluated for the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. The two putative pancreatic CSC phenotypes were expressed heterogeneously ranging from 0 to 99.35% (median 3.46) for ESA+CD24+CD44+ and 0 to 1.94% (median 0.13) for CXCR4+CD133+. Cell lines were classified according to ESA+CD24+CD44+ expression as: Low-Stemness (LS; <5%, n = 9, median 0.31%); Medium-Stemness (MS; 6−20%, n = 4, median 12.4%); and High-Stemness (HS; >20%, n = 4, median 95.8%) cell lines. Higher degree of stemness was associated with in vivo tumorigenicity but not with in vitro growth kinetics, clonogenicity, and chemo-resistance. A wide characterization (chemokine receptors, factors involved in pancreatic organogenesis, markers of epithelial−mesenchymal transition, and secretome) revealed that the degree of stemness was associated with KRT19 and NKX2.2 mRNA expression, with CD49a and CA19.9/Tie2 protein expression, and with the secretion of VEGF, IL-7, IL-12p70, IL-6, CCL3, IL-10, and CXCL9. The expression of stem cell markers was also evaluated on primary tumor cells from 55 PDAC patients who underwent pancreatectomy with radical intent, revealing that CXCR4+/CD133+ and CD24+ cells, but not ESA+CD24+CD44+, are independent predictors of mortality.
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Ye D, Liu Y, Li G, Sun B, Peng J, Xu Q. A New Risk Score Based on Eight Hepatocellular Carcinoma- Immune Gene Expression Can Predict the Prognosis of the Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:766072. [PMID: 34868990 PMCID: PMC8639602 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.766072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immunotherapy has emerged as an increasingly important cancer treatment modality. However, the potential relationship between immune genes and HCC still needs to be explored. The purpose of this study is to construct a new prognostic risk signature to predict the prognosis of HCC patients based on the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) and explore its potential mechanism. Methods We analyzed the gene expression data of 332 HCC patient samples and 46 adjacent normal tissues samples (Solid Tissue Normal including cirrhotic tissue) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and clinical characteristics. We analyzed the gene expression data, identified differentially expressed IRGs in HCC tissues, filtered IRGs with prognostic value to construct an IRG signature, and classified patients into high and low gene expression groups based on the expression of IRGs in their tumor tissues. We also investigated the potential molecular mechanisms of IRGs through a bioinformatics approach using Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) database analysis. Differentially expressed IRGs associated with significant clinical outcomes (SIRGs) were identified by univariate Cox regression analysis. An immune-related risk score model (IRRSM) was established based on Lasso Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Based on the IRRSM, the immune score of the patients was calculated, and the patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk patients according to the median score, and the differences in survival between the two groups were compared. Then, the correlation analysis between the IRRSM and clinical characteristics was performed, and the IRRSM was validated using the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database. Results The IRRSM was eventually constructed and confirmed to be an independent prognostic model for HCC patients. The IRRSM was shown to be positively correlated with the infiltration of four types of immune cells. Conclusion Our results showed that some SIRGs have potential value for predicting the prognosis and clinical outcomes of HCC patients. IRGs affect the prognosis of HCC patients by regulating the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This study provides a new insight for immune research and treatment strategies in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingde Ye
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingxiang Xu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Yang Z, Yan C, Liu W, Xu W, Li C, Yan M, Liu B, Zhu Z. Identification of novel autoantibodies in ascites of relapsed paclitaxel-resistant gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis using immunome protein microarrays and proteomics. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:329-338. [PMID: 33896831 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) patients with peritoneal metastasis usually have extremely poor prognosis. Intraperitoneal infusion of paclitaxel (PTX) provides an effective treatment, but relapse and PTX-resistance are unavoidable disadvantages, and it is difficult to monitor the occurrence of PTX-resistance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore novel autoantibodies in the ascites of individuals with relapsed PTX-resistant GC with peritoneal metastasis. METHODS Ascites samples were collected before PTX infusion and after the relapse in 3 GC patients. To determine the expression of significantly changed proteins, we performed autoantibody profiling with immunome protein microarrays and tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics, and then, the overlapping proteins were selected. RESULTS Thirty-eight autoantibodies that were differentially expressed between the ascites in the untreated group and relapsed PTX-resistant group were identified. For confirmation of the results, TMT quantitative proteomics was performed, and 842 dysregulated proteins were identified. Four proteins, TPM3, EFHD2, KRT19 and vimentin, overlapped between these two assays. CONCLUSIONS Our results first revealed that TPM3, EFHD2, KRT19 and vimentin were novel autoantibodies in the ascites of relapsed PTX-resistant GC patients. These autoantibodies may be used as potential biomarkers to monitor the occurrence of PTX-resistance.
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Ji R, Zhang X, Gu H, Ma J, Wen X, Zhou J, Qian H, Xu W, Qian J, Lin J. miR-374a-5p: A New Target for Diagnosis and Drug Resistance Therapy in Gastric Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:320-331. [PMID: 31614322 PMCID: PMC6796712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the causes associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of chemoresistance. Exosome-mediated delivery of anti-cancer molecules and drugs have emerged as a new approach for cancer therapy. We first examined the expression of miR-374a-5p in gastric cancer serum by qRT-PCR and explored the clinicopathological parameters. We then performed in vitro cell and molecular studies, including CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and western blot, to determine the roles of miR-374a-5p in gastric cancer chemoresistance and identified its downstream target by luciferase reporter assay. We also used in vivo animal studies to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of miR-374a-5p inhibitor and exosome-mediated delivery of miR-374a-5p inhibitor in gastric cancer. miR-374a-5p expression level was elevated in gastric cancer serum, and its upregulation predicted poor prognosis. miR-374a-5p overexpression promoted while miR-374a-5p knockdown inhibited gastric cancer chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. miR-374a-5p bound to Neurod1 to antagonize its effect on chemoresistance. Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-374a-5p inhibitor could increase Neurod1 expression, promote cell apoptosis, and suppress chemoresistance. miR-374a-5p had a promoting role in gastric cancer chemoresistance, which would provide a novel biomarker for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis and offer a potential target for gastric cancer drug resistance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbi Ji
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongbing Gu
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jichun Ma
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangmei Wen
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingdong Zhou
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Qian
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China.
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Kondratyeva LG, Safina DR, Chernov IP, Kopantzev EP, Kostrov SV, Sverdlov ED. PDX1, a key factor in pancreatic embryogenesis, can exhibit antimetastatic activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:7077-7087. [PMID: 31440095 PMCID: PMC6666369 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s209940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In cancer biology, metastasizing is one of the most poorly studied processes. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by early metastasis, which is the leading cause of death. The PDX1 protein is crucial for the development of cancer, and its low levels are characteristic of the most aggressive PDAC tumors. The PDX1 is a mediator of initiation and progression of PDAC. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the role of PDX1 in the cancer metastasis. Purpose: To confirm the hypothesis that PDX1 in PDAC plays suppressor role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and to study its possible ability to inhibit metastasis. Methods: A PDX1-overexpressing PDAC cell line was obtained by lentiviral transduction of PANC-1 cells. PDX1 overexpression was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Effects of PDX1 ectopic expression on cell proliferation and motility were determined in PANC-1 cells using MTS, cell cycle analysis, transwell and wound-healing assay. EMT genes expression was analyzed in PDX1-overexpressing and Control PANC-1. Finally, the migration potential of pancreatic cancer cells expressing PDX1 was evaluated using a zebrafish embryo model. Results: The motility of human PDAC cells PANC-1 considerably decreased at ectopic expression of PDX1. The decreased expression of ZEB1, the key factor of EMT, and almost unchanged expression of the genes that characterize the epithelial state suggest a decrease in the EMT ability. Suppression of PDX1 expression by siRNA knockdown restored the PANC1 motility. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest a possible therapeutic use of PDX1 delivery into PDAC patients with a reduced or absent expression of PDX1 in the most aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya G Kondratyeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina R Safina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor P Chernov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene P Kopantzev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene D Sverdlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Liu L, Wang S, Cen C, Peng S, Chen Y, Li X, Diao N, Li Q, Ma L, Han P. Identification of differentially expressed genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and normal pancreatic tissues based on microarray datasets. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1901-1914. [PMID: 31257501 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with rapid progression and poor prognosis. In the present study, 11 high‑quality microarray datasets, comprising 334 tumor samples and 151 non‑tumor samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus, were screened, and integrative meta‑analysis of expression data was used to identify gene signatures that differentiate between PDAC and normal pancreatic tissues. Following the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), two‑way hierarchical clustering analysis was performed for all DEGs using the gplots package in R software. Hub genes were then determined through protein‑protein interaction network analysis using NetworkAnalyst. In addition, functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses of all DEGs were conducted in the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. The expression levels and Kaplan‑Meier analysis of the top 10 upregulated and downregulated genes were verified in The Cancer Genome Atlas. A total of 1,587 DEGs, including 1,004 upregulated and 583 downregulated genes, were obtained by comparing PDAC with normal tissues. Of these, hematological and neurological expressed 1, integrin subunit α2 (ITGA2) and S100 calcium‑binding protein A6 (S100A6) were the top upregulated genes, and kinesin family member 1A, Dymeclin and β‑secretase 1 were the top downregulated genes. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was performed to examine the expression levels of S100A6, KRT19 and GNG7, and the results suggested that S100A6 was significantly upregulated in PDAC compared with normal pancreatic tissues. ITGA2 overexpression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival times, whereas family with sequence similarity 46 member C overexpression was strongly associated with longer overall survival times. In addition, network‑based meta‑analysis confirmed growth factor receptor‑bound protein 2 and histone deacetylase 5 as pivotal hub genes in PDAC compared with normal tissue. In conclusion, the results of the present meta‑analysis identified PDAC‑related gene signatures, providing new perspectives and potential targets for PDAC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chunyuan Cen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Peng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Nan Diao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- Advanced Application Team, GE Healthcare, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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