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Does Genetic Predisposition Contribute to the Exacerbation of COVID-19 Symptoms in Individuals with Comorbidities and Explain the Huge Mortality Disparity between the East and the West? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095000. [PMID: 34066804 PMCID: PMC8125927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly and patients with several comorbidities experience more severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than healthy patients without underlying medical conditions. However, it is unclear why these people are prone to developing alveolar pneumonia, rapid exacerbations, and death. Therefore, we hypothesized that people with comorbidities may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to various factors; for example, they are likely to become more severely ill when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To test this hypothesis, we searched the literature extensively. Polymorphisms of genes, such as those that encode angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), have been associated with numerous comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and obesity, and there are potential mechanisms to explain these associations (e.g., DD-type carriers have greater ACE1 activity, and patients with a genetic alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) deficiency lack control over inflammatory mediators). Since comorbidities are associated with chronic inflammation and are closely related to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), these individuals may already have a mild ACE1/ACE2 imbalance before viral infection, which increases their risk for developing severe cases of COVID-19. However, there is still much debate about the association between ACE1 D/I polymorphism and comorbidities. The best explanation for this discrepancy could be that the D allele and DD subtypes are associated with comorbidities, but the DD genotype alone does not have an exceptionally large effect. This is also expected since the ACE1 D/I polymorphism is only an intron marker. We also discuss how polymorphisms of AAT and other genes are involved in comorbidities and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Presumably, a combination of multiple genes and non-genetic factors is involved in the establishment of comorbidities and aggravation of COVID-19.
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Mohammad AM, Othman GO, Saeed CH, Al Allawi S, Gedeon GS, Qadir SM, Al-Allawi N. Genetic polymorphisms in early-onset myocardial infarction in a sample of Iraqi patients: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:541. [PMID: 33228791 PMCID: PMC7686715 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early-onset myocardial infarction constitutes nearly one third of cases of myocardial infarction among Iraqis, which is rather higher than the proportions reported in many Western countries. Thus this study was initiated to investigate the role of some genetic polymorphisms, as well as acquired risk factors in this condition. RESULTS A total of 102 Iraqi patients with first myocardial infarction aged 50 years, and 77 matched controls were enrolled. The DNAs of participants were screened for nine polymorphisms, namely: β-Fibrinogen (- 455G > A), Factor XIII (V34L), Plasminogen Activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1, 4G/5G), Human Platelet Antigen-1 (HPA1a/b), 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase MTHFR (C677T) and MTHFR (A1298C), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) 287 bp insertion/deletion (I/D), Apolipoprotein-B (ApoB: R3500Q), and Apolipoprotein-E (Apo E: E2/E3/E4), using PCR and reverse hybridization technique. Among traditional risk factors, univariate analysis revealed that smoking (OR 2.86 [95%CI 1.53-5.34]), hyperlipidemia (OR 5.23 [95%CI 2.66-10.29]), and diabetes mellitus (OR 4.05 [95% CI 1.57-10.41]) were significantly higher among patients compared to controls (P<0.001, <0.001 and 0.002 respectively), while none of the nine genetic polymorphisms reached significance. Multivariate Logistic regression, however, revealed that only smoking and hyperlipidemia retained significance (P of < 0.001 each). The need to initiate further studies on larger cohorts is paramount to understand the higher than expected frequency of early-onset myocardial infarction in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen M. Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, 9 Azadi Hospital Rd, Duhok, 1014AM Iraq
| | - Galawezh O. Othman
- Department of Biology, Education College, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Chiman H. Saeed
- Medical Research Center, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - George S. Gedeon
- Consultant Clinical Biochemist, Gedeon Medical Laboratories, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shatha M. Qadir
- Department of Hematology, Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Nasir Al-Allawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
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Lv Y, Zhao W, Yu L, Yu JG, Zhao L. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene D/I Polymorphism in Relation to Endothelial Function and Endothelial-Released Factors in Chinese Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 33041838 PMCID: PMC7526498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect to ACE D/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. After ACE D/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies of ACE D/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P = 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD, P = 0.0472; DI/II, P < 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P < 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P = 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO, P = 0.032; ET-1, P = 0.017; Ang II, P = 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P = 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P = 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD was closely associated with ERFs. In conclusion, Chinese women of DI/II seem to have lower risk than DD in pre-menopause, but similar risk as DD in post-menopause in developing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lv
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Laikang Yu
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yu
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Yang T, Zhou W, Huang Y. A meta-analysis on the association of genetic polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and coronary artery disease in the chinese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 65:923-929. [PMID: 31340327 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.65.6.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between genotype insertion or deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) and susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese Han population. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search for the OR value of contrast between the group of genotype insertion or deletion polymorphism of the ACE and the group of CAD as an effective index. A meta-analysis (Stata 12.0) was used to test the heterogeneity of the results, combine the values for effect, conduct sensitivity analysis, and basic evaluation. RESULTS A total of 638 studies were found on the association between polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and CAD, of which 44 studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, our study included 5619 cases and 4865 controls. The heterogeneity test of each study (P < 0.001) was carried out using a random effect model. The OR value of DD/ID+II was 1.95, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) (1.66-2.29). The OR value of II/DI+DD was 0.63, 95%CI (0.55-0.72). The funnel figure is basically symmetrical and the results of the sensitivity analysis were stable. CONCLUSION The DD genotype of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene may be a weaker risk factor for CAD in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Zhang
- Department of Electrocardiograph, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Electrocardiograph, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Wenjiao Zhou
- Department of Electrocardiograph, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Yuee Huang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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Analysis of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase & Serotonin Gene Polymorphisms among Atrial Septal Defect Subjects with and without Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5030048. [PMID: 30231548 PMCID: PMC6162525 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms are variations in DNA sequences which can influence either disease susceptibility, severity, or prognosis. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the complications that occurs in certain patients who have atrial septal defect (ASD). This study seeks to determine the association of gene polymorphisms with the pathogenesis of PAH in ASD patients. This study was conducted on 30 ASD patients with PAH, and 50 ASD patients who were not diagnosed with PAH. All respondents were Malay. Patients were selected based on stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. Molecular analyses were done to detect the genetic polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G894T, and eNOS 4b/4a. The genotypes of these genetic polymorphisms were determined using conventional PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. The PCR products were analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 22. Clinical characteristics, such as the diameter of ASD, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) differed significantly (p < 0.05). Based on the statistical analysis, ACE I/D, eNOS G894T, and eNOS 4b/4a do not contribute to the progression of PAH amongst ASD patients (p > 0.05). However, the L allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism may have an affect on the development of PAH in ASD patients (p < 0.05).
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Borai IH, Hassan NS, Shaker OG, Ashour E, Badrawy ME, Fawzi OM, Mageed L. Synergistic effect of ACE and AGT genes in coronary artery disease. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Genetics of myocardial infarction: The role of thrombosis-associated genes. A review article. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Implications of ACE (I/D) Gene Variants to the Genetic Susceptibility of Coronary Artery Disease in Asian Indians. Indian J Clin Biochem 2016; 32:163-170. [PMID: 28428690 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has established substantial attention in the recent years as a candidate gene for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of ACE (I/D) polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a north Indian population. A total of 662 subjects (330 CAD patients and 332 healthy controls) were examined for association of ACE gene (I/D) polymorphism and environmental risk factors. The mean age of the CAD patients and control subjects was 60.53 ± 8.6 years and 56.55 ± 7.7 years, respectively (p = 0.000). Anthropometric and demographic data showed BMI values significantly higher among CAD patients and control subjects (26.98 ± 4.9 vs 24.04 ± 4.7, p = 0.000). We observed pronounced central obesity in both CAD patients and controls, even at the lowest BMI values (<23 kg/m2). Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent in CAD patients compared to control subjects. Genotypic data showed significantly higher frequency of DD genotype in CAD patients than that of control subjects (40 vs 28.3 %). No significant difference was observed in the distribution of ID genotypes between CAD patients and control subjects. Logistic regression analysis of data demonstrate that DD genotype was associated with 1.8 fold increased risk of development of CAD in Asian Indians (OR 1.8; 95 % CI 1.22-2.66; p = 0.003). The frequency of D allele was significantly higher in CAD patients (p = 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the clinical and biochemical characteristics of CAD patients and controls when the data was stratified according to the genotypes of ACE gene. In conclusion, DD genotype of ACE gene may be associated with increased risk of CAD in Asian Indian population.
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Zeinali N, Hashemi M, Mirmohammadsadeghi M, Mirmohammadsadeghi H, Eskandari N, Sabzghabaee AM. Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype, Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Saphenous Vein Graft Atherosclerosis in Iranian Patients. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 30:557-61. [PMID: 26735603 PMCID: PMC4690661 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20150069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate possible interactions among
Angiotensin-I converting enzyme genotype, insertion/deletion polymorphism
and atherosclerosis of vein grafts in Iranian patients, and characterize
their clinical and demographic profile. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, patients who underwent coronary artery bypass
graft surgery more than five years ago, were included for angiographic
analysis. Atherosclerosis was determined by quantitative angiography and
adjusted Gensini score. The gene angiotensin converting enzyme I/D
polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 102 patients participated in this study. Eighty-four patients
were male. The frequency distribution of DD, ID and II polymorphism were
23.6%, 62.7% and 13.7% respectively. There were no differences among
genotypic groups in age, sex, number of risk factors, number of vein grafts
and months since bypass surgery. According to adjusted Gensini score
[0.18±0.12 (II) vs. 0.11±0.09 (ID) and
0.1±0.09 (DD) P=0.021] the II genotype was
associated with severity of vein graft atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION Although there are conflicting results about gene angiotensin converting
enzyme I/D polymorphism and the degree of venous bypass graft degeneration,
this study suggests an association between ACE genotype II and
atherosclerosis of saphenous vein grafts, however, large samples considering
clinical, demographic and ethnic profile are necessary to confirm these
results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Zeinali
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mirmohammadsadeghi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mirmohammadsadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sabzghabaee
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Sakhteh M, Poopak B, Amirizadeh N, Shamshiri A, Bagheri A, Faranoush M. Polymorphism and synergism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) genes in coronary artery disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:1168-74. [PMID: 25501306 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314561247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the genetic factors for coronary artery diseases, PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms can be noted. This study was carried out to investigate the association of these two polymorphisms and their synergism in coronary artery disease (CAD) from a sample of the Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one patients with a history of CAD and 92 healthy controls participated in our study. After DNA extraction from leukocytes, PCR was performed to characterize PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms, using an amplification refractory mutation system technique. RESULTS In the studied patients, PAI-1 polymorphisms were 24.6%, 45.9%, and 29.5% for 4G/4G, 4G/5G and 5G/5G, respectively; the values for controls were 20.7%, 42.2% and 37.0%. The distribution rates of genotypes I/I, I/D and D/D in patients accounted for 29.5%, 45.9% and 24.6%; in the control group these figures were estimated to be 40.2%, 40.2% and 19.6%. CONCLUSION Single and multivariate analyses showed a significant difference for the conventional risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking and family history, for CAD between patients and controls (p value ≤ 0.001). However, no significant correlation was demonstrated considering ACE and PAI-1 polymorphisms either in association with 4G/4G or D/D genotypes or a combination of them in the Iranian population in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sakhteh
- High Institute of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naser Amirizadeh
- High Institute of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Shamshiri
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Center,Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Yý Lmaz Çiftdoð An D. ACE I/D Gene Polymorphism in Children with Family History of Premature Coronary Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 103:440-442. [PMID: 25494223 PMCID: PMC4262106 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fang C, Ren X, Zhou H, Gong ZC, Shen L, Bai J, Yin JY, Qu J, Li XP, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Effects ofeNOSrs1799983 andACErs4646994 polymorphisms on the therapeutic efficacy of salvianolate injection in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:558-64. [PMID: 24827774 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Central South University; Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Xian Ren
- Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Shanghai China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiology; The Third Hospital of Changsha; Changsha China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
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Moradzadegan A, Vaisi-Raygani A, Nikzamir A, Rahimi Z. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) (rs4646994) and Vegf polymorphism (+405G/C; rs2010963) in type II diabetic patients: Association with the risk of coronary artery disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:672-80. [PMID: 24505095 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313497819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Little is known about the concomitant presence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (rs4646994) D allele and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) (+405G/C; rs2010963) G allele on the susceptibility of coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we examined the hypothesis that ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles act synergistically to increase the severity of CAD in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The VEGF (rs2010963) and ACE (rs4646994) genotypes were detected by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR, respectively in 510 T2DM patients undergoing their first coronary angiography. Diabetic patients were classified as T2DM patients with and without CAD (control). RESULTS The crude odds ratio (OR) for the presence of CAD in ID+DD and D allele carriers were 1.98 (p=0.01) and 1.55 (p=0.001), respectively. Also, adjusted ORs in the presence of normolipidemia and the absence of history of hypertension for the risk of CAD in the either ACE(rs4646994) D allele or VGEF(rs2010963)-G alleles were 2.08 (p=0.004) and 1.75 (p=0.024), respectively. In addition, the concomitant presence of the ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles increased the risk of CAD 2.25-fold (p=0.043). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that ACE(rs4646994)-D allele alone and in the presence of VEGF(rs2010963)-G allele can be an important independent risk factor for susceptibility of CAD in T2DM patients even after correcting for conventional risk factors in a population of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Moradzadegan
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Abdolrahim Nikzamir
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahwaz Jondi Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Jaramillo MI, Genes L, Tovar RJ, Moreno GA, Quintana MM. Polimorfismo inserción/deleción del gen de la enzima convertidora de angiontensina y enfermedad coronaria en la población de Montería, Córdoba. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0120-5633(13)70070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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15
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Gender specificity of a genetic variant of angiotensin-converting enzyme and risk of coronary artery disease. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4959-65. [PMID: 23661020 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Etiological factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) involve a wide range of gene and environmental interactions. One of the systems being implicated in the pathophysiology of CAD is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the genetic polymorphisms of this system have not been widely studied in Iranian patients diagnosed with CAD. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between six gene polymorphisms of RAS components and CAD in a sample of Iranian population. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in a case/control study. The presence of CAD was determined by coronary angiography. Genotyping of six RAS gene polymorphisms was performed using a modified PCR-RFLP method. Our results revealed, for the first time, a significant independent association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) A-240T polymorphism and incidence of CAD among Iranian women (P=0.005, OR=20.4, 95% CI=2.49-41.2). There has also been a significant difference in genotype distribution of ACE A-240T (P=0.008) and angiotensin II receptor type 2 C3123A polymorphism (P=0.032) in Iranian female participants. In conclusion, TT genotype of ACE A-240T seems to be a genetic risk factor for CAD in Iranian women.
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Renin-angiotensin system genes polymorphism in Egyptians with premature coronary artery disease. Gene 2012; 498:270-5. [PMID: 22387727 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetics polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) affects the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to investigate the association between the RAS genes and premature CAD (PCAD) in Egyptians. 116 patients with PCAD, 114 patients with late onset CAD and 119 controls were included in the study. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ATR1) and angiotensinogen (AGT) genes polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that ACE DD, AGT TT and ATR1 CC increased the risk of PCAD by 2.7, 2.8 and 2.86 respectively). Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol were independent risk factors for the development of PCAD. We conclude that the ACE DD, AGT TT and ATR1 CC genotypes may increase the susceptibility of an individual to have PCAD. The coexistence of CAD risk factors with these risky RAS genotypes may lead to the development of PCAD in Egyptian patients.
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Ganesan M, Bhaskar S, Mani R, Idris MM, Khaja N, Gulla S, Kumar U, Moova S, Vattam KK, Eppa K, Hasan Q, Pulakurthy UR. The relationship of ACE and CETP gene polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease in a cohort of Asian Indian patients with and those without type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2011; 25:303-8. [PMID: 21185205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension and dyslipidemia have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the association of candidate gene polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) genes in a cohort of Asian Indian patients with and those without type 2 diabetes. METHODS PCR-based genotyping of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE (rs4646994) and -629C>A of CETP (rs1800775) was carried out in 520 individuals, of whom 160 had CVD+type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 90 were CVD patients without T2DM, 150 had T2DM with no cardiovascular complications, and 120 were age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS With respect to the ACE gene I/D polymorphism, there was a higher percentage of D/D genotype in CVD+T2DM patients, but it was not statistically significant, while the CETP -629A allele was significantly associated with CVD+T2DM patients (P=.000007; odds ratio=0.46; 95% confidence interval=0.32-0.65) as compared with the normal controls and not with CVD alone. Additive interactions between the AA+I/I genotypes, AC+I/D genotypes, and AC+D/D were identified between the patients and the controls with P values of .0052, .0009, and .0078, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that candidate gene polymorphism -629C>A of CETP may serve as a susceptibility biomarker for CVD in T2DM patients. Analyzing the combined effect of both ACE and CETP genotypes would enhance the sensitivity and specificity of CVD risk estimation in the T2DM patients in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Ganesan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme intron 16 insertion/deletion and angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphisms with preeclampsia in South East of Iran. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:941515. [PMID: 21808598 PMCID: PMC3144719 DOI: 10.1155/2011/941515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that a variety of genetic factors contributed in pathogenesis of the preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to assess the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D and angiotensin II type1 receptor A1166C polymorphisms with preeclampsia. This study was performed in 125 preeclamptic pregnant women and 132 controls. The I/D Polymorphism of the ACE gene was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and the A1166C Polymorphism of the AT1R gene was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The genotype and allele frequencies of I/D polymorphism differed between two groups. The risk of preeclampsia was 3.2-fold in pregnant women with D allele (OR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.1 to 3.8]; P = 0.01). The distribution of the AT1R gene A1166C polymorphism was similar in affected and control groups. Our results supported that presence of the I/D polymorphism of ACE gene is a marker for the increased risk of preeclampsia.
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Kamilic J, Hamming I, Lely AT, Korstanje R, Schulze U, Poppinga WJ, Turner AJ, Clarke NE, van Goor H, Navis GJ. Rat Ace allele variation determines susceptibility to AngII-induced renal damage. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:420-9. [PMID: 21788250 DOI: 10.1177/1470320311415886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ace b/l polymorphism in rats is associated with differential tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and activity, and susceptibility to renal damage. Same polymorphism was recently found in outbred Wistar rat strain with b allele accounting for higher renal ACE, and provided a model for studying renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) response behind the innate high or low ACE conditions. METHODS We investigated the reaction of these alleles on chronic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. Wistar rats were selected to breed male homozygotes for the b (WU-B) or l allele (WU-L) (n = 12). For each allele, one group (n = 6) received AngII infusion via an osmotic minipump (435 ng/kg/min) for 3 weeks. The other group (n = 6) served as a control. RESULTS WU-B had higher ACE activity at baseline then WU-L. Interestingly, baseline renal ACE2 expression and activity were higher in WU-L. AngII infusion induced the same increase in blood pressure in both genotypes, no proteinuria, but caused tubulo-interstitial renal damage with increased α-SMA and monocyte/macrophage influx only in WU-B (p < 0.05). Low ACE WU-L rats did not develop renal damage. CONCLUSION AngII infusion causes proteinuria-independent renal damage only in rats with genetically predetermined high ACE while rats with low ACE seemed to be protected against the detrimental effect of AngII. Differences in renal ACE2, mirroring those in ACE, might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kamilic
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hamming I, Goor HV, Navis GJ. Rat Ace allele variation determines susceptibility to AngII-induced renal damage. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 70:1377-8; author reply 1378. [PMID: 16988743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ace b/l polymorphism in rats is associated with differential tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and activity, and susceptibility to renal damage. Same polymorphism was recently found in outbred Wistar rat strain with b allele accounting for higher renal ACE, and provided a model for studying renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) response behind the innate high or low ACE conditions. METHODS We investigated the reaction of these alleles on chronic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. Wistar rats were selected to breed male homozygotes for the b (WU-B) or l allele (WU-L) (n = 12). For each allele, one group (n = 6) received AngII infusion via an osmotic minipump (435 ng/kg/min) for 3 weeks. The other group (n = 6) served as a control. RESULTS WU-B had higher ACE activity at baseline then WU-L. Interestingly, baseline renal ACE2 expression and activity were higher in WU-L. AngII infusion induced the same increase in blood pressure in both genotypes, no proteinuria, but caused tubulo-interstitial renal damage with increased α-SMA and monocyte/macrophage influx only in WU-B (p < 0.05). Low ACE WU-L rats did not develop renal damage. CONCLUSION AngII infusion causes proteinuria-independent renal damage only in rats with genetically predetermined high ACE while rats with low ACE seemed to be protected against the detrimental effect of AngII. Differences in renal ACE2, mirroring those in ACE, might be involved.
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Rahimi Z, Tavilani H, Vaisi-Raygani H, Kiani A, Aminian M, Shakiba E, Shakiba Y, Pourmotabbed T. Synergism between paraoxonase Arg 192 and the angiotensin converting enzyme D allele is associated with severity of coronary artery disease. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2723-31. [PMID: 21681430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene D allele is an independent risk factor for early onset coronary artery disease (CAD). Little is known about the concomitant presence of the ACE gene D allele and paraoxonase (PON1) codon 192 arginine (Arg) on the severity of CAD. Regarding the high rate of CAD among Iranians the aim of present study was to examine the hypothesis of synergistic effects between ACE-D and PON1-Arg alleles on predisposition and the severity of CAD in our population. The PON1 192 and ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP and PCR, respectively in 414 individuals undergoing their first coronary angiography. Patients were placed into one of two groups: CAD and control without CAD or diabetes. We mentioned the synergistic effects of both genes and not ACE gene alone is a risk factor for CAD. We found that PON1 Arg 192 and ACE D allele act synergistically to increase the risk of CAD (OR 1.3, P = 0.044). Our results showed a significant correlation between the possession of both PON1 192 Arg and the ACE D allele and the extent of CAD in CAD patients and CAD subjects without diabetes, represented by the increased frequency of three-vessel disease with OR 2.7, P = 0.046; χ(2) = 4, P = 0.046 and OR 2.4, P = 0.051; χ(2) = 3.8, P = 0.051, respectively. We found that PON1 Arg 192 and ACE D alleles act synergistically to increase the risk of CAD in CAD patients and CAD subjects without diabetes from west of Iran, who have high frequency of three-vessel disease. Our data suggest that PON1 192 Arg and the ACE D allele in combination with each other can be important independent risk factor for severity of CAD in patients carrying both PON1 192 Arg and the ACE D allele in a west population of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Molecular Diagnostic Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Ghaneialvar H, Rahimi Z, Nomani H, Saidi M, Bahrehmand F, Vaisi-Raygani A, Tavilani H, Pourmotabbed T. The angiotensin converting enzyme D allele is an independent risk factor for early onset coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:1189-94. [PMID: 20655894 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in early onset coronary artery disease age < 55years (ECAD) is controversial. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of this ACE(I/D) gene polymorphism on the risk of premature CAD in patients from western Iran. METHODS The ACE(I/D) genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP in 323 individuals undergoing their first coronary angiography. Patients were placed into two groups: ECAD and late onset CAD age ≥ 55years (LCAD). RESULTS We found a statistically significant association of the ACE D allele, as homozygous or ACE ID plus DD genotypes (ID+DD), only in the ECAD subjects OR=1.35, p=0.015, OR=3.27, p=0.014, and OR=2.8, p=0.013, respectively. In addition, there was a significant association after adjustment for the absence of history of diabetes, presence of normolipidemia and absence of history of blood pressure [OR 1.38, p=0.017 and 2.35, p=0.02]. Our results indicated that the ACE D allele is a risk factor for early onset of CAD even after correcting for conventional risk factors. The incidence of triple vessel disease was significantly higher in individuals carrying ACE(D/D) genotype in ECAD patients compared to those who carried ACE(I/I) genotype (OR 3.38; p=0.019; 57.5% vs. 42.5%; p=0.013). CONCLUSION The presence of D allele of ACE can be important independent risk factor in the onset of CAD patients less than 55 years old in a west population of Iran. Larger collaborative studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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