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Soltabayeva A, Dauletova N, Serik S, Sandybek M, Omondi JO, Kurmanbayeva A, Srivastava S. Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in Response of Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192660. [PMID: 36235526 PMCID: PMC9572924 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Soltabayeva
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Nurbanu Dauletova
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Symbat Serik
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Margulan Sandybek
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - John Okoth Omondi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe P.O. Box 30258, Malawi
| | - Assylay Kurmanbayeva
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- NCS-TCP, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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A Rice R2R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor OsFLP Positively Regulates Drought Stress Response via OsNAC. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115873. [PMID: 35682553 PMCID: PMC9180394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses adversely affect plant growth and the yield of crops worldwide. R2R3-MYB transcriptional factors have been found to be vital for plants to confer stress response. In Arabidopsis, FOUR LIPS (FLP, MYB124) and its paralogous MYB88 function redundantly regulated the symmetric division of guard mother cells (GMCs) and abiotic stress response. Here, OsFLP was identified as an R2R3-MYB transcriptional activator and localized in the nucleus. OsFLP was transiently induced by drought, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Overexpression of OsFLP showed enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stresses. The stomatal density in OsFLP-OE plants was not changed, whereas the stomatal closure was sensitive to ABA treatment compared to wild-type plants. In contrast, OsFLP-RNAi plants had abnormal stomata and were sensitive to drought. Moreover, the transcripts of stomatal closure-related genes DST and peroxidase 24 precursor, which are identified as downstream of OsNAC1, were inhibited in OsFLP-RNAi plants. The yeast-one-hybrid assay indicated that OsFLP can specifically bind and positively regulate OsNAC1 and OsNAC6. Meanwhile, stress response genes, such as OsLEA3 and OsDREB2A, were up-regulated in OsFLP-OE plants. These findings suggested that OsFLP positively participates in drought stress, mainly through regulating regulators' transcripts of OsNAC1 and OsNAC6.
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Hoang L, Sporsheim B, Halle KK, Wolff SA, Ahmad SJN, Ahmad JN, Bones AM. The Imaging of Guard Cells of thioglucosidase ( tgg) Mutants of Arabidopsis Further Links Plant Chemical Defence Systems with Physical Defence Barriers. Cells 2021; 10:227. [PMID: 33503919 PMCID: PMC7911204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known plant chemical defence system. Two functional myrosinase-encoding genes, THIOGLUCOSIDASE 1 (TGG1) and THIOGLUCOSIDASE 2 (TGG2), express in aerial tissues of Arabidopsis. TGG1 expresses in guard cells (GCs) and is also a highly abundant protein in GCs. Recently, by studying wild type (WT), tgg single, and double mutants, we showed a novel association between the glucosinolate-myrosinase system defence system, and a physical barrier, the cuticle. In the current study, using imaging techniques, we further analysed stomata and ultrastructure of GCs of WT, tgg1, tgg2 single, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The tgg mutants showed distinctive features of GCs. The GCs of tgg1 and tgg1 tgg2 mutants showed vacuoles that had less electron-dense granular material. Both tgg single mutants had bigger stomata complexes. The WT and tgg mutants also showed variations for cell wall, chloroplasts, and starch grains of GCs. Abscisic acid (ABA)-treated stomata showed that the stomatal aperture was reduced in tgg1 single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The data provides a basis to perform comprehensive further studies to find physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with ultrastructure differences in tgg mutants. We speculate that the absence of myrosinase alters the endogenous chemical composition, hence affecting the physical structure of plants and the plants' physical defence barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Linh Hoang
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
- Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari K. Halle
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Silje Aase Wolff
- National Centre for STEM Recruitment, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Zhao PX, Miao ZQ, Zhang J, Chen SY, Liu QQ, Xiang CB. Arabidopsis MADS-box factor AGL16 negatively regulates drought resistance via stomatal density and stomatal movement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6092-6106. [PMID: 32594177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. The molecular mechanisms underlying plant drought resistance are complex and not yet fully understood. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis MADS-box transcription factor AGL16 acts as a negative regulator in drought resistance by regulating stomatal density and movement. Loss-of-AGL16 mutants were more resistant to drought stress and had higher relative water content, which was attributed to lower leaf stomatal density and more sensitive stomatal closure due to higher leaf ABA levels compared with the wild type. AGL16-overexpressing lines displayed the opposite phenotypes. AGL16 is preferentially expressed in guard cells and down-regulated in response to drought stress. The expression of CYP707A3 and AAO3 in ABA metabolism and SDD1 in stomatal development was altered in agl16 and overexpression lines, making them potential targets of AGL16. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, transient transactivation, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrated that AGL16 was able to bind the CArG motifs in the promoters of the CYP707A3, AAO3, and SDD1 and regulate their transcription, leading to altered leaf stomatal density and ABA levels. Taking our findings together, AGL16 acts as a negative regulator of drought resistance by modulating leaf stomatal density and ABA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Xia Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zi-Qing Miao
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Si-Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Xiang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Zhang J, Coaker G, Zhou JM, Dong X. Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1358-1378. [PMID: 32916334 PMCID: PMC7541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ultimately led to the realization that we still have many more questions than answers. Therefore, it would be an impossible task for us to project a coherent "big picture" of the MPMI field in a single review. Instead, we provide our opinions on where we would like to go in our research as an invitation to the community to join us in this exploration of new MPMI frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Cao Y, Zeng H, Ku L, Ren Z, Han Y, Su H, Dou D, Liu H, Dong Y, Zhu F, Li T, Zhao Q, Chen Y. ZmIBH1-1 regulates plant architecture in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2943-2955. [PMID: 31990030 PMCID: PMC7260713 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf angle (LA) is a critical agronomic trait in maize, with more upright leaves allowing higher planting density, leading to more efficient light capture and higher yields. A few genes responsible for variation in LA have been identified by map-based cloning. In this study, we cloned maize ZmIBH1-1, which encodes a bHLH transcription factor with both a basic binding region and a helix-loop-helix domain, and the results of qRT-PCR showed that it is a negative regulator of LA. Histological analysis indicated that changes in LA were mainly caused by differential cell wall lignification and cell elongation in the ligular region. To determine the regulatory framework of ZmIBH1-1, we conducted RNA-seq and DNA affinity purification (DAP)-seq analyses. The combined results revealed 59 ZmIBH1-1-modulated target genes with annotations, and they were mainly related to the cell wall, cell development, and hormones. Based on the data, we propose a regulatory model for the control of plant architecture by ZmIBH1-1 in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haixia Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Ku
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yun Han
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huihui Su
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dandan Dou
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yahui Dong
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Molecular Dissection of TaLTP1 Promoter Reveals Functional Cis-Elements Regulating Epidermis-Specific Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072261. [PMID: 32218159 PMCID: PMC7177882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermis serves important functions in shoot growth, plant defense and lipid metabolism, though mechanisms of related transcriptional regulation are largely unknown. Here, we identified cis-elements specific to shoot epidermis expression by dissecting the promoter of Triticum aestivum lipid transfer protein 1 (TaLTP1). A preliminary promoter deletion analysis revealed that a truncated fragment within 400 bp upstream from the translation start site was sufficient to confer conserved epidermis-specific expression in transgenic Brachypodium distachyon and Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, deletion or mutation of a GC(N4)GGCC motif at position -380 bp caused a loss of expression in pavement cells. With an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and transgenic reporter assay, we found that a light-responsive CcATC motif at position -268 bp was also involved in regulating pavement cell-specific expression that is evolutionary conserved. Moreover, expression specific to leaf trichome cells was found to be independently regulated by a CCaacAt motif at position -303 bp.
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Hu X, Zhang L, Wilson I, Shao F, Qiu D. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor family in Taxus chinensis: identification, characterization, expression profiling and posttranscriptional regulation analysis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8473. [PMID: 32110480 PMCID: PMC7032060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYB transcription factor family is one of the largest gene families playing regulatory roles in plant growth and development. The MYB family has been studied in a variety of plant species but has not been reported in Taxus chinensis. Here we identified 72 putative R2R3-MYB genes in T. chinensis using a comprehensive analysis. Sequence features, conversed domains and motifs were characterized. The phylogenetic analysis showed TcMYBs and AtMYBs were clustered into 36 subgroups, of which 24 subgroups included members from T. chinensis and Arabidopsis thaliana, while 12 subgroups were specific to one species. This suggests the conservation and specificity in structure and function of plant R2R3-MYBs. The expression of TcMYBs in various tissues and different ages of xylem were investigated. Additionally, miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation analysis revealed that TcMYBs were the targets of miR858, miR159 and miR828, suggesting the posttranscriptional regulation of MYBs is highly conserved in plants. The results provide a basis for further study the role of TcMYBs in the regulation of secondary metabolites of T. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Iain Wilson
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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More P, Agarwal P, Joshi PS, Agarwal PK. The JcWRKY tobacco transgenics showed improved photosynthetic efficiency and wax accumulation during salinity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19617. [PMID: 31871315 PMCID: PMC6928016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major factors negatively affecting crop productivity. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are involved in salicylic acid (SA) mediated cellular reactive oxygen species homeostasis in response to different stresses, including salinity. Therefore, the effect of NaCl, NaCl + SA and SA treatments on different photosynthesis-related parameters and wax metabolites were studied in the Jatropha curcas WRKY (JcWRKY) overexpressing tobacco lines. JcWRKY transgenics showed improved photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration/ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca ratio), electron transport rate (ETR), photosynthesis efficiency (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) in response to salinity stress, while exogenous SA application had subtle effect on these parameters. Alkane, the major constituent of wax showed maximum accumulation in transgenics exposed to NaCl. Other wax components like fatty alcohol, carboxylic acid and fatty acid were also higher in transgenics with NaCl + SA and SA treatments. Interestingly, the transgenics showed a higher number of open stomata in treated plants as compared to wild type (WT), indicating less perception of stress by the transgenics. Improved salinity tolerance in JcWRKY overexpressing tobacco transgenics is associated with photosynthetic efficiency and wax accumulation, mediated by efficient SA signalling. The transgenics showed differential regulation of genes related to photosynthesis (NtCab40, NtLhcb5 and NtRca1), wax accumulation (NtWIN1) and stomatal regulation (NtMUTE, NtMYB-like, NtNCED3-2 and NtPIF3). The present study indicates that JcWRKY is a potential TF facilitating improved photosynthesis with the wax metabolic co-ordination in transgenics during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant More
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Priyanka S Joshi
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pradeep K Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Transcriptome analysis identified aberrant gene expression in pollen developmental pathways leading to CGMS in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218381. [PMID: 31233531 PMCID: PMC6590983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male sterility (induced or natural) is a potential tool for commercial hybrid seed production in different crops. Despite numerous endeavors to understand the physiological, hereditary, and molecular cascade of events governing CMS in cotton, the exact biological process controlling sterility and fertility reconstruction remains obscure. During current study, RNA-Seq using Ion Torrent S5 platform is carried out to identify 'molecular portraits' in floral buds among the Cytoplasmic Genic Male Sterility (CGMS) line, its near-isogenic maintainer, and restorer lines. A total of 300, 438 and 455 genes were differentially expressed in CGMS, Maintainer, and Restorer lines respectively. The functional analysis using AgriGo revealed suppression in the pathways involved in biogenesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites which play an important role in pollen and anther maturation. Enrichment analysis showed dearth related to pollen and anther's development in sterile line, including anomalous expression of genes and transcription factors that have a role in the development of the reproductive organ, abnormal cytoskeleton formation, defects in cell wall formation. The current study found aberrant expression of DYT1, AMS and cytochrome P450 genes involved in tapetum formation, pollen development, pollen exine and anther cuticle formation associated to male sterility as well as fertility restoration of CGMS. In the current study, more numbers of DEGs were found on Chromosome D05 and A05 as compared to other chromosomes. Expression pattern analysis of fourteen randomly selected genes using qRT-PCR showed high concurrence with gene expression profile of RNA-Seq analysis accompanied by a strong correlation of 0.82. The present study provides an important support for future studies in identifying interaction between cyto-nuclear molecular portraits, to accelerate functional genomics and molecular breeding related to cytoplasmic male sterility studies in cotton.
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Vorster BJ, Cullis CA, Kunert KJ. Plant Vacuolar Processing Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:479. [PMID: 31031794 PMCID: PMC6473326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteomes contain hundreds of proteases divided into different families based on evolutionary and functional relationship. In particular, plant cysteine proteases of the C1 (papain-like) and C13 (legumain-like) families play key roles in many physiological processes. The legumain-like proteases, also called vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), perform a multifunctional role in different plant organs and during different stages of plant development and death. VPEs are similar to animal caspases, and although caspase activity was identified in plants almost 40 years ago, there still remains much research to be done to gain a complete understanding of their various roles and functions in plants. Here we not only summarize the current existing knowledge of plant VPEs, including recent developments in the field, but also highlight the future prospective areas to be investigated to obtain a more detailed understanding of the role of VPEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend Juan Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Cullis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Karl J. Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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12
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Vráblová M, Vrábl D, Hronková M, Kubásek J, Šantrůček J. Stomatal function, density and pattern, and CO 2 assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana tmm1 and sdd1-1 mutants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:689-701. [PMID: 28453883 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata modulate the exchange of water and CO2 between plant and atmosphere. Although stomatal density is known to affect CO2 diffusion into the leaf and thus photosynthetic rate, the effect of stomatal density and patterning on CO2 assimilation is not fully understood. We used wild types Col-0 and C24 and stomatal mutants sdd1-1 and tmm1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, differing in stomatal density and pattern, to study the effects of these variations on both stomatal and mesophyll conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Anatomical parameters of stomata, leaf temperature and carbon isotope discrimination were also assessed. Our results indicate that increased stomatal density enhanced stomatal conductance in sdd1-1 plants, with no effect on photosynthesis, due to both unchanged photosynthetic capacity and decreased mesophyll conductance. Clustering (abnormal patterning formed by clusters of two or more stomata) and a highly unequal distribution of stomata between the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides in tmm1 mutants also had no effect on photosynthesis. Except at very high stomatal densities, stomatal conductance and water loss were proportional to stomatal density. Stomatal formation in clusters reduced stomatal dynamics and their operational range as well as the efficiency of CO2 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vráblová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VSB-TU Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - D Vrábl
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Hronková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubásek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Šantrůček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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13
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Transcript profile analysis reveals important roles of jasmonic acid signalling pathway in the response of sweet potato to salt stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40819. [PMID: 28084460 PMCID: PMC5234020 DOI: 10.1038/srep40819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet potato is an important food and bio-energy crop, and investigating the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance will provide information for salt-tolerant breeding of this crop. Here, the root transcriptomes of the salt-sensitive variety Lizixiang and the salt-tolerant line ND98 were compared to identify the genes and pathways involved in salt stress responses. In total, 8,744 and 10,413 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Lizixiang and ND98, respectively, were involved in salt responses. A lower DNA methylation level was detected in ND98 than in Lizixiang. In both genotypes, the DEGs, which function in phytohormone synthesis and signalling and ion homeostasis, may underlie the different degrees of salt tolerance. Significant up-regulations of the genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signalling pathways and ion transport, more accumulation of JA, a higher degree of stomatal closure and a lower level of Na+ were found in ND98 compared to Lizixiang. This is the first report on transcriptome responses to salt tolerance in sweet potato. These results reveal that the JA signalling pathway plays important roles in the response of sweet potato to salt stress. This study provides insights into the mechanisms and genes involved in the salt tolerance of sweet potato.
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Ziadi A, Uchida N, Kato H, Hisamatsu R, Sato A, Hagihara S, Itami K, Torii KU. Discovery of synthetic small molecules that enhance the number of stomata: C–H functionalization chemistry for plant biology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9632-9635. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04526c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first-in-class synthetic small molecules enhancing the number of stomata in Arabidopsis thaliana have been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asraa Ziadi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
| | - Hiroe Kato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Rina Hisamatsu
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Shinya Hagihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
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15
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Yao W, Zhang X, Zhou B, Zhao K, Li R, Jiang T. Expression Pattern of ERF Gene Family under Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Populus simonii × P. nigra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:181. [PMID: 28265277 PMCID: PMC5316532 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of gene expression patterns of key genes across multiple abiotic stresses is critical for mechanistic understanding of stress resistance in plant. In the present study, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in di-haploid Populus simonii × P. nigra under respective stresses of NaCl, KCl, CdCl2, and PEG. On the basis of RNA-Seq, we detected 247 DEGs that are shared by the four stresses in wild type poplar, and mRNA abundance of the DEGs were validated in transgenic poplar overexpressing ERF76 gene by RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR. Results from gene ontology analysis indicated that these genes are enriched in significant pathways, such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Ethylene response factor (ERF) gene family plays significant role in plant abiotic stress responses. We also investigated expression pattern of ERF gene family under the four stresses. The ERFs and DEGs share similar expression pattern across the four stresses. The transgenic poplar is superior to WT in morphologic, physiological and biochemical traits, which demonstrated the ERF76 gene plays a significant role in stress resistance. These studies will give a rise in understanding the stress response mechanisms in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Boru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Renhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
- *Correspondence: Tingbo Jiang,
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Yuan F, Lyu MJA, Leng BY, Zhu XG, Wang BS. The transcriptome of NaCl-treated Limonium bicolor leaves reveals the genes controlling salt secretion of salt gland. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:241-56. [PMID: 26936070 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Limonium bicolor, a typical recretohalophyte that lives in saline environments, excretes excessive salt to the environment through epidermal salt glands to avoid salt stress. The aim of this study was to screen for L. bicolor genes involved in salt secretion by high-throughput RNA sequencing. We established the experimental procedure of salt secretion using detached mature leaves, in which the optimal salt concentration was determined as 200 mM NaCl. The detached salt secretion system combined with Illumina deep sequencing were applied. In total, 27,311 genes were annotated using an L. bicolor database, and 2040 of these genes were differentially expressed, of which 744 were up-regulated and 1260 were down-regulated with the NaCl versus the control treatment. A gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated that genes related to ion transport, vesicles, reactive oxygen species scavenging, the abscisic acid-dependent signaling pathway and transcription factors were found to be highly expressed under NaCl treatment. We found that 102 of these genes were likely to be involved in salt secretion, which was confirmed using salt-secretion mutants. The present study identifies the candidate genes in the L. bicolor salt gland that are highly associated with salt secretion. In addition, a salt-transporting pathway is presented to explain how Na(+) is excreted by the salt gland in L. bicolor. These findings will shed light on the molecular mechanism of salt secretion from the salt glands of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Ju Amy Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bing-Ying Leng
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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17
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Cui J, You C, Zhu E, Huang Q, Ma H, Chang F. Feedback Regulation of DYT1 by Interactions with Downstream bHLH Factors Promotes DYT1 Nuclear Localization and Anther Development. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1078-93. [PMID: 27113773 PMCID: PMC4904671 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is one of the most important mechanisms controlling development and cellular functions in plants and animals. The Arabidopsis thaliana bHLH transcription factor (TF) DYSFUNCTIONL TAPETUM1 (DYT1) is required for normal male fertility and anther development and activates the expression of the bHLH010/bHLH089/bHLH091 genes. Here, we showed that DYT1 is localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus at anther stage 5 but specifically to the nucleus at anther stage 6 and onward. The bHLH010/bHLH089/bHLH091 proteins have strong nuclear localization signals, interact with DYT1, and facilitate the nuclear localization of DYT1. We further found that the conserved C-terminal BIF domain of DYT1 is required for its dimerization, nuclear localization, transcriptional activation activity, and function in anther development. Interestingly, when the BIF domain of DYT1 was replaced with that of bHLH010, the DYT1(N)-bHLH010(BIF) chimeric protein shows nuclear-preferential localization at anther stage 5 but could not fully rescue the dyt1-3 phenotype, suggesting that the normal spatio-temporal subcellular localization of DYT1 is important for DYT1 function and/or that the BIF domains from different bHLH members might be functionally distinct. Our results support an important positive feedback regulatory mechanism whereby downstream TFs increase the function of an upstream TF by enhancing its nucleus localization through the BIF domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chenjiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Engao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Center for Evolutionary Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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18
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Hronková M, Wiesnerová D, Šimková M, Skůpa P, Dewitte W, Vráblová M, Zažímalová E, Šantrůček J. Light-induced STOMAGEN-mediated stomatal development in Arabidopsis leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4621-30. [PMID: 26002974 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of stomata, microscopic valves in the epidermis of higher plants that control of gas exchange, requires a co-ordinated sequence of asymmetric and symmetric divisions, which is under tight environmental and developmental control. Arabidopsis leaves grown under elevated photosynthetic photon flux density have a higher density of stomata. STOMAGEN encodes an epidermal patterning factor produced in the mesophyll, and our observations indicated that elevated photosynthetic irradiation stimulates STOMAGEN expression. Our analysis of gain and loss of function of STOMAGEN further detailed its function as a positive regulator of stomatal formation on both sides of the leaf, not only in terms of stomatal density across the leaf surface but also in terms of their stomatal index. STOMAGEN function was rate limiting for the light response of the stomatal lineage in the adaxial epidermis. Mutants in pathways that regulate stomatal spacing in the epidermis and have elevated stomatal density, such as stomatal density and distribution (sdd1) and too many mouth alleles, displayed elevated STOMAGEN expression, suggesting that STOMAGEN is either under the direct control of these pathways or is indirectly affected by stomatal patterning, suggestive of a feedback mechanism. These observations support a model in which changes in levels of light irradiation are perceived in the mesophyll and control the production of stomata in the epidermis by mesophyll-produced STOMAGEN, and whereby, conversely, stomatal patterning, either directly or indirectly, influences STOMAGEN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hronková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Wiesnerová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Šimková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Martina Vráblová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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19
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Yuan F, Lyu MJA, Leng BY, Zheng GY, Feng ZT, Li PH, Zhu XG, Wang BS. Comparative transcriptome analysis of developmental stages of the Limonium bicolor leaf generates insights into salt gland differentiation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1637-57. [PMID: 25651944 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the expansion of saline land worldwide, it is essential to establish a model halophyte to study the salt-tolerance mechanism. The salt glands in the epidermis of Limonium bicolor (a recretohalophyte) play a pivotal role in salt tolerance by secreting excess salts from tissues. Despite the importance of salt secretion, nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms of salt gland development. In this study, we applied RNA sequencing to profile early leaf development using five distinct developmental stages, which were quantified by successive collections of the first true leaves of L. bicolor with precise spatial and temporal resolution. Specific gene expression patterns were identified for each developmental stage. In particular, we found that genes controlling salt gland differentiation in L. bicolor may evolve in a trichome formation, which was also confirmed by mutants with increased salt gland densities. Genes involved in the special ultrastructure of salt glands were also elucidated. Twenty-six genes were proposed to participate in salt gland differentiation. Our dataset sheds light on the molecular processes underpinning salt gland development and thus represents a first step towards the bioengineering of active salt-secretion capacity in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Ming-Ju Amy Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bing-Ying Leng
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Guang-Yong Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Feng
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Ping-Hua Li
- College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, China
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20
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Yang KZ, Jiang M, Wang M, Xue S, Zhu LL, Wang HZ, Zou JJ, Lee EK, Sack F, Le J. Phosphorylation of Serine 186 of bHLH Transcription Factor SPEECHLESS Promotes Stomatal Development in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:783-95. [PMID: 25680231 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of stomatal lineage and subsequent asymmetric divisions in Arabidopsis require the activity of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH). It has been shown that SPCH controls entry into the stomatal lineage as a substrate either of the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) cascade or GSK3-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2). Here we show that three serine residues of SPCH appear to be the primary phosphorylation targets of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases A;1 (CDKA;1) in vitro, and among them Serine 186 plays a crucial role in stomatal formation. Expression of an SPCH construct harboring a mutation that results in phosphorylation deficiencies on Serine 186 residue failed to rescue stomatal defects in spch null mutants. Expression of a phosphorylation-mimic mutant SPCH(S186D) complemented stomatal production defects in the transgenic lines harboring the targeted expression of dominant-negative CDKA;1.N146. Therefore, in addition to MAPK- and BIN2-mediated phosphorylation on SPCH, phosphorylation at Serine 186 is positively required for SPCH function in regulating stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fred Sack
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China.
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21
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Keerthisinghe S, Nadeau JA, Lucas JR, Nakagawa T, Sack FD. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase MUSTACHES enforces stomatal bilateral symmetry in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:684-94. [PMID: 25594156 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Stomata display a mirror-like symmetry that is adaptive for shoot/atmosphere gas exchange. This symmetry includes the facing guard cells around a lens-shaped and bilaterally symmetric pore, as well as radially arranged microtubule arrays that primarily originate at the pore and then grow outwards. Mutations in MUSTACHES (MUS), which encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, disrupt this symmetry, resulting in defects ranging from skewed pores and abnormally focused and depolarized radial microtubule arrays, to paired guard cells that face away from each other, or a severe loss of stomatal shape. Translational MUSproMUS:tripleGFP fusions are expressed in cell plates in most cells types in roots and shoots, and cytokinesis and cell plates are mostly normal in mus mutants. However, in guard mother cells, which divide and then form stomata, MUS expression is notably absent from new cell plates, and instead is peripherally located. These results are consistent with a role for MUS in enforcing wall building and cytoskeletal polarity at the centre of the developing stoma via signalling from the vicinity of the guard cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Keerthisinghe
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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22
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Smékalová V, Luptovčiak I, Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Doskočilová A, Takáč T, Vadovič P, Novák O, Pechan T, Ziemann A, Košútová P, Šamaj J. Involvement of YODA and mitogen activated protein kinase 6 in Arabidopsis post-embryogenic root development through auxin up-regulation and cell division plane orientation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1175-1193. [PMID: 24923680 PMCID: PMC4414326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of YODA MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE 4 (MAPKKK4) upstream of MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 6 (MPK6) was studied during post-embryonic root development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss- and gain-of-function mutants of YODA (yda1 and ΔNyda1) were characterized in terms of root patterning, endogenous auxin content and global proteomes. We surveyed morphological and cellular phenotypes of yda1 and ΔNyda1 mutants suggesting possible involvement of auxin. Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were up-regulated in both mutants. Proteomic analysis revealed up-regulation of auxin biosynthetic enzymes tryptophan synthase and nitrilases in these mutants. The expression, abundance and phosphorylation of MPK3, MPK6 and MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 65-1 (MAP65-1) were characterized by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses and interactions between MAP65-1, microtubules and MPK6 were resolved by quantitative co-localization studies and co-immunoprecipitations. yda1 and ΔNyda1 mutants showed disoriented cell divisions in primary and lateral roots, abortive cytokinesis, and differential subcellular localization of MPK6 and MAP65-1. They also showed deregulated expression of TANGLED1 (TAN1), PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN 1 (POK1), and GAMMA TUBULIN COMPLEX PROTEIN 4 (GCP4). The findings that MPK6 localized to preprophase bands (PPBs) and phragmoplasts while the mpk6-4 mutant transformed with MPK6AEF (alanine (A)-glutamic acid (E)-phenylanine (F)) showed a root phenotype similar to that of yda1 demonstrated that MPK6 is an important player downstream of YODA. These data indicate that YODA and MPK6 are involved in post-embryonic root development through an auxin-dependent mechanism regulating cell division and mitotic microtubule (PPB and phragmoplast) organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Smékalová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Luptovčiak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Metabolomics, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, 2 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Anja Ziemann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Košútová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Silva H, Sagardia S, Ortiz M, Franck N, Opazo M, Quiroz M, Baginsky C, Tapia C. Relationships between leaf anatomy, morphology, and water use efficiency in Aloe vera (L) Burm f. as a function of water availability. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-014-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Marmiroli N, Maestri E. Plant peptides in defense and signaling. Peptides 2014; 56:30-44. [PMID: 24681437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant peptides involved in defense against pathogen infection and those involved in the regulation of growth and development. Defense peptides, defensins, cyclotides and anti-microbial peptides are compared and contrasted. Signaling peptides are classified according to their major sites of activity. Finally, a network approach to creating an interactomic peptide map is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR LIKE5 Peptide Represses Stomatal Development by Inhibiting Meristemoid Maintenance inArabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee E, Lucas JR, Sack FD. Deep functional redundancy between FAMA and FOUR LIPS in stomatal development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:555-65. [PMID: 24571519 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional redundancy arises between gene paralogs as well as non-homologous genes that play a common role at a shared node. The bHLH transcription factor FAMA, along with the paralogous MYB genes, FOUR LIPS (FLP) and MYB88 all ensure that Arabidopsis stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity. Consistent with this function, FLP and FAMA exhibit the same expression pattern in which both translational GFP fusions emit fluorescence just before and after symmetric division; however, FAMA but not FLP is required to confer GC fate. Strikingly, swapping the genes and promoters of the FLP and FAMA genes results in the reciprocal complementation of respective loss-of-function mutants. Thus, an FLP transgene can restore GC fate to a fama mutant background. FAMA, FLP and the FLP paralog MYB88 were previously shown to influence higher order functions in stomatal development, including maintaining and stabilizing stomatal fate. Here we show that these overlapping functions are likely to also involve interactions between FLP and FAMA with the RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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McMichael CM, Reynolds GD, Koch LM, Wang C, Jiang N, Nadeau J, Sack FD, Gelderman MB, Pan J, Bednarek SY. Mediation of clathrin-dependent trafficking during cytokinesis and cell expansion by Arabidopsis stomatal cytokinesis defective proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3910-25. [PMID: 24179130 PMCID: PMC3877817 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal cytokinesis defective1 (SCD1) encodes a putative Rab guanine nucleotide exchange factor that functions in membrane trafficking and is required for cytokinesis and cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the loss of SCD2 function disrupts cytokinesis and cell expansion and impairs fertility, phenotypes similar to those observed for scd1 mutants. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that SCD1 function is dependent upon SCD2 and that together these proteins are required for plasma membrane internalization. Further specifying the role of these proteins in membrane trafficking, SCD1 and SCD2 proteins were found to be associated with isolated clathrin-coated vesicles and to colocalize with clathrin light chain at putative sites of endocytosis at the plasma membrane. Together, these data suggest that SCD1 and SCD2 function in clathrin-mediated membrane transport, including plasma membrane endocytosis, required for cytokinesis and cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. McMichael
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gregory D. Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lisa M. Koch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Jeanette Nadeau
- Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Fred D. Sack
- Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Max B. Gelderman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Sebastian Y. Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Address correspondence to
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Rudall PJ, Knowles EVW. Ultrastructure of stomatal development in early-divergent angiosperms reveals contrasting patterning and pre-patterning. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1031-43. [PMID: 23969762 PMCID: PMC3783234 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Angiosperm stomata consistently possess a pair of guard cells, but differ between taxa in the patterning and developmental origin of neighbour cells. Developmental studies of phylogenetically pivotal taxa are essential as comparative yardsticks for understanding the evolution of stomatal development. METHODS We present a novel ultrastructural study of developing stomata in leaves of Amborella (Amborellales), Nymphaea and Cabomba (Nymphaeales), and Austrobaileya and Schisandra (Austrobaileyales), representing the three earliest-divergent lineages of extant angiosperms (the ANITA-grade). KEY RESULTS Alternative developmental pathways occur in early-divergent angiosperms, resulting partly from differences in pre-patterning and partly from the presence or absence of highly polarized (asymmetric) mitoses in the stomatal cell lineage. Amplifying divisions are absent from ANITA-grade taxa, indicating that ostensible similarities with the stomatal patterning of Arabidopsis are superficial. In Amborella, 'squared' pre-patterning occurs in intercostal regions, with groups of four protodermal cells typically arranged in a rectangle; most guard-mother cells are formed by asymmetric division of a precursor cell (the mesoperigenous condition) and are typically triangular or trapezoidal. In contrast, water-lily stomata are always perigenous (lacking asymmetric divisions). Austrobaileya has occasional 'giant' stomata. CONCLUSIONS Similar mature stomatal phenotypes can result from contrasting morphogenetic factors, although the results suggest that paracytic stomata are invariably the product of at least one asymmetric division. Loss of asymmetric divisions in stomatal development could be a significant factor in land plant evolution, with implications for the diversity of key structural and physiological pathways.
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Genetic authentication by RFLP versus ARMS? The case of Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jewaria PK, Hara T, Tanaka H, Kondo T, Betsuyaku S, Sawa S, Sakagami Y, Aimoto S, Kakimoto T. Differential effects of the peptides Stomagen, EPF1 and EPF2 on activation of MAP kinase MPK6 and the SPCH protein level. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1253-62. [PMID: 23686240 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The positioning and density of leaf stomata are regulated by three secretory peptides, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 1 (EPF1), EPF2 and stomagen. Several lines of published evidence have suggested a regulatory pathway as follows. EPF1 and EPF2 are perceived by receptor complexes consisting of a receptor-like protein, TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM), and receptor kinases, ERECTA (ER), ERECTA-LIKE (ERL) 1 and ERL2. These receptors activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase module. MAP kinases phosphorylate and destabilize the transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH), resulting in a decrease in the number of stomatal lineage cells. Stomagen acts antagonistically to EPF1 and EPF2. However, there is no direct evidence that EPF1 and EPF2 activate or that stomagen inactivates the MAP kinase cascade, through which they might regulate the SPCH level. Experimental modulation of these peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana would change the number of stomatal lineage cells in developing leaves, which in turn would change the expression of SPCH, making the interpretation difficult. Here we reconstructed this signaling pathway in differentiated leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana to examine signaling without the confounding effect of cell type change. We show that EPF1 and EPF2 are able to activate the MAP kinase MPK6, and that both EPF1 and EPF2 are able to decrease the SPCH level, whereas stomagen is able to increase it. Our data also suggest that EPF1 can be recognized by TMM together with any ER family receptor kinase, whereas EPF2 can be recognized by TMM together with ERL1 or ERL2, but not by TMM together with ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Jewaria
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Fambrini M, Pugliesi C. Usual and unusual development of the dicot leaf: involvement of transcription factors and hormones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:899-922. [PMID: 23549933 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Morphological diversity exhibited by higher plants is essentially related to the tremendous variation of leaf shape. With few exceptions, leaf primordia are initiated postembryonically at the flanks of a group of undifferentiated and proliferative cells within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in characteristic position for the species and in a regular phyllotactic sequence. Auxin is critical for this process, because genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are required for leaf initiation. Down-regulation of transcription factors (TFs) and cytokinins are also involved in the light-dependent leaf initiation pathway. Furthermore, mechanical stresses in SAM determine the direction of cell division and profoundly influence leaf initiation suggesting a link between physical forces, gene regulatory networks and biochemical gradients. After the leaf is initiated, its further growth depends on cell division and cell expansion. Temporal and spatial regulation of these processes determines the size and the shape of the leaf, as well as the internal structure. A complex array of intrinsic signals, including phytohormones and TFs control the appropriate cell proliferation and differentiation to elaborate the final shape and complexity of the leaf. Here, we highlight the main determinants involved in leaf initiation, epidermal patterning, and elaboration of lamina shape to generate small marginal serrations, more deep lobes or a dissected compound leaf. We also outline recent advances in our knowledge of regulatory networks involved with the unusual pattern of leaf development in epiphyllous plants as well as leaf morphology aberrations, such as galls after pathogenic attacks of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fambrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Ambientali e Agro-alimentari, Università di Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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32
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Daszkowska-Golec A, Szarejko I. Open or close the gate - stomata action under the control of phytohormones in drought stress conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:138. [PMID: 23717320 PMCID: PMC3652521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two highly specialized cells, the guard cells that surround the stomatal pore, are able to integrate environmental and endogenous signals in order to control the stomatal aperture and thereby the gas exchange. The uptake of CO2 is associated with a loss of water by leaves. Control of the size of the stomatal aperture optimizes the efficiency of water use through dynamic changes in the turgor of the guard cells. The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by the integration of environmental signals and endogenous hormonal stimuli. The various different factors to which the guard cells respond translates into the complexity of the network of signaling pathways that control stomatal movements. The perception of an abiotic stress triggers the activation of signal transduction cascades that interact with or are activated by phytohormones. Among these, abscisic acid (ABA), is the best-known stress hormone that closes the stomata, although other phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, or ethylene are also involved in the stomatal response to stresses. As a part of the drought response, ABA may interact with jasmonic acid and nitric oxide in order to stimulate stomatal closure. In addition, the regulation of gene expression in response to ABA involves genes that are related to ethylene, cytokinins, and auxin signaling. In this paper, recent findings on phytohormone crosstalk, changes in signaling pathways including the expression of specific genes and their impact on modulating stress response through the closing or opening of stomata, together with the highlights of gaps that need to be elucidated in the signaling network of stomatal regulation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
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Tsuji J, Coe L. Theglabra1mutation affects the stomatal patterning ofArabidopsis thalianarosette leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1893/0005-3155-84.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Pre-meiotic endomitosis in the cytokinesis-defective tomato mutant pmcd1 generates tetraploid meiocytes and diploid gametes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2345-58. [PMID: 23580753 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual polyploidization through the formation and functioning of 2n gametes is considered a major route for plant speciation and diversification. The cellular mechanism underlying 2n gamete formation mostly involves a restitution of the meiotic cell cycle, generating dyads and triads instead of tetrad meiotic end-products. As an alternative mechanism, the tomato mutant pmcd1 (for pre-meiotic cytokinesis defect 1), which generates diploid gametes through the ectopic induction of pre-meiotic endomitosis, is presented here. Using cytological approaches, it is demonstrated that male pmcd1 meiocyte initials exhibit clear alterations in cell cycle progression and cell plate formation, and consequently form syncytial cells that display different grades of cellular and/or nuclear fusion. In addition, it was found that other somatic tissue types (e.g. cotyledons and petals) also display occasional defects in cell wall formation and exhibit alterations in callose deposition, indicating that pmcd1 has a general defect in cell plate formation, most probably caused by alterations in callose biosynthesis. In a broader perspective, these findings demonstrate that defects in cytokinesis and cell plate formation may constitute a putative route for diplogamete formation and sexual polyploidization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico De Storme
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Torii KU. Mix-and-match: ligand-receptor pairs in stomatal development and beyond. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:711-9. [PMID: 22819466 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are small valves on the plant epidermis balancing gas exchange and water loss. Stomata are formed according to positional cues. In Arabidopsis, two EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides, EPF1 and EPF2, are secreted from stomatal precursors enforcing proper stomatal patterning. Here, I review recent studies revealing the ligand-receptor pairs and revising the previously predicted relations between receptors specifying stomatal patterning: ERECTA-family and TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM). Furthermore, EPF-LIKE9 (EPFL9/Stomagen) promotes stomatal differentiation from internal tissues. Two EPFL peptides specify inflorescence architecture, a process beyond stomatal development, as ligands for ERECTA. Thus, broadly expressed receptor kinases may regulate multiple developmental processes through perceiving different peptide ligands, each with a specialized expression pattern. TMM in the epidermis may fine-tune multiple EPF/EPFL signals to prevent signal interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko U Torii
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Zhang H, Gao Z, Zheng X, Zhang Z. The role of G-proteins in plant immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1284-8. [PMID: 22895102 PMCID: PMC3493415 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins play an important regulatory role in multiple physiological processes, including the plant immune response, and substantial progress has been made in elucidating the G-protein-mediated defense-signaling network. This mini-review discusses the importance of G-proteins in plant immunity. We also provide an overview of how G-proteins affect plant cell death and stomatal movement. Our recent studies demonstrated that G-proteins are involved in signal transduction and induction of stomatal closure and defense responses. We also discuss future directions for G-protein signaling studies involving plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects; Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects; Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology; College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects; Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing, China
- Correspondence to: Zhengguang Zhang,
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Staff L, Hurd P, Reale L, Seoighe C, Rockwood A, Gehring C. The hidden geometries of the Arabidopsis thaliana epidermis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43546. [PMID: 22984433 PMCID: PMC3439452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for the discovery of mathematical principles that underlie biological phenomena is ancient and ongoing. We present a geometric analysis of the complex interdigitated pavement cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana (Col.) adaxial epidermis with a view to discovering some geometric characteristics that may govern the formation of this tissue. More than 2,400 pavement cells from 10, 17 and 24 day old leaves were analyzed. These interdigitated cells revealed a number of geometric properties that remained constant across the three age groups. In particular, the number of digits per cell rarely exceeded 15, irrespective of cell area. Digit numbers per 100 µm(2) cell area reduce with age and as cell area increases, suggesting early developmental programming of digits. Cell shape proportions as defined by length:width ratios were highly conserved over time independent of the size and, interestingly, both the mean and the medians were close to the golden ratio 1.618034. With maturity, the cell area:perimeter ratios increased from a mean of 2.0 to 2.4. Shape properties as defined by the medial axis transform (MAT) were calculated and revealed that branch points along the MAT typically comprise one large and two small angles. These showed consistency across the developmental stages considered here at 140° (± 5°) for the largest angles and 110° (± 5°) for the smaller angles. Voronoi diagram analyses of stomatal center coordinates revealed that giant pavement cells (≥ 500 µm(2)) tend to be arranged along Voronoi boundaries suggesting that they could function as a scaffold of the epidermis. In addition, we propose that pavement cells have a role in spacing and positioning of the stomata in the growing leaf and that they do so by growing within the limits of a set of 'geometrical rules'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Staff
- Geometric Modeling and Scientific Visualization Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Patricia Hurd
- Geometric Modeling and Scientific Visualization Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lara Reale
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cathal Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alyn Rockwood
- Geometric Modeling and Scientific Visualization Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Chemistry, Life Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Murphy E, Smith S, De Smet I. Small signaling peptides in Arabidopsis development: how cells communicate over a short distance. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3198-217. [PMID: 22932676 PMCID: PMC3462626 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.099010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To sustain plants' postembryonic growth and development in a structure of cells fixed in cell walls, a tightly controlled short distance cell-cell communication is required. The focus on phytohormones, such as auxin, has historically overshadowed the importance of small peptide signals, but it is becoming clear that secreted peptide signals are important in cell-cell communication to coordinate and integrate cellular functions. However, of the more than 1000 potential secreted peptides, so far only very few have been functionally characterized or matched to a receptor. Here, we will describe our current knowledge on how small peptide signals can be identified, how they are modified and processed, which roles they play in Arabidopsis thaliana development, and through which receptors they act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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Tricker PJ, Gibbings JG, Rodríguez López CM, Hadley P, Wilkinson MJ. Low relative humidity triggers RNA-directed de novo DNA methylation and suppression of genes controlling stomatal development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3799-813. [PMID: 22442411 PMCID: PMC3733579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues influence the development of stomata on the leaf epidermis, and allow plants to exert plasticity in leaf stomatal abundance in response to the prevailing growing conditions. It is reported that Arabidopsis thaliana 'Landsberg erecta' plants grown under low relative humidity have a reduced stomatal index and that two genes in the stomatal development pathway, SPEECHLESS and FAMA, become de novo cytosine methylated and transcriptionally repressed. These environmentally-induced epigenetic responses were abolished in mutants lacking the capacity for de novo DNA methylation, for the maintenance of CG methylation, and in mutants for the production of short-interfering non-coding RNAs (siRNAs) in the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. Induction of methylation was quantitatively related to the induction of local siRNAs under low relative humidity. Our results indicate the involvement of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene suppression at these loci in response to environmental stress. Thus, in a physiologically important pathway, a targeted epigenetic response to a specific environmental stress is reported and several of its molecular, mechanistic components are described, providing a tractable platform for future epigenetics experiments. Our findings suggest epigenetic regulation of stomatal development that allows for anatomical and phenotypic plasticity, and may help to explain at least some of the plant's resilience to fluctuating relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny J. Tricker
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
| | - J. George Gibbings
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
| | - Carlos M. Rodríguez López
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Paul Hadley
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
| | - Mike J. Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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40
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Ploidy and Hybridity Effects on Growth Vigor and Gene Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Hybrids and Their Parents. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:505-13. [PMID: 22540042 PMCID: PMC3337479 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.002162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both ploidy and hybridity affect cell size and growth vigor in plants and animals, but the relative effects of genome dosage and hybridization on biomass, fitness, and gene expression changes have not been systematically examined. Here we performed the first comparative analysis of seed, cell, and flower sizes, starch and chlorophyll content, biomass, and gene expression changes in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid hybrids and their respective parents in three Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes: Columbia, C24, and Landsberg erecta (Ler). Ploidy affects many morphological and fitness traits, including stomatal size, flower size, and seed weight, whereas hybridization between the ecotypes leads to altered expression of central circadian clock genes and increased starch and chlorophyll content, biomass, and seed weight. However, varying ploidy levels has subtle effects on biomass, circadian clock gene expression, and chlorophyll and starch content. Interestingly, biomass, starch content, and seed weight are significantly different between the reciprocal hybrids at all ploidy levels tested, with the lowest and highest levels found in the reciprocal triploid hybrids, suggesting parent-of-origin effects on biomass, starch content, and seed weight. These findings provide new insights into molecular events of polyploidy and heterosis, as well as complex agronomic traits that are important to biomass and seed production in hybrid and polyploid crops.
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Yang J, Isabel Ordiz M, Jaworski JG, Beachy RN. Induced accumulation of cuticular waxes enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by changes in development of stomata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:1448-55. [PMID: 22078383 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are involved in the regulation of the exchange of gases and water in plants and can impact tolerance to drought. However, the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between wax accumulation and drought tolerance are largely unknown. We applied the methoxyfenozide gene switching system to regulate expression of the WIN1/SHN1 gene (WAX INDUCER 1/SHINE1; At1G15360), a transcriptional activator, to regulate production of cuticular waxes and cutin and followed changes of gene expression, metabolites, and drought tolerance. Treatment with the inducer resulted in expression of the target gene and specific downstream genes, and gradually increased cuticular waxes. Induction of cuticular wax conferred tolerance to drought and recovery from drought, and was correlated with reduced numbers of stomata. Quantitative RT-PCR assays using RNAs from transgenic plants revealed that when expression of the WIN1/SHN1 gene was induced there was increased expression of genes involved in wax development, and reduced expression of selected genes, including SPCH (At5g53210); MUTE (At3g06120); and FAMA (At3g241400); and YODA (At1g63700), each of which is involved in stomatal development. These studies suggest that drought tolerance caused by the induction of WIN1/SHIN gene may be due to reduced numbers of stomata as well as to cuticular wax accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemo Yang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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42
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Iwata E, Ikeda S, Matsunaga S, Kurata M, Yoshioka Y, Criqui MC, Genschik P, Ito M. GIGAS CELL1, a novel negative regulator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, is required for proper mitotic progression and cell fate determination in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:4382-93. [PMID: 22167058 PMCID: PMC3269872 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.092049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased cellular ploidy is widespread during developmental processes of multicellular organisms, especially in plants. Elevated ploidy levels are typically achieved either by endoreplication or endomitosis, which are often regarded as modified cell cycles that lack an M phase either entirely or partially. We identified GIGAS CELL1 (GIG1)/OMISSION OF SECOND DIVISION1 (OSD1) and established that mutation of this gene triggered ectopic endomitosis. On the other hand, it has been reported that a paralog of GIG1/OSD1, UV-INSENSITIVE4 (UVI4), negatively regulates endoreplication onset in Arabidopsis thaliana. We showed that GIG1/OSD1 and UVI4 encode novel plant-specific inhibitors of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase. These proteins physically interact with APC/C activators, CDC20/FZY and CDH1/FZR, in yeast two-hybrid assays. Overexpression of CDC20.1 and CCS52B/FZR3 differentially promoted ectopic endomitosis in gig1/osd1 and premature occurrence of endoreplication in uvi4. Our data suggest that GIG1/OSD1 and UVI4 may prevent an unscheduled increase in cellular ploidy by preferentially inhibiting APC/C(CDC20) and APC/C(FZR), respectively. Generation of cells with a mixed identity in gig1/osd1 further suggested that the APC/C may have an unexpected role for cell fate determination in addition to its role for proper mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Iwata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Saki Ikeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Kurata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshioka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Marie-Claire Criqui
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Delgado D, Alonso-Blanco C, Fenoll C, Mena M. Natural variation in stomatal abundance of Arabidopsis thaliana includes cryptic diversity for different developmental processes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1247-58. [PMID: 21447490 PMCID: PMC3101138 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current understanding of stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana is based on mutations producing aberrant, often lethal phenotypes. The aim was to discover if naturally occurring viable phenotypes would be useful for studying stomatal development in a species that enables further molecular analysis. METHODS Natural variation in stomatal abundance of A. thaliana was explored in two collections comprising 62 wild accessions by surveying adaxial epidermal cell-type proportion (stomatal index) and density (stomatal and pavement cell density) traits in cotyledons and first leaves. Organ size variation was studied in a subset of accessions. For all traits, maternal effects derived from different laboratory environments were evaluated. In four selected accessions, distinct stomatal initiation processes were quantitatively analysed. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Substantial genetic variation was found for all six stomatal abundance-related traits, which were weakly or not affected by laboratory maternal environments. Correlation analyses revealed overall relationships among all traits. Within each organ, stomatal density highly correlated with the other traits, suggesting common genetic bases. Each trait correlated between organs, supporting supra-organ control of stomatal abundance. Clustering analyses identified accessions with uncommon phenotypic patterns, suggesting differences among genetic programmes controlling the various traits. Variation was also found in organ size, which negatively correlated with cell densities in both organs and with stomatal index in the cotyledon. Relative proportions of primary and satellite lineages varied among the accessions analysed, indicating that distinct developmental components contribute to natural diversity in stomatal abundance. Accessions with similar stomatal indices showed different lineage class ratios, revealing hidden developmental phenotypes and showing that genetic determinants of primary and satellite lineage initiation combine in several ways. This first systematic, comprehensive natural variation survey for stomatal abundance in A. thaliana reveals cryptic developmental genetic variation, and provides relevant relationships amongst stomatal traits and extreme or uncommon accessions as resources for the genetic dissection of stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071-Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071-Toledo, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071-Toledo, Spain
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44
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Shimada T, Sugano SS, Hara-Nishimura I. Positive and negative peptide signals control stomatal density. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2081-8. [PMID: 21509541 PMCID: PMC11114932 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The stoma is a micro valve found on aerial plant organs that promotes gas exchange between the atmosphere and the plant body. Each stoma is formed by a strict cell lineage during the early stages of leaf development. Molecular genetics research using the model plant Arabidopsis has revealed the genes involved in stomatal differentiation. Cysteine-rich secretory peptides of the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family play crucial roles as extracellular signaling factors. Stomatal development is orchestrated by the positive factor STOMAGEN/EPFL9 and the negative factors EPF1, EPF2, and CHALLAH/EPFL6 in combination with multiple receptors. EPF1 and EPF2 are produced in the stomatal lineage cells of the epidermis, whereas STOMAGEN and CHALLAH are derived from the inner tissues. These findings highlight the complex cell-to-cell and intertissue communications that regulate stomatal development. To optimize gas exchange, particularly the balance between the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and loss of water, plants control stomatal activity in response to environmental conditions. The CO(2) level and light intensity influence stomatal density. Plants sense environmental cues in mature leaves and adjust the stomatal density of newly forming leaves, indicating the involvement of long-distance systemic signaling. This review summarizes recent research progress in the peptide signaling of stomatal development and discusses the evolutionary model of the signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Shimada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shigeo S. Sugano
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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Wang J, Sun PP, Chen CL, Wang Y, Fu XZ, Liu JH. An arginine decarboxylase gene PtADC from Poncirus trifoliata confers abiotic stress tolerance and promotes primary root growth in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2899-914. [PMID: 21282323 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is an important enzyme responsible for polyamine synthesis under stress conditions. In this study, the gene encoding ADC in Poncirus trifoliata (PtADC) was isolated and it existed as a single-copy member. Transcript levels of PtADC were up-regulated by low temperature and dehydration. Overexpression of PtADC in an Arabidopsis thaliana ADC mutant adc1-1 promoted putrescine synthesis in the transgenic line and the stomatal density was reverted to that in the wild type. The transgenic line showed enhanced resistance to high osmoticum, dehydration, long-term drought, and cold stress compared with the wild type and the mutant. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the transgenic line was appreciably decreased under the stresses, but ROS scavenging capacity was compromised when the transgenic plants were treated with the ADC inhibitor D-arginine prior to stress treatment. In addition, the transgenic line had longer roots than the wild type and the mutant under both normal and stressful conditions, consistent with larger cell number and length of the root meristematic zone. Taken together, these results demonstrated that PtADC is involved in tolerance to multiple stresses, and its function may be due, at least partly, to efficient ROS elimination and to its influence on root growth conducive to drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Feller A, Machemer K, Braun EL, Grotewold E. Evolutionary and comparative analysis of MYB and bHLH plant transcription factors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:94-116. [PMID: 21443626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of gene families encoding regulatory proteins is typically associated with the increase in complexity characteristic of multi-cellular organisms. The MYB and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) families provide excellent examples of how gene duplication and divergence within particular groups of transcription factors are associated with, if not driven by, the morphological and metabolic diversity that characterize the higher plants. These gene families expanded dramatically in higher plants; for example, there are approximately 339 and 162 MYB and bHLH genes, respectively, in Arabidopsis, and approximately 230 and 111, respectively, in rice. In contrast, the Chlamydomonas genome has only 38 MYB genes and eight bHLH genes. In this review, we compare the MYB and bHLH gene families from structural, evolutionary and functional perspectives. The knowledge acquired on the role of many of these factors in Arabidopsis provides an excellent reference to explore sequence-function relationships in crops and other plants. The physical interaction and regulatory synergy between particular sub-classes of MYB and bHLH factors is perhaps one of the best examples of combinatorial plant gene regulation. However, members of the MYB and bHLH families also interact with a number of other regulatory proteins, forming complexes that either activate or repress the expression of sets of target genes that are increasingly being identified through a diversity of high-throughput genomic approaches. The next few years are likely to witness an increasing understanding of the extent to which conserved transcription factors participate at similar positions in gene regulatory networks across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Feller
- Plant Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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47
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Hachez C, Ohashi-Ito K, Dong J, Bergmann DC. Differentiation of Arabidopsis guard cells: analysis of the networks incorporating the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, FAMA. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1458-72. [PMID: 21245191 PMCID: PMC3046599 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.167718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all extant land plants possess stomata, the epidermal structures that mediate gas exchange between the plant and the environment. The developmental pathways, cell division patterns, and molecules employed in the generation of these structures are simple examples of processes used in many developmental contexts. One specific module is a set of "master regulator" basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate individual consecutive steps in stomatal development. Here, we profile transcriptional changes in response to inducible expression of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FAMA, a basic helix-loop-helix protein whose actions during the final stage in stomatal development regulate both cell division and cell fate. Genes identified by microarray and candidate approaches were then further analyzed to test specific hypothesis about the activity of FAMA, the shape of its regulatory network, and to create a new set of stomata-specific or stomata-enriched reporters.
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48
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Javelle M, Vernoud V, Rogowsky PM, Ingram GC. Epidermis: the formation and functions of a fundamental plant tissue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:17-39. [PMID: 21054411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidermis differentiation and maintenance are essential for plant survival. Constant cross-talk between epidermal cells and their immediate environment is at the heart of epidermal cell fate, and regulates epidermis-specific transcription factors. These factors in turn direct epidermal differentiation involving a whole array of epidermis-specific pathways including specialized lipid metabolism necessary to build the protective cuticle layer. An intact epidermis is crucial for certain key processes in plant development, shoot growth and plant defence. Here, we discuss the control of epidermal cell fate and the function of the epidermal cell layer in the light of recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Javelle
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR 5667, ENS/CNRS/INRA/Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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49
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Umbrasaite J, Schweighofer A, Kazanaviciute V, Magyar Z, Ayatollahi Z, Unterwurzacher V, Choopayak C, Boniecka J, Murray JAH, Bogre L, Meskiene I. MAPK phosphatase AP2C3 induces ectopic proliferation of epidermal cells leading to stomata development in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15357. [PMID: 21203456 PMCID: PMC3009721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant post-embryonic epidermis mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling promotes differentiation of pavement cells and inhibits initiation of stomata. Stomata are cells specialized to modulate gas exchange and water loss. Arabidopsis MAPKs MPK3 and MPK6 are at the core of the signaling cascade; however, it is not well understood how the activity of these pleiotropic MAPKs is constrained spatially so that pavement cell differentiation is promoted only outside the stomata lineage. Here we identified a PP2C-type phosphatase termed AP2C3 (Arabidopsis protein phosphatase 2C) that is expressed distinctively during stomata development as well as interacts and inactivates MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. AP2C3 co-localizes with MAPKs within the nucleus and this localization depends on its N-terminal extension. We show that other closely related phosphatases AP2C2 and AP2C4 are also MAPK phosphatases acting on MPK6, but have a distinct expression pattern from AP2C3. In accordance with this, only AP2C3 ectopic expression is able to stimulate cell proliferation leading to excess stomata development. This function of AP2C3 relies on the domains required for MAPK docking and intracellular localization. Concomitantly, the constitutive and inducible AP2C3 expression deregulates E2F-RB pathway, promotes the abundance and activity of CDKA, as well as changes of CDKB1;1 forms. We suggest that AP2C3 downregulates the MAPK signaling activity to help maintain the balance between differentiation of stomata and pavement cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Umbrasaite
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Schweighofer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vaiva Kazanaviciute
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zoltan Magyar
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zahra Ayatollahi
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Chonnanit Choopayak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Justyna Boniecka
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James A. H. Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laszlo Bogre
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Irute Meskiene
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania
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50
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Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. The role of vacuolar processing enzymes in plant immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1565-7. [PMID: 21139432 PMCID: PMC3115104 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play important roles in plant innate immunity. In this mini-review, we describe the current view on the role of a plant protease, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), and the first identified plant caspase-1-like protein, in plant immunity. In the past several years, VPEs were determined to play important roles in various types of cell death in plants. Early studies demonstrated the identification of VPE as a vacuolar hydrolytic protein responsible for maturation of vacuolar proteins. Later, Nicotiana benthamiana VPE was reported to mediate virus-induced hypersensitive response by regulating membrane collapse. The ortholog of VPE in Arabidopsis is also suggested to be involved in both mycotoxin-induced cell death and developmental cell death. However, the role of VPE in elicitor-signaling is still unclear. Our recent studies demonstrated the involvement of VPE in elicitor signal transduction to induce stomatal closure and defense responses, including defense gene expression and hypersensitive cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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