1
|
Krämer U. Metal Homeostasis in Land Plants: A Perpetual Balancing Act Beyond the Fulfilment of Metalloproteome Cofactor Demands. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:27-65. [PMID: 38277698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
One of life's decisive innovations was to harness the catalytic power of metals for cellular chemistry. With life's expansion, global atmospheric and biogeochemical cycles underwent dramatic changes. Although initially harmful, they permitted the evolution of multicellularity and the colonization of land. In land plants as primary producers, metal homeostasis faces heightened demands, in part because soil is a challenging environment for nutrient balancing. To avoid both nutrient metal limitation and metal toxicity, plants must maintain the homeostasis of metals within tighter limits than the homeostasis of other minerals. This review describes the present model of protein metalation and sketches its transfer from unicellular organisms to land plants as complex multicellular organisms. The inseparable connection between metal and redox homeostasis increasingly draws our attention to more general regulatory roles of metals. Mineral co-option, the use of nutrient or other metals for functions other than nutrition, is an emerging concept beyond that of nutritional immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Krämer
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhakypbek Y, Kossalbayev BD, Belkozhayev AM, Murat T, Tursbekov S, Abdalimov E, Pashkovskiy P, Kreslavski V, Kuznetsov V, Allakhverdiev SI. Reducing Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Water Using Phytoremediation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1534. [PMID: 38891342 PMCID: PMC11174537 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The increase in industrialization has led to an exponential increase in heavy metal (HM) soil contamination, which poses a serious threat to public health and ecosystem stability. This review emphasizes the urgent need to develop innovative technologies for the environmental remediation of intensive anthropogenic pollution. Phytoremediation is a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the detoxification of contaminated soils using various plant species. This review discusses in detail the basic principles of phytoremediation and emphasizes its ecological advantages over other methods for cleaning contaminated areas and its technical viability. Much attention has been given to the selection of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation that can grow on heavy metal-contaminated soils, and the biochemical mechanisms that allow these plants to isolate, detoxify, and accumulate heavy metals are discussed in detail. The novelty of our study lies in reviewing the mechanisms of plant-microorganism interactions that greatly enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation as well as in discussing genetic modifications that could revolutionize the cleanup of contaminated soils. Moreover, this manuscript discusses potential applications of phytoremediation beyond soil detoxification, including its role in bioenergy production and biodiversity restoration in degraded habitats. This review concludes by listing the serious problems that result from anthropogenic environmental pollution that future generations still need to overcome and suggests promising research directions in which the integration of nano- and biotechnology will play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of phytoremediation. These contributions are critical for environmental scientists, policy makers, and practitioners seeking to utilize phytoremediation to maintain the ecological stability of the environment and its restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yryszhan Zhakypbek
- Department of Mine Surveying and Geodesy, Institute Mining and Metallurgical Institute named after O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (S.T.); (E.A.)
| | - Bekzhan D. Kossalbayev
- Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan;
| | - Ayaz M. Belkozhayev
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan;
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Toktar Murat
- Department of Agronomy and Forestry, Faculty of Agrotechnology, Kozybayev University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Soil Ecology, Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry named after U.U. Uspanov, Al-Farabi Ave. 75, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Tursbekov
- Department of Mine Surveying and Geodesy, Institute Mining and Metallurgical Institute named after O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (S.T.); (E.A.)
| | - Elaman Abdalimov
- Department of Mine Surveying and Geodesy, Institute Mining and Metallurgical Institute named after O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (S.T.); (E.A.)
| | - Pavel Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; (V.K.); (S.I.A.)
| | - Vladimir Kreslavski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; (V.K.); (S.I.A.)
| | - Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; (V.K.); (S.I.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran KN, Pantha P, Wang G, Kumar N, Wijesinghege C, Oh DH, Wimalagunasekara S, Duppen N, Li H, Hong H, Johnson JC, Kelt R, Matherne MG, Nguyen TT, Garcia JR, Clement A, Tran D, Crain C, Adhikari P, Zhang Y, Foroozani M, Sessa G, Larkin JC, Smith AP, Longstreth D, Finnegan P, Testerink C, Barak S, Dassanayake M. Balancing growth amidst salt stress - lifestyle perspectives from the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:921-941. [PMID: 37609706 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Schrenkiella parvula, a leading extremophyte model in Brassicaceae, can grow and complete its lifecycle under multiple environmental stresses, including high salinity. Yet, the key physiological and structural traits underlying its stress-adapted lifestyle are unknown along with trade-offs when surviving salt stress at the expense of growth and reproduction. We aimed to identify the influential adaptive trait responses that lead to stress-resilient and uncompromised growth across developmental stages when treated with salt at levels known to inhibit growth in Arabidopsis and most crops. Its resilient growth was promoted by traits that synergistically allowed primary root growth in seedlings, the expansion of xylem vessels across the root-shoot continuum, and a high capacity to maintain tissue water levels by developing thicker succulent leaves while enabling photosynthesis during salt stress. A successful transition from vegetative to reproductive phase was initiated by salt-induced early flowering, resulting in viable seeds. Self-fertilization in salt-induced early flowering was dependent upon filament elongation in flowers otherwise aborted in the absence of salt during comparable plant ages. The maintenance of leaf water status promoting growth, and early flowering to ensure reproductive success in a changing environment, were among the most influential traits that contributed to the extremophytic lifestyle of S. parvula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieu-Nga Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Pramod Pantha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Narender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Chathura Wijesinghege
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Dong-Ha Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Samadhi Wimalagunasekara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Nick Duppen
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer Campus, Beersheba, 8499000, Israel
| | - Hongfei Li
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hyewon Hong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - John C Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Ross Kelt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Megan G Matherne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Thu T Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Jason R Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Ashley Clement
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - David Tran
- Department of Biochemistry & Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA
| | - Colt Crain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
- Louisiana School for Math, Science and the Arts, Natchitoches, Louisiana, 71457, USA
| | - Prava Adhikari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Foroozani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Aaron P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - David Longstreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Patrick Finnegan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Barak
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer Campus, Beersheba, 8499000, Israel
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fedenko VS, Landi M, Shemet SA. Metallophenolomics: A Novel Integrated Approach to Study Complexation of Plant Phenolics with Metal/Metalloid Ions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911370. [PMID: 36232672 PMCID: PMC9570091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant adaptive strategies have been shaped during evolutionary development in the constant interaction with a plethora of environmental factors, including the presence of metals/metalloids in the environment. Among adaptive reactions against either the excess of trace elements or toxic doses of non-essential elements, their complexation with molecular endogenous ligands, including phenolics, has received increasing attention. Currently, the complexation of phenolics with metal(loid)s is a topic of intensive studies in different scientific fields. In spite of the numerous studies on their chelating capacity, the systemic analysis of phenolics as plant ligands has not been performed yet. Such a systematizing can be performed based on the modern approach of metallomics as an integral biometal science, which in turn has been differentiated into subgroups according to the nature of the bioligands. In this regard, the present review summarizes phenolics–metal(loid)s’ interactions using the metallomic approach. Experimental results on the chelating activity of representative compounds from different phenolic subgroups in vitro and in vivo are systematized. General properties of phenolic ligands and specific properties of anthocyanins are revealed. The novel concept of metallophenolomics is proposed, as a ligand-oriented subgroup of metallomics, which is an integrated approach to study phenolics–metal(loid)s’ complexations. The research subjects of metallophenolomics are outlined according to the methodology of metallomic studies, including mission-oriented biometal sciences (environmental sciences, food sciences and nutrition, medicine, cosmetology, coloration technologies, chemical sciences, material sciences, solar cell sciences). Metallophenolomics opens new prospects to unite multidisciplinary investigations of phenolic–metal(loid) interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr S. Fedenko
- Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, 72 Gagarin Avenue, 49010 Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2216620
| | - Sergiy A. Shemet
- Ukrainian Association for Haemophilia and Haemostasis “Factor D”, Topola-3, 20/2/81, 49041 Dnipro, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clemens S. The cell biology of zinc. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1688-1698. [PMID: 34727160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 10% of all plant proteins belong to the zinc (Zn) proteome. They require Zn either for catalysis or as a structural element. Most of the protein-bound Zn in eukaryotic cells is found in the cytosol. The fundamental differences between transition metal cations in the stability of their complexes with organic ligands, as described by the Irving-Williams series, necessitate buffering of cytosolic Zn (the 'free Zn' pool) in the picomolar range (i.e. ~6 orders of magnitude lower than the total cellular concentration). Various metabolites and peptides, including nicotianamine, glutathione, and phytochelatins, serve as Zn buffers. They are hypothesized to supply Zn to enzymes, transporters, or the recently identified sensor proteins. Zn2+ acquisition is mediated by ZRT/IRT-like proteins. Metal tolerance proteins transport Zn2+ into vacuoles and the endoplasmic reticulum, the major Zn storage sites. Heavy metal ATPase-dependent efflux of Zn2+ is another mechanism to control cytosolic Zn. Spatially controlled Zn2+ influx or release from intracellular stores would result in dynamic modulation of cellular Zn pools, which may directly influence protein-protein interactions or the activities of enzymes involved in signaling cascades. Possible regulatory roles of such changes, as recently elucidated in mammalian cells, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology and Faculty of Life Science: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee G, Ahmadi H, Quintana J, Syllwasschy L, Janina N, Preite V, Anderson JE, Pietzenuk B, Krämer U. Constitutively enhanced genome integrity maintenance and direct stress mitigation characterize transcriptome of extreme stress-adapted Arabidopsis halleri. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:896-911. [PMID: 34669984 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal-rich toxic soils and ordinary soils are both natural habitats of Arabidopsis halleri, a diploid perennial and obligate outcrosser in the sister clade of the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular divergence underlying survival in sharply contrasting environments is unknown. Here we comparatively address metal physiology and transcriptomes of A. halleri originating from the most highly heavy metal-contaminated soil in Europe, Ponte Nossa, Italy (Noss), and from non-metalliferous (NM) soils. Plants from Noss exhibit enhanced hypertolerance and attenuated accumulation of cadmium (Cd), and their transcriptomic Cd responsiveness is decreased, compared to plants of NM soil origin. Among the condition-independent transcriptome characteristics of Noss, the most highly overrepresented functional class of 'meiotic cell cycle' comprises 21 transcripts with elevated abundance in vegetative tissues, in particular Argonaute 9 (AGO9) and the synaptonemal complex transverse filament protein-encoding ZYP1a/b. Increased AGO9 transcript levels in Noss are accompanied by decreased long terminal repeat retrotransposon expression. Similar to Noss, plants from other highly metalliferous sites in Poland and Germany share elevated somatic AGO9 transcript levels in comparison to plants originating from NM soils in their respective geographic regions. Transcript levels of Iron-Regulated Transporter 1 (IRT1) are very low and transcript levels of Heavy Metal ATPase 2 (HMA2) are strongly elevated in Noss, which can account for its altered Cd handling. We conclude that in plants adapted to the most extreme abiotic stress, broadly enhanced functions comprise genes with likely roles in somatic genome integrity maintenance, accompanied by few alterations in stress-specific functional networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwonjin Lee
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hassan Ahmadi
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Quintana
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lara Syllwasschy
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadežda Janina
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronica Preite
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Justin E Anderson
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Pietzenuk
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Belloeil C, Jouannais P, Malfaisan C, Fernández RR, Lopez S, Gutierrez DMN, Maeder-Pras S, Villanueva P, Tisserand R, Gallopin M, Alfonso-Gonzalez D, Marrero IMF, Muller S, Invernon V, Pillon Y, Echevarria G, Iturralde RB, Merlot S. The X-ray fluorescence screening of multiple elements in herbarium specimens from the Neotropical region reveals new records of metal accumulation in plants. Metallomics 2021; 13:6329692. [PMID: 34320190 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed a diversity of strategies to take up and store essential metals in order to colonize various types of soils including mineralized soils. Yet, our knowledge of the capacity of plant species to accumulate metals is still fragmentary across the plant kingdom. In this study, we have used the X-Ray Fluorescence technology to analyze metal concentration in a wide diversity of species of the Neotropical flora that was not extensively investigated so far. In total, we screened more than 11 000 specimens representing about 5000 species from herbaria in Paris and Cuba. Our study provides a large overview of the accumulation of metals such as manganese, zinc and nickel in the Neotropical flora. We report 30 new nickel hyperaccumulating species from Cuba, including the first records in the families Connaraceae, Melastomataceae, Polygonaceae, Santalaceae and Urticaceae. We also identified the first species from this region of the world that can be considered as manganese hyperaccumulators in the genera Lomatia (Proteaceae), Calycogonium (Melastomataceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Morella (Myricaceae) and Pimenta (Myrtaceae). Finally, we report the first zinc hyperaccumulator, Rinorea multivenosa (Violaceae), from the Amazonas region. The identification of species able to accumulate high amounts of metals will become instrumental to support the development of phytotechnologies in order to limit the impact of soil metal pollution in this region of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célestine Belloeil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Jouannais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Malfaisan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Rolando Reyes Fernández
- Universidad Agraria de La Habana (UNAH), Facultad de Agronomía, Laboratorio Biotecnología Vegetal, Mayabeque, Cuba, CP: 32700
| | | | - Dulce Montserrat Navarrete Gutierrez
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), 54000 Nancy, France.,Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Texcoco de Mora, State of México, México
| | - Swann Maeder-Pras
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Villanueva
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Romane Tisserand
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Melina Gallopin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Ilsa M Fuentes Marrero
- Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, La Habana, Cuba, C.P : 11900
| | - Serge Muller
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Invernon
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Yohan Pillon
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), IRD, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Echevarria
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), 54000 Nancy, France.,Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, SMI, University of Queensland, QLD 4072 St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Sylvain Merlot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zlobin IE. Current understanding of plant zinc homeostasis regulation mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:327-335. [PMID: 33714765 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The essential nature of Zn and widespread Zn deficiency in plants under field conditions underlie the great interest of researchers in the regulation of plant Zn homeostasis. Here, the current knowledge of plant Zn homeostasis regulation, mainly in A. thaliana, is reviewed. The plant Zn homeostasis machinery is regulated largely at the transcriptional level. Local regulation in response to changes in cellular Zn status is based on the transcription factors bZIP19 and bZIP23, which sense changes in free Zn2+ concentrations in the cell. However, there are likely other unidentified ways to sense cellular free Zn2+ concentrations in addition to the well-known bZIP19 and bZIP23 factors. In recent years, the existence of a shoot-derived systemic Zn deficiency signal, which is involved in the upregulation of Zn transport from roots to shoots, was demonstrated. Additionally, rates of mRNA degradation of Zn homeostasis genes are likely regulated by changes in cellular Zn status. In addition to the regulation of Zn transport, other mechanisms for the regulation of plant Zn homeostasis exist. "Zn sparing" mechanisms could be involved in the decrease in plant Zn requirements under Zn deficiency. Additionally, autophagy is probably regulated by local Zn status and involved in Zn reutilization at the cellular level. Current issues related to studying Zn homeostasis regulation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barberis L, Chevalier W, Toussaint ML, Binet P, Piola F, Michalet S. Responses of the species complex Fallopia × bohemica to single-metal contaminations to Cd, Cr or Zn: growth traits, metal accumulation and secondary metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:673. [PMID: 33011855 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to heavy metals and their storage constitute a crucial step to understand the environmental impacts of metallic trace elements (MTEs). In controlled experiments, we previously demonstrated the tolerance and resilience of Japanese knotweed to soil artificial polymetallic contamination. Using the same experimental design, we tested here the effect of three individual MTEs on Fallopia × bohemica performance traits. Rhizome fragments from three different sites (considered as distinct morphotypes) were grown in a greenhouse for 1 month on a prairial soil artificially contaminated with either Cd, Cr (VI) or Zn at concentrations corresponding to relatively highly polluted soils. Our results confirmed the high tolerance of Bohemian knotweed to metal stress, though, plant response to MTE pollution was dependant on MTE identity. Bohemian knotweed was stimulated by Cr (VI) (increased root and aerial masses), did not display any measurable change in performance traits under Cd at the high dose of 10 mg kg-1, and uptook all MTEs in its rhizome, but only Zn was transferred to its aerial parts. We also highlighted changes in root secondary metabolism that were more accentuated with Zn, including the increase of anthraquinone, stilbene and biphenyl derivatives. These results compared to multi-contamination experiments previously published suggest complex interactions between metals and plant, depending principally on metal identity and also suggest a potential role of soil microbes in the interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Barberis
- CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Wilfried Chevalier
- CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR5557 Écologie microbienne, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Laure Toussaint
- CNRS-UFC, UMR6249 Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Montbéliard, France
| | - Philippe Binet
- CNRS-UFC, UMR6249 Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Montbéliard, France
| | - Florence Piola
- CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Serge Michalet
- CNRS, UMR5557 Écologie microbienne, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mijovilovich A, Morina F, Bokhari SN, Wolff T, Küpper H. Analysis of trace metal distribution in plants with lab-based microscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:82. [PMID: 32523612 PMCID: PMC7278123 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many metals are essential for plants and humans. Knowledge of metal distribution in plant tissues in vivo contributes to the understanding of physiological mechanisms of metal uptake, accumulation and sequestration. For those studies, X-rays are a non-destructive tool, especially suited to study metals in plants. RESULTS We present microfluorescence imaging of trace elements in living plants using a customized benchtop X-ray fluorescence machine. The system was optimized by additional detector shielding to minimize stray counts, and by a custom-made measuring chamber to ensure sample integrity. Protocols of data recording and analysis were optimised to minimise artefacts. We show that Zn distribution maps of whole leaves in high resolution are easily attainable in the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens. The sensitivity of the method was further shown by analysis of micro- (Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn) and macronutrients (Ca, K) in non-hyperaccumulating crop plants (soybean roots and pepper leaves), which could be obtained in high resolution for scan areas of several millimetres. This allows to study trace metal distribution in shoots and roots with a wide overview of the object, and thus avoids making conclusions based on singular features of tiny spots. The custom-made measuring chamber with continuous humidity and air supply coupled to devices for imaging chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic measurements enabled direct correlation of element distribution with photosynthesis. Leaf samples remained vital even after 20 h of X-ray measurements. Subtle changes in some of photosynthetic parameters in response to the X-ray radiation are discussed. CONCLUSIONS We show that using an optimized benchtop machine, with protocols for measurement and quantification tailored for plant analyses, trace metal distribution can be investigated in a reliable manner in intact, living plant leaves and roots. Zinc distribution maps showed higher accumulation in the tips and the veins of young leaves compared to the mesophyll tissue, while in the older leaves the distribution was more homogeneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mijovilovich
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filis Morina
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Syed Nadeem Bokhari
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Timo Wolff
- Bruker Nano GmbH, Am Studio 2D, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Corso M, García de la Torre VS. Biomolecular approaches to understanding metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants. Metallomics 2020; 12:840-859. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trace metal elements are essential for plant growth but become toxic at high concentrations, while some non-essential elements, such as Cd and As, show toxicity even in traces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin
- Université Paris-Saclay
- INRAE
- AgroParisTech
- 78000 Versailles
| | - Vanesa S. García de la Torre
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vithanage M, Kumarathilaka P, Oze C, Karunatilake S, Seneviratne M, Hseu ZY, Gunarathne V, Dassanayake M, Ok YS, Rinklebe J. Occurrence and cycling of trace elements in ultramafic soils and their impacts on human health: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104974. [PMID: 31376597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of trace metals (TMs) in natural environmental systems has created significant concerns in recent decades. Ultramafic environments lead to potential risks to the agricultural products and, subsequently, to human health. This unique review presents geochemistry of ultramafic soils, TM fractionation (i.e. sequential and single extraction techniques), TM uptake and accumulation mechanisms of ultramafic flora, and ultramafic-associated health risks to human and agricultural crops. Ultramafic soils contain high levels of TMs (i.e. Cr, Ni, Mn, and Co) and have a low Ca:Mg ratio together with deficiencies in essential macronutrients required for the growth of crops. Even though a higher portion of TMs bind with the residual fraction of ultramafic soils, environmental changes (i.e. natural or anthropogenic) may increase the levels of TMs in the bioavailable or extractable fractions of ultramafic soils. Extremophile plants that have evolved to thrive in ultramafic soils present clear examples of evolutionary adaptations to TM resistance. The release of TMs into water sources and accumulation in food crops in and around ultramafic localities increases health risks for humans. Therefore, more focused investigations need to be implemented to understand the mechanisms related to the mobility and bioavailability of TMs in different ultramafic environments. Research gaps and directions for future studies are also discussed in this review. Lastly, we consider the importance of characterizing terrestrial ultramafic soil and its effect on crop plants in the context of multi-decadal plans by NASA and other space agencies to establish human colonies on Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Kumarathilaka
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Christopher Oze
- Department of Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Suniti Karunatilake
- Planetary Science Lab, Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana State University, USA
| | - Mihiri Seneviratne
- Department of Botany, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka
| | - Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; University of Sejong, Department of Environment and Energy, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Uraguchi S, Weber M, Clemens S. Elevated root nicotianamine concentrations are critical for Zn hyperaccumulation across diverse edaphic environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2003-2014. [PMID: 30809818 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The metallophyte Arabidopsis halleri thrives across an extremely broad edaphic range. Zn hyperaccumulation is found on soils differing in available Zn by up to six orders of magnitude, raising the question as to whether a common set of mechanisms confers this species-wide ability. Elevated root concentrations of the metal chelator nicotianamine due to strong constitutive expression of AhNAS2 are important for hyperaccumulation. In order to analyse the relevance of AhNAS2 under more natural conditions representing a range of metalliferous and nonmetalliferous habitats, we collected soil at eight different A. halleri sites and cultivated wild-type and AhNAS2-RNAi lines in these soils. AhNAS2 transcript abundance and root nicotianamine concentrations in wild-type plants were barely influenced by soil metal concentrations. The RNAi effect was fully expressed in different soils. Zn hyperaccumulation in AhNAS2-silenced lines was significantly reduced in seven soils. Root-to-shoot translocation of Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Co was also affected by AhNAS2 silencing, albeit to a lower extent and less consistently. Leaf Fe levels were unaffected by AhNAS2 knockdown. Results demonstrate that elevated nicotianamine production in roots of A. halleri is a Zn hyperaccumulation factor regardless of the edaphic environment, that is, contributes to Zn hyperaccumulation in soils with contrasting Zn availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yobi A, Batushansky A, Oliver MJ, Angelovici R. Adaptive responses of amino acid metabolism to the combination of desiccation and low nitrogen availability in Sporobolus stapfianus. PLANTA 2019; 249:1535-1549. [PMID: 30725176 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Depending on nitrogen availability, S. stapfianus uses different amino acid metabolism strategies to cope with desiccation stress. The different metabolic strategies support essential processes for the desiccation tolerance phenotype. To provide a comprehensive assessment of the role played by amino acids in the adaptation of Sporobolus stapfianus to a combination of desiccation and nitrogen limitation, we used an absolute quantification of free and protein-bound amino acids (FAAs and PBAAs) as well as their gamma-glutamyl (gg-AA) derivatives in four different tissues grown under high- and low-nitrogen regimes. We demonstrate that although specific FAAs and gg-AAs increased in desiccating immature leaves under both nitrogen regimes, the absolute change in the total amount of either is small or negligible, negating their proposed role in nitrogen storage. FAAs and PBAAs decrease in underground tissues during desiccation, when nitrogen is abundant. In contrast, PBAAs are drastically reduced from the mature leaves, when nitrogen is limiting. Nevertheless, the substantial reduction in PBAA and FAA fractions in both treatments is not manifested in the immature leaves, which strongly suggests that these amino acids are further metabolized to fuel central metabolism or other metabolic adjustments that are essential for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance (DT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abou Yobi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65311, USA
| | - Albert Batushansky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65311, USA
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ruthie Angelovici
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65311, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identification of Salt and Drought Biochemical Stress Markers in Several Silene vulgaris Populations. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11030800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to determine short-term responses to drought and salt stress in different Silene vulgaris genotypes and to identify potential abiotic stress biochemical indicators in this species. Four populations from contrasting habitats were subjected to drought and three levels of salinity under controlled greenhouse conditions. The determination of several growth parameters after the stress treatments allowed for ranking the tolerance to stress of the four analyzed populations on the basis of their relative degree of stress-induced growth inhibition. This was then correlated with changes in the leaf levels of monovalent ions (Na+, Cl−, and K+), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids), osmolytes (total soluble sugars, proline), and non-enzymatic antioxidants (total phenolic compounds and flavonoids). Despite the observed differences, all four populations appeared to be relatively tolerant to both stress conditions, which in general did not cause a significant degradation of photosynthetic pigments and did not generate oxidative stress in the plants. Drought and salinity tolerance in S. vulgaris was mostly dependent on the use of Na+ and K+ for osmotic adjustment under stress, a mechanism that appeared to be constitutive, and not stress-induced, since relatively high concentrations of these cations (without reaching toxic levels) were also present in the leaves of control plants. The inhibition of additional transportation of toxic ions to the leaves, in response to increasing external salinity, seemed to be a relevant mechanism of tolerance, specifically to salt stress, whereas accumulation of soluble sugars under drought conditions may have contributed to tolerance to drought.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fan L, Wang G, Hu W, Pantha P, Tran KN, Zhang H, An L, Dassanayake M, Qiu QS. Transcriptomic view of survival during early seedling growth of the extremophyte Haloxylon ammodendron. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:475-489. [PMID: 30292980 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Seedling establishment in an extreme environment requires an integrated genomic and physiological response to survive multiple abiotic stresses. The extremophyte, Haloxylon ammodendron is a pioneer species capable of colonizing temperate desert sand dunes. We investigated the induced and basal transcriptomes in H. ammodendron under water-deficit stress during early seedling establishment. We find that not only drought-responsive genes, but multiple genes in pathways associated with salt, osmotic, cold, UV, and high-light stresses were induced, suggesting an altered regulatory stress response system. Additionally, H. ammodendron exhibited enhanced biotic stress tolerance by down-regulation of genes that were generally up-regulated during pathogen entry in susceptible plants. By comparing the H. ammodendron basal transcriptome to six closely related transcriptomes in Amaranthaceae, we detected enriched basal level transcripts in H. ammodendron that shows preadaptation to abiotic stress and pathogens. We found transcripts that were generally maintained at low levels and some induced only under abiotic stress in the stress-sensitive model, Arabidopsis thaliana to be highly expressed under basal conditions in the Amaranthaceae transcriptomes including H. ammodendron. H. ammodendron shows coordinated expression of genes that regulate stress tolerance and seedling development resource allocation to support survival against multiple stresses in a sand dune dominated temperate desert environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Pramod Pantha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kieu-Nga Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|