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Mirhashemi AH, Pourhajibagher M, Zebardast B, Bahrami R, Kharazi Fard MJ. In vitro effects of antimicrobial properties and shear bond strength of different concentrations of Emodin nanoparticles incorporated orthodontic composites. Int Orthod 2024; 22:100836. [PMID: 38134823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fixed appliances used in orthodontic treatment are accompanied by some drawbacks, including the development of white spots or enamel demineralization in the vicinity of the brackets and bonding failures. This study aims to evaluate the effect of combining different wt.% of Emodin nanoparticles (ENPs) with orthodontic adhesives to attain adhesives with improved antimicrobial and mechanical properties. METHODS ENPs were synthesized and added to orthodontic composite at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The distribution of ENPs within the composite was evaluated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). A total of 216 disks were prepared, with 144 subjected to an eluted components test, 36 used for disk agar diffusion (DAD) test, and 36 for biofilm inhibition test. These tests aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of the composites against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. Additionally, the bond strength between stainless-steel brackets and teeth was evaluated using the shear bond strength (SBS) test, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was determined. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyse the SBS and ARI, respectively. For pairwise group comparison concerning the biofilm inhibition, DAD, and eluted components tests, the Tamhane and Games-Howell tests for data with unequal variances and the post-hoc Tukey's HSD and Scheffe tests for data with equal variances were used. RESULTS The FESEM results confirmed the synthesis and even distribution of ENPs in the composite. Only the 2% group showed significant biofilm inhibition against all microorganisms studied (P<0.05). The DAD test revealed that a 1% concentration of ENPs is sufficient to inhibit growth for all microorganisms. The eluted components test demonstrated that the 2% concentration of ENPs performed significantly better against S. mutans compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest mean SBS was observed with the 0.5% ENP concentration, while no significant differences in SBS and ARI were found among the groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study showed that the 2% concentration of ENP produced significantly improved antimicrobial activity without adversely affecting SBS and ARI score. This would support the addition of 2% ENP to orthodontic adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mirhashemi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bardia Zebardast
- School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rashin Bahrami
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Kharazi Fard
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alkhudhairy F, Aljamhan AS. Surface conditioning of PEEK post using Nd: YVO4 laser, Photodynamic therapy, and sulfuric acid on the pushout bond strength to canal dentin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103601. [PMID: 37169168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) post-to-root dentin using post-surface conditioners i.e., Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd: YVO4) and Riboflavin (RF) and Rose Bengal (RB) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) compared to sulfuric acid (SA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Decoronation of forty human single-rooted premolar teeth was performed. Followed by chamber opening, working length (WL) was established at 15 mm. Root canal preparation was completed using ProTaper Ni-Ti rotary system till F3 finishing file along with root canal disinfection. The canals were dried with paper cones followed by obturation using gutta-percha (GP) and AH sealer. Post space was prepared by drilling out 11 mm of GP using a Gates Glidden drill #3. PEEK posts were fabricated using the CAD-CAM system and then randomly allocated into 4 groups based on the post-surface conditioning (n=10). Group 1: SA, group 2: PDT RF, group 3: PDT RB, and group 4: Nd: YVO4 laser. The PEEK post was then cemented in their respective canal. PBS and failure mode assessment were performed using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope at 40x magnification. The SBS data set was subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Post Hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS The samples in group 4 (Nd: YVO4 laser) coronal third (7.99±0.24 MPa) demonstrated the highest PBS. The apical third of samples in group 1 PEEK post surface conditioned with SA (5.15± 0.52 MPa) exhibited the minimum values of PBS. Intergroup comparison analysis showed that samples in group 1 (SA), group 2 (RF activated by PDT), group 3 (RB activated by PDT), and group 4 (Nd: YVO4 laser) demonstrated comparable outcomes of bond scores (p>0.05) CONCLUSION: Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd: YVO4) and riboflavin and Rose bengal activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been investigated as potential alternatives for the surface conditioning of PEEK (polyetheretherketone) posts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alkhudhairy
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S Aljamhan
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Alqerban A, Asiri SN, Alharbi F, Alqhtani N, Alenazi A, Robaian A, Samran A. Incorporation of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles in Adhesive Resin for Bonding of Brackets to Enamel Conditioned with Er,Cr:YSGG, Photodynamic Therapy, and Phosphoric Acid. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2023; 41:218-224. [PMID: 37159404 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of enamel conditioning methods, that is, total-etch and rinse (TER), Er,Cr:YSGG (ECYL), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic metallic brackets bonded using Zirconium oxide experimental adhesive (ZOEA). Methods: Sixty human incisor buccal surfaces were cleaned and allocated into three groups based on the method of enamel surface treatment, that is, TER using 37% phosphoric acid gel, methylene blue photosensitizer activated by PDT and ECYL (n = 20 each). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 10) based on the type of adhesive, that is, ZOEA and experimental adhesive (EA). Metallic brackets were seated using composite resin. Samples were placed in a universal testing machine for SBS and failure mode using the ARI index. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey were used for multiple comparisons. ARI was presented in percentages in different investigated groups. Results: TER+ZOEA (17.16 ± 0.41 MPa) displayed the highest bond integrity. However, group PDT+EA (11.34 ± 0.25 MPa) demonstrated the lowest bond scores. The intergroup comparison revealed that the TER system displayed significantly higher SBS values than the PDT and ECYL groups (p < 0.05). The intragroup comparison revealed that enamel conditioned with TER and brackets bonded with ZOEA and EA displayed comparable bond integrity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Enamel conditioned with TER bonded to a metallic bracket displayed better bond strength than PDT and ECYL. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles incorporated in adhesive have proved to be promising in improving the bond integrity of adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alqerban
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed N Asiri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alharbi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Alqhtani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alenazi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Robaian
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Samran
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Adhesive bond of Bioactive and bulk fill resin to disinfected caries affected dentin (lactobacillus specie) with laser and photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103493. [PMID: 36870518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of cavity disinfectants chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), Er, Cr, YSGG laser (ECL), and curcumin photosensitizer (CP) against Lactobacillus and shear bond strength (SBS) of Bioactive (BA) and bulk fill composite (BFC) restorative material bonded to carious affected dentin (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty human mandibular molars scored 4 and 5 on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) were included. After inoculating the specimens with lactobacillus specie all the samples were arbitrarily divided into three groups based on the disinfection regime used (n=20). Groups 1 and 2: CAD disinfection using ECL, Groups 3 and 4: CAD disinfection using CP, and Groups 5 and 6: CAD disinfection using CHX. After cavity sterilization, the survival rate was estimated and each group was further divided into two sub-groups based on the restorative material used. Groups 1, 3, and 5 (n = 10) were restored using BFC restorative material, and groups 2, 4, and 6 (n = 10) were restored using a conventional bulk-fill resin material. A universal testing machine (UTM) was used to determine the SBS and debonded surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope to determine the modes of failure. Kruskal-Walis, ANOVA, and Post Hoc Tukey were applied to investigate the survival rate and bond strength values. RESULTS ECL group displayed the highest survival rate (0.73±0.13) of Lactobacillus. The least survival rate (0.17±0.09) was demonstrated by CP activated by PDT. Group 1 (ECL+ BA) treated specimens exhibited the maximum value of SBS (18.31 ± 0.22 MPa). However, group 3 (CP + BA) revealed the minimum values of bond strength (14.05 ± 1.02 MPa). The intergroup comparison revealed that group 1, group 2 (ECL+BFC) (18.11 ± 0.14 MPa), group 5 (CHX+ BA) (18.14 ± 0.36 MPa), and group 6 (CHX+BFC) (18.18 ± 0.35 MPa) displayed comparable outcomes of bond integrity (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Caries-affected dentin disinfected with Er, Cr: YSGG, and chlorhexidine improve bond scores of bioactive and conventional bulk-fill restorative material.
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Chaichana W, Insee K, Chanachai S, Benjakul S, Aupaphong V, Naruphontjirakul P, Panpisut P. Physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of orthodontic adhesives containing Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles, calcium phosphate, and andrographolide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6635. [PMID: 35459791 PMCID: PMC9033772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot lesions around orthodontic brackets are the major complication during fixed orthodontic treatment. This study prepared orthodontic adhesives for promoting mineral precipitation and reducing bacterial growth. Adhesives with added calcium phosphate monohydrate/Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/CaP) and andrographolide were prepared. The physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of the adhesives were tested. The additives reduced the monomer conversion of the materials (62 to 47%). The addition of Sr/CaP and andrographolide increased the water sorption (from 23 to 46 μg/mm3) and water solubility (from 0.2 to 5.9 μg/mm3) but reduced the biaxial flexural strength (from 193 to 119 MPa) of the adhesives. The enamel bond strengths of the experimental adhesives (19–34 MPa) were comparable to that of the commercial material (p > 0.05). The Sr/CaP fillers promoted Ca, Sr, and P ion release and the precipitation of calcium phosphate at the debonded interface. An increase in the Sr/CaP concentration enhanced the inhibition of S. mutans by 18%, while the effect of andrographolide was not detected. The abilities of the adhesives to promote ion release, calcium phosphate precipitation, and the growth inhibition of cariogenic bacteria were expected to reduce the occurrence of white spot lesions. The additives reduced the physical/mechanical properties of the materials, but the corresponding values were within the acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirinrat Chaichana
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanlaya Insee
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Supachai Chanachai
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sutiwa Benjakul
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Visakha Aupaphong
- Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Parichart Naruphontjirakul
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand. .,Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Mirhashemi A, Janani R, Bahrami R, Chiniforush N. Evaluation of the photodynamic therapy with riboflavin and curcumin on shear bond strength of orthodontic bracket; An invitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tisler CE, Chifor R, Badea ME, Moldovan M, Prodan D, Carpa R, Cuc S, Chifor I, Badea AF. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in Prosthodontics: Disinfection of Human Teeth Exposed to Streptococcus mutans and the Effect on the Adhesion of Full Ceramic Veneers, Crowns, and Inlays: An In Vitro Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:144. [PMID: 35052823 PMCID: PMC8773555 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of PDT in prosthodontics as a disinfection protocol can eradicate bacteria from tooth surfaces by causing the death of the microorganisms to which the photosensitizer binds, absorbing the energy of laser light during irradiation. The aim of the study was to investigate the capacity of PDT to increase the bond strength of full ceramic restorations. In this study, 45 extracted human teeth were prepared for veneers, crowns, and inlays and contaminated with Streptococcus mutans. Tooth surfaces decontamination was performed using a diode laser and methylene blue as a photosensitizer. The disinfection effect and the impact on tensile bond strength were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pull-out tests of the cemented ceramic prosthesis. Results show that the number of bacteria was reduced from colonized prepared tooth surfaces, and the bond strength was increased when PDT was used. In conclusion, the present study indicates that using PDT as a protocol before the final adhesive cementation of ceramic restorations could be a promising approach, with outstanding advantages over conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Elena Tisler
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Radu Chifor
- Department of Preventive Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.E.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Mindra Eugenia Badea
- Department of Preventive Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.E.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, University Babes-Bolyai, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Doina Prodan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, University Babes-Bolyai, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Rahela Carpa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogălniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Stanca Cuc
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, University Babes-Bolyai, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Ioana Chifor
- Department of Preventive Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.E.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Alexandru Florin Badea
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of General Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3–5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Kara O, Seseogullari Dirihan R, Sayin Ozel G, Tezvergil Mutluay A, Usumez A. Inhibition of cathepsin-K and matrix metalloproteinase by photodynamic therapy. Dent Mater 2021; 37:e485-e492. [PMID: 34503836 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with indocyanine green (ICG) and toluidine blue (TB) on protease activity (matrix-bound cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and dentin bond strength. METHODS Caries-free human third molars were assigned to five groups: 1-control group, 2-application of ICG with activation using an 810 nm diode (aPDT), 3-application of ICG, 4-application of TB with activation using a 660 nm diode (aPDT), and 5-application of TB. For the enzymatic investigation, dentin beams were incubated for either 3 days or 3 weeks. Aliquots of the incubation media were analyzed by ELISA for CTX (C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I Collagen) and ICTP (cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen). For microtensile bond strength testing (μTBS), composite resins were layered onto the tooth surface; the samples were then subjected to μTBS. Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied for statistical analysis of CTX and ICTP, one way-ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied for statistical analysis of μTBS. RESULTS Pretreating the dentin matrices with aPDT decreased the endogenous protease activity. ICG with laser activation resulted in the highest μTBS. Therefore, aPDT should be considered as a treatment method because it can reduce MMP-mediated dentin degradation and increase the μTBS. SIGNIFICANCE Inhibiting endogenous protease activity improves the stability of the dentin-adhesive bond and the durability of the bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kara
- Department of Prosthodontics, BezmialemVakif University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Roda Seseogullari Dirihan
- Adhesive Dentistry Research Group, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and TYKS, University of Turku Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Gulsum Sayin Ozel
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Tezvergil Mutluay
- Adhesive Dentistry Research Group, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and TYKS, University of Turku Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Aslihan Usumez
- Private Practicer, Dental Plus Clinic Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Hameed MS, Alkahtani ZM, Ajmal M, Kamran MA, Mannakandath ML, Alshahrani I. Bond assessment of enamel conditioned with Er, Cr: YSGG laser and methylene blue photosensitizer activated by photodynamic therapy to orthodontic metallic brackets. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102513. [PMID: 34469793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess bond integrity and failure mode after enamel pretreated with conventional and contemporary conditioning methods were bonded to metallic brackets (MB). MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty maxillary central incisors were selected and disinfected. All specimens were mounted up to the cement-o-enamel junction and divided into four experimental groups randomly based on the enamel conditioning technique. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was used to condition enamel in group 1, Total-etch and rinse (TER) was used to treat samples in group 2, Specimens in group 3 were conditioned with ECL, and samples in group 4 surface pretreated with SEP. Bonding of MB was performed on the surfaces of all the specimens with a Transbond XT. Specimens from all investigated groups were positioned on a universal testing machine maintaining buccal surfaces similar to the direction of the force. After bracket debonding bond failure was assessed using ARI. The bond integrity of all four groups was compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post hoc Tukey test was used for pairwise comparison among different groups. RESULTS Group 2, TER+MB (15.38±0.14 MPa) displayed the highest bond value whereas the lowest values of SBS were exhibited by group 1, PDT+MB (10.11±0.17 MPa). The inter-group comparison revealed that specimens of group 2 and group 3, ECL+MB (14.61±0.55 MPa) demonstrated comparable bond strength (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Enamel conditioned with TER and ECL demonstrated comparable SBS. However, bond integrity after PDT and SEP (self-etch primer) surface treatment of enamel bonded with MB significantly lowered bond values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahul Hameed
- Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zuhair M Alkahtani
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Ajmal
- Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abdullah Kamran
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ibrahim Alshahrani
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Olek M, Machorowska-Pieniążek A, Stós W, Kalukin J, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Aebisher D, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050720. [PMID: 34068878 PMCID: PMC8156301 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontitis or gingival hyperplasia. The classic methods of preventing the above problems include, in addition to proper hygiene, ultrasonic scaling, periodontal debridement, and oral rinses based on chlorhexidine. New alternative methods of reducing plaque around brackets are being developed. There is a growing interest among researchers in the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in orthodontics. A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases and the following keywords: ‘photodynamic therapy’, ‘orthodontics’, and ‘photosensitizer(s)’. Based on the literature review, two main directions of research can be distinguished: clinical research on the use of photodynamic therapy in the prevention of white spot lesions and periodontal diseases, and ex vivo research using a modified orthodontic adhesive by adding photosensitizers to them. Methylene blue is the most frequently used photosensitizer in clinical trials. The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is mainly compared to the ultrasonic scaler as a single therapy or as an adjunct to the ultrasonic scaler. In their conclusions, the researchers most often emphasize the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing microbial levels in patients treated with fixed appliances and the possibility of using it as an alternative to routine procedures aimed at maintaining a healthy periodontium. The authors suggest further research on the use of photodynamic therapy to prove the validity of this method in orthodontics. It should also not be forgotten that proper hygiene is the basis for maintaining oral cavity health, and its neglect is a contraindication to orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Olek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.M.-P.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Wojciech Stós
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Janusz Kalukin
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2A, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2A, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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