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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Bivar Matias SC, de Azevedo B, da Costa Filho JDB, Lima MM, Moura AD, Arantes Martins DR, de Sousa Júnior FC, Santos ESD. Enhancing the expression of multi-antigen chimeric TGAGS/BST protein from Toxoplasma gondii in Escherichia coli BL 21 Star during batch cultivation. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 201:106173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Bian L, Zheng M, Chang T, Zhou J, Zhang C. Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 by recombinant laccase extracellular produced from Escherichia coli. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114062. [PMID: 36108433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioenzymatic degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly detoxification technology. In this work, AFB1 was successfully degraded by recombinant laccase (fmb-rL103) in the absence of a mediator. The laccase gene was cloned from Bacillus vallismortis fmb-103, and was expressed in heterologous host Escherichia coli after codon optimization. The extracellular production of fmb-rL103 could be induced by adding methanol (6 %, v/v), and the maximum yield was 1545.6 U/L. In the 10 L bioreactor, the extracellular yield increased to 50,950.6 U/L after 20 h of induction, accounting for three quarters of the total yield. The mechanism of methanol-induced extracellular secretion was further studied by measuring acetate content, lac103 gene expression and cell membrane permeability. Furthermore, we explored the biochemical properties of fmb-rL103 and its degradation conditions on AFB1. The degradation efficiency increased constantly with increase in incubation pH and temperature, and exceeded 60 % at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. This work provides new insight into developing the large-scale production of laccase and its application to degrade AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Bian
- Laboratory of Food Industrial Enzyme Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Meixia Zheng
- Laboratory of Food Industrial Enzyme Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tingting Chang
- Laboratory of Food Industrial Enzyme Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Laboratory of Food Industrial Enzyme Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Industrial Enzyme Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Pang C, Liu S, Zhang G, Zhou J, Du G, Li J. Enhancing extracellular production of lipoxygenase in Escherichia coli by signal peptides and autolysis system. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:42. [PMID: 35305645 PMCID: PMC8933919 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a non-heme iron containing dioxygenase that is widely used to improve food quality and produce active drug intermediates and biodiesel. Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used host microorganisms for recombinant protein expression; however, its weak extracellular secretion ability precludes its effective production of recombinant proteins into the extracellular environment. To facilitate subsequent characterization and application of LOX, improving its secretion efficiency from E. coli is a major challenge that needs to be solved. Results Several strategies were adopted to improve the extracellular secretion of LOX based on the signal peptides and cell wall permeability of E. coli. Here, we studied the effect of signal peptides on LOX secretion, which increased the secretory capacity for LOX marginally. Although surfactants could increase the permeability of the cell membrane to promote LOX secretion, the extracellular LOX yield could not meet the requirements of industrialization production. Subsequently, an autolysis system was constructed in E. coli based on the bacteriophage lysis gene ΦX174-E to enhance the production of extracellular proteins. Thus, the extracellular production of LOX was achieved and the content of inclusion bodies in the cell was reduced by optimizing cell lysis conditions. The extracellular LOX yield reached 368 ± 1.4 U mL−1 in a 5-L bioreactor under optimized lysis conditions that is, an induction time and temperature, and arabinose concentration of 5 h, 25 °C, and 0.6 mM, respectively. Conclusions In this study, the different signal peptides and cell autolysis system were developed and characterized for extracellular LOX production in E. coli. Finally, the cell autolysis system presented a slight advantage on extracellular LOX yield, which also provides reference for other protein extracellular production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01772-x.
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Unver Y, Yildiz S, Acar M. Extracellular production of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of Triton X-100 or Tween 80. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:553-561. [PMID: 35039942 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Azurin which is a bacterial secondary metabolite has attracted much attention as potential anticancer agent in recent years. This copper-containing periplasmic redox protein supresses the tumor growth selectively. High-level secretion of proteins into the culture medium offers a significant advantage over periplasmic or cytoplasmic expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nonionic surfactants on the expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. Different concentrations of Triton X-100 and Tween 80 were used as supplements in growth media and extracellular azurin production was stimulated by both surfactants. According to western blot analysis results, in the presence of Triton X-100, maximum azurin expression level was achieved with 96 h of incubation at 1% concentration, and 48 h at 2% concentration. On the other hand, maximum azurin expression level was achieved in the presence of 1% Tween 80 at 72 h incubation. This study suggested for the first time a high level of azurin secretion from P. aeruginosa in the presence of Triton X-100 or Tween 80, which would be advantageous for the purification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Unver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Seyda Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Melek Acar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Lee HJ, Kang TG, Kim YW, Lee HS, Kim SK. Functional expression and extracellular secretion of Clostridium thermocellum Cel48S cellulase in Escherichia coli via the signal recognition particle-dependent translocation pathway. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 151:109918. [PMID: 34649693 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the only glycoside hydrolase family 48 member in Clostridium thermocellum, the exoglucanase Cel48S plays a crucial role in the extremely high activity of the cellulosome against crystalline cellulose. Although the importance of Cel48S in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose has been widely accepted, an efficient production system has not yet been established because Cel48S is usually expressed in Escherichia coli within inactive inclusion bodies. For unstable proteins like Cel48S, translocation across the inner membrane can be more advantageous than cytoplasmic production due to the presence of folding modulators in the periplasm and the absence of cytoplasmic proteases. In this study, we evaluated whether the production of Cel48S in the periplasmic space of E. coli could enhance its functional expression. To do so, we attached the PelB signal peptide, which mediates post-translational secretion, to the N-terminal end of Cel48S (P-Cel48S). The PelB signal peptide allowed catalytically active Cel48S to be successfully produced in the culture medium. In addition, we investigated the role of an alternative co-translational pathway on the extracellular production of Cel48S, finding that co-translational secretion yielded a specific activity of recombinant Cel48S of 135.1 ± 10.0 U/mg cell in the culture medium, which was 2.2 times higher than that associated with P-Cel48S expression. Therefore, we believe that our approach has potential applications for the cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and the industrial production of other unstable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gu Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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The Influence of Nutrient Medium Composition on Escherichia coli Biofilm Development and Heterologous Protein Expression. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of different nutrient media on the development of Escherichia coli biofilms and the production of a heterologous protein were examined. E. coli JM109(DE3) cells transformed with pFM23 plasmid carrying the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression were used. Cells were grown in two different culture media, Lysogenic Broth (LB) and M9ZB, in a flow cell system for 10 days. Epifluorescence microscopy, fluorimetry, and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) were used to assess bacterial growth, plasmid copy number (PCN), and eGFP production in both planktonic and biofilm cells. The results showed that biofilm development was favored in M9ZB medium when compared with LB. However, the number of eGFP-expressing cells was higher in LB for both planktonic and sessile states (two-fold and seven-fold, respectively). In addition, the PCN in biofilm cells was slightly higher when using LB medium (on average, 29 plasmids per cell versus 20 plasmids per cell in M9ZB), and higher plasmid stability was observed in biofilms formed in LB compared to their planktonic counterparts. Hence, E. coli biofilms grown in LB enhanced both plasmid stability and capacity to produce the model heterologous protein when compared to M9ZB.
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Kang TG, Hong SH, Jeon GB, Yang YH, Kim SK. Perturbation of the peptidoglycan network and utilization of the signal recognition particle-dependent pathway enhances the extracellular production of a truncational mutant of CelA in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6270891. [PMID: 33956122 PMCID: PMC9113427 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is the most thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium known and has the native ability to utilize unpretreated plant biomass. Cellulase A (CelA) is the most abundant enzyme in the exoproteome of C. bescii and is primarily responsible for its cellulolytic ability. CelA contains a family 9 glycoside hydrolase and a family 48 glycoside hydrolase connected by linker regions and three carbohydrate-binding domains. A truncated version of the enzyme (TM1) containing only the endoglucanase domain is thermostable and actively degrades crystalline cellulose. A catalytically active TM1 was successfully produced via the attachment of the PelB signal peptide (P-TM1), which mediates post-translational secretion via the SecB-dependent translocation pathway. We sought to enhance the extracellular secretion of TM1 using an alternative pathway, the signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent translocation pathway. The co-translational extracellular secretion of TM1 via the SRP pathway (D-TM1) resulted in a specific activity that was 4.9 times higher than that associated with P-TM1 overexpression. In batch fermentations, the recombinant Escherichia coli overexpressing D-TM1 produced 1.86 ± 0.06 U/ml of TM1 in the culture medium, showing a specific activity of 1.25 ± 0.05 U/mg cell, 2.7- and 3.7-fold higher than the corresponding values of the strain overexpressing P-TM1. We suggest that the TM1 secretion system developed in this study can be applied to enhance the capacity of E. coli as a microbial cell factory for the extracellular secretion of this as well as a variety proteins important for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gu Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Hong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Beom Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
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Kastenhofer J, Rajamanickam V, Libiseller-Egger J, Spadiut O. Monitoring and control of E. coli cell integrity. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:1-12. [PMID: 33485861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli is often done by translocation of the product across the inner membrane (IM) into the periplasm, where it is retained by the outer membrane (OM). While the integrity of the IM is strongly coupled to viability and impurity release, a decrease in OM integrity (corresponding to increased "leakiness") leads to accumulation of product in the extracellular space, strongly impacting the downstream process. Whether leakiness is desired or not, differential monitoring and control of IM and OM integrity are necessary for an efficient E. coli bioprocess in compliance with the guidelines of Quality by Design and Process Analytical Technology. In this review, we give an overview of relevant monitoring tools, summarize the research on factors affecting E. coli membrane integrity and provide a brief discussion on how the available monitoring technology can be implemented in real-time control of E. coli cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kastenhofer
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vignesh Rajamanickam
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Libiseller-Egger
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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He X, Li Y, Tao Y, Qi X, Ma R, Jia H, Yan M, Chen K, Hao N. Discovering and efficiently promoting the extracellular secretory expression of Thermobacillus sp. ZCTH02-B1 sucrose phosphorylase in Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:532-540. [PMID: 33482210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose phosphorylase (SPase, EC2.4.1.7) is a promising transglycosylation biocatalyst used for producing glycosylated compounds that are widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a recombinant SPase from the Thermobacillus sp. ZCTH02-B1 (rTSPase), which was previously reported to have high thermostability and the catalytic ability to synthesize ascorbic acid 2-glucoside, was attempted to be extracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by fusion of endogenous osmotically-inducible protein Y. Unexpectedly, the rTSPase itself was produced outside the cells with an underestimated performance, although no typical signal peptide was predicted. Further N- and C-terminal truncation experiments revealed that both termini of rTSPase have an important role in protein folding and enzymatic activity, while its secretion was N-terminus associated. Extracellular protein concentration and rTSPase activity achieved 1.8 mg/mL and 6.2 U/mL after induction of 36 h in a 5-L fermenter. High-level extracellular rTSPase production could also be obtained from E. coli within 24 h by inducing overexpression of D, D-carboxypeptidase for cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yehui Tao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuelian Qi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ruiqi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Honghua Jia
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Ming Yan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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11
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Sandomenico A, Sivaccumar JP, Ruvo M. Evolution of Escherichia coli Expression System in Producing Antibody Recombinant Fragments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176324. [PMID: 32878291 PMCID: PMC7504322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived molecules are continuously developed as both therapeutic agents and key reagents for advanced diagnostic investigations. Their application in these fields has indeed greatly expanded the demand of these molecules and the need for their production in high yield and purity. While full-length antibodies require mammalian expression systems due to the occurrence of functionally and structurally important glycosylations, most antibody fragments and antibody-like molecules are non-glycosylated and can be more conveniently prepared in E. coli-based expression platforms. We propose here an updated survey of the most effective and appropriate methods of preparation of antibody fragments that exploit E. coli as an expression background and review the pros and cons of the different platforms available today. Around 250 references accompany and complete the review together with some lists of the most important new antibody-like molecules that are on the market or are being developed as new biotherapeutics or diagnostic agents.
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12
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Rezaei L, Shojaosadati SA, Farahmand L, Moradi‐Kalbolandi S. Enhancement of extracellular bispecific anti-MUC1 nanobody expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by optimization of temperature and carbon sources through an autoinduction condition. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:338-349. [PMID: 32774206 PMCID: PMC7401236 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most suitable hosts for production of antibodies and antibody fragments. Antibody fragment secretion to the culture medium improves product purity in cell culture and diminishes downstream costs. In this study, E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) harboring gene encoding bispecific anti-MUC1 nanobody was selected, and the autoinduction methodology for expression of bispecific anti-MUC1 nanobody was investigated. Due to the replacement of IPTG by lactose as inducer, less impurity and toxicity in the final product were observed. To increase both intracellular and extracellular nanobody production, initially, the experiments were performed for the key factors including temperature and duration of protein expression. The highest amount of nanobody was produced after 21 h at 33°C. The effect of different carbon sources, glycerol, glucose, lactose, and glycine as a medium additive at optimum temperature and time were also assessed by using response surface methodology. The optimized concentrations of carbon sources were obtained as 0.75% (w/v), 0.03% (w/v), 0.1% (w/v), and 0.75% (w/v) for glycerol, glucose, lactose, and glycine, respectively. Finally, the production of nanobody in 2 L fermenter under the optimized autoinduction conditions was evaluated. The results show that the total titer of 87.66 µg/mL anti-MUC1 nanobody, which is approximately seven times more than the total titer of nanobody produced in LB culture medium, is 12.23 µg/L .
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezaei
- Biotechnology GroupFaculty of Chemical EngineeringTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins DepartmentBreast Cancer Research CenterMotamed Cancer InstituteTehranIran
| | - Shima Moradi‐Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins DepartmentBreast Cancer Research CenterMotamed Cancer InstituteTehranIran
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Kopp J, Slouka C, Spadiut O, Herwig C. The Rocky Road From Fed-Batch to Continuous Processing With E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:328. [PMID: 31824931 PMCID: PMC6880763 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli still serves as a beloved workhorse for the production of many biopharmaceuticals as it fulfills essential criteria, such as having fast doubling times, exhibiting a low risk of contamination, and being easy to upscale. Most industrial processes in E. coli are carried out in fed-batch mode. However, recent trends show that the biotech industry is moving toward time-independent processing, trying to improve the space-time yield, and especially targeting constant quality attributes. In the 1950s, the term "chemostat" was introduced for the first time by Novick and Szilard, who followed up on the previous work performed by Monod. Chemostat processing resulted in a major hype 10 years after its official introduction. However, enthusiasm decreased as experiments suffered from genetic instabilities and physiology issues. Major improvements in strain engineering and the usage of tunable promotor systems facilitated chemostat processes. In addition, critical process parameters have been identified, and the effects they have on diverse quality attributes are understood in much more depth, thereby easing process control. By pooling the knowledge gained throughout the recent years, new applications, such as parallelization, cascade processing, and population controls, are applied nowadays. However, to control the highly heterogeneous cultivation broth to achieve stable productivity throughout long-term cultivations is still tricky. Within this review, we discuss the current state of E. coli fed-batch process understanding and its tech transfer potential within continuous processing. Furthermore, the achievements in the continuous upstream applications of E. coli and the continuous downstream processing of intracellular proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Lu J, Zhang J. Extracellular expression of Aerococcus viridans pyruvate oxidase in recombinant Escherichia coli through SecB co-expression. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26291-26301. [PMID: 35531014 PMCID: PMC9070445 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate oxidase (POD) is an important enzyme used for clinical applications and biochemical analyses, and recombinant Escherichia coli strains expressing Aerococcus viridans POD have been frequently employed for obtaining high POD yield. Although significant progress has been achieved in increasing recombinant POD production, intracellular POD expression and weak stability of POD make POD purification difficult. In this study, extracellular POD expression was achieved by co-expression of chaperone SecB under three promoters (T7, lac, bla). The weakest promoter, bla, when compared with T7 and lac promoters, provided the optimum extracellular POD activity among these three promoters. After optimization of cultivation conditions, such as IPTG concentration, pH, and temperature, the extracellular POD yield increased to 795.7 U L-1. Furthermore, by using glycine to disrupt recombinant E. coli cell wall and Cu2+ ions as POD stabilizer, the final extracellular POD yield reached 2926.3 U L-1. The expression intensity of chaperone had significant influence on heterologous protein secretion, and the high yield of extracellular POD implies potential widespread POD production and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Lu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55803272
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55803272
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15
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Hu J, Lu X, Wang H, Wang F, Zhao Y, Shen W, Yang H, Chen X. Enhancing extracellular protein production in Escherichia coli by deleting the d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase gene dacC. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:270-278. [PMID: 32625007 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase DacC is important for synthesis and stabilization of the peptidoglycan layer of Escherichia coli. In this work, dacC of E. coli BL21 (DE3) was successfully deleted, and the effects of this deletion on extracellular protein production in E. coli were investigated. The extracellular activities and fluorescence value of recombinant amylase, green fluorescent protein, and α-galactosidase of the deletion mutants were increased by 82.3, 29.1, and 37.7%, respectively, compared with that of control cells. The outer membrane permeability and intracellular soluble peptidoglycan accumulation of deletion mutant were also enhanced compared with those of control cells, respectively. Based on fluorescence-assisted cell sorting analyses, we found that the morphology of the E. coli deletion mutant cells was altered compared with that of control cells. Local transparent bulges in the poles of the E. coli mutant with deletion of the dacC gene were found by transmission electron microscopy analysis. These bulges in the poles could explain the improvement in the production of extracellular protein by the E. coli mutant with deletion of the dacC gene. These findings provide important insights into the extracellular production of proteins using E. coli as microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Haokun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
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16
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Na KI, Kim SJ, Choi DS, Min WK, Kim SG, Seo JH. Extracellular production of functional single-chain variable fragment against aflatoxin B1usingEscherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:241-247. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.-I. Na
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Forces Support Systems Center; Defense Agency for Technology and Quality; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - S.-J. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science; U1 University; Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - D.-S. Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science; U1 University; Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - W.-K. Min
- Department of Food Science and Development; Kyungil University; Gyeongbuk Republic of Korea
| | - S.-G. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science; U1 University; Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - J.-H. Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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17
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Chen Y, Wu C, Shen Y, Ma Y, Wei D, Wang W. N, N-dimethylformamide induces cellulase production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:36. [PMID: 30820246 PMCID: PMC6380019 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei produces cellulase enzymes that are widely studied for lignocellulose bioconversion to biofuel. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a versatile organic solvent used in large quantities in industries. RESULTS In this study, we serendipitously found that biologically relevant concentrations of extracellular DMF-induced cellulase production in the T. reesei hyper-cellulolytic mutant Rut-C30 and wild-type strain QM6a. Next, by transcriptome analysis, we determined that plc-e encoding phospholipase C was activated by DMF and revealed that cytosolic Ca2+ plays a vital role in the response of T. reesei to DMF. Using EGTA (a putative extracellular Ca2+ chelator) and LaCl3 (a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel blocker), we demonstrated that DMF induced a cytosolic Ca2+ burst via extracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+ channels in T. reesei, and that the cytosolic Ca2+ burst induced by DMF-mediated overexpression of cellulase through calcium signaling. Deletion of crz1 confirmed that calcium signaling plays a dominant role in DMF-induced cellulase production. Additionally, 0.5-2% DMF increases the permeability of T. reesei mycelia for cellulase release. Simultaneous supplementation with 1% DMF and 10 mM Mn2+ to T. reesei Rut-C30 increased cellulase activity approximately fourfold compared to that without treatment and was also more than that observed in response to either treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that DMF-induced cellulase production via calcium signaling and permeabilization. Our results also provide insight into the role of calcium signaling in enzyme production for enhanced cellulase production and the development of novel inducers of cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Chuan Wu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yushu Ma
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237 China
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18
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Boosting Secretion of Extracellular Protein by Escherichia coli via Cell Wall Perturbation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01382-18. [PMID: 30097440 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01382-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used host microorganisms for recombinant protein expression and metabolic engineering, but it cannot efficiently secrete recombinant proteins to extracellular space. Here, extracellular protein secretion was enhanced in E. coli by deleting two d,d-carboxypeptidase genes (dacA and dacB, single and double deletions) to perturb the cell wall peptidoglycan network. Deletion of dacA and dacB enhanced the accumulation of intracellular soluble peptidoglycan in E. coli and affected cell morphology, resulting in a more irregular cell shape and the appearance of transparent bulges. Deletion of dacA and dacB appears to disrupt the normal rigid structure, presumably due to perturbation and destruction of the cell wall peptidoglycan network. The extracellular green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence intensity of deletion mutants was increased by >2.0-fold compared with that of control cells, and that of the double deletion mutant was increased by 2.7-fold. Extracellular recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and collagen E4 secretion in deletion mutants was also enhanced compared with that in the control cells. Additionally, the extracellular recombinant amylase activity of single-deletion mutants BL21 ΔdacA pETDuet-amyk and BL21 ΔdacB pETDuet-amyk was increased 2.5- and 3.1-fold, respectively. The extracellular distribution of α-galactosidase by deletion mutants was also increased by >2.0-fold. Deletion of dacA and dacB increased outer membrane permeability, which could explain the enhanced extracellular protein secretion.IMPORTANCE Cell surface structure stabilization is important for extracellular secretion of proteins in Escherichia coli As the main constituent of the cell wall, peptidoglycan contributes to cell structure robustness and stability. Here, we perturbed the peptidoglycan network by deleting dacA and dacB genes encoding d,d-carboxypeptidase enzymes to improve extracellular protein secretion. This new strategy could enhance the capacity of E. coli as a microbial cell factory for extracellular secretion of proteins and chemicals.
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19
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Kleiner-Grote GRM, Risse JM, Friehs K. Secretion of recombinant proteins from E. coli. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:532-550. [PMID: 32624934 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The microorganism Escherichia coli is commonly used for recombinant protein production. Despite several advantageous characteristics like fast growth and high protein yields, its inability to easily secrete recombinant proteins into the extracellular medium remains a drawback for industrial production processes. To overcome this limitation, a multitude of approaches to enhance the extracellular yield and the secretion efficiency of recombinant proteins have been developed in recent years. Here, a comprehensive overview of secretion mechanisms for recombinant proteins from E. coli is given and divided into three main sections. First, the structure of the E. coli cell envelope and the known natural secretion systems are described. Second, the use and optimization of different one- or two-step secretion systems for recombinant protein production, as well as further permeabilization methods are discussed. Finally, the often-overlooked role of cell lysis in secretion studies and its analysis are addressed. So far, effective approaches for increasing the extracellular protein concentration to more than 10 g/L and almost 100% secretion efficiency exist, however, the large range of optimization methods and their combinations suggests that the potential for secretory protein production from E. coli has not yet been fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe M Risse
- Fermentation Engineering Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany.,Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Karl Friehs
- Fermentation Engineering Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany.,Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
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20
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Zhou Y, Lu Z, Wang X, Selvaraj JN, Zhang G. Genetic engineering modification and fermentation optimization for extracellular production of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1545-1556. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Ismail A, Illias RM. Site-saturation mutagenesis of mutant l-asparaginase II signal peptide hydrophobic region for improved excretion of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:1627-1641. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The excretion of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) into the culture medium offers significant advantages over cytoplasmic expression. However, the limitation of Escherichia coli is its inability to excrete high amount of CGTase outside the cells. In this study, modification of the hydrophobic region of the N1R3 signal peptide using site-saturation mutagenesis improved the excretion of CGTase. Signal peptide mutants designated M9F, V10L and A15Y enhanced the excretion of CGTase three-fold and demonstrated two-fold higher secretion rate than the wild type. However, high secretion rate of these mutants was non-productive for recombinant protein production because it caused up to a seven-fold increase in cell death compared to the wild type. Our results indicated that the excretion of CGTase is highly dependent on hydrophobicity, secondary conformation and the type and position of amino acids at the region boundary and core segment of the h-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ismail
- 0000 0001 2296 1505 grid.410877.d Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- 0000 0001 2296 1505 grid.410877.d Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
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