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Dong Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Tangthianchaichana J, Guo M, Du S, Lu Y. Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Anticancer Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Nano Agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1017-1039. [PMID: 38317847 PMCID: PMC10840538 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy is one of the main methods of cancer treatment, which is largely limited by severe side effects and frequent development of multi-drug resistance by cancer cells. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with high efficiency and low toxicity, as one of the most promising new drugs to replace chemoradiotherapy, have become a current research hotspot, attracting the attention of worldwide researchers. AMPs are natural-source small peptides from the innate immune system, and certain AMPs can selectively kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells while exhibiting less damage to normal cells. Although it involves intracellular mechanisms, AMPs exert their anti-cancer effects mainly through membrane destruction effect; thus, AMPs also hold unique advantages in fighting drug-resistant cancer cells. However, the poor stability and hemolytic toxicity of peptides limit their clinical application. Fortunately, functionalized nanoparticles have many possibilities in overcoming the shortcomings of AMPs, which provides a huge prospect for better application of AMPs. In this paper, we briefly introduce the characteristics and different sources of AMPs, review and summarize the mechanisms of action and the research status of AMPs used as an anticancer therapy, and finally focus on the further use of AMPs nano agents in the anti-cancer direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Dong
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research and Development Centre in Beijing, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jakkree Tangthianchaichana
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Mingxue Guo
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouying Du
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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A platinum-based hybrid drug design approach to circumvent acquired resistance to molecular targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25363. [PMID: 27150583 PMCID: PMC4858680 DOI: 10.1038/srep25363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three molecular targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) were conjugated to classical platinum-based drugs with an aim to circumvent TKI resistance, predominately mediated by the emergence of secondary mutations on oncogenic kinases. The hybrids were found to maintain specificity towards the same oncogenic kinases as the original TKI. Importantly, they are remarkably less affected by TKI resistance, presumably due to their unique structure and the observed dual mechanism of anticancer activity (kinase inhibition and DNA damage). The study is also the first to report the application of a hybrid drug approach to switch TKIs from being efflux transporter substrates into non-substrates. TKIs cannot penetrate into the brain for treating metastases because of efflux transporters at the blood brain barrier. The hybrids were found to escape drug efflux and they accumulate more than the original TKI in the brain in BALB/c mice. Further development of the hybrid compounds is warranted.
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Pound LD, Patrick C, Eberhard CE, Mottawea W, Wang GS, Abujamel T, Vandenbeek R, Stintzi A, Scott FW. Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide: A Novel Regulator of Islet Function, Islet Regeneration, and Selected Gut Bacteria. Diabetes 2015; 64:4135-47. [PMID: 26370175 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) is a naturally occurring secreted peptide that is expressed in several organs with pleiotropic roles in immunomodulation, wound healing, and cell growth. We previously demonstrated that gut Camp expression is upregulated when type 1 diabetes-prone rats are protected from diabetes development. Unexpectedly, we have also identified novel CAMP expression in the pancreatic β-cells of rats, mice, and humans. CAMP was present even in sterile rat embryo islets, germ-free adult rat islets, and neogenic tubular complexes. Camp gene expression was downregulated in young BBdp rat islets before the onset of insulitis compared with control BBc rats. CAMP treatment of dispersed islets resulted in a significant increase in intracellular calcium mobilization, an effect that was both delayed and blunted in the absence of extracellular calcium. Additionally, CAMP treatment promoted insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated rat islets. Thus, CAMP is a promoter of islet paracrine signaling that enhances islet function and glucoregulation. Finally, daily treatment with the CAMP/LL-37 peptide in vivo in BBdp rats resulted in enhanced β-cell neogenesis and upregulation of potentially beneficial gut microbes. In particular, CAMP/LL-37 treatment shifted the abundance of specific bacterial populations, mitigating the gut dysbiosis observed in the BBdp rat. Taken together, these findings indicate a novel functional role for CAMP/LL-37 in islet biology and modification of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley D Pound
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Patrick
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandra E Eberhard
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walid Mottawea
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gen-Sheng Wang
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Turki Abujamel
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roxanne Vandenbeek
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fraser W Scott
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Antimicrobial Peptide CMA3 Derived from the CA-MA Hybrid Peptide: Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities with Low Cytotoxicity and Mechanism of Action in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:495-506. [PMID: 26552969 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01998-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CA-MA is a hybrid antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from two naturally occurring AMPs, cecropin A and magainin 2. CA-MA shows strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria but also exhibits cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. Our objective was to identify CA-MA analogues with reduced cytotoxicity by systematic replacement of amino acids with positively charged R groups (His and Lys), aliphatic R groups (Leu), or polar R groups (Glu). Among the CA-MA analogues studied (CMA1 to -6), CMA3 showed the strongest antimicrobial activity, including against drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospital patients. CMA3 appeared to act by inducing pore formation (toroidal model) in the bacterial membrane. In cytotoxicity assays, CMA3 showed little cytotoxicity toward human red blood cells (hRBCs) or HaCaT cells. Additionally, no fluorescence was released from small or giant unilamellar vesicles exposed to 60 μM CMA3 for 80 s, whereas fluorescence was released within 35 s upon exposure to CA-MA. CMA3 also exerted strong lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neutralizing activity in RAW 264.7 cells, and BALB/c mice exposed to LPS after infection by Escherichia coli showed improved survival after administration of one 0.5-mg/kg of body weight or 1-mg/kg dose of CMA3. Finally, in a mouse model of septic shock, CMA3 reduced the levels of proinflammatory factors, including both nitric oxide and white blood cells, and correspondingly reduced lung tissue damage. This study suggests that CMA3 is an antimicrobial/antiendotoxin peptide that could serve as the basis for the development of anti-inflammatory and/or antimicrobial agents with low cytotoxicity.
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Afatinib circumvents multidrug resistance via dually inhibiting ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11971-85. [PMID: 25436978 PMCID: PMC4322967 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapeutic drugs is a formidable barrier to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Expressions of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters contribute to clinical MDR phenotype. In this study, we found that afatinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting EGFR, HER-2 and HER-4, reversed the chemoresistance mediated by ABCG2 in vitro, but had no effect on that mediated by multidrug resistance protein ABCB1 and ABCC1. In addition, afatinib, in combination with topotecan, significantly inhibited the growth of ABCG2-overexpressing cell xenograft tumors in vivo. Mechanistic investigations exhibited that afatinib significantly inhibited ATPase activity of ABCG2 and downregulated expression level of ABCG2, which resulted in the suppression of efflux activity of ABCG2 in parallel to the increase of intracellular accumulation of ABCG2 substrate anticancer agents. Taken together, our findings may provide a new and useful combinational therapeutic strategy of afatinib with chemotherapeutical drug for the patients with ABCG2 overexpressing cancer cells.
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Abstract
With an aim to generate non-toxic, specific and highly potent multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators, a novel series of anthranilic acid amide-substituted tariquidar derivatives were synthesized. The new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity toward normal human colon fibroblasts (CCD18-Co), human gastric epithelial cell line (HFE) and primary rat liver cells, and for their ability to inhibit P-gp/BCRP-mediated drug efflux and reversal of P-gp and BCRP-mediated MDR in parental and drug-resistant cancer cell lines (LCC6 MDR1, MCF-7 FLV1000, R-HepG2, SW620-Ad300). While tariquidar is highly toxic to normal cells, the new derivatives exhibited much lower or negligible cytotoxicity. Some of the new tariquidar derivatives inhibited both P-gp and BCRP-mediated drug efflux whereas a few of them bearing a sulfonamide functional group (1, 5, and 16) are specific to P-gp. The new compounds were also found to potentiate the anticancer activity of the transporter substrate anticancer drugs in the corresponding transporter-overexpressing cell lines. The extent of resistance reversal was found to be consistent with the transporter inhibitory effect of the new derivatives. To further understand the mechanism of P-gp and BCRP inhibition, the tariquidar derivatives were found to interact with the transporters using an antibody-based UIC2 or 5D3 shift assay. Moreover, the transporters-inhibiting derivatives were found to modulate the ATPase activities of the two MDR transporters. Our data thus advocate further development of the new compounds for the circumvention of MDR.
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Natarajan K, Baer MR, Ross DD. Role of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) in Cancer Outcomes and Drug Resistance. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09801-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hu T, To KKW, Wang L, Zhang L, Lu L, Shen J, Chan RLY, Li M, Yeung JHK, Cho CH. Reversal of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug resistance in colon cancer cells by cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone of Salvia miltiorrhiza. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1264-1272. [PMID: 25172788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells to a broad spectrum of anticancer drugs is an obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporter, can mediate the efflux of cytotoxic drugs out of cancer cells, leading to MDR and chemotherapy failure. Thus, development of safe and effective P-gp inhibitors plays an important role in circumvention of MDR. This study investigated the reversal of P-gp mediated multidrug resistance in colon cancer cells by five tanshinones including tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone and miltirone isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), known to be safe in traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS The inhibitory effects of tanshinones on P-gp function were compared using digoxin bi-directional transport assay in Caco-2 cells. The potentiation of cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs by effective tanshinones were evaluated by MTT assay. Doxorubicin efflux assay by flow cytometry, P-gp protein expression by western blot analysis, immunofluorescence for P-gp by confocal microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR and P-gp ATPase activity assay were used to study the possible underlying mechanisms of action of effective tanshinones. RESULTS Bi-directional transport assay showed that only cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone decreased digoxin efflux ratio in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating their inhibitory effects on P-gp function; whereas, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and miltirone had no inhibitory effects. Moreover, both cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone could potentiate the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and irinotecan in P-gp overexpressing SW620 Ad300 colon cancer cells. Results from mechanistic studies revealed that these two tanshinones increased intracellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate anticancer drugs, presumably by down-regulating P-gp mRNA and protein levels, and inhibiting P-gp ATPase activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone could be further developed for sensitizing resistant cancer cells and used as an adjuvant therapy together with anticancer drugs to improve their therapeutic efficacies for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lan Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Shen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby L Y Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John H K Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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To KKW, Hu M, Tomlinson B. Expression and activity of ABCG2, but not ABCB1 or OATP1B1, are associated with cholesterol levels: evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1091-104. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated whether cholesterol levels influence the expression and function of drug transporters and whether statin treatments could alter this by reducing plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Patients & methods: The mRNA expression and function of OATP1B1, ABCB1 and ABCG2 were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy subjects and from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) before and after statin treatment by real-time PCR and flow cytometric assay, respectively. The effects of statin exposure and cholesterol depletion in PBMCs and in cell lines were assessed. Results: ABCG2 expression and activity in PBMCs in patients with FH were 2-fold and 26-fold higher, respectively, than those of the healthy subjects (p < 0.001 for both). Statin treatment decreased ABCG2 expression and function in patients with FH. Depletion of cholesterol ex vivo reduced ABCG2 expression in PBMCs and reduced ABCG2 activity in liver and colon cells. Conclusion: This study suggested that statins may downregulate ABCG2 expression and function through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Original submitted 25 November 2013; Revision submitted 21 March 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth KW To
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Miao Hu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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